Helicopter - Knowledge

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and causing it to climb. Increasing collective (power) while maintaining a constant airspeed will induce a climb while decreasing collective will cause a descent. Coordinating these two inputs, down collective plus aft cyclic or up collective plus forward cyclic, will result in airspeed changes while maintaining a constant altitude. The pedals serve the same function in both a helicopter and a fixed-wing aircraft, to maintain balanced flight. This is done by applying a pedal input in whichever direction is necessary to center the ball in the

2082: 478: 6592: 1648: 2051: 1221: 680: 870: 2093:, rotor blades are designed to "flap" – lift and twist in such a way that the advancing blade flaps up and develops a smaller angle of attack. Conversely, the retreating blade flaps down, develops a higher angle of attack, and generates more lift. At high speeds, the force on the rotors is such that they "flap" excessively, and the retreating blade can reach too high an angle and stall. For this reason, the maximum safe forward airspeed of a helicopter is given a design rating called 2213: 2133: 371: 578: 914: 131: 1142: 6846: 1869: 1725:) in April 1933, and attained an altitude of six meters (20 feet) and an endurance of eight minutes. Florine chose a co-rotating configuration because the gyroscopic stability of the rotors would not cancel. Therefore, the rotors had to be tilted slightly in opposite directions to counter torque. Using hingeless rotors and co-rotation also minimised the stress on the hull. At the time, it was one of the most stable helicopters in existence. 426: 34: 1531:, while working in Europe, demonstrated one of the first successful applications of cyclic pitch. Coaxial, contra-rotating, biplane rotors could be warped to cyclically increase and decrease the lift they produced. The rotor hub could also be tilted forward a few degrees, allowing the aircraft to move forward without a separate propeller to push or pull it. Pateras-Pescara was also able to demonstrate the principle of 3029: 6866: 586: 165: 767: 1515: 1513: 1510: 990:. Helibuckets, such as the Bambi bucket, are usually filled by submerging the bucket into lakes, rivers, reservoirs, or portable tanks. Tanks fitted onto helicopters are filled from a hose while the helicopter is on the ground or water is siphoned from lakes or reservoirs through a hanging snorkel as the helicopter hovers over the water source. Helitack helicopters are also used to deliver firefighters, who 6856: 1514: 2192:

point in helicopter reliability. In-flight catastrophic gear failures often result in gearbox jamming and subsequent fatalities, whereas loss of lubrication can trigger onboard fire. Another weakness of mechanical gearboxes is their transient power limitation, due to structural fatigue limits. Recent EASA studies point to engines and transmissions as prime cause of crashes just after pilot errors.

1342:, a French inventor who demonstrated a small steam-powered model. While celebrated as an innovative use of a new metal, aluminum, the model never lifted off the ground. D'Amecourt's linguistic contribution would survive to eventually describe the vertical flight he had envisioned. Steam power was popular with other inventors as well. In 1877, the Italian engineer, inventor and aeronautical pioneer 1776: 1512: 1735:

flight with a 500-meter (1,600-foot) diameter. The next year, on 26 September 1936, Claisse set a height record of 158 meters (518 feet). And, finally, on 24 November 1936, he set a flight duration record of one hour, two minutes and 50 seconds over a 44 kilometers (27 miles) closed circuit at 44.7 kilometres per hour (27.8 mph). The aircraft was destroyed in 1943 by an

1690:(TsAGI or the Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute), constructed and flew the TsAGI 1-EA single lift-rotor helicopter, which used an open tubing framework, a four-blade main lift rotor, and twin sets of 1.8-meter (5.9-foot) diameter, two-bladed anti-torque rotors: one set of two at the nose and one set of two at the tail. Powered by two M-2 powerplants, up-rated copies of the 1304:, influenced by a childhood fascination with the Chinese flying top, developed a model of feathers, similar to that of Launoy and Bienvenu, but powered by rubber bands. By the end of the century, he had progressed to using sheets of tin for rotor blades and springs for power. His writings on his experiments and models would become influential on future aviation pioneers. 1439: 754:. The throttle controls the power produced by the engine, which is connected to the rotor by a fixed ratio transmission. The purpose of the throttle is to maintain enough engine power to keep the rotor RPM within allowable limits so that the rotor produces enough lift for flight. In single-engine helicopters, the throttle control is a motorcycle-style 937:

outsized slung loads that would not fit inside ordinary cargo aircraft: artillery pieces, large machinery (field radars, communications gear, electrical generators), or pallets of bulk cargo. In military operations these payloads are often delivered to remote locations made inaccessible by mountainous or riverine terrain, or naval vessels at sea.

3516: 1269:", that any recorded advancement was made towards vertical flight. His notes suggested that he built small flying models, but there were no indications for any provision to stop the rotor from making the craft rotate. As scientific knowledge increased and became more accepted, people continued to pursue the idea of vertical flight. 1133:(along with a rover). It began service in February 2021 and was retired due to sustained rotor blade damage in January 2024 after 73 sorties. As the Martian atmosphere is 100 times thinner than Earth's, its two blades spin at close to 3,000 revolutions a minute, approximately 10 times faster than that of a terrestrial helicopter. 2150:(HUMS) provide vibration monitoring and rotor track and balance solutions to limit vibration. Gearbox vibration most often requires a gearbox overhaul or replacement. Gearbox or drive train vibrations can be extremely harmful to a pilot. The most severe effects are pain, numbness, and loss of tactile discrimination or dexterity. 612:. The single, most-limiting factor of helicopter development during the first half of the 20th century was that the amount of power produced by an engine was not able to overcome the engine's weight in vertical flight. This was overcome in early successful helicopters by using the smallest engines available. When the compact, 1042:. In naval service a prime function of rescue helicopters is to promptly retrieve downed aircrew involved in crashes occurring upon launch or recovery aboard aircraft carriers. In past years this function was performed by destroyers escorting the carrier, but since then helicopters have proved vastly more effective. 4723: 5307: 932:. Aerial cranes are used to place heavy equipment, like radio transmission towers and large air conditioning units, on the tops of tall buildings, or when an item must be raised up in a remote area, such as a radio tower raised on the top of a hill or mountain. Helicopters are used as aerial cranes in the 1639:

Kaman. Three small propellers mounted to the airframe were used for additional pitch, roll, and yaw control. The D'AT3 held modest FAI speed and altitude records for the time, including altitude (18 m or 59 ft), duration (8 minutes 45 seconds) and distance flown (1,078 m or 3,540 ft).

1600:, a Dutch aeronautical engineer, began studying rotorcraft design in 1923. His first prototype "flew" ("hopped" and hovered in reality) on 24 September 1925, with Dutch Army-Air arm Captain Floris Albert van Heijst at the controls. The controls that van Heijst used were von Baumhauer's inventions, the 1816:. The Fw 61 set a number of FAI records from 1937 to 1939, including: maximum altitude of 3,427 metres (11,243 ft), maximum distance of 230 kilometres (140 mi), and maximum speed of 124 kilometres per hour (77 mph). Autogiro development was now being bypassed by a focus on helicopters. 1663:

in the early 1920s, becoming the first practical rotorcraft. In 1928, de la Cierva successfully flew an autogyro across the English Channel, from London to Paris. In 1934, an autogyro became the first rotorcraft to successfully take off and land on the deck of a ship. That same year, the autogyro was

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in 1912. It consisted of a frame equipped with two counter-rotating discs, each of which was fitted with six vanes around its circumference. After indoor tests, the aircraft was demonstrated outdoors and made several free take-offs. Experiments with the helicopter continued until September 1916, when

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is located on the left side of the pilot's seat with a settable friction control to prevent inadvertent movement. The collective changes the pitch angle of all the main rotor blades collectively (i.e. all at the same time) and independently of their position. Therefore, if a collective input is made,

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The number, size and type of engine(s) used on a helicopter determines the size, function and capability of that helicopter design. The earliest helicopter engines were simple mechanical devices, such as rubber bands or spindles, which relegated the size of helicopters to toys and small models. For a

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to counter the vibration. Adjustment can be difficult in part because measurement of the vibration is hard, usually requiring sophisticated accelerometers mounted throughout the airframe and gearboxes. The most common blade vibration adjustment measurement system is to use a stroboscopic flash lamp,

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At the same time, the advancing blade creates more lift traveling forward, the retreating blade produces less lift. If the aircraft were to accelerate to the air speed that the blade tips are spinning, the retreating blade passes through air moving at the same speed of the blade and produces no lift

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to power his helicopter model that reached a height of 0.5 meters (1.6 feet) in 1901. On 5 May 1905, his helicopter reached 4 meters (13 feet) in altitude and flew for over 1,500 meters (4,900 feet). In 1908, Edison patented his own design for a helicopter powered by a gasoline engine with box kites

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cannot easily or quickly reach the scene, or cannot transport the patient to a medical facility in time. Helicopters are also used when patients need to be transported between medical facilities and air transportation is the most practical method. An air ambulance helicopter is equipped to stabilize

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The use of two or more horizontal rotors turning in opposite directions is another configuration used to counteract the effects of torque on the aircraft without relying on an anti-torque tail rotor. This allows the power normally required to be diverted for the tail rotor to be applied fully to the

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There are several reasons a helicopter cannot fly as fast as a fixed-wing aircraft. When the helicopter is hovering, the outer tips of the rotor travel at a speed determined by the length of the blade and the rotational speed. In a moving helicopter, however, the speed of the blades relative to the

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engine. On 13 November 1907, it lifted its inventor to 0.3 metres (1 ft) and remained aloft for 20 seconds. Even though this flight did not surpass the flight of the Gyroplane No. 1, it was reported to be the first truly free flight with a pilot. Cornu's helicopter completed a few more flights

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In forward flight a helicopter's flight controls behave more like those of a fixed-wing aircraft. Applying forward pressure on the cyclic will cause the nose to pitch down, with a resultant increase in airspeed and loss of altitude. Aft cyclic will cause the nose to pitch up, slowing the helicopter

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of the main blades. The result is to tilt the rotor disk in a particular direction, resulting in the helicopter moving in that direction. If the pilot pushes the cyclic forward, the rotor disk tilts forward, and the rotor produces a thrust in the forward direction. If the pilot pushes the cyclic to

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By contrast, electromagnetic transmissions do not use any parts in contact; hence lubrication can be drastically simplified, or eliminated. Their inherent redundancy offers good resilience to single point of failure. The absence of gears enables high power transient without impact on service life.

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Conventional rotary-wing aircraft use a set of complex mechanical gearboxes to convert the high rotation speed of gas turbines into the low speed required to drive main and tail rotors. Unlike powerplants, mechanical gearboxes cannot be duplicated (for redundancy) and have always been a major weak

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These issues are due to the exposed tail rotor cutting through open air around the rear of the vehicle. This issue disappears when the tail is instead ducted, using an internal impeller enclosed in the tail and a jet of high pressure air sideways out of the tail, as the main rotor vortices can not

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1 was tested but was found to be underpowered and could not lift its own weight. His 2F fared better and set a record. The British government funded further research by Pescara which resulted in helicopter No. 3, powered by a 250-horsepower (190 kW) radial engine which could fly for up to ten

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and flight control surfaces. The result is constant control inputs and corrections by the pilot to keep the helicopter where it is required to be. Despite the complexity of the task, the control inputs in a hover are simple. The cyclic is used to eliminate drift in the horizontal plane, that is to

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Turbine engines revolutionized the aviation industry; and the turboshaft engine for helicopter use, pioneered in December 1951 by the aforementioned Kaman K-225, finally gave helicopters an engine with a large amount of power and a low weight penalty. Turboshafts are also more reliable than piston

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The mast is a cylindrical metal shaft that extends upwards from the transmission. At the top of the mast is the attachment point for the rotor blades called the hub. Main rotor systems are classified according to how the rotor blades are attached and move relative to the hub. There are three basic

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state is a hazard induced by a combination of low airspeed, high power setting, and high descent rate. Rotor-tip vortices circulate from the high pressure air below the rotor disk to low pressure air above the disk, so that the helicopter settles into its own descending airflow. Adding more power

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was built in 1933. It was a coaxial helicopter, contra-rotating. After many ground tests and an accident, it first took flight on 26 June 1935. Within a short time, the aircraft was setting records with pilot Maurice Claisse at the controls. On 14 December 1935, he set a record for closed-circuit

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For a standard helicopter with a single main rotor, maintaining steady flight with a crosswind presents an additional flight control problem, where strong crosswinds from certain angles will increase or decrease lift from the main rotors. This effect is also triggered in a no-wind condition when

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When the trailing vortices colliding with the tail rotor are rotating in the same direction, this causes a loss of thrust from the tail rotor. When the trailing vortices rotate in the opposite direction of the tail rotor, thrust is increased. Use of the foot pedals is required to adjust the tail

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built his D'AT3, a coaxial helicopter. His relatively large machine had two, two-bladed, counter-rotating rotors. Control was achieved by using auxiliary wings or servo-tabs on the trailing edges of the blades, a concept that was later adopted by other helicopter designers, including Bleeker and

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To reduce vibration, all helicopters have rotor adjustments for height and weight. A maladjusted helicopter can easily vibrate so much that it will shake itself apart. Blade height is adjusted by changing the pitch of the blade. Weight is adjusted by adding or removing weights on the rotor head

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and patented it shortly after. A mutual friend introduced Young to Lawrence Dale, who once seeing his work asked him to join the Bell Aircraft company. When Young arrived at Bell in 1941, he signed his patent over and began work on the helicopter. His budget was US$ 250,000 (equivalent to $ 5.2

1396:, with which he attempted to power an internal combustion engine. The helicopter was damaged by explosions and one of his workers was badly burned. Edison reported that it would take a motor with a ratio of three to four pounds per horsepower produced to be successful, based on his experiments. 936:

to lift trees out of terrain where vehicles cannot travel and where environmental concerns prohibit the building of roads. These operations are referred to as longline because of the long, single sling line used to carry the load. In military service helicopters are often useful for delivery of

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have a free-spinning rotor for all or part of the flight envelope, relying on a separate thrust system to propel the craft forwards, so that the airflow sets the rotor spinning to provide lift. The compound helicopter also has a separate thrust system, but continues to supply power to the rotor

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pedals in a fixed-wing aircraft, and serve a similar purpose, namely to control the direction in which the nose of the aircraft is pointed. Application of the pedal in a given direction changes the pitch of the tail rotor blades, increasing or reducing the thrust produced by the tail rotor and

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Reliable helicopters capable of stable hover flight were developed decades after fixed-wing aircraft. This is largely due to higher engine power density requirements than fixed-wing aircraft. Improvements in fuels and engines during the first half of the 20th century were a critical factor in

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and/or at the blade end caps. Most also have vibration dampers for height and pitch. Some also use mechanical feedback systems to sense and counter vibration. Usually the feedback system uses a mass as a "stable reference" and a linkage from the mass operates a flap to adjust the rotor's

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at all, resulting in very high torque stresses on the central shaft that can tip down the retreating-blade side of the vehicle, and cause a loss of control. Dual counter-rotating blades prevent this situation due to having two advancing and two retreating blades with balanced forces.

