Dendrochronology - Knowledge

468: 4547: 36: 326: 1142: 300: 4575: 397: 460: 4615: 4533: 4625: 1312: 4603: 1448: 4561: 428:), and the age of the wood can thereby be determined precisely. Dendrochronologists originally carried out cross-dating by visual inspection; more recently, they have harnessed computers to do the task, applying statistical techniques to assess the matching. To eliminate individual variations in tree-ring growth, dendrochronologists take the smoothed average of the tree-ring widths of multiple tree-samples to build up a 3437: 4519: 20: 2313: 4589: 393:, where the seasons differ more markedly. The inner portion of a growth ring forms early in the growing season, when growth is comparatively rapid (hence the wood is less dense) and is known as "early wood" (or "spring wood", or "late-spring wood"); the outer portion is the "late wood" (sometimes termed "summer wood", often being produced in the summer, though sometimes in the autumn) and is denser. 1211:

been felled and left for many years before use, or could have been used to replace a damaged piece of wood. The dating of building via dendrochronology thus requires knowledge of the history of building technology. Many prehistoric forms of buildings used "posts" that were whole young tree trunks; where the bottom of the post has survived in the ground these can be especially useful for dating.

2052:(Both branches that are presented in plate 42, fig. 6 (with the cross-section in fig. 7) and fig. 1 (with the cross-section in fig. 2) had produced, in the defoliation year of 1862, a growth ring that was twice as strong as in the preceding one, and so was the ring of the year-old shoot (not illustrated here) stronger in the case of the defoliated tree than one that was not defoliated.) 424:

therefore under similar climatic conditions). When one can match these tree-ring patterns across successive trees in the same locale, in overlapping fashion, chronologies can be built up—both for entire geographical regions and for sub-regions. Moreover, wood from ancient structures with known chronologies can be matched to the tree-ring data (a technique called

2050:"Die beiden, auf Taf. 42, Fig. 6 (mit dem Durchschnitt Fig. 7) und Fig. 1 (mit dem Durchschnitt Fig. 2) dargestellten Zweige hatten in dem Frassjahre 1862 einen doppelt so starken Jahrring als in dem vorhergehenden angelegt, und auch der (hier nicht abgebildete) Ring des jährigen Triebes war bei den gefressenen stärker as der eines nicht gefressenen." 1158:" (earliest possible) date, and a tentative date for the arrival of a seasoned raw panel using assumptions as to these factors. As a result of establishing numerous sequences, it was possible to date 85–90% of the 250 paintings from the fourteenth to seventeenth century analysed between 1971 and 1982; by now a much greater number have been analysed. 1056:. This can be done by checking radiocarbon dates against long master sequences, with Californian bristle-cone pines in Arizona being used to develop this method of calibration as the longevity of the trees (up to c.4900 years) in addition to the use of dead samples meant a long, unbroken tree ring sequence could be developed (dating back to 125:, which always produces a range rather than an exact date. However, for a precise date of the death of the tree a full sample to the edge is needed, which most trimmed timber will not provide. It also gives data on the timing of events and rates of change in the environment (most prominently climate) and also in wood found in 881: 1210:

is the term for the application of dendrochronology in archaeology. While archaeologists can date wood and when it was felled, it may be difficult to definitively determine the age of a building or structure in which the wood was used; the wood could have been reused from an older structure, may have

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Critical to the science, trees from the same region tend to develop the same patterns of ring widths for a given period of chronological study. Researchers can compare and match these patterns ring-for-ring with patterns from trees which have grown at the same time in the same geographical zone (and

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Many trees in temperate zones produce one growth-ring each year, with the newest adjacent to the bark. Hence, for the entire period of a tree's life, a year-by-year record or ring pattern builds up that reflects the age of the tree and the climatic conditions in which the tree grew. Adequate moisture

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is exceptionally long-lived and slow growing, and has been used extensively for chronologies; still-living and dead specimens of this species provide tree-ring patterns going back thousands of years, in some regions more than 10,000 years. Currently, the maximum span for fully anchored chronology is

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marginal conditions such as aridity or semi-aridity where the ring growth is more sensitive to the environment, rather than in humid areas where tree-ring growth is more uniform (complacent). In addition, some genera of trees are more suitable than others for this type of analysis. For instance, the

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Direct reading of tree ring chronologies is a complex science, for several reasons. First, contrary to the single-ring-per-year paradigm, alternating poor and favorable conditions, such as mid-summer droughts, can result in several rings forming in a given year. In addition, particular tree species

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From p. 423: "Moreover, the wood of the silver-fir has many layers, like an onion; there is always another beneath that which is visible, and the wood is composed of such layers throughout." Although many sources claim that Theophrastus recognized that trees form growth rings annually, this is not

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Bard et al write in 2023: "The oldest tree-ring series are known as floating since, while their constituent rings can be counted to create a relative internal chronology, they cannot be dendro-matched with the main Holocene absolute chronology. However, 14C analyses performed at high resolution on

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Given a sample of wood, the variation of the tree-ring growths not only provides a match by year, but can also match location because climate varies from place to place. This makes it possible to determine the source of ships as well as smaller artifacts made from wood, but which were transported

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Timber core samples are sampled and used to measure the width of annual growth rings; by taking samples from different sites within a particular region, researchers can build a comprehensive historical sequence. The techniques of dendrochronology are more consistent in areas where trees grew in

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There are many different file formats used to store tree ring width data. Effort for standardisation was made with the development of TRiDaS. Further development led to the database software Tellervo, which is based on the new standard format whilst being able to import lots of different data

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are available going back 13,910 years. A new method is based on measuring variations in oxygen isotopes in each ring, and this 'isotope dendrochronology' can yield results on samples which are not suitable for traditional dendrochronology due to too few or too similar rings. Some regions have

600: 1901:..., pp. 273–298. Studhalter (1956), p. 33, stated that Carl Linnaeus (1745, 1751) in Sweden, Friedrich August Ludwig von Burgsdorf (1783) in Germany, and Alphonse de Candolle (1839–1840) in France subsequently observed the same tree ring in their samples. 639: 1111:. However, unlike analysis of samples from buildings, which are typically sent to a laboratory, wooden supports for paintings usually have to be measured in a museum conservation department, which places limitations on the techniques that can be used. 385:

of the year; thus, critical for the title method, one ring generally marks the passage of one year in the life of the tree. Removal of the bark of the tree in a particular area may cause deformation of the rings as the plant overgrows the scar.

443:. Comparison of radiocarbon and dendrochronological ages supports the consistency of these two independent dendrochronological sequences. Another fully anchored chronology that extends back 8,500 years exists for the bristlecone pine in the 1855:"De la cause de l'excentricité des couches ligneuses qu'on apperçoit quand on coupe horisontalement le tronc d'un arbre ; de l'inégalité d'épaisseur, & de different nombre de ces couches, tant dans le bois formé que dans l'aubier" 1865:(On the cause of the eccentricity of the woody layers that one sees when one horizontally cuts the trunk of a tree ; on the unequal thickness, and on the different number of layers in the mature wood as well as in the sapwood), 1169:

was believed to be an eighteenth-century copy. However, dendrochronology revealed that the wood dated from the second half of the sixteenth century. It is now regarded as an original sixteenth-century painting by an unknown artist.

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occurs in a layer of cells near the bark. A tree's growth rate changes in a predictable pattern throughout the year in response to seasonal climate changes, resulting in visible growth rings. Each ring marks a complete cycle of

1421:). These are used for dating in a manner similar to dendrochronology, and such techniques are used in combination with dendrochronology, to plug gaps and to extend the range of the seasonal data available to archaeologists and 1262:(and being the oldest wood-framed house in North America), core samples of wood taken from a summer beam confirmed the wood was from an oak tree felled in 1637–8, as wood was not seasoned before use in building at that time in 1010:

in Newfoundland were dated by finding the layer with the 993 spike, which showed that the wood is from a tree felled in 1021. Researchers at the University of Bern have provided exact dating of a floating sequence in a

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Since panels of seasoned wood were used, an uncertain number of years has to be allowed for seasoning when estimating dates. Panels were trimmed of the outer rings, and often each panel only uses a small part of the

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The sixteenth century saw a gradual replacement of wooden panels by canvas as the support for paintings, which means the technique is less often applicable to later paintings. In addition, many panel paintings were

259: 204:(1801–1884) suggested in 1833 that patterns among tree rings could be used to synchronize the dendrochronology of various trees and thereby to reconstruct past climates across entire regions. The English polymath 154:"floating sequences", with gaps which mean that earlier periods can only be approximately dated. As of 2024, only three areas have continuous sequences going back to prehistoric times, the foothills of the 1512:

From p. 5: "One can see that in all this we are measuring the lapse of time by means of a slow-geared clock within trees. For this study the name "dendro-chronology" has been suggested, or "tree-time."

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While dendrochronology has become an important tool for dating oak panels, it is not effective in dating the poplar panels often used by Italian painters because of the erratic growth rings in poplar.

