300:, in which a larger-diameter fan at the front passes some air into the compressor and the rest around a bypass, where it flows past the engine at slower speed than the jet exhaust. The fan and compressor need to spin at different speeds, leading to the two-spool turbofan, in which two sets of turbines are mounted on concentric shafts spinning at different speeds to drive the fan and the high-pressure compressor respectively. Taking the principle a step further, the high-bypass turbofan is even more efficient, having typically three spools each spinning at a different speed.
610:, making transcontinental and intercontinental travel considerably faster and easier than in the past. Aircraft making long transcontinental and trans-oceanic flights could now fly to their destinations non-stop, making much of the world accessible within a single day's travel for the first time. As demand grew, airliners became larger, further reducing the cost of air travel. People from a greater range of social classes could afford to travel outside of their own countries.
192:. But these craft had high takeoff speeds, the Starfighter causing significant pilot deaths during takeoff, and small wings fell out of use. An approach pioneered by German designers during the war was to sweep the wing at an angle, delaying the buildup of shock waves. But this made the wing structure longer and more flexible, making the aircraft more likely to suffer from bending or
292:. Pure turbojets were found to fly little faster than the speed of sound. In order to increase speed for supersonic flight, fuel was injected into the engine exhaust, upstream of a divergent nozzle similar to that seen on a rocket engine. As the fuel burned it expanded, reacting against the nozzle to drive the exhaust backwards and the engine forwards.
676:, but it was soon withdrawn due to high maintenance and other issues. McDonnell Douglas, Lockheed and Boeing were three U.S. manufacturers that had originally planned to develop various SST designs since the 1960s, but these projects were eventually abandoned for various developmental, cost, and other practical reasons.
692:, were little more than WWII technology adapted for the jet engine. However the higher speeds achieved by jet-powered aircraft led to many progressive advances in design and sophistication. Machine guns and cannon were difficult to use effectively at high speed and missile armament became more common. Jets such as the
328:(IFF) systems were developed, enabling military aircraft to identify each other when within firing range of their missiles but beyond visual range. Weapons aiming systems developed into fire-control systems capable of arming, launching, tracking and controlling multiple missiles at different targets. The
272:
As the jet turbine developed, distinct types emerged. The basic jet turbine appeared in two forms, with axial or centrifugal compressors. Axial flow is theoretically more efficient and physically slimmer but requires higher technology to achieve. Consequently, early jets were of the centrifugal type.
240:
Another problem with supersonic flight proved to be its environmental impact. A large aircraft creates a loud shock wave or "sonic boom," which can disturb or damage anything it passes over, while the high drag results in high fuel consumption and consequent pollution. These issues became highlighted
183:
region, shock waves begin forming, causing a large increase in drag. Wings, already thin, had to become thinner and finer. Fineness is a measure of how thin the wing is compared to its front-to-back chord. A small, highly loaded wing has less drag and so some early types used this type, including the
802:
The fabrication of riveted stressed-skin aluminium airframes was widespread by the end of the Second World War, although the use of wood for private aviation continued. The pursuit of greater strength for less weight led to the introduction of advanced, and often expensive, manufacturing techniques.