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engines, especially when producing the sustained high levels of power required by a helicopter. The turboshaft engine was able to be scaled to the size of the helicopter being designed, so that all but the lightest of helicopter models are powered by turbine engines today.

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of World War I, the TsAGI 1-EA made several low altitude flights. By 14 August 1932, Cheremukhin managed to get the 1-EA up to an unofficial altitude of 605 meters (1,985 feet), shattering d'Ascanio's earlier achievement. As the Soviet Union was not yet a member of the

1427:, possibly as the earliest known example of a quadcopter. Although there is some uncertainty about the date, sometime between 14 August and 29 September 1907, the Gyroplane No. 1 lifted its pilot into the air about 0.6 metres (2 ft) for a minute. The Gyroplane No. 2036:

engines in the second half of the 20th century led to the development of larger, faster, and higher-performance helicopters. While smaller and less expensive helicopters still use piston engines, turboshaft engines are the preferred powerplant for helicopters today.

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of 1939, which turned out to be the first practical single lifting-rotor helicopter design. After experimenting with configurations to counteract the torque produced by the single main rotor, Sikorsky settled on a single, smaller rotor mounted on the tail boom.

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is an abrupt change from a positive G-force state to a negative G-force state that results in loss of lift (unloaded disc) and subsequent roll over. If aft cyclic is applied while the disc is unloaded, the main rotor could strike the tail causing catastrophic

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For a standard helicopter with a single main rotor, the tips of the main rotor blades produce a vortex ring in the air, which is a spiraling and circularly rotating airflow. As the craft moves forward, these vortices trail off behind the craft.

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April 1924, Pescara beat Oemichen's record, flying for a distance of 736 meters (2,415 ft) (nearly 0.80 kilometers or .5 miles) in 4 minutes and 11 seconds (about 13 km/h or 8 mph), maintaining a height of 1.8 meters (6 feet). On

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to pursue suspects and patrol the skies. Since helicopters can achieve a unique aerial view, they are often used in conjunction with police on the ground to report on suspects' locations and movements. They are often mounted with lighting and

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When hovering with a forward diagonal crosswind, or moving in a forward diagonal direction, the spinning vortices trailing off the main rotor blades will align with the rotation of the tail rotor and cause an instability in flight control.

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Oil companies charter helicopters to move workers and parts quickly to remote drilling sites located at sea or in remote locations. The speed advantage over boats makes the high operating cost of helicopters cost-effective in ensuring that

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By October 2018, the in-service and stored helicopter fleet of 38,570 with civil or government operators was led Robinson Helicopter with 24.7% followed by Airbus Helicopters with 24.4%, then Bell with 20.5 and Leonardo with 8.4%,

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which provides extra lift without increasing power. This state, most typically, occurs when the airspeed reaches approximately 16–24 knots (30–44 km/h; 18–28 mph), and may be necessary for a helicopter to obtain flight.

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controls the collective and cyclic pitch of the main blades. The swashplate moves up and down, along the main shaft, to change the pitch of both blades. This causes the helicopter to push air downward or upward, depending on the

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half century before the first airplane flight, steam engines were used to forward the development of the understanding of helicopter aerodynamics, but the limited power did not allow for manned flight. The introduction of the

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air depends on the speed of the helicopter as well as on their rotational speed. The airspeed of the advancing rotor blade is much higher than that of the helicopter itself. It is possible for this blade to exceed the

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K-225 became the first turbine-powered helicopter in the world. Two years later, on 26 March 1954, a modified Navy HTK-1, another Kaman helicopter, became the first twin-turbine helicopter to fly. However, it was the

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64th Annual Forum of the American Helicopter Society International, on the aerodynamic capability of Cornu's design, arguing that the aircraft lacked the power and rotor loading to lift free of the ground in manned

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A helicopter has four flight control inputs. These are the cyclic, the collective, the anti-torque pedals, and the throttle. The cyclic control is usually located between the pilot's legs and is commonly called the

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Designs similar to the Chinese helicopter toy appeared in some Renaissance paintings and other works. In the 18th and early 19th centuries Western scientists developed flying machines based on the Chinese toy.

2104:. In addition, it is possible for the helicopter to fly at an airspeed where an excessive amount of the retreating blade stalls, which results in high vibration, pitch-up, and roll into the retreating blade. 1958:

of 1945, which became the first helicopter certified for civilian use in the United States (March 1946). Produced in several countries, the Bell 47 was the most popular helicopter model for nearly 30 years.

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and observe painted markings or coloured reflectors on the underside of the rotor blades. The traditional low-tech system is to mount coloured chalk on the rotor tips, and see how they mark a linen sheet.

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flight to make a landing. Zaschka's aircraft, the first helicopter, which ever worked so successfully in miniature, not only rises and descends vertically, but is able to remain stationary at any height.

1358:, as well as the nearby park, the Parco Forlanini. Emmanuel Dieuaide's steam-powered design featured counter-rotating rotors powered through a hose from a boiler on the ground. In 1887 Parisian inventor, 4897:

was an aircraft transportation ship and the first in the world from which an autogyro took off and landed." Naval Ship Systems Command, US: Naval Ship Systems Command technical news.1966, v. 15–16, p. 40

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conditions—it has proved advantageous to conduct tasks that were previously not possible with other aircraft, or were time- or work-intensive to accomplish on the ground. Today, helicopter uses include

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was a smaller tail rotor. The tail rotor pushes or pulls against the tail to counter the torque effect, and this has become the most common configuration for helicopter design, usually at the end of a

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Due to the operating characteristics of the helicopter—its ability to take off and land vertically, and to hover for extended periods of time, as well as the aircraft's handling properties under low

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are two counter-rotating rotors mounted close to each other at a sufficient angle to let the rotors intermesh over the top of the aircraft without colliding. An aircraft utilizing this is known as a

835:. It is the interaction of these controls that makes hovering so difficult, since an adjustment in any one control requires an adjustment of the other two, creating a cycle of constant correction. 601:

at the end of the 19th century became the watershed for helicopter development as engines began to be developed and produced that were powerful enough to allow for helicopters able to lift humans.

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This can lead to a loss of control and a crash or hard landing when operating at low altitudes, due to the sudden unexpected loss of lift, and insufficient time and distance available to recover.

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model on 10 September 2010 to the first testing at 30% power on 1 March 2011 – less than six months. The aircraft first flew on 12 August 2011. All development was conducted in Venelles, France.

627:. Tip jets powered by a remote compressor are referred to as cold tip jets, while those powered by combustion exhaust are referred to as hot tip jets. An example of a cold jet helicopter is the 6902: 952:, helicopters have provided aerial views of some major news stories, and have been doing so, from the late 1960s. Helicopters have also been used in films, both in front and behind the camera. 2284:

Tail rotor failures which occur from either a mechanical malfunction of the tail rotor control system or a loss of tail rotor thrust authority, called "loss of tail-rotor effectiveness" (LTE).

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As with any moving vehicle, unsafe operation could result in loss of control, structural damage, or loss of life. The following is a list of some of the potential hazards for helicopters:

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for delivering mail and newspapers prior to the invention of the helicopter. Though lacking true vertical flight capability, work on the autogyro forms the basis for helicopter analysis.

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of 1942 was the first large-scale mass-produced helicopter, with a production order for 100 aircraft. The R-4 was the only Allied helicopter to serve in World War II, used primarily for

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with 3,400. Most were in North America with 34.3% then in Europe with 28.0% followed by Asia-Pacific with 18.6%, Latin America with 11.6%, Africa with 5.3% and Middle East with 1.7%.

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main rotors, increasing the aircraft's power efficiency and lifting capacity. There are several common configurations that use the counter-rotating effect to benefit the rotorcraft:

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was developed, the helicopter industry found a lighter-weight powerplant easily adapted to small helicopters, although radial engines continued to be used for larger helicopters.

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a congratulations for a successful helicopter test flight. Edison wrote, "So far as I know, you have produced the first successful helicopter." The helicopter was tested at

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provided a large amount of power to Kaman's helicopter with a lower weight penalty than piston engines, with their heavy engine blocks and auxiliary components. On 11

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would later develop coaxial rotor model helicopter toys in 1870, also powered by rubber bands. One of these toys, given as a gift by their father, would inspire the

1234:(or Chinese top). This bamboo-copter is spun by rolling a stick attached to a rotor. The spinning creates lift, and the toy flies when released. The 4th-century AD 6550: 4307: 1923:; in Alaska; and in other areas with harsh terrain. Total production reached 131 helicopters before the R-4 was replaced by other Sikorsky helicopters such as the 3703: 3544: 1145:

Helicopter Anti-Submarine Squadron HS-12 "Wyverns" flying SH-3H Sea Kings in formation, 1985. Military helicopters are a significant part of the helicopter market

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would make transport via fixed-wing aircraft impossible. The use of transport helicopters to deliver troops as an attack force on an objective is referred to as "

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Hovering is the most challenging part of flying a helicopter. This is because a helicopter generates its own gusty air while in a hover, which acts against the

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increases the rate of air circulation and aggravates the situation. It is sometimes confused with settling with power, but they are aerodynamically different.

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1 proved to be extremely unsteady and required a man at each corner of the airframe to hold it steady. For this reason, the flights of the Gyroplane No.

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became the first mass-produced helicopter in the early 1940s, and was capable of vertical takeoff. It performed the first medivacs flights during WW2.

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for three rotors, four rotors, six rotors and eight rotors respectively, of which quadcopter is the most common. Multirotors are primarily used on

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Rotor overspeed, which can over-stress the rotor hub pitch bearings (brinelling) and, if severe enough, cause blade separation from the aircraft.

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May, Oehmichen completed the first one-kilometer (0.62 mi) closed-circuit helicopter flight in 7 minutes 40 seconds with his No. 2 machine.

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have a unique teetering bar cyclic control system and a few helicopters have a cyclic control that descends into the cockpit from overhead.

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in the direction of the applied pedal. The pedals mechanically change the pitch of the tail rotor altering the amount of thrust produced.

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is when the aircraft has insufficient power to arrest its descent. This hazard can develop into vortex ring state if not corrected early.

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control forward and back, right and left. The collective is used to maintain altitude. The pedals are used to control nose direction or

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and provide limited medical treatment to a patient while in flight. The use of helicopters as air ambulances is often referred to as "

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constructed a helicopter prototype that took off and landed at least 182 times, with a maximum single flight duration of 53 minutes.

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who designed, built and flew world's first man-carrying, free-flying electric helicopter. The concept was taken from the conceptual

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For full-size aircraft with powered rotors the rotor is normally tilted to achieve thrust (e.g. in a helicopter). Some toys (e.g.

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had developed a small coaxial modeled after the Chinese top but powered by a wound-up spring device and demonstrated it to the

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in South Vietnam. Six US Marines and 50 Vietnamese Marines on board. Three US Marines and 43 Vietnamese Marines were killed.

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million today) to build two working helicopters. In just six months they completed the first Bell Model 1, which spawned the

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the side, the rotor disk tilts to that side and produces thrust in that direction, causing the helicopter to hover sideways.

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Shot down by Sandinistan rebels while carrying 88 people. All 84 passengers were killed and all four crew members survived.

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started work on model helicopters in 1928 using converted electric hover motors to drive the rotor head. Young invented the

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in which the helicopter pivots around one of the skids and 'pulls' itself onto its side (almost like a fixed-wing aircraft

3568: 6410: 4961: 4935: 4773: 3403: 3352: 2590: 2147: 1350:. It rose to a height of 13 meters (43 feet), where it remained for 20 seconds, after a vertical take-off from a park in 504:

are pair of counter-rotating rotors transversely mounted at the ends of fixed wings or outrigger structures. Now used on

98: 5647: 4299: 3296: 3262: 3254: 1604:. Patents were granted to von Baumhauer for his cyclic and collective controls by the British ministry of aviation on 31 7152: 6742: 3695: 3541: 2609: 1686: 70: 6591: 4894: 1339: 6562: 6320: 6306: 6295: 6280: 6275:. Washington, D.C.: Federal Aviation Administration (Flight Standards Division), U.S. Dept. of Transportation, 2001. 6264: 6233: 6218: 6203: 6188: 4255: 4130: 4031: 3753: 3638: 2557: 1497: 342:, the word is often (erroneously, from an etymological point of view) perceived by English speakers as consisting of 117: 4369: 4345: 3766: 1230:

The earliest references for vertical flight came from China. Since around 400 BC, Chinese children have played with

7303: 7101: 6806: 6727: 6685: 6113: 5596: 3997: 2396: 417:

types: hingeless, fully articulated, and teetering; although some modern rotor systems use a combination of these.

242:) has become the most common helicopter configuration. However, twin-main rotor helicopters (bicopters), in either 1594:

for the United States Army Air Service but the Army cancelled the program in 1924, and the aircraft was scrapped.