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The dendrochronological equation defines the law of growth of tree rings. The equation was proposed by Russian biophysicist Alexandr N. Tetearing in his work "Theory of populations" in the form:

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European chronologies derived from wooden structures initially found it difficult to bridge the gap in the fourteenth century when there was a building hiatus, which coincided with the

188:(1452–1519) was the first person to mention that trees form rings annually and that their thickness is determined by the conditions under which they grew. In 1737, French investigators 1099:

density (MXD) have been shown to be better proxies than simple ring width. Using tree rings, scientists have estimated many local climates for hundreds to thousands of years previous.

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A fully anchored and cross-matched chronology for oak and pine in central Europe extends back 12,460 years, and an oak chronology goes back 7,429 years in Ireland and 6,939 years in

2163:"Early wood" is used in preference to "spring wood", as the latter term may not correspond to that time of year in climates where early wood is formed in the early summer (e.g. 1298:

overlapped absolute and floating tree-rings series enable one to link them almost absolutely and hence to extend the calibration on annual tree rings until ≈13 900 cal yr BP."

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Proceedings of the Fifth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science held in Dublin during the week from the 10th to the 15th of August, 1835, inclusive

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deposition in a lake, river, or sea bed). The deposition pattern in the core will vary for a frozen-over lake versus an ice-free lake, and with the fineness of the sediment.

4162: 246: 2239:"The 12,460-Year Hohenheim Oak and Pine Tree-Ring Chronology from Central Europe—A Unique Annual Record for Radiocarbon Calibration and Paleoenvironment Reconstructions" 5516: 3025: 876:{\displaystyle \Delta L(t)=-{\frac {c_{1}e^{-a_{1}t}+c_{2}e^{-a_{2}t}}{3k_{v}\rho ^{\frac {1}{3}}\left(c_{4}+c_{1}e^{-a_{1}t}+c_{2}e^{-a_{2}t}\right)^{\frac {2}{3}}}}} 3225: 2890: 1266:. An additional sample from another beam yielded a date of 1641, thus confirming the house had been constructed starting in 1638 and finished sometime after 1641 . 3532:

Briand, Christopher H.; Brazer, Susan E.; Harter-Dennis, Jeannine M. (December 2006). "Tree Rings and the Aging of Trees: A Controversy in 19th Century America".

74:, the study of climate and atmospheric conditions during different periods in history from the wood of old trees. Dendrochronology derives from the Ancient Greek 2676:

A previous version "Marking time: Cosmic ray storms can pin precise dates on history from ancient Egypt to the Vikings" appeared in Science, Vol 380, Issue 6641.

1821:(The rings around the branches of trees that have been sawed show the number of its years and which were the wetter or drier the more or less their thickness.) 1506:. Vol. II. A Study of the Annual Rings of Trees in relation to Climate and Solar Activity. Washington, D.C., USA: Carnegie Institute of Washington. p. 471:

A typical form of the function of the wood ring (in accordance with the dendrochronological equation) with an increase in the width of wood ring at initial stage

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During the latter half of the nineteenth century, the scientific study of tree rings and the application of dendrochronology began. In 1859, the German-American

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Dendrochronology allows specimens of once-living material to be accurately dated to a specific year. Dates are often represented as estimated calendar years

1886: 1858: 3493: 1819:"Li circuli delli rami degli alberi segati mostrano il numero delli suoi anni, e quali furono più umidi o più secchi la maggiore o minore loro grossezza." 245:(1839–1901), a German professor of forest pathology, wrote a series of papers on the anatomy and ecology of tree rings. In 1892, the Russian physicist 3377:"A radiocarbon spike at 14 300 cal yr BP in subfossil trees provides the impulse response function of the global carbon cycle during the Late Glacial" 3092: 1279:, where, between the tenth and the fifteenth century, numerous consecutive layers of wooden log pavement have been placed over the accumulating dirt. 2666:"Marking time: Radiocarbon timestamps left in ancient tree rings by cosmic ray bombardments can date historical events with unprecedented precision" 3528:, the academic site of Prof. Henri D. Grissino-Mayer, Department of Geography, The University of Tennessee, and the Laboratory of Tree-Ring Science 3070: 3928: 2237:

Friedrich, Michael; Remmele, Sabine; Kromer, Bernd; Hofmann, Jutta; Spurk, Marco; Felix Kaiser, Klaus; Orcel, Christian; Küppers, Manfred (2004).

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Spronk, Ron (1996). "More than Meets the Eye: An Introduction to Technical Examination of Early Netherlandish Paintings at the Fogg Art Museum".

2277: 229:(1801–1871) observed the effects on tree rings of defoliation caused by insect infestations. By 1882, this observation was already appearing in 412:

may present "missing rings", and this influences the selection of trees for study of long time-spans. For instance, missing rings are rare in

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Die Waldverderbniss oder dauernder Schade, welcher durch Insektenfrass, Schälen, Schlagen und Verbeissen an lebenenden Waldbäumen entsteht.

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in tree rings for that year all round the world, they can be used to date historical events to the year. For example, wooden houses in the

975:. However, there do exist unbroken chronologies dating back to prehistoric times, for example the Danish chronology dating back to 352 BC. 2016: 1755:

Studhalter, R. A.; Glock, Waldo S.; Agerter, Sharlene R. (1963). "Tree Growth: Some Historical Chapters in the Study of Diameter Growth".

237:(1851–1922) was using crossdating to reconstruct the climates of the Netherlands and Germany. In 1881, the Swiss-Austrian forester Arthur 2295: 1965: 1947: 1914: 1289:

formats. The desktop application can be attached to measurement devices and works with the database server that is installed separately.

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Andrej Maczkowski et al, "Absolute dating of the European Neolithic using the 5259 BC rapid 14C excursion", Nature Communications, 2024

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tree rings (also called growth rings) to the exact year they were formed in a tree. As well as dating them, this can give data for

1884:"Observations des différents effets que produisent sur les végétaux les grandes gelées d'hiver et les petites gelées du printemps" 998:, can provide fixed reference points in an unknown time sequence as they are due to cosmic radiation. As they appear as spikes in 2938: 1252: 1605:

Loader, Neil J.; Mccarroll, Danny; Miles, Daniel; Young, Giles H. F.; Davies, Darren; Ramsey, Christopher Bronk (August 2019).

3040: 3183: 3131: 2970: 2823: 2599: 2487: 2449: 2190: 3943: 4661: 3288: 3233: 2887: 1893:(Observations on the different effects that the severe frosts of winter and the minor frosts of spring produce on plants), 40: 3203: 2216: 1912:"On the growth of timber — Extract of a letter from Mr. Alexander C. Twining, to the Editor, dated Albany, April 9, 1833" 1533: 467: 5008: 3634: 3592: 436:. It can be anchored by cross-matching a section against another chronology (tree-ring history) whose dates are known. 226: 595:{\displaystyle \Delta L(t)={\frac {1}{k_{v}\,\rho ^{\frac {1}{3}}}}\,{\frac {d\left(M^{\frac {1}{3}}(t)\right)}{dt}},} 5209: 4805: 3866: 3846: 2307: 1841:, who in 1581 was touring Italy, where he encountered a carpenter who explained that trees form a new ring each year. 1466: 1359: 1333: 1166: 225:) in order to study the record of climate in western Texas. In 1866, the German botanist, entomologist, and forester 208:

proposed using dendrochronology to date the remains of trees in peat bogs or even in geological strata (1835, 1838).

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Ignoring the natural sinusoidal oscillations in tree mass, the formula for the changes in the annual ring width is:

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produced a distinctly dark tree ring, which served as a reference for subsequent European naturalists. In the U.S.,

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Dendrochronology is useful for determining the precise age of samples, especially those that are too recent for

4523: 2757:"Cold adaptation recorded in tree rings highlights risks associated with climate change and assisted migration" 1337: 963:

dated sequence going back 55,000 years. The most recent part, going back 13,900 years, is based on tree rings.

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primarily from the properties of the annual tree rings. Other properties of the annual rings, such as maximum

5255: 5003: 4011: 3123: 1883: 1853: 432:, a process termed replication. A tree-ring history whose beginning- and end-dates are not known is called a 313: 83: 2088: 5506: 4998: 3511: 3084: 2839: 1115: 448: 287:

would affect climate patterns on earth, which would subsequently be recorded by tree-ring growth patterns (

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cells in tree ring analysis. They are formed when air temperature falls below freezing during a period of

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In addition to dating, dendrochronology can also provide information as to the source of the panel. Many

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A typical form of the function of the wood ring width in accordance with the dendrochronological equation

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is added in each growing season, thickening the stem, existing branches and roots, to form a growth ring.

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The only recorded instance of a missing ring in oak trees occurred in the year 1816, also known as the "

1795:(Tucson, Arizona: University of Arizona Press, 2010), Chapter 3: History of Dendrochronology, pp. 28–42. 5398: 5378: 4335: 3977: 3613: 2238: 1429: 1248:

a large structure was built with more than two hundred posts. The central oak post was felled in 95 BC.

