72:
52:
138:
was notably weakened by the severe winter. Sudden winter storms and frosts killed thousands during the
Swedish army's winter offensives, most notably during a single night away from camp that killed at least 2,000. Because the Russian troops were more prepared for the harmful weather and cautiously
182:, had written a letter to her great aunt in Germany describing how she was still shivering from cold and could barely hold her pen despite having a roaring fire next to her, the door shut, and her entire person wrapped in furs. She wrote, "Never in my life have I seen a winter such as this one."
121:) on the night of 5 January 1709, the lowest he had ever measured since he started taking readings in 1697. His contemporaries in the weather observation field in Europe likewise recorded lows down to −15 °C (5 °F). Derham wrote in
161:'s Millennium Project because they are presently unable to correlate the known causes of cold weather in Europe today with weather patterns documented in 1709. According to Dennis Wheeler, a climatologist at the
1925:
1918:
37:
222:
Luterbacher, Jürg; Dietrich, Daniel; Xoplaki, Elena; Grosjean, Martin; Wanner, Heinz (2004), "European
Seasonal and Annual Temperature Variability, Trends, and Extremes Since 1500",
1911:
2829:
850:
2834:
98:("The Great Winter"), as it was known in France, was an extraordinarily cold winter in Europe in 1708–1709, and was the coldest European winter during the past 500 years.
2819:
1206:
2809:
2799:
984:
979:
959:
843:
756:
608:
596:
2804:
2074:
1934:
123:
1903:
766:
949:
836:
565:
2317:
1942:
1211:
1682:
1677:
944:
939:
560:
555:
2677:
2624:
1404:
964:
487:
202:
2535:
2142:
1201:
2147:
1938:
969:
675:
570:
2513:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2229:
1365:
1317:
1040:
761:
746:
739:
660:
911:
2518:
2047:
1717:
1712:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1196:
1184:
994:
974:
710:
618:
362:
337:
2766:
1350:
1345:
1259:
1035:
1030:
954:
876:
751:
175:
734:
464:
154:, there were contemporary nationalist claims that there were no deaths from starvation in the kingdom of France in 1709.
1806:
2662:
1849:
1025:
2902:
1221:
1169:
433:
139:
stayed within their camps, their losses were substantially lower, contributing heavily to their eventual victory at
2887:
2508:
510:
2897:
2882:
2726:
1933:
623:
591:
1786:
2460:
1791:
888:
2872:
2488:
2204:
1839:
1834:
1816:
1340:
989:
883:
871:
791:
715:
705:
685:
613:
151:
2370:
1776:
1766:
1761:
1751:
1251:
999:
680:
628:
515:
127:: "I believe the Frost was greater (if not more universal also) than any other within the Memory of Man."
2684:
2466:
2398:
1811:
1801:
1796:
1781:
1771:
1756:
1530:
1226:
1129:
1106:
522:
492:
384:
329:
2741:
2716:
2571:
2566:
2525:
2493:
2280:
2198:
1284:
1241:
1236:
1231:
1216:
1174:
929:
545:
502:
135:
1419:
2892:
2877:
2761:
2751:
2498:
690:
434:"Rodama: A blog of 18th century & Revolutionary France: The winter of 1709: Letters of Liselotte"
2651:
2439:
1844:
1594:
1576:
1486:
1458:
1086:
1015:
162:
20:
2907:
2867:
2862:
2756:
2746:
2736:
2731:
2721:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2112:
1434:
1355:
1289:
1274:
1179:
655:
601:
586:
457:
2503:
2433:
2265:
1496:
1335:
1312:
1189:
1020:
670:
150:
estimated to have caused 600,000 deaths by the end of 1710. Because the famine occurred during
32:
1121:
2689:
2672:
2667:
2656:
2619:
2614:
2608:
2219:
2188:
2086:
1477:
1399:
497:
270:
Derham, W. (1708–1709), "The
History of the Great Frost in the Last Winter 1703 and 1708/9",
179:
2255:
2100:
1877:
1453:
1443:
1279:
1264:
1111:
1096:
229:
8:
2354:
2117:
2069:
2037:
2018:
1854:
1472:
1467:
1448:
1409:
1394:
1389:
1360:
1164:
1144:
1091:
1076:
168:
The severity of the winter is thought to be an important factor in the emigration of the