994:

down to inaccessible areas, and to resupply firefighters. Common firefighting helicopters include variants of the

955:

The largest single non-combat helicopter operation in history was the disaster management operation following the

77: 7065:

aircraft functions as an aeroplane during normal (horizontal) flight and as a helicopter during low-speed flight.

4065: 3879: 5831: 4794: 4766:" Engelbert Zaschka – ein Universalgenie und Erfinder: Musik, Fahrzeuge & Flugzeuge [SWR-Doku 2016]" 530:

make use of three or more rotors. Specific terms are also used depending on the exact amount of rotors, such as

6567: 5187: 2962: 2666: 2306: 2244:

is experienced during high speed flight and is the most common limiting factor of a helicopter's forward speed.

1520: 55: 6519: 5088: 3202: 3117: 2870: 2196:

The concept of electric propulsion applied to helicopter and electromagnetic drive was brought to reality by

1467: 139: 4638: 358:. English language nicknames for "helicopter" include "chopper", "copter", "heli", and "whirlybird". In the 84: 6712: 4147: 1854: 1254:"Master who Embraces Simplicity") reportedly describes some of the ideas inherent to rotary wing aircraft. 5568: 2217: 1684:

In the Soviet Union, Boris N. Yuriev and Alexei M. Cheremukhin, two aeronautical engineers working at the

1459:

and achieved a height of nearly 2.0 metres (6.5 ft), but it proved to be unstable and was abandoned.

250:

configurations, are sometimes in use due to their greater payload capacity than the monorotor design, and

6859: 6821: 6545: 5832:"Incident Date 050126 HMH-361 CH-53D – BuNo unknown – incident not yet classified – near Ar Rutbah, Iraq" 5747: 5725: 5564: 3327: 3279: 3214: 3097: 2505: 2477: 2461: 2390: 1947: 1759: 1597: 1277: 639: 590: 51: 20: 5280: 2484: 2025: 6484: 6391: 4823: 3941: 3308: 3274: 2672: 2113: 1954:

helicopter of 1943 showed the design's simplicity and ease of use. The Model 30 was developed into the

1601: 1405: 1297: 1266: 1224: 1215: 1018: 903: 674: 598: 66: 6380:

Silent (Russian-language intertitled) video about the Cheremukhin/Yuriev TsAGI 1-EA pioneer helicopter

3231: 3041: 2309:

in which the aircraft is flown into the ground unintentionally due to a lack of situational awareness.

2180:

moving the craft diagonally in various directions, depending on the direction of main rotor rotation.

723:

all the blades change equally, and the result is the helicopter increasing or decreasing in altitude.

5496: 4233: 3588: 2355: 2251: 1977: 1713:, a Russian engineer, built the first twin tandem rotor machine to perform a free flight. It flew in 1455: 1435:

1 are considered to be the first manned flight of a helicopter, but not a free or untethered flight.

1389: 979: 949: 899: 758:

mounted on the collective control, while dual-engine helicopters have a power lever for each engine.

142: 3725: 3665: 2303:

Wire and tree strikes due to low altitude operations and take-offs and landings in remote locations.

1030:", and patients are referred to as being "airlifted", or "medevaced". This use was pioneered in the 7105: 6793: 6398:. Getting from idea to reality took far longer for the helicopter than for the fixed-wing aircraft. 2453: 1794: 1422: 815: 783: 662: 382:

in which lift and thrust are supplied by one or more horizontally-spinning rotors. By contrast the

271: 6880: 4753:"German Plane Promises New Stunts in Air, The Bee. Danville, Virginia, USA, June 25, 1927, p. 16". 4657: 2419:

MANPADs, despite heavy escort. Three crew and 58 passengers, composed of mainly Russian refugees.

1454:

which used two 6.1-metre (20 ft) counter-rotating rotors driven by a 24 hp (18 kW)

1034:, when time to reach a medical facility was reduced to three hours from the eight hours needed in 7169: 6494: 5064: 3081: 2278: 1790: 1090: 858: 727: 655: 643: 549: 279: 44: 6941: 5625: 1528: 1421:, began experimenting with airfoils for helicopters. In 1907, those experiments resulted in the 1005: 658:. Some turbine engines commonly used in helicopters can also use biodiesel instead of jet fuel. 7145: 6831: 6798: 6737: 5378: 5336: 3429: 3107: 2297:

Low rotor RPM, is when the engine cannot drive the blades at sufficient RPM to maintain flight.

2268: 2241: 1862: 1736: 1635: 1591: 1125: 1106: 751: 4566: 3980: 1798: 1691: 1473:

In 1911, Slovenian philosopher and economist Ivan Slokar patented a helicopter configuration.

1466:

of Washington, D.C., flew a helicopter "on three occasions" at Berliner's lab in Washington's

1292:, Bienvenu, used a coaxial version of the Chinese top in a model consisting of contrarotating 966: 810: 7093: 7085: 6966: 6454: 6364: 6118: 4548: 4004: 3244: 2201: 1730: 1481: 1098: 608:

designed for airplanes, but these were soon replaced by more powerful automobile engines and

481: 2136:

NASA experiment for piezoelectric rotor blades to potentially reduce the noise and vibration

470:. NOTAR provides anti-torque similar to the way a wing develops lift through the use of the 7298: 7187: 5399: 4906:

Pulle, Matt (5 July 2007). "Blade Runner". Dallas Observer. 27 (27). Dallas, Tx. pp. 19–27.

2846: 2783: 2562: 2529: 1885: 1722: 1154: 1102: 1051: 230:

Although most earlier designs used more than one main rotor, the configuration of a single

6228:. Fyshwick, Canberra, Act, Australia: Aerospace Publications Pty Ltd., 2003, p. 155. 2250:

is a self-reinforcing vibration that occurs when the lead/lag spacing of the blades of an

2089:

Because the advancing blade has higher airspeed than the retreating blade and generates a

1823:

used helicopters in small numbers for observation, transport, and medical evacuation. The

1561: 156: 8: 7267: 7182: 6499: 6479: 6469: 6379: 5703: 5041:

FAI Record ID #13062 – Duration in closed circuit. Class E former G (Helicopters), piston

4203: 3958: 3629: 3347: 3071: 3056: 2436:

Shot down when transporting 60 refugees from eastern Abkhazia; all on board were killed.

2287: 2228: 2090: 1857:, like the Fw 61, used two transverse rotors, and was the largest rotorcraft of the war. 1668:, becoming the first military deployment of a rotocraft. Autogyros were also employed in 1170: 1162: 1078: 983: 832: 517: 442: 259: 201: 3148: 623:

Special jet engines developed to drive the rotor from the rotor tips are referred to as

91: 7077:) do have a powered rotor with no means to tilt the rotor to produce horizontal thrust. 7074: 6752: 6675: 6514: 5677: 5525: 5160: 3112: 3102: 2757: 2291: 1893: 1714: 1628: 1587: 1550: 1150: 956: 940: 907: 844: 452:

Some helicopters use other anti-torque controls instead of the tail rotor, such as the

197: 6301:

Watkinson, John. Art of the Helicopter. Oxford: Elsevier Butterworth-Heinemann, 2004.

4433: 1305: 7138: 7109: 6971: 6845: 6826: 6747: 6637: 6627: 6459: 6334: 6326: 6316: 6302: 6291: 6276: 6260: 6244: 6229: 6214: 6199: 6184: 6091: 6059: 5931: 5867: 5752: 5229:"Focke-Achgelis Fa 330A-1 Bachstelze (Water Wagtail) | National Air and Space Museum" 5183: 5152: 5040: 5016: 4990: 4848: 4674: 4614: 4571: 4524: 4126: 4010: 3945: 3749: 3634: 3524: 3051: 2815: 2512: 2055: 1909: 1846: 1656: 1612: 1366: 1301: 1273: 1262: 1174: 1070: 1066: 987: 891: 774:

A compound helicopter has an additional system for thrust and, typically, small stub

501: 247: 6027: 5995: 4710:. Int. j. for the history of eng. & tech., Vol. 83 No. 1, January 2013, 119–40. 3792: 2220:, destroyed after its main rotor struck the side of a mountain while at low altitude 2081: 1397: 1370: 1359: 7241: 6993: 6816: 6757: 6722: 6717: 6504: 6402: 5963: 5899: 4586: 4006:

Taking Flight: Inventing the Aerial Age, from Antiquity Through the First World War

3603: 2906: 2571: 2264: 2247: 1809: 1801: 1779: 1477: 1451: 1374: 1343: 1320: 787: 434: 400: 189: 148: 6146:"Video: Canadians win long-unclaimed $ 250,000 prize for pedal-powered helicopter" 4708:

The Transmission of Helicopter Technology, 1920-1939: Exchanges with von Baumhauer

1093:(UAS) helicopter systems of varying sizes are developed by companies for military 471: 160:

Bell 412CF looking forward from the tail, showing its twin turbine engine exhausts

7233: 7205: 7177: 6849: 6732: 6644: 6632: 5651: 5600: 5425: 5418: 5406: 5311: 5288: 5268: 5071: 5047: 5023: 4997: 4965: 4871:

Wayne Johnson, Rotorcraft Aeromechanics, Cambridge University Press, p. 19 (2013)

4855: 4802: 4645: 4621: 4615:

FAI Record ID #13093 – Straight distance. Class E former G (Helicopters), piston

4591: 4531: 4525:

FAI Record ID #13094 – Straight distance. Class E former G (Helicopters), piston

4490: 4392: 4349: 4179: 4155: 4122: 4097: 4088: 4069: 3988: 3828: 3800: 3732: 3624: 3617: 3599: 3572: 3548: 3520: 3284: 3206: 3156: 3034: 2257: 2197: 2142: 2001: 1943: 1939: 1931:. In all, Sikorsky produced over 400 helicopters before the end of World War II. 1838: 1824: 1755: 1710: 1665: 1647: 1545: 1493: 1309: 1158: 1046: 928:

A helicopter used to carry loads connected to long cables or slings is called an

744: 732: 628: 568: 224: 168:

1956 Hiller YROE-1 one-man "Rotorcycle" being tested at NASA Ames Research Center

5834:. Marine Corps Combat Helicopter Association (via popasmoke). 20 November 2007. 4991:

FAI Record ID #13059 – Straight distance. Class E former G (Helicopters), piston

4849:

FAI Record ID #13086 – Straight distance. Class E former G (Helicopters), piston

2050: 1865:

prevented Germany from producing helicopters in large quantities during the war.

477: 7197: 7117: 6509: 6254: 4084: 3564: 2991: 2649: 2121: 2067: 2017: 1997: 1920: 1834: 1786: 1463: 1355: 1281: 1220: 1178: 1094: 1069:

to conduct aerial attacks on ground targets. Such helicopters are mounted with

647: 609: 559:

designs let the rotor push itself through the air and avoid generating torque.

514:

are two counter-rotating rotors mounted one above the other with the same axis.

511: 301: 251: 4957: 4929: 4817: 4765: 3878:. General Aviation Manufacturers Association. 21 February 2018. Archived from 3407: 3342: 3322: 1888:

competed to produce the U.S. military's first helicopter. LePage received the

7292: 7272: 7257: 6773: 5156: 4461:"Ivan Slokar – letalski izumitelj, gospodarstvenik, jezikoslovec (1884–1970)" 3304: 3270: 3226: 2795: 2731: 2652:, then located in West Germany. All four crew and 33 passengers were killed. 2488: 2212: 2028:

that would become the first helicopter to be produced with a turbine-engine.

1986: 1935: 1881: 1805: 1764: 1699: 1418: 1385: 1373:

motor-driven flight carrying humans. A movie covering the event was taken by

1293: 1231: 1207: 1117:

continue to operate. Various companies specialize in this type of operation.

1014: 999: 963:

and observation missions, making dozens of sorties a day for several months.

869: 679: 651: 605: 495: 438: 359: 243: 6355:

Complete site explaining different aspects of helicopters and how they work.

6181:

The God Machine: From Boomerangs to Black Hawks: The Story of the Helicopter

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in 1941. Meanwhile, Sikorsky settled on a simpler, single-rotor design, the

843:

As a helicopter moves from hover to forward flight it enters a state called

6980: 6920: 6622: 6474: 6464: 5592: 3481: 3066: 2935: 2889: 2543: 2022: 1928: 1924: 1905: 1873: 1820: 1743: 1673: 1557:

and remained airborne for 2 minutes and 45 seconds at a height of 15 feet.

1554: 1532: 1369:'s helicopter took place in Berlin-Schöneberg; this was probably the first 1347: 1182: 1114: 1035: 933: 929: 874: 779: 711: 704: 700: 632: 577: 410: 339: 220: 181: 4039: 819: 370: 130: 7223: 7025: 6338: 4365: 4341: 3770: 3641:. Quote: "The rotor is best served by rotating at a constant rotor speed" 2820: 2234: 2058: 2009: 1993: 1990: 1968: 1830: 1619:

was used to increase stability and serves as an energy accumulator for a

1489: 1086: 1039: 798:

There are three basic flight conditions for a helicopter: hover, forward

699:. On most helicopters, the cyclic is similar to a joystick. However, the 613: 300:, coined by Gustave Ponton d'Amécourt in 1861, which originates from the 275: 5164: 5140: 1141: 7089: 7003: 6659: 6654: 6602: 6290:(Brassey's World Military Technology series). London: Brassey's, 2000. 5017:

FAI Record ID #13084 – Altitude. Class E former G (Helicopters), piston

3460:"Kawasaki successfully tests the Ninja H2R-powered unmanned helicopter" 2274: 2033: 2005: 1972: 1892:

rights to develop helicopters patterned after the Fw 61, and built the

1850: 1842: 1669: 1571: 1447: 1354:. Milan has dedicated its city airport to Enrico Forlanini, also named 1181:

with 3.4% and other with 2.2%. The most widespread model is the piston

1149:

In 2017, 926 civil helicopters were shipped for $ 3.68 billion, led by

1031: 913: 775: 770:

The NH-3A was experimental version of the Sea King with wings and jets.

