346:
143:
33:
539:
465:
253:(IHR) in 1969, succeeding the previous International Sanitary Conventions/Regulations. IHR Article 79 introduced a model International Certificate of Vaccination, and Appendix 2 and Annex VI stipulated a number of conditions that had to be fulfilled in order for it to be considered valid, such as being printed and filled out in English and French (a third language, relevant to the territory in which it is issued, could be added). The 1969 IHR focused on four diseases: cholera,
530:
country. The card has a QR code that can be scanned to verify its validity. This requirement does not affect travellers from other countries with valid ICVPs, but those arriving in
Nigeria who haven't been vaccinated for yellow fever may receive the vaccine and the e-Yellow Card upon arrival. As of September 2023, Ecuador started handing out digital certificates too and is no longer going to issue yellow booklets after they are out of stock.
389:, in which they provide a model of the document. It includes places for the traveller's name, date of birth, sex, nationality, national identification document, and signature. Below that is a row for each vaccine administered, in which the physician must include the prophylaxis or vaccine administered, date, signature, manufacturer and batch number, dates valid, and an official stamp from the administering centre.
511:
Yellow fever is the most common vaccine required for international travel. Many countries require the vaccine for all travellers or only for travellers coming from countries with risk of yellow fever transmission. Exceptions are typically made for newborns until 9 months or one year of age, depending
273:
in the 1960s and 1970s reduced the travelling time from endemic countries to all other countries to just a few hours. After smallpox was successfully eradicated in 1980, the
International Certificate of Vaccination against Smallpox was cancelled in 1981, and the new 1983 form lacked any provision for
846:
International
Sanitary Convention of 1944, Modifying Convention of June 21, 1926: Message from the President of the United States Transmitting a Certified Copy of the International Sanitary Convention of 1944, Modifying the International Sanitary Convention of June 21, 1926, which was Signed for the
529:
Due to the prevalence of counterfeit certificates in some places, several countries, including
Zimbabwe, Zambia, and Nigeria, are developing digital certificates that can authenticate an ICVP. As of July 2019, Nigeria requires its citizens to have its digital "e-Yellow Card" for travel outside the
520:
In the event that a traveller cannot be vaccinated for a particular disease for medical reasons, their physician can provide them with documentation indicating their condition. They may be subject to additional requirements, such as isolation, quarantine, or observation. A traveller who refuses a
331:
was the driving force behind the 23 May 2005 revision of the
International Health Regulations, which entered into force on 15 June 2007. On that day, the model International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis contained in Annex 6 of the International Health Regulations (as amended in 2005)
236:
was no longer used. The old
International Certificates of Inoculation and Vaccination remained valid until they expired, after which they were replaced by the new ICV. On 23 May 1956, the Ninth World Health Assembly amended the form of the International Certificate of Vaccination or Revaccination
821:
International
Sanitary Convention for Aerial Navigation, of 1944, Modifying the International Sanitary Convention for Aerial Navigation of April 12, 1933: Message from the President of the United States Transmitting a Certified Copy of the International Sanitary Convention for Aerial Navigation,
229:
the earlier
International Sanitary Conventions. It confirmed the validity and use of international certificates of vaccination (Article 115), and updated the old model with a new version (Appendices 2, 3, 4). The certificates mentioned were used for proof of vaccination against diseases such as
392:
Below this, the document outlines requirements for validity. The ICVP is only valid for vaccines approved by the WHO. The form must be fully completed in
English or French by a medical practitioner or authorized health worker and must include the official stamp of the administering centre. The
610:
Israel employed a digital "green pass" to allow individuals fully vaccinated against COVID-19 to dine out, attend concerts, and travel to other nations. It has been the subject of several privacy and data security concerns. Shortly after the scheme was rolled out, the
268:
The ICV was most successful in the case of smallpox. The mandatory possession of vaccination certificates significantly increased the number of travellers who were vaccinated, and thus contributed to preventing the spread of smallpox, especially when the
512:
on the country. The ICVP form is valid for yellow fever starting 10 days after vaccination. As of 2016, the vaccine is valid for the life of the traveller. No changes need to be made for those who received their vaccine or ICVP prior to 2016.
421:
The information for travellers section recommends that travellers consult their physicians to determine appropriate vaccinations before international travel and inform their physician of international travel if they fall ill after their trip.
1598:
450:
in cases where a traveller has a medical reason that prevents them from getting a particular vaccine. This section also reminds physicians to consider travel-associated illnesses when treating a patient who has fallen ill after traveling.
