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27:
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An aircraft that, at some weight within its approved operating weight, is capable of operating from a STOL runway in compliance with the applicable STOL characteristics and airworthiness, operations, noise, and pollution standards" and ""aircraft" means any machine capable of deriving support in the
562:
A STOL aircraft is an aircraft with a certified performance capability to execute approaches along a glideslope of 6 degrees or steeper and to execute missed approaches at a climb gradient sufficient to clear a 15:1 missed approach surface at sea level... A STOL runway is one which is specifically
430:
sells
Robertson STOL kits, marketed under the name R/STOL, incorporate a drooped leading edge cuff, wing fences, drooping ailerons and an automatic trim system. The company says that installation "allows 15 to 25 MPH slower approaches and requires up to 40% less runway distance". R/STOL kits are
589:
short takeoff and landing aircraft (STOL), heavier-than-air craft, capable of rising from and descending to the ground with only a short length of runway, but incapable of doing so vertically. The precise definition of an STOL aircraft has not been universally agreed upon. However, it has been
530:
STOL (Short Take Off and
Landing). STOL performance of an aircraft is the ability of aircraft to take off and clear a 50-foot obstruction in a distance of 1,500 feet from beginning the takeoff run. It must also be able to stop within 1,500 feet after crossing a 50-foot obstacle on
519:) The ability of an aircraft to clear a 50-foot (15 meters) obstacle within 1,500 feet (450 meters) of commencing takeoff or in landing, to stop within 1,500 feet (450 meters) after passing over a 50-foot (15 meters) obstacle. Also called STOL.
246:
and low drag result in a high rate of climb required to clear obstacles. For landing, high drag allows the aeroplane to descend steeply to the runway without building excess speed resulting in a longer ground run. Drag is increased by use of
402:. The company says: "On an average you can expect to get a 4-7 knot reduction in stall speeds. Flying at these lower stall speeds you can reduce the take-off and landing distances by 10%". Horton STOL kits are available for several
590:
tentatively defined as an aircraft that upon taking off needs only 1,000 ft (305 m) of runway to clear a 50-ft (15-m) obstacle at the end of that distance and upon landing can clear the same obstacle and then land within 1,000 ft.
282:
lifting ability. The payload is critical, because many small, isolated communities rely on STOL aircraft as their only transportation link to the outside world for passengers or cargo; examples include many communities in the
601:
The STOL mode of flight is one during which an airplane taking off or landing is operated at climb-out and approach speeds lower than the conventionally accepted margins of airspeed above the power-off stalling speed of the
445:
to increase lift and reduce stall speeds. The DHC-2 Beaver STOL Kit includes a contoured leading edge, flap-gap seals, wing fences and drooped wingtips. The DHC-3 Otter STOL Kit includes a contoured leading edge and drooped
577:
Heavier-than-air craft that cannot take off and land vertically, but can operate within areas substantially more confined than those normally required by aircraft of the same size. Derived from short takeoff and landing
1284:
507:
Many different definitions of STOL have been used by different authorities and nations at various times and for a myriad of regulatory and military purposes. Some accepted definitions of STOL include:
390:, emphasizing that the modifications increase safety by allowing forced landings to occur at lower speeds and thus improve survivability. The Horton modifications include a drooped
298:
either on- or off-airport. Typical off-airport landing areas include snow or ice (using skis), fields or gravel riverbanks (often using special fat, low-pressure
1334:
1210:
434:
420:
modification kits for "STOL benefits". The Micro kits are small vortex generators that are glued to the wing leading edge, as well as the underside of the
413:
427:
333:
1077:
612:
Additionally, some aircraft manufacturers market their products as STOL without providing evidence that the aircraft meets any accepted definition.
1235:
896:
650:
379:
495:-efficient short takeoff and landing (CESTOL), is an aircraft with both very short runway requirements and high cruise speeds (greater than
1125:
242:
Of equal importance to short ground run is the ability to clear obstacles, such as hills, on both take off and landing. For takeoff, large
1022:
1618:
1327:
1157:
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917:
306:): these areas are often extremely short and obstructed by tall trees or hills. Wheel skis and amphibious floats combine wheels with
1250:
776:
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1320:
750:
190:
also have STOL capability, needing a short ground roll to get airborne, but capable of a near-zero ground roll when landing.