755: 572: 536: 527: 453: 379: 267: 239: 235: 231: 177: 5084: 4061: 3497:"Eurosatory 2010: Industry celebrates first helicopter biofuel flight" 1985:

In 1951, at the urging of his contacts at the Department of the Navy,

1651:

A Cierva autogyro in the 1920s, one of the predecessors to helicopters

1615:

from Germany built a helicopter, equipped with two rotors, in which a

7097: 7062: 6811: 6778: 6361:. 1935 article about early development and research into helicopters. 5526:"Model for Vortex Ring State Influence on Rotorcraft Flight Dynamics" 4431: 3122: 3091: 3061: 2676: 2533: 2350: 2071: 1868: 1739: 1616: 1393: 1378: 1296:

flight feathers as rotor blades, and in 1784, demonstrated it to the

1022: 887: 778:. This offloads the rotor in cruise, which allows its rotation to be 505: 458: 433:

Most helicopters have a single main rotor, but torque created by its

263: 255: 4660:– Rainer K. L. Trummer, University of Salzburg, Austria, 2010, p. 21 2988:

Pedalling, lift 64 s endurance, 3.3 m height; diagonal width: 46.9 m

2277:

failures, especially those that occur within the shaded area of the

1934:

While LePage and Sikorsky built their helicopters for the military,

1280:. It was powered by a spring, and was suggested as a method to lift 425: 33: 7262: 7161: 7058: 7036: 7031: 7021: 6936: 6912: 6910: 6788: 6649: 6617: 6333:. Berlin-Charlottenburg: C. J. E. Volckmann Nachf. E. Wette, 1936. 5074:". Paragraph 10. Centennial of Flight. Retrieved 24 September 2015. 4711: 4487:

Sto slovenskih znanstvenikov, zdravnikov in tehnikov (Open Library)

2878: 2539: 2371: 2117: 1660: 1289: 1190: 1082: 995: 975: 921: 882: 827: 684: 387: 383: 135: 5780:"31 U.S. troops, 7 Afghans killed as insurgents down NATO chopper" 4692:

A Historical Review of Two Helicopters Designed in the Netherlands

1325:

Museo nazionale della scienza e della tecnologia Leonardo da Vinci

650:

or motorcycle engines. Radio-controlled helicopters may also have

498:

are two counter-rotating rotors with one mounted behind the other.

278:, have been developed mainly for specialized applications such as 7016: 4694:. 21st European Rotocraft Forum, 1995, Saint Petersburg, Russia. 1996:—a design for a twin-rotor helicopter concept first pioneered by 1955: 1951: 1620: 1500:, an experimental helicopter prototype, with two aircraft built. 1401: 1245: 1240: 1074: 1027: 960: 917: 895: 624: 556: 362:

military, the common slang is "helo" pronounced with a long "e".

6352: 5748:"Crash Death, 3rd in 8 Years, Not Expected to Halt Future Shows" 2167:

rotor's angle of attack, to compensate for these instabilities.

2004:

piston-engined design in Germany—with a new kind of engine, the

890:

of people and cargo, military uses, construction, firefighting,

766: 585: 164: 7113: 6916: 5110:

Wall, Berend G. van der; Harris, Franklin D. (September 2022).

3843:"Nasa will send helicopter to Mars to test otherworldly flight" 3003: 2973: 2829: 1897: 1889: 1813: 1235: 991: 799: 750:

Helicopter rotors are designed to operate in a narrow range of

739: 738:

The anti-torque pedals are located in the same position as the

213: 185: 5726:"Incident Date 19720711 HMM-165 CH-53D 156658+ - Hostile Fire" 5204:"World War II German Helicopters – Flettner Fl 265 and Fl 282" 4648:. Centennial of Flight Commission. Retrieved 28 November 2007. 4062:"Helicopter Pioneers – Evolution of Rotary Wing Aircraft" 3199: 1265:

created a design for a machine that could be described as an "

7215: 5810:"2nd Battalion, 4th Infantry Regiment honors 33 of their own" 5112:"Henrich Focke — Inventor of the First Successful Helicopter" 3297: 3263: 3255: 3240: 3229: 2917: 2867: 2457: 2416: 1913: 1409:

attached to a mast by cables for a rotor, but it never flew.

1351: 1332: 1328: 1186: 484: 467: 333: 312: 209: 5728:. Marine Corps Combat Helicopter Association (via popasmoke) 4090:

Asia in the making of Europe. Volume II, A Century of Wonder

3735:. Centennial of Flight Commission. Retrieved 1 October 2008. 3147:

Leishman, J. Gordon, Technical Fellow of AHS International.

1519:

Silent film of a test flight of Pescara's helicopter, 1922.

1061:

The Mil-24 'Hind' is a well-known military attack helicopter

7130: 6998: 4931:

Cheryomukhin TsAGI 1-EA (ЦАГИ 1-ЭА) first Soviet helicopter

3696:"Helicopter Pilot Training Schools, Careers – Heliventures" 2680: 2112:

At the end of the 20th century, designers began working on

1130: 1120: 1081:

are used to ferry troops and supplies where the lack of an

205: 193: 5640: 3746:

The Wiley Dictionary of Civil Engineering and Construction

1950:

placed at a 90° angle to the rotor blades. The subsequent

1775: 838: 604:

Early helicopter designs utilized custom-built engines or

238:(i.e. unicopter, not to be confused with the single-blade 5419:

Helicopter pedal turns, LTE and the Critical Wind Azimuth

3211:

US and Russian Helicopter Development in the 20th Century

2094: 782:, thus increasing the maximum speed of the aircraft. The 6226:

The International Directory of Civil Aircraft, 2003–2004

4880:"Channel Flight By Autogiro. Spanish Airman's Success". 2032:

helicopter development. The availability of lightweight

1804:, which first flew in June 1936. It was demonstrated by 1564:

set the first helicopter world record recognized by the

1438: 1261:

It was not until the early 1480s, when Italian polymath

1157:

with $ 806 million for 102 (first three-quarters only),

1129:, a 1.8 kg (4.0 lb) helicopter used to survey 1101:

duties. Naval forces also use helicopters equipped with

437:

must be countered by an opposed torque. The design that

5141:"A Perspective on the First Century of Vertical Flight" 4724:"Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum Washington: 4639:"Helicopter Development in the Early Twentieth Century" 4300:"Moments in Helicopter History (9) – Hermann Ganswindt" 4009:. Oxford University Press. 8 May 2003. pp. 22–23. 1707:, however, Cheremukhin's record remained unrecognized. 1485:

it tipped over during take-off, destroying its rotors.

1462:

In 1909, J. Newton Williams of Derby, Connecticut, and

1362:, built and flew a tethered electric model helicopter. 6384: 4110: 4108: 4106: 1388:

was given US$ 1,000 (equivalent to $ 34,000 today) by

1045:

Police departments and other law enforcement agencies

1009:

Exercises with a helicopter to rescue someone in water

986:(water bombing) and may be fitted with tanks or carry 631:, and an example of the hot tip jet helicopter is the 409:, is the rotating part of a helicopter that generates 5678:"Georgia and Abkhazia, 1992–1993: the War of Datchas" 3249: 6432: 5626:"Chechen gets life for killing 127 Russian soldiers" 3024: 1981:

A turbine powered helicopter with its engine visible

710:

The control is called the cyclic because it changes

4103: 2153: 2120:and government action to constrain flight paths in 1942:to help build a helicopter using Young's two-blade 1749: 898:, medical transport, law enforcement, agriculture, 326: 305: 58:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. 5182:. New York: Jason Aronson, Inc. pp. 253–254. 4763: 4669:Relly Victoria Petrescu and Florian Ioon Petrescu 3834: 324:(ἕλῐκος), "helix, spiral, whirl, convolution" and 152:Cabin view looking out from a helicopter in flight 6196:Dictionnaire des structures du vocabulaire savant 5497:"Vertiflite, March/April 2012 – AHS Online Store" 4884:(45002). London. 19 September 1928. col F, p. 14. 3094:, the top central big nut that holds the rotor on 7290: 6272:Rotorcraft Flying Handbook: FAA Manual H-8083-21 6211:McDonnell Douglas Aircraft since 1920: Volume II 4332:. New York: Garden City Publishers, 1926. p. 249 223:became the first helicopter to reach full-scale 6259:. Washington: Skyhorse Publishing, Inc., 2007. 3897: 3654:, Blandford, revised edition 1973, pp.55,144-5. 2491:. All five crew and 41 passengers were killed. 2415:Shot down by Georgian forces in Abkhazia using 552:and use on aircraft with a human pilot is rare. 6389: 5648:"Accident Details (1982 Nicaragua Mi-8 crash)" 5428:, Helicopter Flight Inc, Accessed 11 May 2016. 4974: 4567:"Helicopter with Six Blades Succeeds in Tests" 4555:. Bonnier Corporation. March 1931. p. 70. 3486:, 2 November 2006. Retrieved 12 December 2010. 2171:impact the operation of an internal impeller. 1346:developed an unmanned helicopter powered by a 204:and many forms of short take-off and landing ( 7146: 6896: 6418: 6367:. 1918 article on helicopter design concepts. 5180:Legacy of Wings; The Harold F. Pitcairn Story 4458: 4390:Dowd, George L. "Flops of famous inventors". 4236:(in Italian). Mille anni di scienza in Italia 3940:. Cambridge aerospace series, 18. Cambridge: 3817:40 Years Retrospective: It's Been a Wild Ride 1642: 1338:In 1861, the word "helicopter" was coined by 1249: 508:, some early model helicopters had used them. 5671: 5669: 5520: 5518: 4971:, 24 March 1997. Retrieved 12 December 2010. 4575:. Hearst Magazines. March 1931. p. 460. 4164: 3873:"GAMA General Aviation Shipment Report 2017" 3806:, September 1998. Retrieved 2 November 2008. 3652:Helicopters: And Other Rotorcraft since 1907 3387: 3198:Hirschberg, Michael J. and David K. Dailey, 1880:In the United States, Russian-born engineer 1679: 1664:employed by the Spanish military during the 944:Soldiers await pickup from CH-47 helicopters 786:diverted up to 90% of its engine power to a 654:that use fuels other than gasoline, such as 581:H-34 with a radial piston engine in the nose 295: 6353:"Helicopterpage.com – How Helicopters Work" 6331:Drehflügelflugzeuge. Trag- und Hubschrauber 6241:Helicopters and other Rotorcraft since 1907 5409:, Dynamic Flight Inc. Accessed 11 May 2016. 4432:Slovenska akademija znanosti in umetnosti. 4142: 4140: 4138: 3503:, 17 June 2010. Retrieved 12 December 2010. 3404:"FM 1-514 Chptr 3 – Rotor System Operation" 2322:Deadliest helicopter crashes by death toll 1789:at Focke-Wulf had purchased a license from 1687:Tsentralniy Aerogidrodinamicheskiy Institut 1608:January 1927, under patent number 265,272. 1535:. By January 1924, Pescara's helicopter No. 1212:Science and inventions of Leonardo da Vinci 1109:, since they can operate from small ships. 7153: 7139: 6903: 6889: 6425: 6411: 5246: 5138: 5109: 4919:, p. 21. Cambridge University Press, 2013. 4834: 4832: 2085:The Lynx helicopter is noted for its speed 1417:In 1906, two French brothers, Jacques and 1038:, and further reduced to two hours by the 208:) or short take-off and vertical landing ( 7096:with novel thrust / lift solutions (e.g. 5666: 5515: 5333:Smithsonian National Air and Space Museum 5326: 4549:"New Helicopter Rises in Vertical Flight" 4519: 4517: 3932: 3930: 3804:U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Forest Service 3192: 970:Chinook interior with passengers in seats 365: 274:in France, and along with other types of 118:Learn how and when to remove this message 6371:"Twin Windmill Blades Fly Wingless Ship" 5320: 4631: 4511:, p. 348. London: Studio Editions, 1989. 4358: 4258:(in Italian). Aeroporto di Milano Linate 4135: 3663: 3531:. Quote: "is constant in a helicopter". 3185: 3183: 3181: 3179: 3177: 3040: 2316: 2211: 2174: 2131: 2080: 2049: 1976: 1867: 1774: 1655:Spanish aeronautical engineer and pilot 1646: 1507: 1437: 1314: 1219: 1153:with $ 1.87 billion for 369 rotorcraft, 1140: 1056: 1004: 965: 939: 912: 868: 809: 765: 678: 584: 576: 476: 424: 369: 163: 155: 147: 129: 7092:are not included in the table, nor are 6610: 6313:Helicopters at War: A Pictorial History 5371:"HUMS: Not Just for Heavy Iron Anymore" 5327:Connor, R.D; Lee, R.E. (27 July 2001). 4841: 4829: 4684: 4607: 4172:"Leonardo da Vinci's Helical Air Screw" 4054: 4023: 3534: 1833:—using the same basic configuration as 1770: 1446:That same year, fellow French inventor 839:Transition from hover to forward flight 7291: 6243:. London: Blandford Publishing, 1968. 6087:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 6055:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 6023:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 5991:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 5959:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 5927:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 5895:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 5863:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 5675: 5471:"Challenges of Aircraft Hybridization" 5052:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 5028:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 5003:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 4983: 4860:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 4626:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 4536:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 4514: 3927: 3823:, August 2007. Accessed: 8 June 2014. 3657: 3610: 3506: 3440:from the original on 19 September 2015 2045: 1904:Developed from the VS-300, Sikorsky's 1567:Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 978:" is the use of helicopters to combat 959:. Hundreds of pilots were involved in 761: 234:accompanied by a vertical anti-torque 188:are supplied by horizontally spinning 7134: 6884: 6406: 6198:. Paris: Les Usuels du Robert. 1980. 5538:from the original on 25 February 2014 5177: 5065:Jacques Bréguet—Gyroplane-Laboratoire 5033: 5009: 4819:The first Hungarian helicopter (1929) 4700: 4116:Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics 3938:Principles of Helicopter Aerodynamics 3785: 3514:Professional helicopter pilot studies 3174: 3087:Helicopter Underwater Escape Training 1719:Laboratoire Aérotechnique de Belgique 1627:In 1928, Hungarian aviation engineer 1549:magazine reported Thomas Edison sent 6855: 6396:Aviation Week & Space Technology 5760:from the original on 6 December 2010 5650:. PlaneCrashInfo.com. Archived from 5375:Helicopter Association International 4776:from the original on 6 November 2016 4690:H.J.G.C. Vodegel and K.P. Jessurun. 4226: 4214:from the original on 18 October 2017 4125:. Cambridge University Press. p. 8. 3915:from the original on 18 October 2018 3633:, 2011. Retrieved 25 February 2012. 3355:from the original on 31 October 2014 2124:and other places of natural beauty. 2070:, and thus produce vastly increased 1529:Raúl Pateras-Pescara de Castelluccio 1503: 802:and the transition between the two. 212:) aircraft cannot perform without a 56:adding citations to reliable sources 27: 6865: 6490:Number of helicopters and heliports 6365:"Flights — of the Imagination" 5273: 5091:from the original on 2 January 2010 4938:from the original on 29 August 2016 4310:from the original on 10 August 2016 3840: 3452: 2754:3,561.55 km (2,213.04 mi) 2148:Health and Usage Monitoring Systems 1365:In July 1901, the maiden flight of 13: 6784:Helicopter height–velocity diagram 6392:"How The Helicopter Has Developed" 6126:from the original on 17 April 2014 5790:from the original on 7 August 2011 5503:from the original on 24 March 2014 5477:from the original on 24 March 2014 5451:from the original on 24 March 2014 5294:, 2003. Retrieved 9 December 2007. 5171: 4764:Zaschka, Engelbert (18 May 2016), 4372:from the original on 13 April 2016 4366:"Patent US970616 – Flying-machine" 4161:, 2003. Retrieved 12 December 2010 4029: 3905:"Helicopter market report Q3 2018" 3769:. rotaryaction.com. Archived from 3676:from the original on 13 April 2015 3406:. 18 February 2014. Archived from 3320: 3077:Helicopter height–velocity diagram 2799:via Europe, Russia, Alaska, Canada 2728:400.87 km/h (249.09 mph) 1767:, later succeeded by the Bell 47. 1189:with 3,600 units, followed by the 668: 14: 7315: 6807:Mars Sample Retrieval Helicopters 6346: 6156:from the original on 7 March 2014 5684:from the original on 3 March 2008 5676:Cooper, Tom (29 September 2003). 4467:from the original on 4 March 2016 4440:from the original on 4 March 2016 4407:"Helicoptre Lifts Itself and Man" 4304:helikopterhysteriezwo.blogspot.jp 4032:"The Invention of the Helicopter" 3706:from the original on 2 April 2015 2558:British International Helicopters 2000:in 1939, with the aforementioned 1782:, the first successful helicopter 1574:360 meters (1,180 ft). On 18 1161:with $ 696 million for 132, then 851: 818:holding a hover while conducting 405:The rotor system, or more simply 7112:) or balloon-wing hybrids (e.g. 6864: 6854: 6844: 6728:Loss of tail-rotor effectiveness 6590: 6433:Helicopters and other rotorcraft 6183:. New York: Bantam Books, 2007. 6138: 6106: 6074: 6042: 6010: 5978: 5946: 5914: 5882: 5850: 5838:from the original on 2 July 2010 5824: 5802: 5772: 5740: 5718: 5704:"ASN Wikibase Occurrence #76027" 5696: 5628:. theguardian.com. 30 April 2004 5618: 5609: 5593:"Helicopter Accidents in Hawaii" 5586: 5550: 5489: 5463: 5439:"EASA-Annual-Safety-Review-2011" 5400:Loss of Tail Rotor Effectiveness 5087:. aerofiles.com. 20 April 2009. 3955:"A History of Helicopter Flight" 3853:from the original on 6 July 2018 3430:"Helicopter Yaw Control Methods" 3027: 2809:Highest altitude without payload 2691: 2312:Mast bumping in some helicopters 2154:Loss of tail-rotor effectiveness 1750:American single-rotor beginnings 1412: 718:The collective pitch control or 294:is adapted from the French word 192:. This allows the helicopter to 32: 6390:Graham Warwick (17 June 2016). 6172: 5431: 5412: 5393: 5363: 5351: 5297: 5292:Centennial of Flight Commission 5255: 5221: 5196: 5139:Hirschberg, Michael J. (1999). 5132: 5103: 5077: 5057: 5054:. Retrieved: 21 September 2014. 5030:. Retrieved: 21 September 2014. 5006:. Retrieved: 21 September 2014. 4950: 4922: 4909: 4900: 4887: 4874: 4865: 4862:. Retrieved: 21 September 2014. 4811: 4788: 4757: 4746: 4716: 4663: 4651: 4628:. Retrieved: 21 September 2014. 4579: 4559: 4541: 4538:. Retrieved: 21 September 2014. 4509:Jane's Encyclopedia of Aviation 4501: 4479: 4452: 4425: 4399: 4384: 4335: 4322: 4292: 4270: 4248: 4196:"The Inventive Wright Brothers" 4188: 4159:Centennial of Flight Commission 4078: 3974: 3865: 3809: 3759: 3738: 3718: 3688: 3644: 3581: 3558: 3489: 3470: 3422: 3396: 3141: 2932:4,300.7 m (14,110 ft) 2780:136.7 km/h (84.9 mph) 2186: 2008:engine. This adaptation of the 1590:built the quadrotor helicopter 1312:to pursue the dream of flight. 1201: 982:. The helicopters are used for 957:1986 Chernobyl nuclear disaster 394: 43:needs additional citations for 6713:Mast bumping and other hazards 5606:. Retrieved: 12 December 2010. 5567:. October 1982. Archived from 4806:The Evening Post (New Zealand) 4280:(in Italian). Comune di Milano 4256:"L'aeroporto di Milano Linate" 3664:Lombardi, Frank (April 2015). 3616:John M. Seddon, Simon Newman. 3578:. Retrieved: 16 February 2011. 3376: 3367: 3335: 3314: 3290: 3220: 2843:11,010 m (36,120 ft) 2812:12,442 m (40,820 ft) 2667:Sikorsky CH-53E Super Stallion 2307:Controlled flight into terrain 1962: 1946:design, which used a weighted 1634:In 1930, the Italian engineer 1527:In the early 1920s, Argentine 1521:EYE Film Institute Netherlands 1054:equipment for night pursuits. 