788:
At the end of World War II missile guidance systems were crude and unreliable. Rapid advances in electronics, sensors, radar and radio communications enabled guidance systems to become more sophisticated and more reliable. Guidance systems improved or introduced after the war included radio command,
533:
was the first jet airliner to fly (1949), the first in service (1952), and the first to offer a regular jet-powered transatlantic service (1958). One hundred and fourteen of all versions were built but the Comet 1 had serious design problems, and out of nine original aircraft, four crashed (one at
464:
were otherwise conventional aeroplanes which sat pointing vertically up while on the ground and, after takeoff, tilted the whole aircraft horizontal to fly forwards. Early designs used propellers for thrust, while later ones used jet thrust. Problems with pilot attitude and visibility made the idea
196:
and even causing a reversal in the action of the flight controls. Stall behaviour of the swept wing was also poorly understood and could be extremely sharp. Other problems included divergent oscillations which could build up lethal forces. In researching these effects, many pilots lost their lives,
396:
quickly came to dominate. Control was achieved by an articulated rotor head with cyclic and collective pitch controls, while rotor torque was counteracted by a sideways-facing tail rotor. Helicopters entered widespread use in many diverse roles including air observation, search and rescue, medical
448:
the wing remains fixed and only the engine-rotor assembly tilts. The requirements for a lifting rotor and a propulsive propeller differ, and the rotors for a convertiplane must be a compromise between the two. Some designs used what were effectively propellers rather than rotors, having a smaller
320:
New radio location systems provided navigation information which could be used to control an autopilot pre-set to fly a specific course rather than to simply maintain the present altitude and heading. Radio communications became more sophisticated, in large part to cope with increasing use as the
236:
alloy, had a special corrugated skin to absorb thermal expansion and dual-cycle turbofan-ramjet engines which ran on a special temperature-tolerant fuel. Mach tuck was reduced through the use of long "chine" extensions of the wing along the fuselage, which contributed greater lift at supersonic
781:
Airborne missiles were developed for many roles. Small heat-seeking or radar-tracking missiles were used for air-to-air combat. Larger versions were used for air-to-ground attack. The largest was their longer-range equivalent, the stand-off missile for delivery of a nuclear warhead from a safe
276:
A variation on the turbine theme is the turbo-prop. Here, the turbine drives not only the compressor but also the main propeller. At lower speeds and altitudes this design is more efficient and economical than the jet turbine, while having greater power for less weight than a piston engine. It
549:
became the first jet airliner to provide a sustained and reliable service, its introduction having been delayed pending the outcome of investigations into the Comet crashes. It was the world's only jet airliner in operation between 1956 and 1958 (after which the Comet 4 and Boeing 707 entered
303:
Another way to improve efficiency is to increase the combustion temperature. This requires improved materials able to retain their strength at high temperature, and the development of engine cores has largely followed advances in the materials available, for example through the development of
473:
To use jet power for lift, the impracticality of tail-sitting meant it was necessary for the aircraft to take off and land vertically while still in a horizontal attitude. Solutions tried included lifting fans (typically buried in the wings), swivelling engine pods similar in concept to the
639:
Sport flying also developed, with both powered aeroplanes and gliders becoming more sophisticated. The introduction of glass fibre construction allowed sailplanes to achieve new levels of performance. In the 1960s the re-introduction of the hang-glider, now using the flexible
367:
Many approaches were experimented with in the post-war period, in the attempt to combine the high speed of the conventional aeroplane with the VTOL convenience of the helicopter. Only three would eventually enter production and of these only two did so during the period. The
119:
by accelerating a larger amount of air to a lower velocity. The overall gain in efficiency increases the range and lowers the cost of operation for a given aircraft. Development had begun in both
Britain and Germany during the war but the first production version, the
336:
to provide key flight information to the pilot without needing to lower the eyes to the instrument panel. The increasing capability - and vulnerability - of avionics led to the development of airborne Early
Warning (EW) and Electronic Countermeasures (ECM) systems.
227:
Above speeds of around Mach 2.2 the airframe starts to heat up with the friction of the air, causing both thermal expansion and loss of strength in the cheap, easily workable light alloys used for lower speeds. Also, jet engines begin to reach their limits. The
363:
point-defence interceptor had used a rudimentary form of VTOL, taking off vertically under rocket power and the pilot later landing vertically by parachute while the craft fell to bits and crashed, but this was not a practical post-war solution.
511:
The success of the VTOL Harrier motivated the USSR to introduce a counterpart using a combination of exhaust thrust vectoring and additional forward lift jets, the
Yakovlev Yak-36 flew in 1971, later evolving into the operational
43:
already had operational jet aircraft in military service. The next few years saw jet engines being developed by all the major powers and military jet aircraft entering service with their air forces. The
Soviets' most important
216:
But the plain delta wing proved less manoeuvrable in combat than a more conventional tapered wing, and as time progressed became more heavily modified, with tailed, cropped, double-delta, canard and other forms appearing.