1063:). Additional studies of European oak trees, such as the master sequence in Germany that dates back to 444: 408:

and a long growing season result in a wide ring, while a drought year may result in a very narrow one.

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On the other hand, dendrochronology was applied to four paintings depicting the same subject, that of

264:(1841–1905) wrote that he had used patterns found in tree rings to predict droughts in 1882 and 1891. 97: 5388: 5360: 5193: 4972: 4298: 4118: 3987: 3648: 2853:

Sheppard, Paul R. (May 2010). "Dendroclimatology: extracting climate from trees: Dendroclimatology".

149:, or one year, in the tree's life. As of 2020, securely dated tree-ring data for some regions in the 1145:

A portrait of Mary Queen of Scots, determined to date from the sixteenth century by dendrochronology

5455: 4654: 4437: 4123: 3731: 3696: 3109: 1322: 1177:. The results showed that the age of the wood was too late for any of them to have been painted by 346: 201: 4073: 5521: 5393: 5343: 5130: 4977: 4266: 4157: 4053: 4048: 1326: 1174: 155: 113: 2145:Шведов, Ф. (Shvedov, F.) (1892) "Дерево, как летопись засух" (The tree as a record of drought), 1507: 1206:

The dating of buildings with wooden structures and components is also done by dendrochronology;

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Taft, W. Stanley; Mayer, James W.; Newman, Richard; Kuniholm, Peter Ian; Stulik, Dusan (2000).

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also exhibit similar seasonal patterns in the isotopes of carbon and oxygen in their spines (

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activity. They can be used in dendrochronology to indicate years that are colder than usual.

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Van der Plecht, J; Bronck Ramsey, C; Heaton, T. J.; Scott, E. M.; Talamo, S (August 2020).

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settlement in northern Greece by tying it to a spike in cosmogenic radiocarbon in 5259 BC.

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at known dates, are visible in trees rings and can fix the dating of a floating sequence.

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examined the effect of growing conditions on the shape of tree rings. They found that in

150: 3442: 3409: 3392: 3376: 3341: 2772: 2545: 2406: 2355: 2257: 1625: 1571: 251: 5480: 5460: 5338: 5323: 5308: 5230: 5029: 4993: 4795: 4579: 4098: 4093: 3923: 3886: 3841: 3794: 3701: 3691: 3559: 2999: 2915: 2870: 2833: 2791: 2756: 2730: 2717: 2569: 2269: 1780: 1772: 1743: 1735: 1422: 1155: 1053: 924: 122: 2933: 959:

IntCal20 is the 2020 "Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve", which provides a calibrated

5288: 5084: 5079: 4923: 4759: 4618: 4379: 3901: 3881: 3871: 3856: 3761: 3578: 3563: 3414: 3179: 3137: 3127: 2966: 2874: 2819: 2796: 2734: 2722: 2670: 2595: 2573: 2483: 2445: 2303: 2186: 2061: 1418: 1387: 1207: 1201: 1084: 1079: 185: 71: 63: 2273: 1827:(1954) "Queries and Answers: Query 145. — When was tree-ring analysis discovered?", 1784: 1747: 5485: 5434: 5350: 5074: 5052: 4918: 4815: 4494: 4479: 4241: 4198: 4033: 3891: 3876: 3851: 3549: 3541: 3404: 3396: 3355: 3345: 3048: 2956: 2862: 2786: 2776: 2712: 2704: 2648: 2559: 2549: 2530:"The IntCal20 Northern Hemisphere Radiocarbon Age Calibration Curve (0–55 cal kBP)" 2420: 2410: 2369: 2359: 2261: 1764: 1727: 1705: 1629: 1585: 1575: 1403: 1255:

in Dedham, Massachusetts. While the house had long been claimed to have been built

1178: 1123: 952: 378: 374: 366: 330: 221: 48: 31:. Each ring represents one year; the outside rings, near the bark, are the youngest 5418: 5383: 5370: 5333: 5280: 5138: 5033: 4967: 4928: 4765: 4504: 4362: 4347: 4203: 4150: 4133: 3836: 3804: 3774: 3726: 3711: 3686: 3515: 2942: 2894: 2076: 2045: 2020: 1969: 1951: 1918: 1890: 1862: 1607:"Tree ring dating using oxygen isotopes: a master chronology for central England" 1556:"Recent Developments in Calibration for Archaeological and Environmental Samples" 1471: 1276: 1231: 234: 205: 51:

in the 1890s. The markings indicating historical events were added in the 1920s.

325: 5318: 5116: 5104: 5048: 5043: 5037: 4962: 4885: 4810: 4565: 4489: 4484: 4417: 4325: 4313: 4278: 4236: 4184: 4179: 4103: 4021: 3913: 3756: 3746: 3503: 3199: 2781: 2708: 2652: 1998: 1829: 1824: 1495: 1372: 1141: 1108: 944: 390: 350: 299: 284: 268: 212: 130: 3545: 3483: 3478: 2415: 2390: 2364: 2328: 2265: 2212: 1527: 178:(c. 371 – c. 287 BC) first mentioned that the wood of trees has rings. In his 5500: 5235: 5153: 5148: 5099: 5089: 4729: 4593: 4574: 4499: 4459: 4412: 4251: 4223: 4088: 4026: 3965: 3960: 3769: 3721: 3141: 3113: 1138:. Wooden supports other than oak were rarely used by Netherlandish painters. 396: 370: 242: 3350: 3325: 459: 5313: 5111: 4825: 4800: 4785: 4751: 4711: 4607: 4442: 4138: 4128: 4113: 4083: 4006: 3982: 3896: 3861: 3826: 3741: 3716: 3672: 3418: 3400: 2800: 2726: 2587: 1453: 1376: 1270: 987: 175: 159: 3281: 1494:

The term "dendrochronology" was coined in 1928 by the American astronomer

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have turned out to be painted on panels of "Baltic oak" shipped from the

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Dendrochronology has become important to art historians in the dating of

972: 400: 163: 126: 24: 3554: 3360: 2623: 2564: 2554: 2529: 2425: 2374: 1963:"On the age of strata, as inferred from rings of trees embedded in them" 1710: 1590: 1580: 1555: 105: 4780: 4775: 4670: 4469: 4464: 4190: 3811: 3003: 2919: 2111:

Seckendorff, Arthur von (1881) "Beiträge zur Kenntnis der Schwarzföhre

1776: 1768: 1739: 1731: 1461: 1241: 1219: 1070:, can also be used to back up and further calibrate radiocarbon dates. 1028: 923:

The formula is useful for correct approximation of samples data before

1553: 1273:, who died c. 958, was constructed from wood of timbers felled in 958. 1023:

Frost ring is a term used to designate a layer of deformed, collapsed

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Video & commentary on medullary rays, heart wood, and tree rings.

2506:. Switzerland: ETH Forest Snow and Landscape Research. Archived from 1718:

Studhalter, R. A. (1955). "Tree Growth I. Some Historical Chapters".

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Medieval Scandinavia: from conversion to Reformation, circa 800–1500

2818:(7th ed.). London, WCIV 7QX: Thames & Hudson. p. 144. 2340:

Age Matching of the German Oak and US Bristlecone Pine Chronologies"

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Stuiver, Minze; Kromer, Bernd; Becker, Bernd; Ferguson, C W (1986).

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showing idealised vertical and horizontal sections. A new layer of

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Fletcher, John (1982). "Panel Examination and Dendrochronology".

2185:(2nd ed.). Portland, OR: Timber Publishing. pp. 66–67. 1981: 1675: 1433: 1235: 1135: 1127: 1126:. Oak panels were used in a number of northern countries such as 1119: 1088: 1032: 440: 28: 4602: 3508: 2001:( August 6, 1859) "Das Klima von Texas" (The climate of Texas), 1696:

Studhalter, R. A. (April 1956). "Early History of Crossdating".

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of the trunk. Consequently, dating studies usually result in a "

947:, for before present, where "present" refers to 1 January 1950. 19: 16:

Method of dating based on the analysis of patterns of tree rings

4256: 3994: 3831: 3779: 3678: 3520: 2164: 1977: 1671: 1414: 1151: 1131: 1003: 979:

long distances, such as panels for paintings and ship timbers.

382: 267:

During the first half of the twentieth century, the astronomer

146: 3498: 241:-Gudent (1845–1886) was using crossdating. From 1869 to 1901, 4900: 4639: 4588: 4308: 2329:"Radiocarbon Age Calibration back to 13,300 Years BP and the 2236: 1837:(4): 383–384. Sarton also cites a diary of the French writer 1407: 1395: 1380: 111: 95: 81: 3484:

Video & commentary on Tree Rings – Formation and Purpose

3041:"Tree Rings, the Barcodes of Nature, Illuminate Art History" 303:

Drill for dendrochronology sampling and growth ring counting

4834: 4716: 4367: 4342: 4016: 3570: 2690:"Evidence for European presence in the Americas in AD 1021" 2326: 1092: 935:) of annual growth of wood ring are shown in the figures. 354: 338: 334: 320: 141: 3499:

Digital Collaboratory for Cultural Dendrochronology (DCCD)

3159:

Brunning, Richard (February 2001). "The Somerset Levels".