924:providing aerial news coverage 420: 1: 7258:Advancing Blade Concept (ABC) 6520:Wire strike protection system 5604:kauaihelicoptertoursafety.com 4148:"Early Helicopter Technology" 4075:. Retrieved: 28 November 2007 3994:. Retrieved: 12 December 2010 3618:Basic Helicopter Aerodynamics 3217:, International. 7 July 2000. 3129: 3118:Wire strike protection system 2903:8,848 m (29,029 ft) 2840:Highest level flight altitude 1442:Paul Cornu's helicopter, 1907 642:and smaller, helicopter-type 140:Los Angeles Police Department 7160: 6359:"Planes That Go Straight Up" 5304:"Twin Turborotor Helicopter" 4826:Retrieved: 12 December 2010. 4330:Edison: the Man and His Work 4278:"Scheda del Parco Forlanini" 4185:. Retrieved 12 December 2010 4114:Leishman, J. Gordon (2006). 3167: 3010:Igor I. Sikorsky Competition 2956:First manned electric flight 2875:2,255 m (7,398 ft) 2506:Sikorsky CH-53D Sea Stallion 2478:Sikorsky CH-53A Sea Stallion 2127: 2061:using a coaxial rotor system 1855:Focke-Achgelis Fa 223 Drache 1808:in February 1938 inside the 1560:On 14 April 1924, Frenchman 1340:Gustave de Ponton d'Amécourt 1165:with $ 161 million for 305. 1019:emergency medical assistance 640:radio-controlled helicopters 285: 194:take off and land vertically 7: 6990:Tethered (static or towed) 6822:Radio-controlled helicopter 6551:Russian helicopter airlines 6385:American Helicopter Society 6114:"First electric helicopter" 5565:Robinson Helicopter Company 3477:"Jay Leno's EcoJet Concept" 3328:Online Etymology Dictionary 3215:American Helicopter Society 3098:List of helicopter airlines 3020: 2391:Sikorsky CH-53 Sea Stallion 1598:Albert Gillis von Baumhauer 1319:Experimental helicopter by 1278:Russian Academy of Sciences 374:Main and anti-torque rotors 327: 306: 262:are also all flying today. 138:helicopter operated by the 21:Helicopter (disambiguation) 10: 7320: 6948:Lift: Lighter than air gas 6256:Rotorcraft Flying Handbook 5358:Rotorcraft Flying Handbook 4595:. 3 March 1923. p. 23 4434:"Slokar, Ivan (1884–1970)" 3981:"Early Helicopter History" 3942:Cambridge University Press 3607:. Retrieved 2 January 2010 3591:permits 95–101% rotor RPM 3555:. Retrieved 2 January 2010 3298: 3264: 3256: 3230: 3045:RAF Merlin HC3A Helicopter 2985:Longest human-powered lift 2511:Shot down by missile near 2409:Russia (Russian Air Force) 2207: 2114:helicopter noise reduction 1966: 1643:First practical rotorcraft 1406:internal combustion engine 1298:French Academy of Sciences 1205: 1196: 1185:with 5,600, then the H125/ 877:dropping water onto a fire 675:Helicopter flight controls 672: 599:internal combustion engine 566: 562: 398: 391:throughout normal flight. 378:A helicopter is a type of 338:) "wing". In a process of 334: 313: 18: 7250: 7232: 7214: 7196: 7168: 7051: 6940: 6932: 6927: 6840: 6766: 6705: 6668: 6599: 6588: 6528: 6447: 6438: 6315:. London: R. Hale, 1983. 5706:. Aviation Safety Network 5310:15 September 2015 at the 5085:"American airplanes:Bell" 4726:Zaschka Helicopter (1927) 4587:"A Successful Helicopter" 4178:24 September 2015 at the 4121:25 September 2015 at the 4096:15 September 2015 at the 3748:. New York: Wiley, 1997. 2900:Highest takeoff (turbine) 2883:Vasily Kolochenko, et al. 2736:John Trevor Egginton (UK) 2040: 1680:Single lift-rotor success 1390:James Gordon Bennett, Jr. 1250: 1225:Leonardo's "aerial screw" 1136: 950:electronic news gathering 793: 663:human-powered helicopters 6794:Human-powered helicopter 6681:Manufacturers by country 6573:U.S. Air Force squadrons 6213:. London: Putnam, 1997. 5287:20 February 2014 at the 5281:"Igor Sikorsky – VS 300" 5070:24 February 2014 at the 4996:22 December 2015 at the 4917:Rotorcraft Aeromechanics 4854:22 December 2015 at the 4801:25 November 2011 at the 4644:20 February 2014 at the 4154:20 February 2014 at the 3841:n/a, n/a (11 May 2018). 3547:16 February 2011 at the 3519:27 November 2015 at the 3205:18 December 2007 at the 3134: 2929:Highest takeoff (piston) 2751:Distance without landing 2603:Pakistan (Pakistan Army) 2538:Crash at an air show in 2252:articulated rotor system 2107: 1795:Frank Kingston Smith Sr. 1013:Helicopters are used as 805: 784:Lockheed AH-56A Cheyenne 644:unmanned aerial vehicles 350:, leading to words like 7304:Aircraft configurations 7170:Fairey Aviation Company 6541:Active Russian military 6536:Accidents and incidents 5599:10 January 2016 at the 5267:3 December 2013 at the 5022:7 February 2015 at the 4980:Watkinson 2004, p. 358. 4964:26 January 2009 at the 4784:– via Youtube.com 4355:. Retrieved: 3 May 2007 4353:Helicopter History Site 4073:Helicopter History Site 4068:7 November 2006 at the 3987:5 December 2004 at the 3791:Butler, Bret W. et al. 3731:4 February 2014 at the 3280:A Greek–English Lexicon 3082:Helicopter manufacturer 3008:Indoor soccer stadium; 2645:CH-47 Chinook, US Army 2356:Shot down over Chechnya 2290:in dusty conditions or 2279:height-velocity diagram 1791:Cierva Autogiro Company 1450:designed and built the 1323:(1877), exposed at the 1216:Leonardo's aerial screw 1091:Unmanned aerial systems 864: 859:turn and bank indicator 790:during forward flight. 7086:Ground-effect vehicles 6962:Unpowered free flight 6832:Transverse flow effect 6738:Retreating blade stall 5317:, August 1954, p. 139. 5262:Sikorsky R-4B Hoverfly 4770:The Zaschka Innovation 4658:The JAviator Quadrotor 4530:6 October 2014 at the 4507:Taylor, Michael J. H. 4342:"Pioneers – 1900/1930" 3815:Kay, Marcia Hillary. " 3799:2 October 2008 at the 3598:18 August 2016 at the 3265:ἕλιξ (as an adjective) 3155:1 October 2008 at the 3108:Transverse flow effect 3046: 2802:No in-flight refueling 2788:Scott Kasprowicz (USA) 2777:Around-the-world speed 2242:Retreating blade stall 2221: 2137: 2102:velocity, never exceed 2086: 2062: 1982: 1917:1st Air Commando Group 1877: 1783: 1652: 1592:de Bothezat helicopter 1524: 1443: 1404:inventor, adapted the 1335: 1284:instruments. In 1783, 1272:In July 1754, Russian 1227: 1146: 1107:anti-submarine warfare 1062: 1021:in situations when an 1010: 971: 945: 925: 878: 823: 771: 687: 593: 582: 487: 430: 429:Sikorsky's V-300, 1937 375: 366:Design characteristics 296: 169: 161: 153: 145: 7094:experimental aircraft 6954:Lift: Unpowered rotor 6119:Guinness World Record 6082:"Record File n°15629" 6050:"Record File n°11597" 5922:"Record File n°15171" 5858:"Record File n°11659" 5558:"Safety Notice SN-11" 5208:Defense Media Network 5178:Smith, Frank (1981). 4411:Youngstown Vindicator 3936:Leishman, J. Gordon. 3623:30 April 2016 at the 3393:Frawley 2003, p. 151. 3271:Liddell, Henry George 3044: 2959:Purely electric hover 2949:Pike's Peak, Colorado 2762:Robert G. Ferry (USA) 2397:Collision over Israel 2317:List of fatal crashes 2215: 2202:computer-aided design 2175:Critical wind azimuth 2135: 2084: 2053: 1980: 1871: 1819:During World War II, 1799:transverse twin-rotor 1793:, which according to 1778: 1731:Gyroplane Laboratoire 1650: 1602:cyclic and collective 1518: 1482:Ellehammer helicopter 1441: 1318: 1223: 1144: 1079:Transport helicopters 1060: 1008: 1002:Aircrane helitanker. 969: 943: 916: 872: 813: 769: 682: 588: 580: 480: 428: 373: 167: 159: 151: 133: 7008:(None – see note 2) 6985:(None – see note 2) 6957:Lift: Powered rotor 6691:Used in World War II 6558:NATO reporting names 6209:Francillon, René J. 6018:"Record File n°9917" 5986:"Record File n°9918" 5381:on 19 September 2020 5046:7 March 2016 at the 4946:– via YouTube. 4673:, p. 74. USA, 2013, 4671:The Aviation History 4620:5 March 2016 at the 3571:11 July 2011 at the 3373:Cottez 1980, p. 181. 2963:Solution F Prototype 2847:Sikorsky CH-54 Tarhe 2563:Boeing 234LR Chinook 2530:Boeing CH-47 Chinook 2294:in snowy conditions. 1886:Wynn Laurence LePage 1771:Birth of an industry 1723:von Karman Institute 1572:quadrotor helicopter 1476:The Danish inventor 1155:Leonardo Helicopters 1065:Military forces use 743:causing the nose to 589:Turbine engine of a 260:compound helicopters 143:Air Support Division 52:improve this article 19:For other uses, see 7268:Compound helicopter 6288:Military Rotorcraft 5954:"Record File n°754" 5890:"Record File n°784" 5654:on 29 November 2017 5615:FAA RFH, page 11-10 5424:4 June 2016 at the 5405:4 June 2016 at the 4956:Savine, Alexandre. 4795:"Asboth Helicopter" 4459:Občina Ajdovščina. 4204:Library of Congress 3911:. 17 October 2018. 3827:8 June 2014 at the 3666:"Under the big top" 3630:John Wiley and Sons 3410:on 18 February 2014 3348:The Free Dictionary 3072:Helicopter dynamics 3057:Backpack helicopter 2485:Đông Hà Combat Base 2323: 2229:Settling with power 2091:dissymmetry of lift 2046:Maximum speed limit 2016:December 1951, the 1728:The Bréguet-Dorand 1636:Corradino D'Ascanio 1286:Christian de Launoy 1171:Russian Helicopters 1163:Robinson Helicopter 984:aerial firefighting 762:Compound helicopter 518:Intermeshing rotors 441:settled on for his 386:(or gyroplane) and 202:fixed-wing aircraft 7242:Heliplane (Type-1) 7075:balloon helicopter 6753:Servo transparency 6327:Zaschka, Engelbert 5966:on 3 December 2013 5870:on 3 December 2013 5233:airandspace.si.edu 5167:– via JSTOR. 4348:4 May 2007 at the 4234:"Enrico Forlanini" 3700:heliventuresnc.com 3576:Helicopter Vietnam 3466:. 29 October 2020. 3113:Utility helicopter 3103:List of rotorcraft 3047: 2784:Agusta A109S Grand 2542:, then located in 2336:Event and location 2321: 2254:becomes irregular. 2222: 2138: 2087: 2063: 1983: 1878: 1837:'s own pioneering 1784: 1754:American inventor 1715:Sint-Genesius-Rode 1653: 1588:George de Bothezat 1570:(FAI), flying his 1551:George de Bothezat 1525: 1444: 1336: 1232:bamboo flying toys 1228: 1151:Airbus Helicopters 1147: 1067:attack helicopters 1063: 1011: 972: 946: 926: 908:aerial observation 879: 845:translational lift 824: 772: 688: 594: 591:CH-53 Sea Stallion 583: 488: 474:on the tail boom. 431: 376: 170: 162: 154: 146: 16:Type of rotorcraft 7286: 7285: 7128: 7127: 7110:flettner airplane 7046: 7045: 6878: 6877: 6827:Search and rescue 6748:Vortex ring state 6701: 6700: 6638:Piasecki Aircraft 6628:Juan de la Cierva 6586: 6585: 6374:Popular Mechanics 6249:978-0-7137-0493-8 6239:Munson, Kenneth. 6224:Frawley, Gerard. 6179:Chiles, James R. 6122:. 4 August 2011. 6094:on 5 January 2015 6062:on 5 January 2015 6030:on 5 January 2015 5998:on 5 January 2015 5934:on 5 January 2015 5902:on 5 January 2015 5786:. 6 August 2011. 5784:Los Angeles Times 5753:Los Angeles Times 5574:on 11 August 2013 5339:on 1 January 2008 5315:Popular Mechanics 4934:. 30 April 2012. 4679:978-3-8482-6639-5 4572:Popular Mechanics 4328:Bryan, George S. 4016:978-0-19-516035-2 3950:978-0-521-85860-1 3773:on 7 October 2014 3767:"Rotary inaction" 3529:978-0-9780269-0-5 3321:Harper, Douglas. 3052:Attack helicopter 3018: 3017: 2866:Altitude with 40- 2816:Aerospatiale Lama 2689: 2688: 2523:11 September 1982 2056:Russian Air Force 1910:search and rescue 1859:Extensive bombing 1841:—was used in the 1657:Juan de la Cierva 1613:Engelbert Zaschka 1562:Étienne Oehmichen 1516: 1504:Early development 1377:, but it remains 1367:Hermann Ganswindt 1302:Sir George Cayley 1274:Mikhail Lomonosov 1263:Leonardo da Vinci 1175:Sikorsky Aircraft 1071:missile launchers 892:search and rescue 502:Transverse rotors 290:The English word 270:) were pioneered 248:transverse rotors 128: 127: 120: 102: 7311: 7155: 7148: 7141: 7132: 7131: 7121: 7078: 7066: 6994:Tethered balloon 6951:Lift: Fixed wing 6930: 6929: 6905: 6898: 6891: 6882: 6881: 6868: 6867: 6858: 6857: 6848: 6817:List of aircraft 6723:Ground resonance 6718:Dynamic rollover 6608: 6607: 6594: 6445: 6444: 6427: 6420: 6413: 6404: 6403: 6399: 6311:Wragg, David W. 6166: 6165: 6163: 6161: 6152:. 22 July 2013. 