316:
The advent of reliable electronics led to a progressive development of avionic systems for flight control, navigation, communication, engine control and military purposes such as target identification and weapons aiming.
850:
Major airports became such vast and busy places that their environmental impact became substantial and the siting of any new airport, or even the expansion of an existing one, became a major social and political affair.
449:
diameter and being optimised for forward flight, while others chose a larger size to give better lifting power at the expense of forward speed. No convertiplane entered production during the post-war years, however the
253:
The propeller powered by a piston engine, in radial or inline form, still dominated aviation at the close of World War Two, and its simplicity and low cost mean it is still in use today for less demanding applications.
295:
Turbojet engines have a high fuel consumption, and afterburning even more so. One way to make an engine more efficient is to make it pass a larger mass of air at slower speed. This led to the development of the bypass
671:
and other factors eventually caused
Concorde flights to be discontinued in 2003. This was the only loss of an SST in civilian service. Only one other SST design was used in a civilian capacity, the Soviet era
411:, used significantly during the late 1930s and throughout the war, became relegated to private aviation and never saw wide acceptance. A Wallis example, "Little Nellie", became famous for its appearance in a
596:(first flight 1957). This airliner was able to match or even exceed the performance of contemporary jets, however the use of such powerplants in large airframes was restricted to the military after 1976.
201:
broke up in the air, killing their pilots. while another survived only because he lowered the seat so that, when violent oscillations developed, he did not bang his head on the canopy and break his neck.
785:
Air defence missiles also developed, from smaller tactical anti-aircraft weapons to longer-range types designed to intercept high-altitude nuclear bombers before they entered domestic air space.
667:
supersonic transport (SST) airliner to regular service in 1976 was expected to bring similar social changes, but the aircraft never found commercial success. After several years of service, a
770:
prompted a wider reappraisal aircraft design. The "canard" foreplane was found to help direct airflow over the wing, allowing flight at high angles of attack and slow speeds without stalling.
440:
has a conventional wing for lift in forward flight and a rotary wing which acts as a lifting rotor for vertical flight and then tilts forward to act as a propeller in forward flight. In the
96:
had overtaken its design and it was not a commercial success. These types and their descendants contributed to an era of great social change, typified by popular phrases such as "the
261:, used rocket engines. However a rocket engine requires an oxidant as well as a fuel, making these aircraft dangerous to handle and short-ranged. Hybrid dual-motor types such as the
707:
Bombers also adopted the new technologies. The increasing availability of nuclear weapons led to the introduction of nuclear-armed long-range strategic bombers such as the
American
77:
soon allowed jet engines to provide similar levels of thrust and longer range, while needing no oxidant and being safer to handle. The first supersonic jet to enter service was the
837:
As jet airliners grew larger and passenger numbers per flight increased, larger and more sophisticated equipment was developed for handling the aircraft, passengers and baggage.
372:"jump jet" achieved significant success, being manufactured in several versions and operated by the UK, USA, Spain and India, and seeing significant action in the UK-Argentina
789:
TV, inertial, astro navigation, various radar modes and, for some short-range missiles, control wires. Later, laser designators manually aimed at the target came into use.
822:, freed up designers to make more fluid, aerodynamic shapes. However the unknown properties of these novel materials meant that introduction has been slow and methodical.
778:
The speed and height of jet aircraft, along with the short duration of any combat engagement, led to the widespread introduction of missiles for both offence and defence.
726:
was found to offer several advantages for supersonic flight and became commonplace, with or without a tail, alongside the more conventional swept wing. It offered a high
847:
Runways were made longer and smoother to accommodate new, larger and faster aircraft, while safety considerations and night flying led to much improved runway lighting.
830:
Many military aerodromes became civilian airports after the war, while pre-war airports reverted to their former role. The rapid growth in air travel ushered in by the
804:
220:
As speed increases and becomes fully supersonic, the wing centre of lift moves backwards, causing a change in longitudinal trim and a pitching-down tendency known as
636:
As helicopter technology developed, they also came into widespread use, dominated by
Sikorsky's approach of a single main rotor plus tail counter-torque rotor.