47:. The tree was over 500 years old when it was cut down in 4734: 3531: 2391:"Dendrochronology of Bristlecone Pine: A Progress Report" 2117:

Mitteilung aus dem forstlichen Versuchswesen Oesterreichs

2037:, vol. 1, (Berlin, (Germany): Nicolaische Verlag, 1866), 1604: 1529:

The Science of Tree Rings: Principles of Dendrochronology

417: 413: 216: 2957:"Dendrochronology (Tree-Ring Dating) of Panel Paintings" 1532:, Department of Geography, The University of Tennessee, 389:

The rings are more visible in trees which have grown in

158:, the southwestern United States and the British Isles. 3312: 2954: 3521:

Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research University of Arizona

3268: 2935:

Dendrochronology (Tree-Ring Dating) of Panel Paintings

2478:(4th ed.). London: Thames & Hudson. pp. 2469: 2119:(Vienna, Austria: Carl Gerold Verlag, 1881), 66 pages. 1754: 133:. It is also used as a check in radiocarbon dating to 3326:"Data Management in Dendroarchaeology Using Tellervo" 2439: 642: 483: 3472:

Dendrochronology and Art History of Painted Ceilings

3163:. XV (4) (172 (Special issue on Wetlands)): 139–143. 1443: 312:"Tree ring" redirects here. Not to be confused with 5215:

Global Boundary Stratotype Section and Point (GSSP)