1121:
554:
179:
1027:
224:(less common). Overall STOL performance is set by the length of runway needed to land or take off, whichever is longer.
1588:
1214:
941:"Short Field Take-Off and Landing Performance as an Enabling Technology for a Greener, More Efficient Airspace System"
73:
or ice). STOL aircraft, including those used in scheduled passenger airline operations, have also been operated from
1061:
130:
940:
438:
682:
569:
442:
1101:
112:
279:
278:. Typically, designing an aircraft for excellent STOL performance reduces maximum speed, but does not reduce
563:
designated and marked for STOL aircraft operations, and designed and maintained to specified standards.
361:
349:
163:
143:
1510:
971:
679:"Powered Lift: Novel GTRI Design Would Let Commercial Jets Use Smaller Airports While Reducing Noise"
167:
512:
329:
A number of aircraft modification companies offer STOL kits for improving short-field performance.
1308:
Anatomy of a STOL Aircraft: Designing a Modern Short Take-Off and
Landing Aircraft by Chris Heintz
865:
101:
1132:
1639:
1365:
1360:
1155:
1032:
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844:
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that were used for scheduled passenger airline operations but are now no longer in existence.
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621:
243:
221:
205:
108:
20:
465:
is an airport designed with STOL operations in mind, normally having a short single runway.
1608:
1189:
947:
728:
492:
1187:
914:
26:
8:
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1433:
1423:
1344:
469:
421:
344:, tip spill plates, inboard flap extensions and STOL fences. The company offers kits for
155:
62:
54:
1573:
1307:
1418:
1385:
780:
383:
271:
252:
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1563:
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1395:
1229:
1057:
391:
357:
341:
267:
31:
678:
1370:
1097:
1073:
754:
550:
417:
303:
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255:(causing the aeroplane to fly somewhat sideways through the air to increase drag).
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921:
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help the plane to accelerate for flight. The landing run is minimized by strong
1578:
1312:
477:
227:
209:
183:
166:, are designed for use on prepared airstrips; likewise, many STOL aircraft are
424:
and on the fin. Kits are available for a large number of light aircraft types.
310:
or floats, allowing the choice of landing on snow/water or a prepared runway.
1633:
1613:
1548:
1375:
1156:
US House of
Representatives Committee of Science and Technology (July 1984).
1023:"Department of Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (JP 1-02)"
901:
481:
70:
1209:
Maiersperger, Walter P., Lieutenant
Colonel, USAF (Ret) (March–April 1968).
866:"Modifications - Sierra R/STOL High Lift Systems for Piston Engine Aircraft"
196:
length requirement is a function of the square of the minimum flying speed (
16:
Class of airplanes that are designed to takeoff and land in a short distance
1598:
1583:
1380:
524:
Department of
Defense Dictionary of Military and Associated Terms (JP 1-02)
175:
65:. Many STOL-designed aircraft also feature various arrangements for use on
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823:
1001:
496:
407:
353:
345:
299:
263:
197:
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1603:
399:
373:
369:
365:
323:
159:
115: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
318:
235:
147:
996:
90:
1188:
McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms (2003).
1158:"Statement of John Kern, Deputy Director of Flight Operations, FAA"
1078:"Glossary for Pilots and Air Traffic Services Personnel (TP 1158E)"
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187:
74:
66:
47:
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626:
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703:
200:), and most design effort is spent on reducing this number. For
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403:
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58:
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of
Kelowna, British Columbia, has developed STOL Kits for the
1500:
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803:"Micro Vortex Generators for Single and Twin Engine Aircraft"
213:
824:"Sierra R/STOL High Lift Systems for Piston Engine Aircraft"
802:
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STOLports are not common but can be found, for example, at
259:
51:
583:
McGraw-Hill
Dictionary of Scientific & Technical Terms
322:
Micro
Dynamics vortex generators mounted on the wing of a
307:
701:
800:
751:"Frequently Asked Questions About the Horton STOL Kit"
1056:, page 492. Aviation Supplies & Academics, 1997.