6142: 6136: 6135: 6133: 6131: 6110: 6104: 6103: 6101: 6099: 6090:. Archived from 6078: 6072: 6071: 6069: 6067: 6058:. Archived from 6046: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6035: 6026:. Archived from 6014: 6008: 6007: 6005: 6003: 5994:. Archived from 5982: 5976: 5975: 5973: 5971: 5962:. Archived from 5950: 5944: 5943: 5941: 5939: 5930:. Archived from 5918: 5912: 5911: 5909: 5907: 5898:. Archived from 5886: 5880: 5879: 5877: 5875: 5866:. Archived from 5854: 5848: 5847: 5845: 5843: 5828: 5822: 5821: 5819: 5817: 5806: 5800: 5799: 5797: 5795: 5776: 5770: 5769: 5767: 5765: 5744: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5733: 5722: 5716: 5715: 5713: 5711: 5700: 5694: 5693: 5691: 5689: 5673: 5664: 5663: 5661: 5659: 5644: 5638: 5637: 5635: 5633: 5622: 5616: 5613: 5607: 5590: 5584: 5583: 5581: 5579: 5573: 5562: 5554: 5548: 5547: 5545: 5543: 5537: 5530: 5522: 5513: 5512: 5510: 5508: 5493: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5467: 5461: 5460: 5458: 5456: 5450: 5443: 5435: 5429: 5416: 5410: 5397: 5391: 5390: 5388: 5386: 5377:. Archived from 5367: 5361: 5355: 5349: 5348: 5346: 5344: 5335:. Archived from 5324: 5318: 5301: 5295: 5277: 5271: 5259: 5253: 5250: 5244: 5243: 5241: 5239: 5225: 5219: 5218: 5216: 5214: 5200: 5194: 5193: 5175: 5169: 5168: 5145:SAE Transactions 5136: 5130: 5129: 5127: 5125: 5116: 5107: 5101: 5100: 5098: 5096: 5081: 5075: 5063:Day, Dwayne A. " 5061: 5055: 5037: 5031: 5013: 5007: 4987: 4981: 4978: 4972: 4954: 4948: 4947: 4945: 4943: 4926: 4920: 4915:Johnson, Wayne. 4913: 4907: 4904: 4898: 4891: 4885: 4878: 4872: 4869: 4863: 4845: 4839: 4836: 4827: 4820: 4815: 4809: 4808:, 27 April 1935. 4792: 4786: 4785: 4783: 4781: 4761: 4755: 4754: 4750: 4744: 4743: 4741: 4739: 4730:. Archived from 4720: 4714: 4704: 4698: 4688: 4682: 4667: 4661: 4655: 4649: 4637:Rumerman, Judy. 4635: 4629: 4611: 4605: 4604: 4602: 4600: 4583: 4577: 4576: 4563: 4557: 4556: 4545: 4539: 4521: 4512: 4505: 4499: 4498: 4483: 4477: 4476: 4474: 4472: 4456: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4445: 4429: 4423: 4422: 4420: 4418: 4403: 4397: 4388: 4382: 4381: 4379: 4377: 4362: 4356: 4339: 4333: 4326: 4320: 4319: 4317: 4315: 4296: 4290: 4289: 4287: 4285: 4274: 4268: 4267: 4265: 4263: 4252: 4246: 4245: 4243: 4241: 4230: 4224: 4223: 4221: 4219: 4213: 4200: 4192: 4186: 4170:Pilotfriend.com 4168: 4162: 4146:Rumerman, Judy. 4144: 4133: 4112: 4101: 4082: 4076: 4058: 4052: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4038:. Archived from 4027: 4021: 4020: 4001: 3995: 3992:Aerospaceweb.org 3978: 3972: 3970: 3968: 3966: 3957:. Archived from 3934: 3925: 3924: 3922: 3920: 3901: 3895: 3894: 3892: 3890: 3884: 3877: 3869: 3863: 3862: 3860: 3858: 3838: 3832: 3821:Rotor & Wing 3813: 3807: 3789: 3783: 3782: 3780: 3778: 3763: 3757: 3742: 3736: 3722: 3716: 3715: 3713: 3711: 3692: 3686: 3685: 3683: 3681: 3670:Rotor & Wing 3661: 3655: 3650:Kenneth Munson; 3648: 3642: 3614: 3608: 3604:US Army Aviation 3585: 3579: 3562: 3556: 3538: 3532: 3512:Croucher, Phil. 3510: 3504: 3493: 3487: 3474: 3468: 3467: 3456: 3450: 3449: 3447: 3445: 3434:aerospaceweb.org 3426: 3420: 3419: 3417: 3415: 3400: 3394: 3391: 3385: 3380: 3374: 3371: 3365: 3364: 3362: 3360: 3339: 3333: 3332: 3318: 3312: 3301: 3300: 3294: 3288: 3267: 3266: 3259: 3258: 3235: 3234: 3224: 3218: 3196: 3190: 3187: 3161: 3145: 3037: 3032: 3031: 3030: 2907:Eurocopter AS350 2696: 2695: 2572:Shetland Islands 2406:14 December 1992 2324: 2320: 2265:Dynamic rollover 2248:Ground resonance 2218:Eurocopter AS350 2015: 1825:Flettner Fl 282 1810:Deutschlandhalle 1802:Focke-Wulf Fw 61 1780:Focke-Wulf Fw 61 1607: 1582: 1577: 1538: 1517: 1478:Jacob Ellehammer 1452:Cornu helicopter 1434: 1430: 1375:Max Skladanowsky 1371:heavier-than-air 1344:Enrico Forlanini 1321:Enrico Forlanini 1253: 1252: 934:logging industry 910:, among others. 788:pusher propeller 683:Controls from a 435:aerodynamic drag 401:Helicopter rotor 337: 336: 330: 316: 315: 309: 299: 272:as early as 1907 123: 116: 112: 109: 103: 101: 60: 36: 28: 7319: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7312: 7310: 7309: 7308: 7289: 7288: 7287: 7282: 7246: 7234:Kayaba Industry 7228: 7210: 7192: 7164: 7159: 7129: 7124: 7102:Flying Bedstead 7084: 7072: 7056: 7047: 6923: 6909: 6879: 6874: 6850:Aviation portal 6836: 6802:Mars helicopter 6762: 6733:Low-g condition 6697: 6664: 6645:Fairey Rotodyne 6633:Skyworks Global 6601: 6595: 6582: 6524: 6485:Flight controls 6434: 6431: 6349: 6344: 6286:Thicknesse, P. 6194:Cottez, Henri. 6175: 6170: 6169: 6159: 6157: 6144: 6143: 6139: 6129: 6127: 6112: 6111: 6107: 6097: 6095: 6080: 6079: 6075: 6065: 6063: 6048: 6047: 6043: 6033: 6031: 6016: 6015: 6011: 6001: 5999: 5984: 5983: 5979: 5969: 5967: 5952: 5951: 5947: 5937: 5935: 5920: 5919: 5915: 5905: 5903: 5888: 5887: 5883: 5873: 5871: 5856: 5855: 5851: 5841: 5839: 5830: 5829: 5825: 5815: 5813: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5793: 5791: 5778: 5777: 5773: 5763: 5761: 5746: 5745: 5741: 5731: 5729: 5724: 5723: 5719: 5709: 5707: 5702: 5701: 5697: 5687: 5685: 5674: 5667: 5657: 5655: 5646: 5645: 5641: 5631: 5629: 5624: 5623: 5619: 5614: 5610: 5601:Wayback Machine 5591: 5587: 5577: 5575: 5571: 5560: 5556: 5555: 5551: 5541: 5539: 5535: 5528: 5524: 5523: 5516: 5506: 5504: 5495: 5494: 5490: 5480: 5478: 5469: 5468: 5464: 5454: 5452: 5448: 5441: 5437: 5436: 5432: 5426:Wayback Machine 5417: 5413: 5407:Wayback Machine 5398: 5394: 5384: 5382: 5369: 5368: 5364: 5356: 5352: 5342: 5340: 5325: 5321: 5312:Wayback Machine 5302: 5298: 5289:Wayback Machine 5279:Day, Dwayne A. 5278: 5274: 5269:Wayback Machine 5260: 5256: 5252:Francillon 1997 5251: 5247: 5237: 5235: 5227: 5226: 5222: 5212: 5210: 5202: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5176: 5172: 5137: 5133: 5123: 5121: 5114: 5108: 5104: 5094: 5092: 5083: 5082: 5078: 5072:Wayback Machine 5062: 5058: 5048:Wayback Machine 5038: 5034: 5024:Wayback Machine 5014: 5010: 4998:Wayback Machine 4988: 4984: 4979: 4975: 4966:Wayback Machine 4955: 4951: 4941: 4939: 4928: 4927: 4923: 4914: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4892: 4888: 4879: 4875: 4870: 4866: 4856:Wayback Machine 4846: 4842: 4837: 4830: 4818: 4816: 4812: 4803:Wayback Machine 4793: 4789: 4779: 4777: 4762: 4758: 4752: 4751: 4747: 4737: 4735: 4722: 4721: 4717: 4706:Alex de Voogt. 4705: 4701: 4689: 4685: 4668: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4646:Wayback Machine 4636: 4632: 4622:Wayback Machine 4612: 4608: 4598: 4596: 4585: 4584: 4580: 4565: 4564: 4560: 4553:Popular Science 4547: 4546: 4542: 4532:Wayback Machine 4522: 4515: 4506: 4502: 4485: 4484: 4480: 4470: 4468: 4457: 4453: 4443: 4441: 4430: 4426: 4416: 4414: 4405: 4404: 4400: 4396:, December 1930 4393:Popular Science 4389: 4385: 4375: 4373: 4364: 4363: 4359: 4350:Wayback Machine 4340: 4336: 4327: 4323: 4313: 4311: 4298: 4297: 4293: 4283: 4281: 4276: 4275: 4271: 4261: 4259: 4254: 4253: 4249: 4239: 4237: 4232: 4231: 4227: 4217: 4215: 4211: 4198: 4194: 4193: 4189: 4183:Pilotfriend.com 4180:Wayback Machine 4169: 4165: 4156:Wayback Machine 4145: 4136: 4123:Wayback Machine 4113: 4104: 4098:Wayback Machine 4083: 4079: 4070:Wayback Machine 4059: 4055: 4045: 4043: 4042:on 29 June 2011 4028: 4024: 4017: 4003: 4002: 3998: 3989:Wayback Machine 3979: 3975: 3964: 3962: 3961:on 13 July 2014 3953: 3935: 3928: 3918: 3916: 3903: 3902: 3898: 3888: 3886: 3885:on 4 March 2018 3882: 3875: 3871: 3870: 3866: 3856: 3854: 3839: 3835: 3829:Wayback Machine 3814: 3810: 3801:Wayback Machine 3790: 3786: 3776: 3774: 3765: 3764: 3760: 3743: 3739: 3733:Wayback Machine 3724:Day, Dwayne A. 3723: 3719: 3709: 3707: 3694: 3693: 3689: 3679: 3677: 3662: 3658: 3649: 3645: 3625:Wayback Machine 3615: 3611: 3600:Wayback Machine 3586: 3582: 3573:Wayback Machine 3563: 3559: 3549:Wayback Machine 3539: 3535: 3521:Wayback Machine 3511: 3507: 3495:Skinner, Tony. 3494: 3490: 3475: 3471: 3458: 3457: 3453: 3443: 3441: 3428: 3427: 3423: 3413: 3411: 3402: 3401: 3397: 3392: 3388: 3381: 3377: 3372: 3368: 3358: 3356: 3341: 3340: 3336: 3319: 3315: 3295: 3291: 3285:Perseus Project 3225: 3221: 3207:Wayback Machine 3197: 3193: 3188: 3175: 3170: 3165: 3164: 3157:Wayback Machine 3146: 3142: 3137: 3132: 3127: 3035:Aviation portal 3033: 3028: 3026: 3023: 2967:Pascal Chretien 2943:12 October 2009 2911:Didier Delsalle 2854:4 November 1971 2851:James K. Church 2798: 2694: 2660:26 January 2005 2639:18 August 1971 2581:28 January 1992 2554:6 November 1986 2471:8 January 1968 2384:4 February 1997 2365:9 December 1982 2319: 2258:Low-G condition 2210: 2198:Pascal Chretien 2189: 2177: 2156: 2143:angle of attack 2130: 2110: 2098: 2074:and vibration. 2048: 2043: 2013: 1975: 1965: 1944:teetering rotor 1773: 1756:Arthur M. Young 1752: 1711:Nicolas Florine 1682: 1666:Asturias revolt 1645: 1605: 1580: 1575: 1536: 1508: 1506: 1494:Austria-Hungary 1432: 1428: 1415: 1310:Wright brothers 1306:Alphonse Pénaud 1218: 1204: 1199: 1159:Bell Helicopter 1139: 1047:use helicopters 867: 854: 841: 808: 796: 764: 733:angle of attack 677: 671: 669:Flight controls 661:There are also 648:electric motors 629:Sud-Ouest Djinn 575: 569:Aircraft engine 567:Main articles: 565: 423: 403: 397: 368: 288: 124: 113: 107: 104: 61: 59: 49: 37: 24: 17: 12: 11: 5: 7317: 7307: 7306: 7301: 7284: 7283: 7281: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7254: 7252: 7251:Related topics 7248: 7247: 7245: 7244: 7238: 7236: 7230: 7229: 7227: 7226: 7220: 7218: 7212: 7211: 7209: 7208: 7202: 7200: 7194: 7193: 7191: 7190: 7185: 7180: 7174: 7172: 7166: 7165: 7158: 7157: 7150: 7143: 7135: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7122: 7118:hybrid airship 7080: 7079: 7068: 7067: 7052: 7049: 7048: 7044: 7043: 7034: 7029: 7019: 7014: 7010: 7009: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6987: 6986: 6983: 6974: 6969: 6963: 6959: 6958: 6955: 6952: 6949: 6945: 6944: 6939: 6934: 6928: 6925: 6924: 6915:by methods of 6908: 6907: 6900: 6893: 6885: 6876: 6875: 6873: 6872: 6862: 6852: 6841: 6838: 6837: 6835: 6834: 6829: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6809: 6804: 6796: 6791: 6786: 6781: 6776: 6770: 6768: 6764: 6763: 6761: 6760: 6755: 6750: 6745: 6740: 6735: 6730: 6725: 6720: 6715: 6709: 6707: 6703: 6702: 6699: 6698: 6696: 6695: 6694: 6693: 6688: 6683: 6672: 6670: 6666: 6665: 6663: 6662: 6657: 6652: 6647: 6642: 6641: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6614: 6612: 6605: 6597: 6596: 6589: 6587: 6584: 6583: 6581: 6580: 6575: 6570: 6565: 6563:Prison escapes 6560: 6555: 6554: 6553: 6543: 6538: 6532: 6530: 6526: 6525: 6523: 6522: 6517: 6512: 6510:Rotor solidity 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6487: 6482: 6477: 6472: 6467: 6462: 6457: 6451: 6449: 6442: 6436: 6435: 6430: 6429: 6422: 6415: 6407: 6401: 6400: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6368: 6362: 6356: 6348: 6347:External links 6345: 6343: 6342: 6324: 6309: 6299: 6284: 6268: 6252: 6237: 6222: 6207: 6192: 6176: 6174: 6171: 6168: 6167: 6150:John Stevenson 6137: 6105: 6073: 6041: 6009: 5977: 5945: 5913: 5881: 5849: 5823: 5801: 5771: 5756:. 3 May 1993. 5739: 5717: 5695: 5665: 5639: 5617: 5608: 5585: 5549: 5514: 5488: 5462: 5430: 5411: 5392: 5362: 5360:2007, pp. 3–7. 5350: 5319: 5296: 5272: 5254: 5245: 5220: 5195: 5188: 5170: 5131: 5102: 5076: 5056: 5032: 5008: 4982: 4973: 4949: 4921: 4908: 4899: 4886: 4873: 4864: 4840: 4828: 4810: 4787: 4756: 4745: 4734:on 29 May 2016 4715: 4699: 4683: 4662: 4650: 4630: 4606: 4578: 4558: 4540: 4513: 4500: 4478: 4451: 4424: 4398: 4383: 4357: 4334: 4321: 4291: 4269: 4247: 4225: 4187: 4163: 4134: 4102: 4085:Donald F. Lach 4077: 4053: 4036:VectorSite.net 4030:Goebel, Greg. 4022: 4015: 3996: 3973: 3926: 3896: 3864: 3833: 3808: 3784: 3758: 3744:Webster, L.F. 3737: 3717: 3687: 3672:. p. 48. 3656: 3643: 3609: 3580: 3557: 3540:Johnson, Pam. 3533: 3505: 3501:shephard.co.uk 3488: 3469: 3451: 3421: 3395: 3386: 3375: 3366: 3334: 3313: 3289: 3219: 3191: 3172: 3171: 3169: 3166: 3163: 3162: 3139: 3138: 3136: 3133: 3131: 3128: 3126: 3125: 3120: 3115: 3110: 3105: 3100: 3095: 3089: 3084: 3079: 3074: 3069: 3064: 3059: 3054: 3048: 3039: 3038: 3022: 3019: 3016: 3015: 3013: 3006: 3001: 2998: 2995: 2992:AeroVelo Atlas 2989: 2986: 2982: 2981: 2979: 2976: 2971: 2970:12 August 2011 2968: 2965: 2960: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2950: 2947: 2944: 2941: 2938: 2933: 2930: 2926: 2925: 2923: 2920: 2915: 2912: 2909: 2904: 2901: 2897: 2896: 2894: 2892: 2887: 2884: 2881: 2876: 2873: 2863: 2862: 2860: 2858: 2855: 2852: 2849: 2844: 2841: 2837: 2836: 2834: 2832: 2827: 2824: 2818: 2813: 2810: 2806: 2805: 2803: 2800: 2792: 2791:18 August 2008 2789: 2786: 2781: 2778: 2774: 2773: 2771: 2769: 2766: 2763: 2760: 2755: 2752: 2748: 2747: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2739:11 August 1986 2737: 2734: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2721: 2718: 2715: 2712: 2709: 2706: 2703: 2700: 2693: 2690: 2687: 2686: 2683: 2670: 2664: 2661: 2657: 2656: 2653: 2646: 2643: 2642:United States 2640: 2636: 2635: 2632: 2626: 2625:CH-47 Chinook 2623: 2620: 2616: 2615: 2612: 2607: 2604: 2601: 2597: 2596: 2593: 2588: 2585: 2582: 2578: 2577: 2574: 2565: 2560: 2555: 2551: 2550: 2547: 2536: 2527: 2524: 2520: 2519: 2516: 2509: 2503: 2502:United States 2500: 2496: 2495: 2492: 2481: 2475: 2474:United States 2472: 2468: 2467: 2464: 2451: 2448: 2445: 2441: 2440: 2437: 2434: 2431: 2428: 2427:4 October 1993 2424: 2423: 2420: 2413: 2410: 2407: 2403: 2402: 2399: 2394: 2388: 2385: 2381: 2380: 2377: 2374: 2369: 2366: 2362: 2361: 2358: 2353: 2348: 2345: 2344:19 August 2002 2341: 2340: 2337: 2334: 2331: 2328: 2318: 2315: 2314: 2313: 2310: 2304: 2301: 2298: 2295: 2285: 2282: 2272: 2262: 2255: 2245: 2239: 2232: 2209: 2206: 2188: 2185: 2176: 2173: 2155: 2152: 2129: 2126: 2122:national parks 2109: 2106: 2096: 2068:speed of sound 2047: 2044: 2042: 2039: 2010:turbine engine 1998:Anton Flettner 1964: 1961: 1948:stabilizer bar 1921:Burma campaign 1835:Anton Flettner 1787:Heinrich Focke 1772: 1769: 1760:stabilizer bar 1751: 1748: 1698:100 CV output 1681: 1678: 1644: 1641: 1555:McCook's Field 1543:In March 1923 1505: 1502: 1496:developed the 1470:neighborhood. 