135:
entering service during the 1970s, but they proved uneconomic in practice due to the high fuel consumption at supersonic speeds. The associated pollution and
474:
convertiplane, dedicated lightweight lift jets or turbofans, thrust-vectoring by deflecting the jet exhaust as needed, and various combinations of these.
28:. In civil aviation the jet engine allowed a huge expansion of commercial air travel, while in military aviation it led to the widespread introduction of
803:
Key developments during the 1960s and 70s included; milling a complex part from a solid billet rather than building it up from smaller parts, the use of
392:
were developed during World War II, and many more designs appeared in the following years. For general use, the configuration developed in the US by
380:
went through troubling, long and expensive development, never reaching its design performance but eventually emerging as the operational Yak-38.
308:
turbofan but in the event found the material did not have sufficient damage tolerance and they reverted to the more conventional titanium metal.
573:
route in 1958, the first year that more trans-Atlantic passengers traveled by air than by ship. Comparable long-range airliner designs were the
534:
takeoff and three broke up in flight), which grounded the entire fleet. The Comet 4 solved these problems but the program was overtaken by the
993:
516:. Entering service in 1978, the Yak-38 was limited in both payload capability and hot-and-high performance, and saw only limited deployment.
209:
has a swept leading edge while maintaining a sufficiently deep wing root for structural stiffness, and from the introduction of the French
633:
Aircraft came to be used increasingly in specialist roles such as crop spraying, policing, fire fighting, air ambulances and many others.
500:"big-wing" Harrier. Examples saw operational service with the UK, USA, Spain and India. The Harrier's most notable exploit was the use of
422:, which added a conventional propeller for forward thrust and only powered the main rotor for vertical flight. None entered production.
1093:
397:
evacuation, fire fighting, construction and general transport to otherwise inaccessible locations such as mountain sides and oil rigs.
224:. Supersonic aircraft had to be made capable of adjusting sufficiently, in order to maintain adequate control at all stages of flight.
684:
The years immediately following World War II saw the widespread design and introduction of military jets. Early types, such as the
481:
bypass turbofan engine having separate vectoring nozzles for the cold fan (bypass) and hot exhaust flows, which first flew in the
304:
precision-made ceramic parts and single-crystal metal turbine blades. Rolls-Royce developed a carbon composite fan for the
359:
had both seen service in the war. Although capable of VTOL operation, rotorcraft are inefficient, expensive and slow. The
1089:
589:, the "Jumbo jet", was the first widebody aircraft that reduced the cost of flying and further accelerated the Jet Age.
1142:
1110:
497:
88:, first flying in 1949 and entering service in 1952. The Comet suffered from a new and unexpected problem now known as
986:
860:
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140:
78:
912:
1031:
488:
The success of the P.1127 and its successor the
Kestrel led directly to the service introduction of the subsonic
1077:
400:
In heavy-lift applications, the tandem rotor configuration was also used with some success, for example in the
558:ČSA (from 1957). ČSA became the first airline in the world to fly jet-only routes, using the Tu-104A variant.
1130:
1161:
1067:
979:
404:
series. Other twin-rotor configurations, such as intermeshing, co-axial or side-by-side also saw some use.
325:
1115:
1046:
1021:
198:
108:
189:
52:, started preparing for building swept-winged jet aircraft with the small, experimental piston-engined
269:
allowed jet engines to provide similar levels of thrust and rocket power became confined to missiles.
697:
277:
therefore found a niche between the low-cost piston engine and the high-performance jet engine. The
92:, several examples crashed and by the time a new version was introduced, American types such as the
1166:
1036:
229:
1084:
1062:
1026:
763:
Avionics, tracking systems and battlefield communications all became increasingly sophisticated.