82:; the primary difference is that vaccination certificates such as the ICVP incentivise individuals to obtain vaccination against a disease, while immunity passports incentivise individuals to get infected with and recover from a disease.
433:
is a serious disease with no vaccine available. The ICVP recommends that travellers protect against mosquitos through mosquito nets or repellent, as mosquitos can transmit malaria. Travellers can also consult their physician for
521:
vaccine or prophylaxis that is required may be subject to similar requirements or denied entry. In some cases, equivalent military-issued forms are accepted in place of the ICVP, provided the forms include the same information.
618:
Work has been started to established and standardize at Ecma
International, allow for an open interoperability ecosystem so that multiple COVID-19 immunity verification systems can work together and effectively across borders.
1178:
587:
announced its intention to create international standards which guard against counterfeiting and protects private data as much as possible in a "Call for Participation on Vaccine Passports International Standardization".
128:
is a commonly required vaccination for travel has contributed to the document's association with the colour yellow, even though the ICVP can cover a wide range of vaccinations and booster shots, not just yellow fever.
551:
413:, since it is the only disease included in the International Health Regulations. It also specifies that the same certificate can be used if any future regulations require vaccination for another disease.
563:
Multiple agencies and countries were creating different forms of documentation for people who have been vaccinated against COVID-19. Agencies attempting this include non-profit organisations such as
1274:
1226:
1367:
822:
1944, Modifying the International Sanitary Convention for Aerial Navigation of April 12, 1933, which was Signed for the United States of America, at Washington on January 5, 1945
265:
was unable to prevent the introduction of cholera from one country to another, and removed this requirement from the 1973 revision of the IHR; it was also removed from the ICV.
165:
157:
568:
685:
The WHO has designated parts of Argentina, Brazil and Peru as risk countries, but these countries do not require incoming travellers to vaccinate against yellow fever.
603:
have announced pilots. IATA's solution, "Travel Pass", is a mobile app that can display test results, proof of inoculation and will be integrated with the existing
332:
replaced the International Certificate of Vaccination or Revaccination against Yellow Fever contained in appendix 2 of the International Health Regulations (1969).
345:
223:
have authority to adopt regulations concerning sanitary and quarantine requirements and other procedures designed to prevent the international spread of disease
648:
1440:
1550:
1393:
643:
506:
225:(Article 21.a). The Fourth World Health Assembly adopted the International Sanitary Regulations (alias WHO Regulations No. 2) on 25 May 1951,
75:
that is recognised internationally and may be required for entry to certain countries where there are increased health risks for travellers.
1502:
385:
The main portion of the ICVP is a form for physicians to fill out when administering a vaccine. This section is mandated by the WHO's 2005
1468:
1048:; Henderson, D.A.; Arita, I.; Jezek, Z.; Ladnyi, I.D. (1988). "Chapter 7: Developments in vaccinatino and control between 1900 and 1966".
583:. As of March 2021, standards for digital documentation, such as an app on a smartphone, had not been established. On 12 March 2021,
32:
1371:
274:
smallpox vaccination. Thus, only yellow fever remained as vaccination requirement for international travel for which the ICV was used.
142:
1576:
1520:
1322:
897:
576:
538:
401:
The form may include additional information. In 2007, the WHO prepared a booklet that included the following additional sections.
1643:
1200:
580:
542:
An International Certificate of Vaccination issued by the Bureau of Quarantine in the Philippines after being vaccinated with a
1492:
Ecma-International, standards development organization based in Geneva announced Call for Participation on Vaccine Passports.
1116:
213:(WHO) was formed by its constitution on 22 July 1946, effective on 7 April 1948. The WHO Constitution included stipulations
36:
Cover of the new International Certificate of Vaccination issued by the Bureau of Quarantine in the Philippines since 2021.
1296:
1658:
1179:"Recommendations for Completing the International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis for Poliovirus Vaccination"
151:
146:
An International Certificate of Vaccination or Revaccination Against Yellow Fever, issued in the Soviet Union in 1985.
1418:
1062:
722:
386:
250:
168:, in addition to Personal, Aircraft and Maritime Declarations of Health, the Convention covered five certificates:
446:
The ICVP gives instructions for filling out the certificate. It also gives physicians guidelines for documenting
1370:. "Better Health for All" (BH4A) Organization. Nigerian Federal Ministry of Health. 28 June 2019. Archived from
1201:"Note concerning the new WHO booklet which includes the International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis"
1345:
1227:"Countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and countries requiring yellow fever vaccination (July 2019)"
1049:
328:
17:
667:
Also required for travellers having spent more than 12 hours in transit in an at risk country's airport.