607:
Lieutenant Colonel Walter P. Maiersperger, USAF (Ret)
1248:
994:
863:
842:
821:
673:
671:
1631:
1342:
1096:
1072:
716:
340:, sells STOL kits for light aircraft, including
1102:"Aeronautics Act - November 2007 Consolidation"
1066:
1054:Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms, third edition
1242:
1090:
974:. Aerospace Manufacturing and Design. May 2011
668:
1328:
845:"Sierra R/STOL Performance Comparison Charts"
1234:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
1208:
1202:
651:"What's the definition of STOL in aviation?"
258:Normally, a STOL aircraft will have a large
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988:
480:. There were also several STOLports in the
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857:
815:
768:
927:International Civil Aviation Organization
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131:Learn how and when to remove this message
985:
774:
748:
742:
722:
386:, offers STOL kits under the brand name
317:
226:
142:
80:
25:
170:, though there are exceptions like the
77:airfields which feature short runways.
1632:
1285:STOL Ultralight taking off and landing
887:Stolairus Retrieved: February 2, 2012.
262:for its weight. These wings often use
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1149:
1046:
938:
836:
1122:Arizona Department of Transportation
997:"short takeoff and landing aircraft"
794:
725:"Description of the Horton STOL Kit"
555:Arizona Department of Transportation
431:available for various Cessna models.
180:de Havilland Canada DHC-6 Twin Otter
113:adding citations to reliable sources
84:
1114:
1028:United States Department of Defense
13:
1589:Shipborne rolling vertical landing
14:
1656:
1266:
702:Crosswinds S.T.O.L. Inc. (2011).
1293:
1279:
537:Dictionary of Aeronautical Terms
439:de Havilland Canada DHC-2 Beaver
398:, control surface gap seals and
362:Bellanca Champion Model 7 series
251:(devices on the wings) and by a
89:
1015:
964:
932:
907:
890:
878:
801:Micro AeroDynamics Inc (2009).
683:Georgia Tech Research Institute
570:Federal Aviation Administration
443:de Havilland Canada DHC-3 Otter
100:needs additional citations for
69:with harsh conditions (such as
643:
502:
1:
1645:Types of take-off and landing
1298:The dictionary definition of
939:Hange, Craig E (2005-04-25).
637:
511:short takeoff and landing: (
7:
615:
450:
150:of the Philippine Air Force
10:
1661:
864:Sierra Industries (2007).
843:Sierra Industries (2007).
822:Sierra Industries (2007).
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164:de Havilland Canada Dash-7
18:
1619:Floating landing platform
1539:
1511:Launch and recovery cycle
1432:
1394:
1351:
1278:
1273:
777:"Horton STOL Kit Pricing"
487:
40:short takeoff and landing
1249:Fisher Flying Products.
162:, though some, like the
995:Columbia Encyclopedia.
313:
294:Most STOL aircraft can
1614:Water landing/ditching
1366:Non-rocket spacelaunch
1361:Balanced field takeoff
610:
598:
586:
574:
559:
541:
527:
326:
239:
151:
35:
1442:Brodie landing system
704:"Crosswinds STOL Inc"
622:List of STOL aircraft
599:
595:Columbia Encyclopedia
587:
575:
560:
542:
528:
509:
321:
230:
216:, low landing speed,
146:
81:Design considerations
29:
21:Stol (disambiguation)
1609:Touch-and-go landing
948:Ames Research Center
302:), and water (using
266:devices like flaps,
109:improve this article
19:For other uses, see
1594:Short-field landing
1434:Takeoff and landing
1345:takeoff and landing
470:London City Airport
394:, conical cambered
244:power/weight ratios
206:power/weight ratios
63:takeoff and landing
55:fixed-wing aircraft
34:STOL light aircraft
1386:Zero-length launch
1100:(September 2009).
920:2006-10-13 at the
435:Stolairus Aviation
414:Micro AeroDynamics
384:Wellington, Kansas
342:leading edge cuffs
327:
240:
158:STOL aircraft are
152:
36:
1627:
1626:
1569:Emergency landing
1564:Deadstick landing
1559:Crosswind landing
1554:Corkscrew landing
1396:Assisted take-off
1290:
1289:
1138:on March 14, 2009
1076:(November 2009).