1432:stocks through the analysis of growth rings in the 2471: 2465: 2463: 2461: 1651: 1175:Christ expelling the money-lenders from the Temple 875: 594: 5517:Conservation and restoration of cultural heritage 2068:(Cincinnati, Ohio: Robert Clarke and Co., 1882), 1284:Measurement platforms, software, and data formats 1043: 5498: 2688:Kuitems, Margot; et al. (20 October 2021). 2388: 2855:Wiley Interdisciplinary Reviews: Climate Change 2458: 1379:(or simply annual rings) in the secondary root 1192:during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. 454: 1525: 927:procedure. The typical forms of the function Δ 233:textbooks. In the 1870s, the Dutch astronomer 129:or works of art and architecture, such as old 4655: 3586: 3375:Bard, Edouard; et al. (9 October 2023). 3104: 3102: 2643: 2641: 2528:Reimer, Paula; et al. (12 August 2020). 2433: 2210: 1477:Timeline of dendrochronology timestamp events 1048:Dates from dendrochronology can be used as a 365:. Growth rings result from new growth in the 357:can reveal growth rings, also referred to as 3108: 2754: 2586: 2149:(Meteorological Herald), (5) : 163–178. 1852:du Hamel & de Buffon (27 February 1737) 3200:"A Grand House in 17th-Century New England" 2816:Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice 2813: 2474:Archaeology: Theories, Methods and Practice 1340:. Unsourced material may be challenged and 4662: 4648: 3593: 3579: 3099: 2888:English Heritage Guide to Dendrochronology 2755:David Montwé; et al. (Apr 23, 2018). 2638: 2213:"Useful Tree Species for Tree-Ring Dating" 2093:Recueil des Travaux Botaniques Néerlandais 1974:The Ninth Bridgewater Treatise: A Fragment 1899:Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences 1871:Histoire de l'Académie royale des sciences 1717: 1695: 1692:For the history of dendrochronology, see: 1521: 1519: 1390:. Similar seasonal patterns also occur in 631:) is function of mass growth of the tree. 3553: 3494:Multilingual Glossary of Dendrochronology 3408: 3359: 3349: 3282:"TRiDaS 1.1: The tree-ring data standard" 3226:"The Royal Lineage – The Danish Monarchy" 3038: 2790: 2780: 2716: 2563: 2553: 2424: 2414: 2389:Ferguson, C. W.; Graybill, D. A. (1983). 2373: 2363: 1895:Mémoires de l'Académie royale des science 1867:Mémoires de l'Académie royale des science 1709: 1633: 1589: 1579: 1360:Learn how and when to remove this message 1238:, have been dated to 3838 BC and 3807 BC. 1190:transferred onto canvas or other supports 537: 518: 5210:Global Standard Stratigraphic Age (GSSA) 3158: 2989: 2852: 2089:"Tree-growth and meteorological factors" 1499: 1140: 466: 458: 395: 324: 298: 215:(1823–1893) used crossdating to examine 34: 18: 2908:Harvard University Art Museums Bulletin 2687: 2444:. Moscow: SSO Foundation. p. 583. 1666:Theophrastus with Arthur Hort, trans., 1516: 1301: 279:. Douglass sought to better understand 5499: 3474:(Historic Environment Scotland, 2017). 3461:Nottingham Tree-Ring Dating Laboratory 3323: 3279: 2905: 2527: 2293: 1882:du Hamel & de Buffon (4 May 1737) 1647: 1645: 1292: 966: 938: 377:; this growth in diameter is known as 4643: 3574: 3167: 2663: 2180: 1536:from the original on November 4, 2016 3374: 3173: 1678:: William Heinemann, 1916), Book V, 1338:adding citations to reliable sources 1305: 291:, sunspots → climate → tree rings). 4518: 3280:Jansma, Esther (30 November 2009). 3256:"Я послал тебе бересту (Янин В.Л.)" 3206:from the original on March 16, 2012 3202:. Fairbanks House Historical Site. 3122:. The Nordic Series. Vol. 17. 2814:Renfrew, Colin; Bahn, Paul (2016). 1642: 1087:is the science of determining past 403:cross section showing annual rings. 39:A "tree cookie" cross-section of a 13: 5009:Adoption of the Gregorian calendar 2504:"Bibliography of Dendrochronology" 2296:"5.2.3 Dendrochronological Series" 1984:: John Murray, 1837), pp. 226-234. 1793:Fundamentals of Tree-ring Research 1652:University of Bern (21 May 2024). 643: 484: 227:Julius Theodor Christian Ratzeburg 14: 5548: 3867:Global Forest Information Service 3504:International Tree-Ring Data Bank 3428: 3039:Läänelaid, Alar (June 19, 2013). 2594:. London: Batsford. p. 124. 2470:Renfrew Colin; Bahn Paul (2004). 2008:"The droughts of western Texas", 1526:Grissino-Mayer, Henri D. (n.d.), 1467:International Tree-Ring Data Bank 1167:National Portrait Gallery, London 4623: 4614: 4613: 4601: 4587: 4573: 4559: 4545: 4531: 4517: 3489:Bibliography of Dendrochronology 3435: 3176:Navan Fort: Archaeology and Myth 3148:from the original on 2015-05-18. 3095:from the original on 2013-11-23. 3073:from the original on 2013-10-17. 3047:. Il Sole 24 Ore. Archived from 3028:from the original on 2013-10-17. 2992:The J. Paul Getty Museum Journal 2979:from the original on 2017-04-22. 2744:from the original on 2022-10-09. 2664:Price, Michael (13 April 2023). 2316:from the original on 2016-11-28. 2283:from the original on 2022-10-09. 1945:"Evening meeting at the Rotunda" 1446: 1310: 982: 956:a little over 11,000 years B.P. 273:Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research 4891:English and British regnal year 4624: 3368: 3317: 3306: 3294:from the original on 2011-04-28 3273: 3262: 3248: 3218: 3192: 3077: 3055: 3032: 3010: 2983: 2948: 2926: 2899: 2881: 2846: 2807: 2748: 2681: 2657: 2608: 2580: 2521: 2496: 2382: 2320: 2287: 2230: 2219:from the original on 2008-11-08 2199: 2174: 2157: 2136: 2127: 2102: 2081: 2055: 2027: 1989: 1934: 1924:The American Journal of Science 1904: 1876: 1503:Climatic Cycles and Tree Growth 1428:A similar technique is used to 1038: 307: 194:Georges-Louis Leclerc de Buffon 4669: 2965:. Springer. pp. 206–215. 2440:Alexandr N. Tetearing (2012). 1846: 1800: 1686: 1660: 1598: 1547: 1488: 1195: 1102: 1073: 1044:Radiocarbon dating calibration 1018: 655: 649: 570: 564: 496: 490: 190:Henri-Louis Duhamel du Monceau 23:The growth rings of a tree at 1: 5004:Old Style and New Style dates 3124:University of Minnesota Press 1614:Journal of Quaternary Science 1482: 1256: 1116:Early Netherlandish paintings 1064: 1057: 373:that botanists classify as a 314:Tree ring (landscape feature) 283:and reasoned that changes in 4956:Pre-Julian / Julian 3600: 3509:Ultimate Tree-Ring Web Pages 3381:Philosophical Transactions A 3085:"Panel Paintings Initiative" 1910:Alexander C. Twining (1833) 455:Dendrochronological equation 369:, a layer of cells near the 162:, which are major spikes in 104: 90: 76: 7: 5189:Geological history of Earth 5059:Astronomical year numbering 3466:Oxford Tree-Ring Laboratory 2622:(in Danish). Archived from 2167:) or in autumn, as in some 2005:(San Antonio, Texas), p. 2. 1813:... (Rome, (Italy): 1817), 1439: 10: 5553: 3978:Growth and yield modelling 2782:10.1038/s41467-018-04039-5 2709:10.1038/s41586-021-03972-8 2653:10.1038/s41467-024-48402-1 2618:[WM Tree dating]. 2010:The Texas Almanac for 1861 1375:is the analysis of annual 1199: 1077: 318: 311: 294: 281:cycles of sunspot activity 247:Fedor Nikiforovich Shvedov 169: 135:calibrate radiocarbon ages 112: 96: 82: 5443: 5427: 5411: 5369: 5361:Thermoluminescence dating 5279: 5268: 5256:Samarium–neodymium dating 5223: 5202: 5176: 5167: 5129: 5067: 5022: 4986: 4955: 4946: 4909: 4871: 4750: 4725: 4677: 4552:Earth sciences portal 4538:Climate change portal 4513: 4390: 4222: 4119:Great Green Wall (Africa) 4064: 3755: 3665: 3608: 3546:10.3959/1536-1098-62.2.51 3324:Brewer, Peter W. (2014). 3178:. Spain: Wordwell Books. 3022:National Portrait Gallery 2416:10.1017/S0033822200005592 2365:10.1017/S0033822200060252 2300:Quaternary Dating Methods 2266:10.1017/S003382220003304X 2147:Метеорологический Вестник 2012:, pp. 136–137 ; see 608:is width of annual ring, 5075:Chinese sexagenary cycle 4124:Great Green Wall (China) 3697:Close to nature forestry 2962:The Science of Paintings 2838:: CS1 maint: location ( 2066:The Elements of Forestry 1496:Andrew Ellicott Douglass 1430:estimate the age of fish 1122:region via ports of the 920:are positive constants. 202:Alexander Catlin Twining 184:(Treatise on Painting), 5289:Amino acid racemisation 4158:Million Tree Initiative 3351:10.2458/azu_rc.56.18320 2302:. John Wiley and Sons. 2133:Speer (2010), p. 36–37. 1961:Charles Babbage (1838) 1500:Douglass, A.E. (1928). 