233:
2839:
2824:
2814:
2794:
2789:
2784:
2779:
2773:
2091:
2059:
1746:
1414:
1375:
1101:
828:
450:
415:
291:
283:
253:
131:
2560:
2554:
2548:
2154:
2127:
2064:
2052:
2013:
1982:
1540:
1424:
1269:
1159:
1154:
1045:
812:
695:
407:
358:
333:
295:
245:
224:
140:
257:
2641:
2636:
2482:
2471:
2132:
2122:
2032:
1992:
1987:
1962:
1957:
1953:
1861:
1585:
1505:
1139:
1134:
817:
786:
419:
397:
389:
275:
237:
169:
2710:
2700:
2450:
2391:
2386:
2380:
1972:
906:
1657:
1999:
1977:
1515:
1491:
1081:
860:
158:
106:
79:
393:
157:
This winter event has drawn the attention of modern-day climatologists in the
2856:
2427:
2421:
2412:
2406:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2312:
2301:
2289:
2259:
2081:
1558:
1549:
1520:
1429:
1294:
207:
28:
241:
71:
2171:
2164:
2159:
2028:
2023:
1967:
1639:
1612:
1535:
1525:
1510:
1304:
1149:
1054:
665:
411:
279:
249:
56:
1708/1709 winter temperature anomaly with respect to 1971–2000 climatology
2581:
2137:
2096:
2042:
1882:
1648:
1630:
1603:
1068:
807:
700:
378:Ó Gráda, Cormac & Chevet, Jean-Michel (2002), "Famine and Market in
2365:
1621:
426:
118:
287:
2176:
2107:
2008:
2004:
1567:
1381:
921:
898:
473:
402:
110:
146:
France was particularly hard hit by the winter, with the subsequent
1826:
1730:
221:
1894:
1735:
1327:
114:
355:
Les Années De Misère: La famine au temps du Grand Roi, 1680–1720
147:
442:
51:
82:, part of a lagoon which froze over in 1709, Venice, Italy
858:
228:, vol. 303, no. 5663, pp. 1499–1503,
165:: "Something unusual seems to have been happening".
357:(in French), Paris: Fayard, pp. 361, 381–382,
326:Year of Sorrows: The great famine of 1709 in Lyon
2854:
274:, vol. 26, no. 324, pp. 454–478,
388:, vol. 62, no. 3, pp. 706–733,
196:
194:
1919:
844:
458:
377:
92:
269:
191:
1926:
1912:
851:
837:
465:
451:
50:
401:
352:
70:
323:
2855:
1907:
832:
446:
200:
176:Elizabeth Charlotte, Madame Palatine
311:Peter the Great: His Life and World
201:Pain, Stephanie (7 February 2009),
13:
2230:British credit crisis of 1772–1773
308:
203:"1709: The year that Europe froze"
14:
2919:
1943:Commonwealth of Nations countries
113:, near London, a low of −12
90:, as it was known in England, or
16:Coldest recorded winter in Europe
1939:recessions in the United States
787:1995 "White Earthquake" (Chile)
889:United Kingdom weather records
472:
371:
346:
317:
302:
263:
215:
1:
884:Drought in the United Kingdom
872:Climate of the United Kingdom
185:
101:
1295:North Sea and Irish Sea 2013
324:Monahan, W. Gregory (1993),
19:For other Great Frosts, see
7:
2685:1997 Asian financial crisis
2318:Civil War-era United States
385:Journal of Economic History
330:Ohio State University Press
10:
2924:
2461:Post–World War I recession
2281:Post-Napoleonic Depression
1313:Widecombe-in-the-Moor 1638
1140:Holmfirth 1738, 1777, 1944
272:Philosophical Transactions
136:Swedish invasion of Russia
124:Philosophical Transactions
18:
2699:
2635:
2580:
2534:
2449:
2371:2nd Industrial Revolution
2364:
2311:
2304:(1836–1838 and 1839–1843)
2220:1st Industrial Revolution
2218:
2187:
1988:Price-and-wage stickiness
1949:
1891:
1870:
1825:
1726:
1670:
1374:
1326:
1303:
1250:
1120:
1067:
1008:
920:
912:Buachaille Etive Mòr 2009
897:
867:
800:
779:
724:
648:
641:
579:
538:
531:
480:
394:10.1017/S0022050702001055
353:Lachiver, Marcel (1991),
61:
49:
2903:Weather events in Europe
2652:1990s United States boom
2440:Financial crisis of 1914
163:University of Sunderland
111:Upminster, Great Britain
21:River Thames frost fairs
2888:18th-century cold waves
2467:Depression of 1920–1921
2399:Depression of 1882–1885
2313:Early Victorian Britain
2048:Real and nominal values
1207:Somerset Levels 2013–14
1145:North East England 1771
609:2010–11 (GB & Ire.)