615:
passed a law allowing local authorities to compile data on citizens who have refused to get vaccinated.
552:
Use and development of software for COVID-19 pandemic mitigation § Digital vaccination certificates
1653:
747:"COVID-19 immunity passports and vaccination certificates: scientific, equitable, and legal challenges"
297:
628:
210:
61:
1663:
1275:"Countries with risk of yellow fever transmission and countries requiring yellow fever vaccination"
464:
869:
257:, smallpox, and yellow fever; however, Article 51 specified that vaccination against plague would
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246:
218:
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8:
595:
showing promising results, several industry organizations including global airline lobby
471:
10 days before entering this country/territory is required for travellers coming from...
1092:
1648:
1469:"What travelers need to know now about testing and vaccine records. Paper won't cut it"
1204:
771:
746:
637:
584:
762:
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1058:
776:
718:
362:
270:
79:
156:
The International Certificate of Inoculation and Vaccination was established by the
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758:
592:
556:
Similar schemes have been proposed for travellers who have been vaccinated against
543:
447:
254:
94:
1120:
262:
113:
65:
1300:
633:
215:
to stimulate and advance work to eradicate epidemic, endemic and other diseases
676:
Not required for travellers having transited through a risk country's airport.
1637:
301:
1323:"Fighting fake immunization travel certificates with frontier technologies"
1153:
1045:
780:
438:, which must be taken regularly for the full duration of the prescription.
410:
278:
180:
125:
1627:
1599:"Call for participation on vaccine passport international standardization"
986:
349:
An ICVP issued in the Netherlands, recording proof of vaccination against
1399:. US Department of State Overseas Security Advisory Council. 11 July 2019
378:
259:
not be required as a condition of admission of any person to a territory.
232:
57:
164:, which came into force on 1 August 1935 and was amended in 1944. After
987:"International Health Regulations (1969). Third Annotated Edition 1983"
350:
321:
1503:"Airline 'travel pass' app will show COVID test results, vaccination"
1368:"FG phases out old yellow card, replaces with new electronic version"
850:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1945. p. 23
825:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1945. p. 25
393:
certificate is valid for as long as the vaccines included are valid.
161:
1628:
International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis (WHO model)
714:
The Wayfarer's Handbook: A Field Guide for the Independent Traveler
557:
313:
197:
106:
71:
240:
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430:
374:
370:
354:
317:
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137:
190:
121:
1551:"Israel's dilemma: Can the unvaccinated return to workplaces?"
158:
International Sanitary Convention for Aerial Navigation (1933)
366:
358:
309:
282:
934:. Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Agency. 1960. p. 8
1023:. Atlanta: Center for Disease Control. 1994. pp. 10–12
898:"WHO regulations no. 2: International Sanitary Regulations"
596:
286:
186:
International Certificate of Immunity Against Yellow Fever.
1297:"New yellow fever vaccination requirements for travellers"
800:. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of State. p. 1202
1299:. World Health Organization. 27 July 2016. Archived from
1154:"International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis"
1117:"International certificate of vaccination or prophylaxis"
1044:
847:
United States of America at Washington on January 5, 1945
572:
320:
to take the vaccine, especially when visiting during the
1577:"Israel's vaccine passport scheme 'is no golden ticket'"
1267:
958:. United States Department of State. 1960. pp. 1–5
42:
International Certificate of Vaccination or Prophylaxis
661:
488: Risk countries (excluding airport transfers)
482: Risk countries (including airport transfers)
261:The World Health Assembly determined in 1973 that
931:International Flight Information Manual. Volume 9
644:Vaccination requirements for international travel
507:Vaccination requirements for international travel
196:International Certificate of Vaccination Against
189:International Certificate of Inoculation Against
179:International Certificate of Inoculation Against
172:International Certificate of Inoculation Against
1635:
1421:. Berry Appleman & Leiden LLP. 23 April 2019
1360:
1219:
924:
922:
870:"Constitution of the World Health Organization"
241:International Health Regulations (1969–present)
717:. New York: Hachette Book Group. p. 256.
