502:
144:. This undercoat is grown in the winter as a way to keep the goat warm in colder months. For the fine underdown to be sold and processed further, it must be de-haired. De-hairing is a mechanical process that separates the coarse hairs from the fine hair. After de-hairing, the resulting cashmere is ready to be dyed and converted into textile yarn, fabrics and garments. De-hairing is made slightly easier by removing the undercoat by hand, rather than shaving the entire coat. This process takes much longer to remove the cashmere, but produces a much finer, higher quality fiber.
210:
631:, run by M. Polonceau. Polonceau crossbred the cashmeres with Angora goats to improve the down for spinning and weaving. This Cashmere-Angora herd was seen by William Riley of New South Wales in 1828, and again in 1831 when Riley purchased thirteen of the goats for trans-shipment to Australia. At the time, the average production of the Polonceau herd was 16 ounces (500 grams) of down. Ternaux's herd at St. Ouen still numbered 150 when the famous industrialist died in 1833. The herd at Perpignan died out by 1829.
1009:
226:
697:
2421:
429:
995:
38:
103:
2431:
591:, and was used in France to create imitation woven shawls. Unlike the Kashmir shawls, the French shawls had a different pattern on each side. The imported cashmere was spread out on large sieves and beaten with sticks to open the fibers and clear away the dirt. After opening, the cashmere was washed and children removed the coarse hair. The down was then carded and combed using the same methods used for
622:, to be financed in part by the French government. Of the acquired herd of 1,500 animals, only 256 arrived safely in the spring of 1819 at Marseilles and Toulon via the Crimea. About 100 of the cashmere goats were then purchased by the French government (at 2,000 francs each) and sent to the royal sheep farm at Perpignan. The remainder, about 180 including new-borns, went to Ternaux's property at
1066:
the temperature of
Mongolia, three degrees higher than temperatures in other areas of the world. With proper management, the grasslands could recover in the space of ten years. Mitigation efforts include changing trades, grazing bans, hand-feeding the goats, and attempting to convince Mongolian herders to raise
153:
93:
Some yarns and clothing marketed as containing cashmere have been found to contain little to no cashmere fiber, so more stringent testing has been requested to make sure items are fairly represented. Poor land management and overgrazing to increase production of the valuable fiber has resulted in the
1081:
The demand for the fiber has caused some vendors, both knowingly and not, to sell yarns or textiles containing little to no cashmere representing themselves as being composed of cashmere. Wool and other fibers have been mixed in by unscrupulous manufacturers, deliberately selling mislabeled items to
646:
Dawson
International claim to have invented the first commercial dehairing machine in 1890, and from 1906 they purchased cashmere from China, but were restricted to purchasing fiber from Beijing and Tianjin until 1978. In 1978 trade was liberalised and Dawson International began buying cashmere from
1065:
to increase and the herds to starve. Factories in
Alashan are forced to close several days a week due to water rationing as the deserts there expand by 400 square miles per year. As of 2016, the degradation of 65% of the grasslands in the area has been linked to a four-degree Fahrenheit increase in
626:
outside Paris. Although
Ternaux had little success getting small farmers to add cashmeres to their sheep herds, a few wealthy landowners were willing to experiment with the goats. For example, Ternaux's herd was seen in 1823 by C.T.Tower of Weald Hall, Essex, England. Tower purchased two female and
175:
In some regions, the mixed mass of down and coarse hair is removed by hand with a coarse comb that pulls tufts of fiber from the animal as the comb is raked through the fleece. The collected fiber then has a higher yield of pure cashmere after the fiber has been washed and dehaired than produced by
1077:
Air pollution, caused by the combination of industrial heavy burning of coal creating atmospheric particulates, and the desert dust storms resulting from disappearing grasslands in China and
Mongolia, crosses the Pacific Ocean to the Americas. Health officials in Canada, China, Mongolia and the US
574:
he discovered for the first time in history the warmth and fineness of Ladakh goat wool. He combed some goat wool and made a pair of socks with his own hands. Afterwards he gifted those socks to the king of
Kashmir, Sultan Qutubdin (1374-89 AD). Sultan was amazed by their durability and fineness.