242:10.1126/science.1093877
25:
2898:1709 natural disasters
2883:1708 natural disasters
2572:Recession of 1969–1970
2567:Recession of 1960–1961
2526:Recession of 1937–1938
1185:November–December 2009
859:Weather events in the
280:10.1098/rstl.1708.0073
143:the following summer.
93:
83:
38:considered for merging
2690:Early 2000s recession
2657:Early 1990s recession
2609:Early 1980s recession
2189:Commercial revolution
2087:Nominal interest rate
172:from central Europe.
76:Le lagon gelé en 1709
74:
2873:Cold waves in Europe
2256:Copper Panic of 1789
1227:Yorkshire Dales 2019
1130:Bristol Channel 1607
1107:Yorkshire Dales 2019
629:2018 (GB & Ire.)
332:, pp. 125–153,
2592:1973–1975 recession
2536:Post–WWII expansion
2210:Great Frost of 1709
2038:Neutrality of money
2019:Classical dichotomy
1935:Economic expansions
1000:February–March 2018
488:2009–10 (East Asia)
234:2004Sci...303.1499L
46:
45:Great Frost of 1709
2774:COVID-19 recession
2434:Panic of 1910–1911
2266:Panic of 1796–1797
2092:Real interest rate
2060:Economic expansion
1341:Great Malvern 1761
1260:South England 1287
1165:South England 1968
701:1982 "Cold Sunday"
503:2013 (Middle East)
180:Duchess of Orléans
132:Great Northern War
84:
44:
2850:
2849:
2561:Recession of 1958
2555:Recession of 1953
2549:Recession of 1949
2246:Thirteen Colonies
2053:Velocity of money
1983:Paradox of thrift
1901:
1900:
1850:April–August 2022
1840:February–May 2019
1671:Windstorm seasons
826:
825:
813:List of blizzards
775:
774:
637:
636:
364:978-2-213-02799-9
339:978-0-8142-0608-9
69:
68:
2915:
2893:1709 meteorology
2878:1708 meteorology
2642:Great Regression
2637:Great Moderation
2483:Great Depression
2472:Roaring Twenties
1993:Underconsumption
1963:Effective demand
1954:Aggregate demand
1928:
1921:
1914:
1905:
1904:
1883:Great Stink 1858
1622:September 2020 (
1497:September 2011 (
1435:September 1961 (
853:
846:
839:
830:
829:
818:Siberian Express
646:
645:
536:
535:
467:
460:
453:
444:
443:
438:
437:
430:
424:
422:
405:
375:
369:
367:
350:
344:
342:
321:
315:
313:
309:Massie, Robert,
306:
300:
298:
267:
261:
260:
219:
213:
211:
198:
170:German Palatines
96:
54:
47:
43:
41:
2923:
2922:
2918:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2912:
2853:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2711:Great Recession
2703:
2701:Information Age
2695:
2644:
2640:
2631:
2584:
2582:Great Inflation
2576:
2538:
2530:
2453:
2451:Interwar period
2445:
2381:Long Depression
2373:
2369:
2360:
2320:
2316:
2307:
2222:
2214:
2191:
2183:
2148:U.S. recessions
2143:U.K. recessions
2075:U.S. expansions
1945:
1932:
1902:
1897:
1887:
1878:Great Smog 1952
1866:
1855:Wennington 2022
1821:
1740:
1722:
1666:
1658:November 2023 (
1640:February 2022 (
1631:December 2021 (
1613:February 2020 (
1604:February 2020 (
1568:December 2015 (
1559:December 2015 (
1550:November 2015 (
1379:
1370:
1356:Birmingham 2005
1322:
1299:
1246:
1190:Workington 2009
1150:Strathspey 1829
1116:
1087:Chew Stoke 1968
1063:
1004:
916:
893:
863:
857:
827:
822:
796:
771:
720:
633:
575:
527:
476:
471:
441:
432:
431:
427:
376:
372:
365:
351:
347:
340:
322:
318:
307:
303:
268:
264:
220:
216:
199:
192:
188:
104:
57:
42:
26:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
2921:
2911:
2910:
2908:1709 in Russia
2905:
2900:
2895:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2868:1709 in Europe
2865:
2863:1708 in Europe
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2837:
2832:
2830:United Kingdom
2827:
2822:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2782:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2764:
2762:United Kingdom
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2707:
2705:
2704:(2007–present)
2697:
2696:
2694:
2693:
2687:
2682:
2681:
2680:
2675:
2673:United Kingdom
2670:
2665:
2654:
2648:
2646:
2633:
2632:
2630:
2629:
2628:
2627:
2622:
2620:United Kingdom
2617:
2606:
2605:
2604:
2599:
2597:United Kingdom
2588:
2586:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2558:
2552:
2546:
2542:
2540:
2532:
2531:
2529:
2528:
2523:
2522:
2521:
2516:
2514:United Kingdom
2511:
2506:
2501:
2496:
2491:
2480:
2477:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2457:
2455:
2447:
2446:
2444:
2443:
2437:
2431:
2425:
2419:
2416:
2410:
2404:
2401:
2396:
2395:
2394:
2389:
2387:United Kingdom
2377:
2375:
2362:
2361:
2359:
2358:
2352:
2346:
2343:
2337:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2322:
2309:
2308:
2306:
2305:
2299:
2296:
2293:
2287:
2284:
2278:
2275:
2272:
2269:
2263:
2253:
2250:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2226:
2224:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2207:
2202:
2195:
2193:
2185:
2184:
2182:
2181:
2180:
2179:
2169:
2168:
2167:
2162:
2152:
2151:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2120:
2115:
2105:
2104:
2103:
2094:
2089:
2079:
2078:
2077:
2072:
2067:
2057:
2056:
2055:
2050:
2045:
2040:
2035:
2026:
2021:
2016:
2002:
2000:Business cycle
1997:
1996:
1995:
1990:
1985:
1980:
1978:Overproduction
1975:
1970:
1965:
1950:
1947:
1946:
1931:
1930:
1923:
1916:
1908:
1899:
1898:
1892:
1889:
1888:
1886:
1885:
1880:
1874:
1872:
1868:
1867:
1865:
1864:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1847:
1842:
1837:
1831:
1829:
1823:
1822:
1820:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1743:
1741:
1739:
1738:
1733:
1727:
1724:
1723:
1721:
1720:
1715:
1710:
1705:
1700:
1695:
1690:
1685:
1680:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1667:
1665:
1664:
1655:
1649:October 2023 (
1646:
1637:
1628:
1619:
1610:
1601:
1595:October 2019 (
1592:
1586:January 2018 (
1583:
1577:October 2017 (
1574:
1565:
1556:
1547:
1541:October 2014 (
1538:
1533:
1528:
1526:Christmas 2013
1523:
1518:
1513:
1508:
1503:
1494:
1489:
1484:
1478:October 1996 (
1475:
1470:
1465:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1412:
1407:
1402:
1397:
1392:
1386:
1384:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1332:
1330:
1324:
1323:
1321:
1320:
1315:
1309:
1307:
1301:
1300:
1298:
1297:
1292:
1290:North Sea 2007
1287:
1285:North Sea 1978
1282:
1280:North Sea 1976
1277:
1275:North Sea 1953
1272:
1267:
1265:North Sea 1287
1262:
1256:
1254:
1248:
1247:
1245:
1244:
1239:
1234:
1229:
1224:
1222:Winter 2019–20
1219:
1214:
1212:Winter 2015–16
1209:
1204:
1202:Winter 2013–14
1199:
1194:
1193:
1192:
1182:
1177:
1172:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1147:
1142:
1137:
1132:
1126:
1124:
1118:
1117:
1115:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1097:Boscastle 2004
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1073:
1071:
1065:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1052:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1023:
1018:
1012:
1010:
1006:
1005:
1003:
1002:
997:
992:
987:
982:
977:
972:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
926:
924:
918:
917:
915:
914:
909:
903:
901:
895:
894:
892:
891:
886:
881:
880:
879:
877:climate change
868:
865:
864:
861:United Kingdom
856:
855:
848:
841:
833:
824:
823:
821:
820:
815:
810:
804:
802:
798:
797:
795:
794:
789:
783:
781:
777:
776:
773:
772:
770:
769:
764:
759:
754:
749:
744:
743:
742:
737:
728:
726:
722:
721:
719:
718:
713:
708:
703:
698:
693:
688:
683:
678:
673:
668:
666:1894–95 freeze
663:
658:
652:
650:
643:
639:
638:
635:
634:
632:
631:
626:
621:
616:
611:
606:
605:
604:
599:
589:
583:
581:
577:
576:
574:
573:
568:
563:
558:
553:
548:
542:
540:
533:
529:
528:
526:
525:
520:
519:
518:
513:
505:
500:
495:
490:
484:
482:
478:
477:
470:
469:
462:
455:
447:
440:
439:
436:. 26 May 2016.
425:
370:
363:
345:
338:
316:
301:
262:
214:
189:
187:
184:
159:European Union
107:William Derham
103:
100:
94:Le Grand Hiver
80:Gabriele Bella
67:
66:
65:Le Grand Hiver
63:
59:
58:
55:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2920:
2909:
2906:
2904:
2901:
2899:
2896:
2894:
2891:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2860:
2858:
2841:
2838:
2836:
2835:United States
2833:
2831:
2828:
2826:
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2776:
2775:
2772:
2768:
2767:United States
2765:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2714:
2713:
2712:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2702:
2698:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2679:
2678:United States
2676:
2674:
2671:
2669:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2659:
2658:
2655:
2653:
2650:
2649:
2647:
2643:
2638:
2634:
2626:
2625:United States
2623:
2621:
2618:
2616:
2612:
2611:
2610:
2607:
2603:
2602:United States
2600:
2598:
2595:
2594:
2593:
2590:
2589:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2562:
2559:
2556:
2553:
2550:
2547:
2544:
2543:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2524:
2520:
2519:United States
2517:
2515:
2512:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2500:
2497:
2495:
2492:
2490:
2486:
2485:
2484:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2462:
2459:
2458:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2441:
2438:
2435:
2432:
2429:
2428:Panic of 1907
2426:
2423:
2422:Panic of 1901
2420:
2417:
2414:
2413:Panic of 1893
2411:
2408:
2407:Baring crisis
2405:
2402:
2400:
2397:
2393:
2392:United States
2390:
2388:
2384:
2383:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2353:
2350:
2349:Panic of 1866
2347:
2344:
2341:
2340:Panic of 1857
2338:
2335:
2332:
2331:Panic of 1847
2329:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2319:
2314:
2310:
2303:
2302:Panic of 1837
2300:
2297:
2294:
2291:
2290:Panic of 1825
2288:
2285:
2282:
2279:
2276:
2273:
2270:
2267:
2264:
2261:
2260:Panic of 1792
2257:
2254:
2251:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2233:
2232:
2231:
2228:
2227:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2206:
2205:Slump of 1706
2203:
2200:
2197:
2196:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2178:
2175:
2174:
2173:
2170:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2157:
2156:
2153:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2113:Balance sheet
2111:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2102:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2084:
2083:
2082:Interest rate
2080:
2076:
2073:
2071:
2068:
2066:
2063:
2062:
2061:
2058:
2054:
2051:
2049:
2046:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2036:
2034:
2030:
2027:
2025:
2022:
2020:
2017:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2010:
2006:
2003:
2001:
1998:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1986:
1984:
1981:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1969:
1966:
1964:
1961:
1960:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1936:
1929:
1924:
1922:
1917:
1915:
1910:
1909:
1906:
1896:
1890:
1884:
1881:
1879:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1869:
1863:
1860:
1856:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1846:
1843:
1841:
1838:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1830:
1828:
1824:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1744:
1742:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1728:
1725:
1719:
1716:
1714:
1711:
1709:
1706:
1704:
1701:
1699:
1696:
1694:
1691:
1689:
1686:
1684:
1681:
1679:
1676:
1675:
1673:
1669:
1663:
1661:
1656:
1654:
1652:
1647:
1645:
1643:
1638:
1636:
1634:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1611:
1609:
1607:
1602:
1600:
1598:
1593:
1591:
1589:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1575:
1573:
1571:
1566:
1564:
1562:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1539:
1537:
1536:February 2014
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1522:
1521:December 2013
1519:
1517:
1514:
1512:
1509:
1507:
1506:December 2011
1504:
1502:
1500:
1495:
1493:
1490:
1488:
1487:December 1998
1485:
1483:
1481:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1459:August 1986 (
1457:
1455:
1452:
1450:
1447:
1445:
1444:February 1962
1442:
1440:
1438:
1433:
1431:
1430:February 1903
1428:
1426:
1423:
1421:
1420:December 1879
1418:
1416:
1415:February 1871
1413:
1411:
1408:
1406:
1403:
1401:
1398:
1396:
1395:November 1824
1393:
1391:
1390:December 1703
1388:
1387:
1385:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1367:
1364:
1362:
1359:
1357:
1354:
1352:
1351:November 1981
1349:
1347:
1344:
1342:
1339:
1337:
1334:
1333:
1331:
1329:
1325:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1310:
1308:
1306:
1305:Thunderstorms
1302:
1296:
1293:
1291:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1281:
1278:
1276:
1273:
1271:
1268:
1266:
1263:
1261:
1258:
1257:
1255:
1253:
1249:
1243:
1240:
1238:
1235:
1233:
1230:
1228:
1225:
1223:
1220:
1218:
1215:
1213:
1210:
1208:
1205:
1203:
1200:
1198:
1195:
1191:
1188:
1187:
1186:
1183:
1181:
1178:
1176:
1173:
1171:
1168:
1166:
1163:
1161:
1158:
1156:
1153:
1151:
1148:
1146:
1143:
1141:
1138:
1136:
1133:
1131:
1128:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1119:
1113:
1110:
1108:
1105:
1103:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1093:
1090:
1088:
1085:
1083:
1082:Lynmouth 1952
1080:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1060:
1058:
1053:
1051:
1049:
1044:
1042:
1039:
1037:
1036:February 2009
1034:
1032:
1029:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1011:
1007:
1001:
998:
996:
993:
991:
990:February 2012
988:
986:
983:
981:
978:
976:
973:
971:
968:
966:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
951:
948:
946:
943:
941:
938:
936:
933:
931:
928:
927:
925:
923:
919:
913:
910:
908:
905:
904:
902:
900:
896:
890:
887:
885:
882:
878:
875:
874:
873:
870:
869:
866:
862:
854:
849:
847:
842:
840:
835:
834:
831:
819:
816:
814:
811:
809:
806:
805:
803:
799:
793:
790:
788:
785:
784:
782:
780:South America
778:
768:
765:
763:
760:
758:
755:
753:
750:
748:
745:
741:
738:
736:
733:
732:
730:
729:
727:
723:
717:
714:
712:
709:
707:
704:
702:
699:
697:
694:
692:
689:
687:
684:
682:
679:
677:
674:
672:
671:1899 blizzard
669:
667:
664:
662:
659:
657:
654:
653:
651:
647:
644:
642:North America
640:
630:
627:
625:
622:
620:
617:
615:
612:
610:
607:
603:
600:
598:
597:GB & Ire.