906:are some coefficients, 102:), meaning "time", and 5294:Archaeomagnetic dating 4806:Era of Caesar (Iberia) 4580:Environment portal 4012:Sustainable management 3907:Trillion Tree Campaign 3401:10.1098/rsta.2022.0206 3018:"Mary, Queen of Scots" 2211:Lori Martinez (1996). 2087:Kapteyn, J. C. (1914) 1811:Trattato della Pittura 1269:The burial chamber of 1146: 990:, such as the ones in 877: 596: 472: 464: 404: 342: 304: 181:Trattato della Pittura 52: 43:tree displayed in the 32: 5194:Geological time units 4505:Wood process engineer 4209:Urban forest inequity 2761:Nature Communications 2442:Theory of populations 2294:Walker, Mike (2013). 2207:Year Without a Summer 2181:Capon, Brian (2005). 1917:May 14, 2015, at the 1144: 1050:calibration and check 878: 623:is some coefficient, 597: 470: 462: 399: 328: 319:Further information: 302: 277:University of Arizona 198:1709, a severe winter 38: 22: 5246:Law of superposition 5241:Isotope geochemistry 4168:Shifting cultivation 4109:Forest fragmentation 4079:Carbon sequestration 3949:Woodland Carbon Code 3914:Forest certification 3822:Even-aged management 3737:Sustainable forestry 3174:Lynn, Chris (2003). 3067:The National Gallery 3024:. Dendrochronology. 2932:Peter Ian Kuniholm, 2592:A Slice Through Time 2183:Botany for Gardeners 2152:Speer (2010), p. 37. 2122:Speer (2010), p. 36. 2033:J. T. C. Ratzeburg, 2003:Texas Staats-Zeitung 1334:improve this section 1302:Related chronologies 1163:Mary, Queen of Scots 640: 616:is density of wood, 612:is time (in years), 481: 45:Royal Ontario Museum 5507:American inventions 5379:Fluorine absorption 5356:Luminescence dating 5251:Luminescence dating 5159:Milankovitch cycles 4999:Proleptic Gregorian 4831:Hindu units of time 3973:Formally designated 3817:Ecological thinning 3727:Plantation forestry 3635:Research institutes 3526:"Tree Ring Science" 3393:2023RSPTA.38120206B 3342:2014Radcb..56S..79B 3161:Current Archaeology 2773:2018NatCo...9.1574M 2626:on 21 December 2014 2555:10.1017/RDC.2020.41 2546:2020Radcb..62..725R 2407:1983Radcb..25..287F 2356:1986Radcb..28..969S 2258:2004Radcb..46.1111F 1839:Michel de Montaigne 1809:Leonardo da Vinci, 1668:Enquiry into Plants 1626:2019JQS....34..475L 1581:10.1017/RDC.2020.22 1572:2020Radcb..62.1095V 1423:paleoclimatologists 1293:Continuous sequence 1246:Prehistoric Ireland 967:Reference sequences 939:Sampling and dating 434:floating chronology 174:The Greek botanist 151:Northern Hemisphere 118:), "the study of". 88:), meaning "tree", 5532:Incremental dating 5481:Terminus post quem 5461:Synchronoptic view 5428:Linguistic methods 5389:Obsidian hydration 5324:Radiometric dating 5309:Incremental dating 5231:Chronostratigraphy 4566:Ecology portal 4099:Forest degradation 4094:Ecosystem services 3702:Community forestry 3534:Tree-Ring Research 3514:2013-08-07 at the 3445:has a profile for 3063:"Dendrochronology" 2945:Cornell University 2941:2013-10-17 at the 2893:2013-10-23 at the 2075:2015-10-01 at the 2044:2015-10-01 at the 2019:2015-11-02 at the 2014:especially p. 137. 1968:2015-05-15 at the 1950:2015-05-14 at the 1889:2015-05-09 at the 1861:2015-05-09 at the 1769:10.1007/BF02860823 1732:10.1007/BF02872376 1698:Tree-Ring Bulletin 1156:terminus post quem 1147: 1054:radiocarbon dating 1008:L'Anse aux Meadows 925:data normalization 873: 592: 473: 465: 405: 343: 305: 123:radiocarbon dating 53: 33: 5494: 5493: 5407: 5406: 5264: 5263: 5125: 5124: 5080:Geologic Calendar 4942: 4941: 4637: 4636: 4594:Plants portal 4380:green woodworking 3451: 3448:dendrochronology 3185:978-1-869857-67-7 3133:978-0-8166-1739-5 2972:978-0-387-98722-4 2825:978-0-500-29210-5 2703:(7893): 388–391. 2601:978-0-7134-7654-5 2489:978-0-500-28441-4 2451:978-1-365-56080-4 2192:978-0-88192-655-2 2062:Franklin B. Hough 1873:..., pp. 121–134. 1716:(Condensed from: 1419:acanthochronology 1388:herbaceous plants 1370: 1369: 1362: 1208:dendroarchaeology 1202:Dendroarchaeology 1085:Dendroclimatology 1080:dendroclimatology 871: 867: 763: 587: 561: 535: 531: 186:Leonardo da Vinci 72:dendroclimatology 64:scientific method 41:Coast Douglas-fir 5544: 5486:ASPRO chronology 5435:Glottochronology 5351:Tephrochronology 5299:Dendrochronology 5277: 5276: 5174: 5173: 4973:Proleptic Julian 4963:Pre-Julian Roman 4953: 4952: 4748: 4747: 4664: 4657: 4650: 4641: 4640: 4627: 4626: 4617: 4616: 4608:Trees portal 4606: 4605: 4592: 4591: 4578: 4577: 4564: 4563: 4562: 4550: 4549: 4548: 4536: 4535: 4534: 4521: 4520: 4242:Forest gardening 4199:Timber recycling 4146:Invasive species 4034:Tree measurement 3595: 3588: 3581: 3572: 3571: 3567: 3557: 3449: 3439: 3438: 3423: 3422: 3412: 3372: 3366: 3365: 3363: 3353: 3321: 3315: 3313:Tellervo website 3310: 3304: 3303: 3301: 3299: 3293: 3286: 3277: 3271: 3266: 3260: 3259: 3252: 3246: 3245: 3243: 3241: 3232:. Archived from 3222: 3216: 3215: 3213: 3211: 3196: 3190: 3189: 3171: 3165: 3164: 3156: 3150: 3149: 3106: 3097: 3096: 3081: 3075: 3074: 3059: 3053: 3052: 3036: 3030: 3029: 3014: 3008: 3007: 2987: 2981: 2980: 2952: 2946: 2930: 2924: 2923: 2903: 2897: 2885: 2879: 2878: 2850: 2844: 2843: 2837: 2829: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2794: 2784: 2752: 2746: 2745: 2743: 2720: 2694: 2685: 2679: 2678: 2661: 2655: 2645: 2636: 2635: 2633: 2631: 2616:"WM Trædatering" 2612: 2606: 2605: 2584: 2578: 2577: 2567: 2557: 2525: 2519: 2518: 2516: 2515: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2477: 2467: 2456: 2455: 2437: 2431: 2430: 2428: 2418: 2386: 2380: 2379: 2377: 2367: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2324: 2318: 2317: 2291: 2285: 2284: 2282: 2252:(3): 1111–1122. 2243: 2234: 2228: 2227: 2225: 2224: 2203: 2197: 2196: 2178: 2172: 2161: 2155: 2140: 2134: 2131: 2125: 2106: 2100: 2085: 2079: 2059: 2053: 2031: 2025: 1993: 1987: 1938: 1932: 1931: : 391–393. 1908: 1902: 1880: 1874: 1850: 1844: 1804: 1798: 1791:James H. Speer, 1788: 1757:Botanical Review 1751: 1720:Botanical Review 1715: 1713: 1690: 1684: 1664: 1658: 1657: 1649: 1640: 1639: 1637: 1635:10.1002/jqs.3115 1611: 1602: 1596: 1595: 1593: 1583: 1566:(4): 1095–1117. 1551: 1545: 1544: 1543: 1541: 1523: 1514: 1511: 1492: 1456: 1451: 1450: 1406:is the study of 1404:Sclerochronology 1365: 1358: 1354: 1351: 1345: 1314: 1306: 1261: 1258: 1228:timber trackways 1179:Hieronymus Bosch 1124:Hanseatic League 1069: 1066: 1062: 1059: 953:bristlecone pine 882: 880: 879: 874: 872: 870: 869: 868: 860: 858: 854: 853: 852: 848: 847: 830: 829: 817: 816: 812: 811: 794: 793: 781: 780: 765: 764: 756: 750: 749: 736: 735: 734: 730: 729: 712: 711: 699: 698: 694: 693: 676: 675: 665: 601: 599: 598: 593: 588: 586: 578: 577: 573: 563: 562: 554: 539: 536: 534: 533: 532: 524: 517: 516: 503: 451:of California). 379:secondary growth 375:lateral meristem 367:vascular cambium 349:cut through the 331:secondary growth 263: 222:Quercus stellata 117: 116: 109: 101: 100: 93: 87: 86: 79: 60:tree-ring dating 56:Dendrochronology 49:British Columbia 5552: 5551: 5547: 5546: 5545: 5543: 5542: 5541: 5497: 5496: 5495: 5490: 5439: 5423: 5419:Molecular clock 5412:Genetic methods 5403: 5384:Nitrogen dating 5371:Relative dating 5365: 5334:Potassium–argon 5281:Absolute dating 5271: 5260: 5219: 5198: 5163: 5139:Cosmic Calendar 5131:Astronomic time 5121: 5063: 5018: 4982: 4968:Original Julian 4938: 4905: 4867: 4766:Ab urbe condita 4744: 4721: 4673: 4668: 4638: 4633: 4600: 4586: 4572: 4560: 4558: 4546: 4544: 4532: 4530: 4509: 4386: 4363:spruce-pine-fir 4336:Christmas trees 4218: 4134:Illegal logging 4066: 4060: 3775:Controlled burn 3760: 3751: 3732:Social forestry 3712:Energy forestry 3692:Bamboo forestry 3687:Analog forestry 3661: 3604: 3599: 3516:Wayback Machine 3457: 3456: 3455: 3440: 3436: 3431: 3426: 3373: 3369: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3307: 3297: 3295: 3291: 3284: 3278: 3274: 3267: 3263: 3254: 3253: 3249: 3239: 3237: 3224: 3223: 3219: 3209: 3207: 3198: 3197: 3193: 3186: 3172: 3168: 3157: 3153: 3134: 3107: 3100: 3083: 3082: 3078: 3061: 3060: 3056: 3045:Atomium Culture 3037: 3033: 3016: 3015: 3011: 2988: 2984: 2973: 2953: 2949: 2943:Wayback Machine 2931: 2927: 2904: 2900: 2895:Wayback Machine 2886: 2882: 2851: 2847: 2831: 2830: 2826: 2812: 2808: 2753: 2749: 2741: 2692: 2686: 2682: 2662: 2658: 2646: 2639: 2629: 2627: 2614: 2613: 2609: 2602: 2585: 2581: 2526: 2522: 2513: 2511: 2502: 2501: 2497: 2490: 2468: 2459: 2452: 2438: 2434: 2387: 2383: 2350:(2B): 969–979. 