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73:
rocket plane, however the use of rocket engines would prove short lived. The development of the
753:
668:
539:
53:
1072:
1016:
808:
265:
used the rocket to boost speed for a "supersonic dash." In the event the development of the
603:
155:
63:
59:
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in place of rivets to avoid stress concentrations and fatigue around the rivet holes, and
84:
Meanwhile, commercial jetliners were being developed with the first of these, the
British
8:
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731:
645:
478:
29:
745:, helicopters began to take an active role in hostilities, with the introduction of the
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333:
262:
121:
85:
21:
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soon introduced swept wings to reduce drag at transonic speeds, and saw combat in the
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tiltrotor would eventually fly in 1989, finally entering service 18 years after that.
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facilities needed to manage the large number of aircraft in the sky at any one time.
305:
1171:
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282:
278:
180:
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Many other advances took place during this period, such as the introduction of the
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airliner, which first flew in 1948, and turboprops remain in production today.
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132:
40:
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One exception to the domination by turbofan engines was the turboprop-powered
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1125:
566:
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The first western jet airliner with significant commercial success was the
492:"Jump jet" in 1969. The type was produced in several variants, notably the
477:
Only thrust-vectoring stood the test of time, with the introduction of the
151:
127:
Attempts were made to develop a supersonic airliner, with the Anglo-French
767:
742:
708:
630:
seeing widespread use, the 172 eclipsing even wartime production levels.
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461:
289:
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74:
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required an equally rapid enlargement of airport facilities worldwide.
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Edge, G.; AEC Lorries in the post war years 1945-1979, Roundoak (1994)
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221:
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attack helicopter. Other development around this time included the
712:
664:
551:
441:
419:
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258:
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143:, making it difficult to find countries prepared to tolerate them.
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116:
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70:
24:. During this period, aviation was dominated by the arrival of the
17:
715:. Soviet bombers continued to use turboprops for a longer period.
651:
The development of safe gas burners led to the re-introduction of
1120:
865:
831:
213:
fighter it became a popular choice, with or without a tailplane.
111:
of jet engines is inversely related to the exhaust velocity. The
101:
97:
49:
25:
963:
The
Illustrated Encyclopedia of the World's Rockets and Missiles
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570:
546:
538:
on the trans-Atlantic run. The Comet 4 was developed into the
618:
The use of mass-production techniques similar to those of the
62:, which flew with slightly swept-back wings only months after
622:
lowered the cost of private aircraft, with types such as the
582:
738:
series of delta-winged fighters were used in large numbers.
578:
574:
346:
48:
for future jet fighter development in the decades to come,
273:
It was not long before axial-flow types came to dominate.
175:
Designers already knew that as an aircraft approaches the
444:
variant the whole wing-rotor assembly tilts while in the
45:
16:
The period between 1945 and 1979 is sometimes called the
760:, although these technologies were not widely deployed.
508:, operating in both air-to-air and air-to-ground roles.
257:
Some early attempts to achieve high speeds, such as the
69:
Supersonic flight was achieved in 1947 by the American
730:
with good structural strength for low weight, and the
602:
are able to fly much higher, faster, and further than
524:
504:
carrier-borne Sea Harriers in the 1982 UK-Argentina
115:
engine improves on the propulsive efficiency of the
718:The first supersonic jet to enter service was the
139:from these aircraft also raised awareness of the
1153:
100:" and introducing new medical syndromes such as
814:The development of composite materials such as
288:The next development of the jet engine was the
154:for sport flying and the reintroduction of the
987:
158:or "tail-first" configuration by the Swedish
911:, Smithsonian national Air and Space Museum.
545:Following the grounding of the Comet 1, the
418:Another variation on the helicopter was the
994:
980:
340:
124:did not come into use until around 1960.
1001:
840:Radar systems became commonplace, with
658:
1154:
197:for example all three examples of the
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332:(HUD) was developed from the wartime
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550:service). The plane was operated by
170:
922:Brown, E.; "An Ill-Fated Swallow",
669:fatal crash near Paris in July 2000
613:
468:
321:skies became increasingly crowded.
13:
1111:Claims to the first powered flight
498:McDonnell Douglas AV-8B Harrier II
14:
1183:
950:Development of the Guided Missile
525:The turbofan and cheap air travel
519:
425:
861:Environmental impact of aviation
797:
720:North American F-100 Super Sabre
485:VTOL research aircraft of 1960.