595:
594:
593:
590:
588:
585:
584:
582:
578:
572:
569:
567:
564:
562:
559:
557:
554:
552:
549:
547:
544:
543:
541:
537:
534:
530:
524:
521:
517:
514:
512:
509:
508:
506:
504:
501:
499:
496:
494:
491:
489:
486:
485:
483:
479:
475:
468:
463:
461:
456:
454:
449:
448:
445:
435:
429:
421:
417:
413:
409:
404:
399:
395:
391:
387:
386:
381:
380:Ancien Régime
374:
366:
360:
356:
349:
341:
335:
331:
327:
320:
312:
305:
297:
293:
289:
285:
281:
277:
273:
266:
259:
255:
251:
247:
243:
239:
235:
231:
227:
226:
218:
210:
209:
208:New Scientist
204:
197:
195:
190:
183:
181:
177:
173:
171:
166:
164:
160:
155:
153:
149:
144:
142:
137:
133:
128:
126:
125:
120:
116:
112:
108:
99:
97:
95:
89:
81:
77:
73:
64:
62:Also known as
60:
53:
48:
39:
35:
34:
33:Infobox event
30:
22:
2752:South Africa
2509:South Africa
2355:Black Friday
2209:
2172:Unemployment
2029:Money supply
2024:Disinflation
1968:General glut
1862:Cannich 2023
1845:Wareham 2020
1659:
1650:
1641:
1632:
1623:
1614:
1605:
1596:
1587:
1578:
1569:
1560:
1551:
1542:
1531:January 2014
1516:October 2013
1511:January 2012
1498:
1492:January 2007
1479:
1473:January 1990
1468:October 1987
1460:
1454:January 1976
1449:January 1968
1436:
1425:October 1881
1410:October 1859
1400:January 1839
1366:October 2022
1346:October 1913
1252:Storm surges
1102:Morpeth 2008
1092:Glasgow 2002
1069:Flash floods
1056:
1055:March 2023 (
1047:
1046:March 2018 (
1031:January 1995
1016:January 1881
975:October 2008
934:
725:2000–present
580:2000–present
566:1962–63 (UK)
561:1946–47 (UK)
556:1894–95 (UK)
550:
523:2017 (India)
516:Saudi Arabia
498:2012 (India)
493:2011 (India)
428:
383:
379:
373:
354:
348:
328:, Columbus:
325:
319:
310:
304:
271:
265:
223:
217:
206:
174:
167:
156:
145:
129:
122:
109:recorded in
105:
91:
87:
85:
75:
31:
2820:New Zealand
2778:2020–2022;
2742:New Zealand
2715:2007–2009;
2661:1990–1991;
2645:(1982–2007)
2613:1980–1982;
2585:(1973–1982)
2563:(1957–1958)
2557:(1953–1954)
2551:(1948–1949)
2539:(1945–1973)
2504:New Zealand
2487:1929–1939;
2463:(1918–1919)
2454:(1918–1939)
2436:(1910–1912)
2430:(1907–1908)
2424:(1902–1904)
2415:(1893–1897)
2409:(1890–1891)
2385:1873–1879;
2374:(1870–1914)
2357:(1869–1870)
2351:(1865–1867)
2342:(1857–1858)
2333:(1847–1848)
2321:(1840–1870)
2292:(1825–1826)
2283:(1815–1821)
2268:(1796–1799)
2262:(1789–1793)
2234:1772–1774;
2223:(1760–1840)
2201:(1430–1490)
2199:Great Slump
2192:(1000–1760)
2138:Stagflation
2097:Yield curve
2043:Price level
1835:Summer 2018
1405:August 1848
1361:London 2006
1336:London 1091
1270:Thames 1928
1232:Summer 2022
1180:August 2008
1175:Summer 2007
1170:Autumn 2000
1160:Thames 1947
1155:Thames 1928
1112:London 2021
1009:Snow events
995:Spring 2013
808:Hypothermia
649:Before 2000
539:Before 2000
130:During the
88:Great Frost
27:‹ The
2857:Categories
2785:Bangladesh
2722:Bangladesh
2366:Gilded Age
2118:Depression
2070:Stagnation
1382:hurricanes
1376:Windstorms