2335: 2333: 2332: 2331: 2330: 2325: 2321: 2310: 2292: 2288: 2280: 2241: 2235: 2231: 2222: 2220: 2204: 2200: 2193: 2179: 2175: 2162: 2158: 2141: 2137: 2132: 2128: 2113:Pinus austriaca 2107: 2103: 2086: 2082: 2077:Wayback Machine 2060: 2056: 2046:Wayback Machine 2032: 2028: 2021:Wayback Machine 1994: 1990: 1970:Wayback Machine 1952:Wayback Machine 1943:(Anon.) (1835) 1939: 1935: 1919:Wayback Machine 1909: 1905: 1891:Wayback Machine 1881: 1877: 1863:Wayback Machine 1851: 1847: 1805: 1801: 1691: 1687: 1665: 1661: 1650: 1643: 1609: 1603: 1599: 1552: 1548: 1539: 1537: 1524: 1517: 1493: 1489: 1485: 1472:Post excavation 1452: 1445: 1442: 1366: 1355: 1349: 1346: 1331: 1315: 1304: 1295: 1286: 1277:Veliky Novgorod 1259: 1253:Fairbanks House 1232:Somerset levels 1204: 1198: 1109:panel paintings 1105: 1082: 1076: 1067: 1060: 1046: 1041: 1021: 985: 969: 941: 919: 912: 905: 898: 891: 859: 843: 839: 835: 831: 825: 821: 807: 803: 799: 795: 789: 785: 776: 772: 771: 767: 766: 755: 751: 745: 741: 737: 725: 721: 717: 713: 707: 703: 689: 685: 681: 677: 671: 667: 666: 664: 641: 638: 637: 621: 579: 553: 549: 548: 544: 540: 538: 523: 519: 512: 508: 507: 502: 482: 479: 478: 457: 449:White Mountains 391:temperate zones 323: 317: 310: 297: 249: 239:von Seckendorff 235:Jacobus Kapteyn 206:Charles Babbage 172: 131:panel paintings 17: 12: 11: 5: 5550: 5540: 5539: 5534: 5529: 5524: 5522:Dating methods 5519: 5514: 5509: 5492: 5491: 5489: 5488: 5483: 5478: 5473: 5468: 5463: 5458: 5456:New Chronology 5453: 5447: 5445: 5444:Related topics 5441: 5440: 5438: 5437: 5431: 5429: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5421: 5415: 5413: 5409: 5408: 5405: 5404: 5402: 5401: 5396: 5391: 5386: 5381: 5375: 5373: 5367: 5366: 5364: 5363: 5358: 5353: 5348: 5347: 5346: 5341: 5336: 5331: 5321: 5319:Paleomagnetism 5316: 5311: 5306: 5301: 5296: 5291: 5285: 5283: 5274: 5266: 5265: 5262: 5261: 5259: 5258: 5253: 5248: 5243: 5238: 5233: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5220: 5218: 5217: 5212: 5206: 5204: 5200: 5199: 5197: 5196: 5191: 5186: 5180: 5178: 5171: 5165: 5164: 5162: 5161: 5156: 5151: 5146: 5141: 5135: 5133: 5127: 5126: 5123: 5122: 5120: 5119: 5117:New Earth Time 5114: 5109: 5108: 5107: 5102: 5092: 5087: 5082: 5077: 5071: 5069: 5065: 5064: 5062: 5061: 5056: 5046: 5041: 5026: 5024: 5020: 5019: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4990: 4988: 4984: 4983: 4981: 4980: 4978:Revised Julian 4975: 4970: 4965: 4959: 4957: 4950: 4944: 4943: 4940: 4939: 4937: 4936: 4931: 4926: 4921: 4915: 4913: 4907: 4906: 4904: 4903: 4898: 4896:Lists of kings 4893: 4888: 4886:Canon of Kings 4883: 4877: 4875: 4869: 4868: 4866: 4865: 4864: 4863: 4858: 4853: 4848: 4838: 4828: 4823: 4818: 4813: 4811:Before present 4808: 4803: 4798: 4793: 4788: 4783: 4778: 4769: 4762: 4756: 4754: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4737: 4732: 4726: 4723: 4722: 4720: 4719: 4714: 4709: 4708: 4707: 4697: 4692: 4687: 4681: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4667: 4666: 4659: 4652: 4644: 4635: 4634: 4632: 4631: 4621: 4611: 4597: 4583: 4569: 4555: 4541: 4527: 4514: 4511: 4510: 4508: 4507: 4502: 4497: 4495:Timber cruiser 4492: 4490:Shingle weaver 4487: 4482: 4477: 4472: 4467: 4462: 4457: 4452: 4451: 4450: 4445: 4440: 4435: 4425: 4420: 4415: 4410: 4405: 4400: 4394: 4392: 4388: 4387: 4385: 4384: 4383: 4382: 4372: 4371: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4340: 4339: 4338: 4328: 4326:Rail transport 4323: 4322: 4321: 4316: 4311: 4306: 4301: 4296: 4291: 4286: 4276: 4275: 4274: 4269: 4267:pulp and paper 4264: 4259: 4249: 4244: 4239: 4237:Forest farming 4234: 4228: 4226: 4220: 4219: 4217: 4216: 4211: 4206: 4201: 4196: 4195: 4194: 4187: 4185:slash-and-char 4182: 4180:slash-and-burn 4177: 4165: 4160: 4155: 4154: 4153: 4143: 4142: 4141: 4131: 4126: 4121: 4116: 4111: 4106: 4104:Forest dieback 4101: 4096: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4070: 4068: 4062: 4061: 4059: 4058: 4057: 4056: 4051: 4046: 4041: 4031: 4030: 4029: 4024: 4014: 4009: 4004: 4003: 4002: 3992: 3991: 3990: 3980: 3975: 3970: 3969: 3968: 3963: 3953: 3952: 3951: 3946: 3941: 3936: 3931: 3926: 3921: 3911: 3910: 3909: 3904: 3899: 3894: 3889: 3884: 3879: 3874: 3869: 3864: 3859: 3854: 3849: 3844: 3839: 3829: 3824: 3819: 3814: 3809: 3808: 3807: 3802: 3797: 3792: 3787: 3777: 3772: 3766: 3764: 3753: 3752: 3750: 3749: 3747:Urban forestry 3744: 3739: 3734: 3729: 3724: 3719: 3714: 3709: 3704: 3699: 3694: 3689: 3684: 3683: 3682: 3669: 3667: 3663: 3662: 3660: 3659: 3652: 3645: 3638: 3631: 3624: 3617: 3609: 3606: 3605: 3598: 3597: 3590: 3583: 3575: 3569: 3568: 3529: 3523: 3518: 3506: 3501: 3496: 3491: 3486: 3481: 3476: 3468: 3463: 3441: 3434: 3433: 3432: 3430: 3429:External links 3427: 3425: 3424: 3367: 3336:(4): S79–S83. 3316: 3305: 3272: 3269:TRiDaS website 3261: 3247: 3236:on 6 July 2015 3217: 3191: 3184: 3166: 3151: 3132: 3114:Sawyer, Birgit 3098: 3076: 3054: 3051:on 2013-10-18. 3031: 3009: 2982: 2971: 2947: 2925: 2898: 2880: 2867:10.1002/wcc.42 2861:(3): 343–352. 2845: 2824: 2806: 2747: 2680: 2656: 2637: 2607: 2600: 2579: 2540:(4): 725–757. 2520: 2495: 2488: 2457: 2450: 2432: 2401:(2): 287–288. 2381: 2334: 2319: 2308: 2286: 2229: 2198: 2191: 2173: 2156: 2154: 2153: 2150: 2135: 2126: 2124: 2123: 2120: 2101: 2099: : 70–93. 2080: 2054: 2026: 2024: 2023: 2006: 1999:Jacob Kuechler 1988: 1986: 1985: 1959: 1958:, pp. 116–117. 1933: 1903: 1875: 1845: 1843: 1842: 1825:Sarton, George 1822: 1799: 1797: 1796: 1789: 1763:(3): 245–365. 1752: 1685: 1659: 1641: 1620:(6): 475–490. 1597: 1546: 1515: 1498:(1867–1962). 1486: 1484: 1481: 1480: 1479: 1474: 1469: 1464: 1458: 1457: 1441: 1438: 1413:Some columnar 1373:Herbchronology 1368: 1367: 1318: 1316: 1309: 1303: 1300: 1294: 1291: 1285: 1282: 1281: 1280: 1274: 1267: 1249: 1239: 1200:Main article: 1197: 1194: 1161:A portrait of 1104: 1101: 1078:Main article: 1075: 1072: 1068: 8500 BC 1061: 6700 BC 1045: 1042: 1040: 1037: 1027:and traumatic 1020: 1017: 984: 981: 968: 965: 940: 937: 917: 910: 903: 896: 889: 866: 863: 857: 851: 846: 842: 838: 834: 828: 824: 820: 815: 810: 806: 802: 798: 792: 788: 784: 779: 775: 770: 762: 759: 754: 748: 744: 740: 733: 728: 724: 720: 716: 710: 706: 702: 697: 692: 688: 684: 680: 674: 670: 663: 660: 657: 654: 651: 648: 645: 619: 591: 585: 582: 576: 572: 569: 566: 560: 557: 552: 547: 543: 530: 527: 522: 515: 511: 506: 501: 498: 495: 492: 489: 486: 456: 453: 347:cross sections 309: 306: 296: 293: 285:solar activity 269:A. E. Douglass 213:Jacob Kuechler 171: 168: 140:New growth in 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5549: 5538: 5535: 5533: 5530: 5528: 5525: 5523: 5520: 5518: 5515: 5513: 5510: 5508: 5505: 5504: 5502: 5487: 5484: 5482: 5479: 5477: 5474: 5472: 5469: 5467: 5464: 5462: 5459: 5457: 5454: 5452: 5449: 5448: 5446: 5442: 5436: 5433: 5432: 5430: 5426: 5420: 5417: 5416: 5414: 5410: 5400: 5397: 5395: 5392: 5390: 5387: 5385: 5382: 5380: 5377: 5376: 5374: 5372: 5368: 5362: 5359: 5357: 5354: 5352: 5349: 5345: 5342: 5340: 5337: 5335: 5332: 5330: 5327: 5326: 5325: 5322: 5320: 5317: 5315: 5312: 5310: 5307: 5305: 5302: 5300: 5297: 5295: 5292: 5290: 5287: 5286: 5284: 5282: 5278: 5275: 5273: 5270:Chronological 5267: 5257: 5254: 5252: 5249: 5247: 5244: 5242: 5239: 5237: 5236:Geochronology 5234: 5232: 5229: 5228: 5226: 5222: 5216: 5213: 5211: 5208: 5207: 5205: 5201: 5195: 5192: 5190: 5187: 5185: 5182: 5181: 5179: 5175: 5172: 5170: 5169:Geologic time 5166: 5160: 5157: 5155: 5154:Metonic cycle 5152: 5150: 5149:Galactic year 5147: 5145: 5142: 5140: 5137: 5136: 5134: 5132: 5128: 5118: 5115: 5113: 5110: 5106: 5103: 5101: 5098: 5097: 5096: 5093: 5091: 5090:ISO week date 5088: 5086: 5083: 5081: 5078: 5076: 5073: 5072: 5070: 5066: 5060: 5057: 5054: 5050: 5047: 5045: 5042: 5039: 5035: 5031: 5028: 5027: 5025: 5021: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4991: 4989: 4985: 4979: 4976: 4974: 4971: 4969: 4966: 4964: 4961: 4960: 4958: 4954: 4951: 4949: 4945: 4935: 4932: 4930: 4927: 4925: 4922: 4920: 4917: 4916: 4914: 4912: 4908: 4902: 4899: 4897: 4894: 4892: 4889: 4887: 4884: 4882: 4879: 4878: 