141:Environmental impact of aviation
79:North American F-100 Super Sabre
935:Green, W. and Swanborough, G.;
655:and it became a popular sport.
456:
955:
942:
929:
916:
901:
894:"Sixty years of the jet age,"
887:
878:
1:
952:, 2nd Edition, Iliffe (1954).
937:The Complete Book of Fighters
907:"The Jet Age, 1958 - today,"
871:
383:
241:with the introduction of the
542:which retired in June 2011.
326:Identification Friend or Foe
150:, development of the fabric
22:post-war political consensus
7:
1116:Air warfare of World War II
854:
825:
773:
766:The arrival in 1967 of the
565:. It began service on the
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199:de Havilland DH.108 Swallow
165:
10:
1188:
965:, Leisure (1979), Page 17.
644:, ushered in a new era of
429:
344:
248:
190:Lockheed F-104 Starfighter
1143:Aviation timelines navbox
1139:
1103:
1055:
1009:
805:synthetic resin adhesives
698:North American F-86 Sabre
20:era or the period of the
1090:Unmanned aerial vehicles
663:The introduction of the
230:Lockheed SR-71 Blackbird
736:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-21
694:Mikoyan-Gurevich MiG-15
490:Hawker Siddeley Harrier
451:Bell Boeing V-22 Osprey
370:Hawker Siddeley Harrier
341:Vertical takeoff (VTOL)
324:In the military arena,
1032:Between the World Wars
926:Ten (1979), Pages 1-7.
754:General Dynamics F-111
540:Hawker Siddeley Nimrod
245:supersonic transport.
1017:Early flying machines
809:electron beam welding
756:and the British VTOL
188:rocket plane and the
109:propulsive efficiency
939:, Salamander (1994).
659:Supersonic transport
388:The first practical
1162:History of aviation
1003:History of aviation
842:Air traffic control
741:By the time of the
732:Dassault Mirage III
646:ultralight aircraft
479:Rolls-Royce Pegasus
232:was constructed of
30:supersonic aircraft
653:hot air ballooning
628:Beechcraft Bonanza
531:de Havilland Comet
334:reflector gunsight
263:Saunders-Roe SR.53
122:Rolls-Royce Conway
86:de Havilland Comet
35:By the end of the
1149:
1148:
1131:Women in aviation
1068:Aviation medicine
1042:Post-World War II
793:Ground activities
747:Bell "Huey" Cobra
680:Military aviation
306:Rolls-Royce RB211
179:(Mach 1), in the
171:Supersonic flight
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711:and the British
614:General aviation
606:‑powered
554:(from 1956) and
469:Jet and fan lift
283:Vickers Viscount
279:Rolls-Royce Dart
50:Mikoyan-Gurevich
37:Second World War
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728:fineness ratio
686:Gloster Meteor
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594:Tupolev Tu-114
556:Czech Airlines
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520:Civil aviation
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430:Main article:
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426:Convertiplanes
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402:Boeing Chinook
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177:speed of sound
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9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1184:
1173:
1170:
1168:
1165:
1163:
1160:
1159:
1157:
1144:
1138:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1126:Mars aircraft
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1108:
1106:
1102:
1095:
1091:
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1038:
1035:
1033:
1030:
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1025:
1023:
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1018:
1015:
1014:
1012:
1010:Chronological
1008:
1004:
997:
992:
990:
985:
983:
978:
977:
974:
964:
961:Gunston, W.;
958:
951:
948:Gatland, K.;
945:
938:
932:
925:
919:
913:
910:
904:
898:
897:
896:Flight Global
890:
881:
877:
867:
864:
862:
859:
858:
852:
848:
845:
843:
838:
835:
833:
823:
821:
817:
812:
810:
806:
798:Manufacturing
790:
786:
783:
779:
771:
769:
764:
761:
759:
755:
752:
748:
744:
739:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
716:
714:
710:
705:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
677:
675:
670:
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656:
654:
649:
647:
643:
637:
634:
631:
629:
625:
621:
611:
609:
605:
601:
600:Jet airliners
597:
595:
590:
588:
584:
580:
576:
572:
568:
564:
559:
557:
553:
548:
543:
541:
537:
532:
517:
515:
509:
507:
506:Falklands War
503:
499:
495:
491:
486:
484:
483:Hawker P.1127
480:
475:
466:
465:impractical.