205:International Sanitary Regulations (1951–1969)
138:International Sanitary Conventions (1933–1951)
1097:(3 ed.). World Health Organization. 2005
441:
425:
416:
409:The notes section includes information about
230:cholera, yellow fever and smallpox; the term
1325:. World Health Organization. 30 October 2020
955:Treaties and Other International Acts Series
919:
93:have been proposed for people who have been
1245:
1203:. World Health Organization. Archived from
1119:. World Health Organization. Archived from
1020:Health Information for International Travel
1013:
1011:
1009:
1007:
981:
979:
977:
975:
973:
1087:
1085:
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1081:
1057:. World Health Organization. p. 312.
892:
890:
670:
1441:"Certificado de vacunación internacional"
1289:
1040:
1038:
875:. World Health Organization. 22 July 1946
770:
454:
1419:"E-yellow cards mandatory as of April 1"
1277:. World Health Organization. 1 July 2009
1193:
1004:
970:
907:. World Health Organization. 25 May 1951
793:
537:
463:
344:
141:
31:
27:International certificate of vaccination
1343:
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1255:. World Health Organization. 7 May 2019
1148:
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887:
787:
581:International Air Transport Association
533:
500: No requirement (non-risk country)
14:
1636:
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1035:
744:
706:
704:
702:
679:
396:
340:
124:colour of the document. The fact that
1462:
1460:
1458:
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797:Digest of International Law. Volume 9
738:
237:against Smallpox per 1 October 1956.
1466:
1386:
1346:"Why Do I Need a Yellow Fever Card?"
1315:
1135:
710:
1433:
1181:. Government of Canada. 4 July 2014
794:Whiteman, Marjorie Millace (1968).
699:
524:
494: No requirement (risk country)
281:legally required pilgrims going to
24:
1455:
745:Phelan, Alexandra L (4 May 2020).
152:International Sanitary Conferences
25:
1680:
1630:– World Health Organization (WHO)
1621:
1467:Hamm, Catharine (15 March 2021).
992:. World Health Organization. 1995
1443:. MSP Ecuador. 20 September 2023
1394:"Nigeria's eYellow Card Rollout"
1344:Sowards, Will (23 August 2019).
1094:International Health Regulations
469:Vaccination against yellow fever
387:International Health Regulations
251:International Health Regulations
1591:
1579:. politics.co.uk. 21 April 2021
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1109:
571:, technology companies such as
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1644:International travel documents
946:
862:
837:
812:
13:
1:
1521:"IATA Travel Pass Initiative"
1233:. United Nations. 4 July 2019
763:10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31034-5
692:
515:
271:rapid expansion of air travel
1051:Smallpox and its eradication
7:
1159:. World Health Organization
622:
575:, travel companies such as
335:
263:vaccination against cholera
217:(Article 2.g) and that the
95:vaccinated against COVID-19
10:
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569:Commons Project Foundation
549:
504:
442:Information for physicians
426:Protection against malaria
417:Information for travellers
298:Center for Disease Control
149:
132:
1659:World Health Organization
1231:World Health Organisation
629:Electronic identification
211:World Health Organization
62:World Health Organization
905:World Health Assembly, 4
404:
294:meningococcal meningitis
227:replacing and completing
91:vaccination certificates
436:antimalarial medication
329:2002–2004 SARS outbreak
306:African meningitis belt
100:
711:Rice, Evan S. (2017).
547:
502:
455:Additional information
382:
147:
60:report created by the
37:
550:Further information:
541:
505:Further information:
467:
348:
247:World Health Assembly
219:World Health Assembly
150:Further information:
145:
48:), also known as the
35:
757:(10237): 1595–1598.
649:IATA Travel Pass app
601:World Economic Forum
565:World Economic Forum
534:COVID-19 vaccination
85:Various schemes for
1509:. 24 November 2020.
1507:Executive Traveller
638:vaccination records
476: All countries
397:Additional sections
341:Required components
78:The ICVP is not an
1603:ECMA International
585:Ecma International
548:
503:
383:
324:(November–April).
304:travelling to the
166:the 1944 amendment
148:
68:, it is a kind of
38:
1654:Tropical diseases
1473:Los Angeles Times
593:COVID-19 vaccines
448:contraindications
291:vaccinate against
120:derives from the
80:immunity passport
56:, is an official
16:(Redirected from
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1374:on 21 April 2021
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1348:. PassportHealth
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87:health passports
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1605:. 12 March 2021
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1557:. 2 April 2021
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