4876: 4874: 4870: 4862: 4859: 4857: 4854: 4852: 4849: 4847: 4844: 4843: 4842: 4839: 4836: 4832: 4829: 4827: 4824: 4822: 4819: 4817: 4814: 4812: 4809: 4807: 4804: 4802: 4799: 4797: 4796:Byzantine era 4794: 4792: 4789: 4787: 4784: 4782: 4779: 4777: 4773: 4770: 4768: 4767: 4763: 4761: 4758: 4757: 4755: 4753: 4752:Calendar eras 4749: 4746: 4741: 4738: 4736: 4733: 4731: 4728: 4727: 4724: 4718: 4715: 4713: 4710: 4706: 4703: 4702: 4701: 4698: 4696: 4693: 4691: 4688: 4686: 4683: 4682: 4680: 4676: 4672: 4665: 4660: 4658: 4653: 4651: 4646: 4645: 4642: 4630: 4622: 4620: 4612: 4610: 4609: 4604: 4598: 4596: 4595: 4590: 4584: 4582: 4581: 4576: 4570: 4568: 4567: 4556: 4554: 4553: 4542: 4540: 4539: 4528: 4526: 4525: 4516: 4515: 4512: 4506: 4503: 4501: 4498: 4496: 4493: 4491: 4488: 4486: 4485:Rubber tapper 4483: 4481: 4478: 4476: 4473: 4471: 4468: 4466: 4463: 4461: 4458: 4456: 4453: 4449: 4446: 4444: 4441: 4439: 4436: 4434: 4431: 4430: 4429: 4426: 4424: 4421: 4419: 4416: 4414: 4413:Choker setter 4411: 4409: 4406: 4404: 4401: 4399: 4396: 4395: 4393: 4389: 4381: 4378: 4377: 4376: 4373: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4346: 4345: 4344: 4341: 4337: 4334: 4333: 4332: 4329: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4315: 4312: 4310: 4307: 4305: 4302: 4300: 4297: 4295: 4292: 4290: 4287: 4285: 4282: 4281: 4280: 4277: 4273: 4270: 4268: 4265: 4263: 4260: 4258: 4255: 4254: 4253: 4252:Manufacturing 4250: 4248: 4245: 4243: 4240: 4238: 4235: 4233: 4230: 4229: 4227: 4225: 4221: 4215: 4212: 4210: 4207: 4205: 4202: 4200: 4197: 4193: 4192: 4188: 4186: 4183: 4181: 4178: 4176: 4175: 4171: 4170: 4169: 4166: 4164: 4161: 4159: 4156: 4152: 4149: 4148: 4147: 4144: 4140: 4137: 4136: 4135: 4132: 4130: 4127: 4125: 4122: 4120: 4117: 4115: 4112: 4110: 4107: 4105: 4102: 4100: 4097: 4095: 4092: 4090: 4089:Deforestation 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4071: 4069: 4065:Environmental 4063: 4055: 4052: 4050: 4047: 4045: 4042: 4040: 4037: 4036: 4035: 4032: 4028: 4025: 4023: 4020: 4019: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4001: 3998: 3997: 3996: 3993: 3989: 3986: 3985: 3984: 3981: 3979: 3976: 3974: 3971: 3967: 3966:reforestation 3964: 3962: 3961:afforestation 3959: 3958: 3957: 3954: 3950: 3947: 3945: 3942: 3940: 3937: 3935: 3932: 3930: 3927: 3925: 3922: 3920: 3917: 3916: 3915: 3912: 3908: 3905: 3903: 3900: 3898: 3895: 3893: 3890: 3888: 3885: 3883: 3880: 3878: 3875: 3873: 3870: 3868: 3865: 3863: 3860: 3858: 3855: 3853: 3850: 3848: 3845: 3843: 3840: 3838: 3835: 3834: 3833: 3830: 3828: 3825: 3823: 3820: 3818: 3815: 3813: 3810: 3806: 3803: 3801: 3798: 3796: 3793: 3791: 3788: 3786: 3783: 3782: 3781: 3778: 3776: 3773: 3771: 3770:Arboriculture 3768: 3767: 3765: 3763: 3758: 3754: 3748: 3745: 3743: 3740: 3738: 3735: 3733: 3730: 3728: 3725: 3723: 3722:Permaforestry 3720: 3718: 3715: 3713: 3710: 3708: 3705: 3703: 3700: 3698: 3695: 3693: 3690: 3688: 3685: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3675: 3674: 3671: 3670: 3668: 3664: 3658: 3657: 3653: 3651: 3650: 3646: 3644: 3643: 3639: 3637: 3636: 3632: 3630: 3629: 3625: 3623: 3622: 3618: 3616: 3615: 3611: 3610: 3607: 3603: 3596: 3591: 3589: 3584: 3582: 3577: 3576: 3573: 3565: 3561: 3556: 3551: 3547: 3543: 3539: 3535: 3530: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3513: 3510: 3507: 3505: 3502: 3500: 3497: 3495: 3492: 3490: 3487: 3485: 3482: 3480: 3477: 3475: 3473: 3469: 3467: 3464: 3462: 3459: 3458: 3453: 3452: 3444: 3420: 3416: 3411: 3406: 3402: 3398: 3394: 3390: 3386: 3382: 3378: 3371: 3362: 3357: 3352: 3347: 3343: 3339: 3335: 3331: 3327: 3320: 3314: 3309: 3290: 3283: 3276: 3270: 3265: 3257: 3251: 3235: 3231: 3230:kongehuset.dk 3227: 3221: 3205: 3201: 3195: 3187: 3181: 3177: 3170: 3162: 3155: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3135: 3129: 3126:. p. 6. 3125: 3121: 3120: 3115: 3111: 3110:Sawyer, Peter 3105: 3103: 3094: 3090: 3086: 3080: 3072: 3068: 3064: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3042: 3035: 3027: 3023: 3019: 3013: 3005: 3001: 2997: 2993: 2986: 2978: 2974: 2968: 2964: 2963: 2958: 2951: 2944: 2940: 2937: 2936: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2902: 2896: 2892: 2889: 2884: 2876: 2872: 2868: 2864: 2860: 2856: 2849: 2841: 2835: 2827: 2821: 2817: 2810: 2802: 2798: 2793: 2788: 2783: 2778: 2774: 2770: 2766: 2762: 2758: 2751: 2740: 2736: 2732: 2728: 2724: 2719: 2714: 2710: 2706: 2702: 2698: 2691: 2684: 2677: 2673: 2672: 2667: 2660: 2654: 2650: 2644: 2642: 2625: 2621: 2617: 2611: 2603: 2597: 2593: 2589: 2583: 2575: 2571: 2566: 2561: 2556: 2551: 2547: 2543: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2510:on 2010-08-04 2509: 2505: 2499: 2491: 2485: 2481: 2476: 2475: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2453: 2447: 2443: 2436: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2412: 2408: 2404: 2400: 2396: 2392: 2385: 2376: 2371: 2366: 2361: 2357: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2323: 2315: 2311: 2309:9781118700099 2305: 2301: 2297: 2290: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2259: 2255: 2251: 2247: 2240: 2233: 2218: 2214: 2208: 2202: 2194: 2188: 2184: 2177: 2170: 2169:Mediterranean 2166: 2160: 2151: 2148: 2144: 2143: 2139: 2130: 2121: 2118: 2114: 2110: 2109: 2105: 2098: 2094: 2090: 2084: 2078: 2074: 2071: 2067: 2063: 2058: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2030: 2022: 2018: 2015: 2011: 2007: 2004: 2000: 1997: 1996: 1992: 1983: 1979: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1964: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1946: 1942: 1941: 1937: 1930: 1926: 1925: 1920: 1916: 1913: 1907: 1900: 1896: 1892: 1888: 1885: 1879: 1872: 1868: 1864: 1860: 1857: 1856: 1849: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1831: 1826: 1823: 1820: 1817:From p. 396: 1816: 1812: 1808: 1807: 1803: 1794: 1790: 1786: 1782: 1778: 1774: 1770: 1766: 1762: 1758: 1753: 1749: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1733: 1729: 1726:(1/3): 1–72. 1725: 1721: 1712: 1707: 1703: 1699: 1694: 1693: 1689: 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1663: 1655: 1648: 1646: 1636: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1615: 1608: 1601: 1592: 1587: 1582: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1565: 1561: 1557: 1550: 1535: 1531: 1530: 1522: 1520: 1509: 1505: 1504: 1497: 1491: 1487: 1478: 1475: 1473: 1470: 1468: 1465: 1463: 1460: 1459: 1455: 1449: 1444: 1437: 1435: 1431: 1426: 1424: 1420: 1416: 1411: 1409: 1405: 1401: 1397: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1382: 1378: 1374: 1364: 1361: 1353: 1350:November 2014 1343: 1339: 1335: 1329: 1328: 1324: 1319:This section 1317: 1313: 1308: 1307: 1299: 1290: 1278: 1275: 1272: 1268: 1265: 1254: 1250: 1247: 1243: 1240: 1237: 1233: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1216: 1215: 1212: 1209: 1203: 1193: 1191: 1185: 1182: 1180: 1176: 1171: 1168: 1164: 1159: 1157: 1153: 1143: 1139: 1137: 1133: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1112: 1110: 1100: 1098: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1081: 1071: 1055: 1051: 1036: 1034: 1030: 1026: 1016: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 993: 989: 988:Miyake events 983:Miyake events 980: 976: 974: 964: 962: 957: 954: 948: 946: 936: 934: 930: 926: 921: 916: 909: 902: 895: 888: 883: 864: 861: 855: 849: 844: 840: 836: 832: 826: 822: 818: 813: 808: 804: 800: 796: 790: 786: 782: 777: 773: 768: 760: 757: 752: 746: 742: 738: 731: 726: 722: 718: 714: 708: 704: 700: 695: 690: 686: 682: 678: 672: 668: 661: 658: 652: 646: 635: 632: 630: 626: 622: 615: 611: 607: 602: 589: 583: 580: 574: 567: 558: 555: 550: 545: 541: 528: 525: 520: 513: 509: 504: 499: 493: 487: 476: 469: 461: 452: 450: 446: 442: 437: 435: 431: 427: 421: 419: 415: 409: 402: 398: 394: 392: 387: 384: 380: 376: 372: 368: 364: 360: 356: 352: 348: 340: 336: 332: 327: 322: 315: 301: 292: 290: 286: 282: 278: 274: 270: 265: 261: 257: 253: 248: 244: 243:Robert Hartig 240: 236: 232: 228: 224: 223: 218: 214: 209: 207: 203: 199: 195: 191: 187: 183: 182: 177: 167: 165: 161: 160:Miyake events 157: 156:Northern Alps 152: 148: 143: 138: 136: 132: 128: 124: 119: 115: 108: 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