463:
454:
452:
447:
443:
439:
438:convertiplane
433:
432:Convertiplane
423:
421:
416:
414:
410:
405:
403:
398:
395:
394:Igor Sikorsky
391:
381:
379:
375:
374:Falklands War
371:
365:
362:
361:Bachem Natter
358:
354:
348:
338:
335:
331:
327:
322:
318:
309:
307:
301:
299:
293:
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195:
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163:
162:jet fighter.
161:
157:
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149:
144:
142:
138:
134:
130:
125:
123:
118:
114:
110:
105:
103:
99:
95:
91:
90:metal fatigue
87:
82:
80:
76:
72:
67:
65:
61:
58:
57:
51:
47:
46:design bureau
42:
38:
33:
31:
27:
23:
19:
1104:Other topics
1085:Hang gliding
1063:Aerodynamics
1041:
1037:World War II
962:
957:
949:
944:
936:
931:
923:
918:
908:
903:
895:
889:
880:
849:
846:
839:
836:
829:
820:carbon fibre
818:and, later,
813:
801:
787:
784:
780:
777:
765:
762:
740:
717:
706:
683:
662:
650:
642:Rogallo wing
638:
635:
632:
617:
598:
591:
560:
544:
529:The British
528:
510:
487:
476:
472:
462:Tail-sitters
460:
457:Tail-sitters
435:
417:
406:
399:
387:
366:
350:
323:
319:
315:
302:
294:
287:
281:powered the
275:
271:
256:
252:
239:
226:
219:
215:
204:
174:
152:Rogallo wing
145:
126:
106:
83:
68:
55:
39:Germany and
34:
15:
1047:Digital Age
1027:World War I
1022:Pioneer era
768:Saab Viggen
743:Vietnam War
709:Boeing B-52
494:Sea Harrier
390:helicopters
290:afterburner
267:afterburner
160:Saab Viggen
131:and Soviet
81:, in 1954.
75:afterburner
1156:Categories
1141:See also:
1073:Ballooning
872:References
816:fibreglass
782:distance.
751:swing-wing
724:delta wing
702:Korean War
690:Saab J 21R
624:Cessna 172
608:propliners
587:Boeing 747
563:Boeing 707
536:Boeing 707
502:Royal Navy
413:James Bond
384:Rotorcraft
353:helicopter
207:delta wing
148:helicopter
137:sonic boom
94:Boeing 707
713:V-bombers
446:tiltrotor
222:Mach tuck
181:transonic
1078:military
855:See also
826:Airports
774:Missiles
665:Concorde
567:New York
552:Aeroflot
496:and the
442:tiltwing
420:gyrodyne
409:autogyro
357:autogyro
312:Avionics
298:turbofan
259:Bell X-1
243:Concorde
237:speeds.
234:titanium
186:Bell X-1
166:Aircraft
129:Concorde
117:turbojet
113:turbofan
71:Bell X-1
18:post-war
1172:Jet Age
1121:Jet Age
1092: (
866:Jet set
832:jet age
249:Engines
102:jet lag
98:jet set
64:V-E Day
41:Britain
26:Jet Age
1094:combat
674:Tu-144
604:piston
585:. The
571:London
547:Tu-104
415:film.
376:. The
156:canard
60:pusher
54:MiG-8
583:Il-62
734:and
696:and
688:and
626:and
581:and
579:VC10
575:DC-8
436:The
407:The
355:and
351:The
347:VTOL
107:The
56:Utka
569:to
1158::
811:.
704:.
648:.
577:,
104:.
66:.
32:.
1096:)
995:e
988:t
981:v
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