428:Sierra Industries
392:leading edge cuff
388:Horton STOL-Craft
276:vortex generators
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61:requirements for
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1371:Rejected takeoff
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1213:. Archived from
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1163:. Archived from
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1131:. Archived from
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1098:Transport Canada
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1087:
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1074:Transport Canada
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1031:. Archived from
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904:. Aug. 16, 1968.
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1211:"What is STOL?"
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334:Crosswinds STOL
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232:Fieseler Storch
172:PAC P-750 XSTOL
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1304:at Wiktionary
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1217:on 2011-07-22
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1052:Crane, Dale:
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902:Time Magazine
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898:Starting STOL
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783:on 2018-01-09
782:
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775:Horton, Inc.
771:
757:on 2008-10-06
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749:Horton, Inc.
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731:on 2008-11-21
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723:Horton, Inc.
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1599:Soft landing
1584:Hard landing
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1381:Space launch
1300:
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1244:
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1215:the original
1204:
1193:. Retrieved
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1165:the original
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1126:"Appendix B"
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358:PA-20 and 22
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300:tundra tires
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257:
253:forward slip
241:
234:with German
192:
176:Quest Kodiak
168:taildraggers
153:
127:
118:
107:Please help
102:verification
99:
52:conventional
43:
39:
37:
1419:Rocket sled
1251:"Horizon 1"
1002:Answers.com
925:(Doc 9150)
503:Definitions
408:Piper PA-28
400:wing fences
380:Horton, Inc
366:Cessna 170B
346:Piper PA-12
324:Cessna 182K
264:aerodynamic
198:stall speed
160:bush planes
1634:Categories
1604:Splashdown
1256:2009-10-27
1221:2009-12-25
1195:2009-12-25
1174:2009-12-15
1142:2009-12-15
1107:2009-12-25
1083:2009-12-15
1039:2009-12-22
1008:2009-12-25
978:2011-05-08
957:2010-10-28
871:2009-12-26
850:2009-12-26
829:2009-12-26
808:2009-12-26
787:2009-12-26
761:2009-12-26
735:2009-12-26
709:2011-02-23
688:2010-10-28
661:2021-12-20
638:References
545:atmosphere
156:fixed-wing
1343:Types of
602:airplane.
578:aircraft.
446:wingtips.
236:Luftwaffe
188:Autogyros
148:GAF Nomad
121:July 2022
67:airstrips
1424:Ski-jump
1404:Catapult
1230:cite web
918:Archived
616:See also
605:—
593:—
581:—
566:—
548:—
534:—
531:landing.
522:—
463:STOLport
457:STOLport
451:STOLport
422:elevator
416:markets
396:wingtips
238:markings
222:spoilers
208:and low
204:, large
182:and the
75:STOLport
48:aircraft
1541:Landing
1447:CATOBAR
1353:Takeoff
627:ESTOLAS
410:models.
280:payload
202:takeoff
1492:V/STOL
1477:STOBAR
1060:
929:(ICAO)
499:0.8).
493:Cruise
488:CESTOL
474:London
404:Cessna
304:floats
289:Alaska
274:, and
214:brakes
194:Runway
178:, the
174:, the
59:runway
1501:VTOHL
1487:STOVL
1457:eVTOL
1168:(PDF)
1161:(PDF)
1136:(PDF)
1129:(PDF)
944:(PDF)
382:, of
354:PA-18
350:PA-14
272:slats
268:slots
249:flaps
154:Many
50:is a
1531:HTVL
1526:HTHL
1521:VTHL
1516:VTVL
1506:VTOL
1497:VTHL
1482:STOL
1472:RTOL
1467:QTOL
1462:PTOL
1452:CTOL
1414:JATO
1301:STOL
1236:link
1058:ISBN
952:NASA
632:VTOL
553:and
517:NATO
497:Mach
441:and
406:and
372:and
314:Kits
308:skis
296:land
287:and
260:wing
210:drag
44:STOL
568:US
513:DOD
472:in
374:185
370:180
336:of
220:or
111:by
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