1135:Trent 1683
1077:Louth 1920
1041:March 2013
1026:April 1981
1021:March 1891
922:Cold snaps
907:Lewes 1836
899:Avalanches
474:Cold waves
186:References
102:Notability
2825:Singapore
2780:Australia
2757:Sri Lanka
2717:Australia
2663:Australia
2489:Australia
2479:1926–1927
2476:1923–1924
2442:(1913–14)
2418:1899–1900
2274:1807–1810
2271:1802–1804
2252:1785–1788
2177:Sahm rule
2108:Recession
2009:Inflation
2005:Deflation
1893:Disputed
1827:Wildfires
1731:Heatwaves
1328:Tornadoes
1318:July 1968
1217:June 2016
619:2013 (UK)
511:East Asia
403:10197/368
382:France",
296:186211921
117:(10
36:is being
2810:Malaysia
2795:Botswana
2747:Pakistan
2737:Malaysia
2241:Scotland
2101:Inverted
2065:Recovery
1736:Droughts
412:17494233
258:38985100
250:15001774
40:. ›
29:template
2815:Namibia
2403:1887–88
2345:1860–61
2336:1853–54
2327:1845–46
2298:1833–34
2295:1828–29
2286:1822–23
2236:England
2128:Rolling
2014:Chronic
1895:tsunami
1718:2023–24
1713:2022–23
1708:2021–22
1703:2020–21
1698:2019–20
1693:2018–19
1688:2017–18
1683:2016–17
1678:2015–16
1597:Lorenzo
1588:Eleanor
1579:Ophelia
1561:Desmond
1552:Abigail
1543:Gonzalo
1461:Charley
1380:former
1197:2012–13
985:2010–11
980:2009–10
970:1990–91
960:1985–86
955:1981–82
950:1962–63
945:1946–47
940:1894–95
930:1683–84
801:Related
752:2017–18
656:1886–87
592:2009–10
571:1990–91
546:1683–84
420:8036361
230:Bibcode
225:Science
152:wartime
141:Poltava
2840:Zambia
2800:Canada
2790:Belize
2727:Canada
2692:(2001)
2668:Canada
2615:Canada
2494:Canada
2165:Supply
2160:Demand
2133:Shapes
2123:Global
2033:demand
1958:Supply
1660:Ciarán
1642:Eunice
1615:Dennis
1437:Debbie
1122:Floods
1057:Larisa
602:Sweden
532:Europe
418:
410:
361:
336:
294:
288:103288
286:
256:
248:
178:, the
148:famine
134:, the
2805:India
2732:India
2499:India
2155:Shock
1973:Model
1871:Other
1651:Babet
1633:Barra
1606:Ciara
1499:Katia
735:early
731:2014
507:2016
416:S2CID
292:S2CID
284:JSTOR
254:S2CID
78:, by
2545:1945
2277:1812
1941:and
1937:and
1817:2022
1812:2021
1807:2019
1802:2018
1797:2013
1792:2006
1787:2003
1782:1995
1777:1990
1772:1976
1767:1955
1762:1911
1757:1906
1752:1808
1747:1757
1624:Alex
1480:Lili
1242:2024
1237:2023
1048:Emma
965:1987
935:1709
792:2022
767:2022
762:2021
757:2019
747:2015
740:late
716:1994
711:1989
706:1985
696:1978
691:1977
686:1936
681:1912
676:1911
661:1888
624:2017
614:2012
587:2006
551:1709
481:Asia
408:PMID
359:ISBN
334:ISBN
246:PMID
86:The
1570:Eva
1378:and
398:hdl
390:doi
276:doi
238:doi
2859::
414:,
406:,
396:,
290:,
282:,
252:,
244:,
236:,
205:,
193:^
119:°F
115:°C
2639:/
2368:/
2315:/
2258:/
2099:/
2031:/
2007:/
1956:/
1927:e
1920:t
1913:v
1662:)
1653:)
1644:)
1635:)
1626:)
1617:)
1608:)
1599:)
1590:)
1581:)
1572:)
1563:)
1554:)
1545:)
1501:)
1482:)
1463:)
1439:)
1059:)
1050:)
852:e
845:t
838:v
466:e
459:t
452:v
423:.
400::
392::
368:.
343:.
314:.
299:.
278::
240::
232::
212:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