1464:Emile Berliner 1424:Gyroplane No.1 1414: 1411: 1360:Gustave Trouvé 1356:Linate Airport 1282:meteorological 1203: 1200: 1198: 1195: 1179:MD Helicopters 1138: 1135: 1095:reconnaissance 1015:air ambulances 980:wildland fires 888:transportation 866: 863: 853: 852:Forward flight 850: 840: 837: 807: 804: 795: 792: 763: 760: 673:Main article: 670: 667: 652:piston engines 610:radial engines 606:rotary engines 564: 561: 554: 553: 525: 515: 512:Coaxial rotors 509: 499: 422: 419: 399:Main article: 396: 393: 367: 364: 287: 284: 126: 125: 40: 38: 31: 15: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7316: 7305: 7302: 7300: 7297: 7296: 7294: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7273:Convertiplane 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7255: 7253: 7249: 7243: 7240: 7239: 7237: 7235: 7231: 7225: 7222: 7221: 7219: 7217: 7213: 7207: 7204: 7203: 7201: 7199: 7195: 7189: 7188:FB-1 Gyrodyne 7186: 7184: 7181: 7179: 7176: 7175: 7173: 7171: 7167: 7163: 7156: 7151: 7149: 7144: 7142: 7137: 7136: 7133: 7119: 7115: 7111: 7107: 7103: 7099: 7095: 7091: 7087: 7082: 7081: 7076: 7070: 7069: 7064: 7060: 7054: 7053: 7050: 7042: 7038: 7035: 7033: 7030: 7027: 7023: 7020: 7018: 7015: 7012: 7011: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6989: 6988: 6984: 6982: 6978: 6975: 6973: 6970: 6968: 6964: 6961: 6960: 6956: 6953: 6950: 6947: 6946: 6943: 6938: 6935: 6931: 6926: 6922: 6918: 6914: 6906: 6901: 6899: 6894: 6892: 6887: 6886: 6883: 6871: 6863: 6861: 6853: 6851: 6847: 6843: 6842: 6839: 6833: 6830: 6828: 6825: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6808: 6805: 6803: 6801: 6797: 6795: 6792: 6790: 6787: 6785: 6782: 6780: 6777: 6775: 6774:Bamboo-copter 6772: 6771: 6769: 6765: 6759: 6756: 6754: 6751: 6749: 6746: 6744: 6743:Dynamic stall 6741: 6739: 6736: 6734: 6731: 6729: 6726: 6724: 6721: 6719: 6716: 6714: 6711: 6710: 6708: 6704: 6692: 6689: 6687: 6686:Most-produced 6684: 6682: 6679: 6678: 6677: 6674: 6673: 6671: 6667: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6651: 6648: 6646: 6643: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6619: 6616: 6615: 6613: 6609: 6606: 6604: 6598: 6593: 6579: 6578:U.S. military 6576: 6574: 6571: 6569: 6566: 6564: 6561: 6559: 6556: 6552: 6549: 6548: 6547: 6544: 6542: 6539: 6537: 6534: 6533: 6531: 6527: 6521: 6518: 6516: 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6495:Manufacturers 6493: 6491: 6488: 6486: 6483: 6481: 6478: 6476: 6473: 6471: 6468: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6456: 6453: 6452: 6450: 6446: 6443: 6441: 6437: 6428: 6423: 6421: 6416: 6414: 6409: 6408: 6405: 6397: 6393: 6388: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6375: 6372: 6369: 6366: 6363: 6360: 6357: 6354: 6351: 6350: 6340: 6336: 6332: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6321:0-7090-0858-9 6318: 6314: 6310: 6308: 6307:0-7506-5715-4 6304: 6300: 6297: 6296:1-85753-325-9 6293: 6289: 6285: 6282: 6281:1-56027-404-2 6278: 6274: 6273: 6269: 6266: 6265:1-60239-060-6 6262: 6258: 6257: 6253: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6235: 6234:1-875671-58-7 6231: 6227: 6223: 6220: 6219:0-85177-827-5 6216: 6212: 6208: 6205: 6204:0-85177-827-5 6201: 6197: 6193: 6190: 6189:0-553-80447-2 6186: 6182: 6178: 6177: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6141: 6125: 6121: 6120: 6115: 6109: 6093: 6089: 6088: 6083: 6077: 6061: 6057: 6056: 6051: 6045: 6029: 6025: 6024: 6019: 6013: 5997: 5993: 5992: 5987: 5981: 5965: 5961: 5960: 5955: 5949: 5933: 5929: 5928: 5923: 5917: 5901: 5897: 5896: 5891: 5885: 5869: 5865: 5864: 5859: 5853: 5837: 5833: 5827: 5811: 5805: 5789: 5785: 5781: 5775: 5759: 5755: 5754: 5749: 5743: 5727: 5721: 5705: 5699: 5683: 5679: 5672: 5670: 5653: 5649: 5643: 5627: 5621: 5612: 5605: 5602: 5598: 5594: 5589: 5570: 5566: 5559: 5553: 5534: 5527: 5521: 5519: 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3613: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3597: 3594: 3590: 3584: 3577: 3574: 3570: 3566: 3565:"Helicopters" 3561: 3554: 3553:Pacific Wings 3550: 3546: 3543: 3537: 3530: 3526: 3522: 3518: 3515: 3509: 3502: 3498: 3492: 3485: 3483: 3478: 3473: 3465: 3464:UASweekly.com 3461: 3455: 3439: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3409: 3405: 3399: 3390: 3384: 3379: 3370: 3354: 3350: 3349: 3344: 3338: 3330: 3329: 3324: 3317: 3310: 3306: 3302: 3293: 3286: 3282: 3281: 3276: 3275:Scott, Robert 3272: 3268: 3260: 3252: 3251: 3246: 3242: 3238: 3233: 3228: 3223: 3216: 3212: 3208: 3204: 3201: 3195: 3186: 3184: 3182: 3180: 3178: 3173: 3158: 3154: 3150: 3144: 3140: 3124: 3121: 3119: 3116: 3114: 3111: 3109: 3106: 3104: 3101: 3099: 3096: 3093: 3090: 3088: 3085: 3083: 3080: 3078: 3075: 3073: 3070: 3068: 3065: 3063: 3060: 3058: 3055: 3053: 3050: 3049: 3043: 3036: 3025: 3014: 3011: 3007: 3005: 3002: 2999: 2997:Todd Reichert 2996: 2993: 2990: 2987: 2984: 2983: 2980: 2977: 2975: 2972: 2969: 2966: 2964: 2961: 2958: 2955: 2954: 2951: 2948: 2946:United States 2945: 2942: 2939: 2937: 2934: 2931: 2928: 2927: 2924: 2922:Mount Everest 2921: 2919: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2908: 2905: 2902: 2899: 2898: 2895: 2893: 2891: 2888: 2886:6 August 1969 2885: 2882: 2880: 2877: 2874: 2872: 2869: 2865: 2864: 2861: 2859: 2857:United States 2856: 2853: 2850: 2848: 2845: 2842: 2839: 2838: 2835: 2833: 2831: 2828: 2825: 2822: 2819: 2817: 2814: 2811: 2808: 2807: 2804: 2801: 2797: 2796:New York City 2793: 2790: 2787: 2785: 2782: 2779: 2776: 2775: 2772: 2770: 2768:United States 2767: 2764: 2761: 2759: 2758:Hughes YOH-6A 2756: 2753: 2750: 2749: 2746: 2744: 2741: 2738: 2735: 2733: 2732:Westland Lynx 2730: 2727: 2724: 2723: 2719: 2716: 2713: 2710: 2707: 2704: 2701: 2698: 2697: 2692:World records 2684: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2671: 2668: 2665: 2663:United States 2662: 2659: 2658: 2654: 2651: 2647: 2644: 2641: 2638: 2637: 2633: 2631:, Afghanistan 2630: 2627: 2624: 2622:United States 2621: 2619:6 August 2011 2618: 2617: 2613: 2611: 2608: 2605: 2602: 2599: 2598: 2594: 2592: 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2038: 2035: 2029: 2027: 2024: 2019: 2011: 2007: 2003: 1999: 1995: 1992: 1989:modified his 1988: 1987:Charles Kaman 1979: 1974: 1970: 1960: 1957: 1953: 1949: 1945: 1941: 1937: 1936:Bell Aircraft 1932: 1930: 1926: 1922: 1918: 1915: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1883: 1882:Igor Sikorsky 1875: 1870: 1866: 1864: 1863:Allied forces 1860: 1856: 1852: 1848: 1847:Mediterranean 1844: 1840: 1836: 1832: 1829: 1828: 1822: 1817: 1815: 1811: 1807: 1806:Hanna Reitsch 1803: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1788: 1781: 1777: 1768: 1766: 1765:Bell Model 30 1761: 1757: 1747: 1745: 1741: 1738: 1733: 1732: 1726: 1724: 1720: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1706: 1701: 1700:rotary engine 1697: 1695: 1689: 1688: 1677: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1662: 1659:invented the 1658: 1649: 1640: 1637: 1632: 1630: 1629:Oszkár Asbóth 1625: 1622: 1618: 1614: 1609: 1603: 1599: 1595: 1593: 1589: 1584: 1573: 1569: 1568: 1563: 1558: 1556: 1552: 1548: 1547: 1541: 1534: 1530: 1522: 1501: 1499: 1495: 1491: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1474: 1471: 1469: 1465: 1460: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1440: 1436: 1426: 1425: 1420: 1419:Louis Breguet 1413:First flights 1410: 1407: 1403: 1399: 1395: 1391: 1387: 1386:Thomas Edison 1382: 1380: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1363: 1361: 1357: 1353: 1349: 1345: 1341: 1334: 1330: 1326: 1322: 1317: 1313: 1311: 1307: 1303: 1299: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1270: 1268: 1264: 1259: 1255: 1247: 1243: 1242: 1237: 1233: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1213: 1209: 1208:Bamboo-copter 1194: 1192: 1188: 1184: 1180: 1176: 1172: 1166: 1164: 1160: 1156: 1152: 1143: 1134: 1132: 1128: 1127: 1122: 1118: 1116: 1115:oil platforms 1110: 1108: 1104: 1103:dipping sonar 1100: 1096: 1092: 1088: 1084: 1080: 1076: 1072: 1068: 1059: 1055: 1053: 1048: 1043: 1041: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1024: 1020: 1016: 1007: 1003: 1001: 1000:Erickson S-64 997: 993: 989: 985: 981: 977: 968: 964: 962: 958: 953: 951: 942: 938: 935: 931: 923: 919: 915: 911: 909: 905: 901: 897: 893: 889: 884: 876: 871: 862: 860: 849: 846: 836: 834: 829: 821: 817: 816:HH-65 Dolphin 812: 803: 801: 791: 789: 785: 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Retrieved 3346: 3343:"helicopter" 3337: 3326: 3323:"helicopter" 3316: 3292: 3278: 3248: 3236: 3222: 3210: 3194: 3189:Munson 1968. 3143: 3067:Disk loading 3000:13 June 2013 2936:Robinson R44 2826:21 June 1972 2794:From and to 2765:6 April 1966 2673:Crash landed 2544:West Germany 2223: 2194: 2190: 2187:Transmission 2182: 2178: 2169: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2139: 2111: 2101: 2088: 2076: 2064: 2030: 2023:Sud Aviation 1984: 1940:Arthur Young 1933: 1903: 1879: 1874:Sikorsky R-4 1826: 1821:Nazi Germany 1818: 1785: 1753: 1744:Villacoublay 1729: 1727: 1718: 1709: 1693: 1685: 1683: 1674:Pennsylvania 1654: 1633: 1626: 1610: 1596: 1585: 1565: 1559: 1544: 1542: 1533:autorotation 1526: 1487: 1475: 1472: 1461: 1445: 1423: 1416: 1383: 1364: 1348:steam engine 1337: 1271: 1267:aerial screw 1260: 1256: 1239: 1229: 1202:Early design 1183:Robinson R44 1167: 1148: 1124: 1119: 1111: 1099:surveillance 1064: 1052:heat-sensing 1044: 1036:World War II 1012: 973: 954: 947: 930:aerial crane 927: 880: 855: 842: 825: 820:rescue hoist 797: 773: 749: 737: 725: 719: 717: 712:cyclic pitch 709: 705:Robinson R44 701:Robinson R22 696: 693:cyclic stick 692: 689: 660: 656:nitromethane 637: 633:YH-32 Hornet 622: 618: 603: 595: 555: 545: 541: 535: 531: 521: 489: 463: 457: 451: 446: 432: 415: 406: 404: 395:Rotor system 377: 355: 351: 347: 343: 340:rebracketing 325: 321: 318: 304: 291: 289: 276:multicopters 229: 221:Sikorsky R-4 218: 173: 171: 114: 105: 95: 88: 81: 74: 67:"Helicopter" 62: 50:Please help 45:verification 42: 25: 7299:Helicopters 7026:ornithopter 6870:WikiProject 6568:Ultralights 6440:Helicopters 5842:12 December 5816:10 February 5764:12 December 5688:12 December 5632:12 November 5578:22 February 5542:22 February 5095:23 December 4893:"The first 4780:11 November 4738:11 November 4712:web extract 4696:web extract 4417:23 November 4218:29 December 4060:Fay, John. 4046:11 November 3971:Web extract 3726:"Skycranes" 3523:page 2-11. 2914:14 May 2005 2821:Jean Boulet 2699:Record type 2648:Crash near 2600:3 July 2009 2483:Crash near 2444:10 May 1977 2339:Death toll 2269:ground loop 2235:Vortex ring 2059:Kamov Ka-50 2026:Alouette II 1994:synchropter 1969:Gas turbine 1963:Turbine age 1831:synchropter 1694:Monosoupape 1586:In the US, 1490:World War I 1177:with 7.2%, 1173:with 7.7%, 1087:air assault 1040:Vietnam War 988:helibuckets 780:slowed down 776:fixed wings 614:flat engine 528:Multirotors 522:synchropter 421:Anti-torque 297:hélicoptère 268:quadcopters 7293:Categories 7278:Helicopter 7090:hovercraft 7041:helicopter 7004:Rotor kite 6979:, etc. in 6977:Helicopter 6758:Tailstrike 6676:Rotorcraft 6660:Rotor kite 6655:Monocopter 6603:rotorcraft 6455:Amphibious 6160:6 February 5732:9 February 5385:3 December 5343:9 December 5189:0876684851 4087:. 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