200:
of their fleece, resulting in a higher coarse hair content and lower pure cashmere yield. In
America, the most popular method is combing. The process takes up to two weeks, but with a trained eye for when the fiber is releasing, it is possible to comb the fibers out in about a week. The term "baby
598:
In the 18th and early 19th centuries, Kashmir (then called cashmere by the
British) had a thriving industry producing shawls from goat down imported from Tibet and Tartary through Ladakh. The down trade was controlled by treaties signed as a result of previous wars The Shawls were introduced into
489:
Mongolia supplies 9,600 tons of raw cashmere per year to the world. 15% of the total raw cashmere supplied by
Mongolia is being used to manufacture finished goods whereas the remaining 85% is being exported in semi processed form. 70% of the total raw material used to produce finished garments in
259:
and other
Central Asian republics produce lesser amounts. The annual world raw production is estimated to be between 15,000 and 20,000 tons (13,605 and 18,140 tonnes) (in hair). Pure cashmere, resulting from removing animal grease, dirt and coarse hairs from the fleece, is estimated at 6,500 tons
86:
may be used; the softer hair is reserved for textiles, while the coarse guard hair is used for brushes and other non-apparel purposes. Cashmere is a hygroscopic fiber which essentially means that it absorbs water from the air. This helps regulate the body in both warm and cool temperatures by
642:
collected the required information while in Paris and received a Scottish patent for the process in 1831. In the autumn of 1831, he sold the patent to Henry Houldsworth and sons of Glasgow. In 1832 Henry Houldsworth and sons commenced the manufacture of yarn, and in 1833 received the reward.
558:(Persian/Urdu word derived from Pashm) for its use in the handmade shawls of Kashmir. References to woolen shawls appear in texts surviving from between the 3rd century BC and the 11th century AD. However, a popular notion in Kashmir is that it was the 15th-century ruler of Kashmir,
627:
two male goats and took them back to England, wherein 1828 he was awarded a gold medal by the Society for the Encouragement of Arts, Manufactures and Commerce for rearing a herd of cashmeres. Also, a few of Ternaux's goats were purchased for a model farm at Grignon, near
1761:
599:
western Europe when General Napoleon Bonaparte sent one to Paris from his campaign in Ottoman Egypt. The shawl's arrival is said to have created an immediate sensation and plans were put in place to start manufacturing the product in France.
582:
Trading in commercial quantities of raw cashmere between Asia and Europe began with Valerie Audresset SA, Louviers, France, claiming to be the first European company to commercially spin cashmere. The down was imported from Tibet through
268:
but its rarity and high price, along with political instability in the region, make it very hard to source and to regulate quality. It is estimated that the average yearly production per goat is 150 grams (0.33 lb).
1753:
332:
have long been known as market leaders. Cashmere may also be blended with other fibers to bring the garment cost down, or to gain their properties, such as elasticity from wool, or sheen from silk.
634:
By 1830, weaving cashmere shawls with French-produced yarn had become an important Scottish industry. The Scottish Board of Trustees for the Encouragement of Arts and Manufactures offered a 300
90:
A number of countries produce cashmere and have improved processing techniques over the years but China and Mongolia are two of the leading producers as of 2019. Afghanistan is ranked third.
618:) of Tibetan-cashmere goats. In 1818, Ternaux resolved to help establish herds of cashmere goats in France. A famous expedition to Persia was organized, led by the orientalist and diplomat
414:
Recycled – fibers reclaimed from scraps or fabrics that were previously woven or felted and may or may not have been previously used by the consumer from various parts of the world.
94:
decimation and transformation of grasslands into deserts in Asia, increasing local temperatures and causing air pollution which has traveled as far as Canada and the United States.
1227:
610:) using the wool of Spanish merino sheep. By 1811, with government assistance, Ternaux also began experimenting with the production of real India shawls using what he called
493:
The global fashion luxury cashmere clothing market is expected to reach US$ 4.2 billion in 2025, growing at an annual rate of 3.86% per year between 2018 and 2025.
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well-known department stores. Complaints of mislabeling after testing for cashmere content were reported by the Cashmere and Camel Hair Manufacturers Institute to the
358:
of 1939, as amended, (15 U. S. Code Section 68b(a)(6)), a wool or textile product may be labelled as containing cashmere only if the following criteria are met:
1387:
1040:
1666:
Recueil des pièces sur l'importation et naturalisation en France par MM. Ternaux et Jaubert des chèvres de race thibetaine, ou chèvres à duvet de Cachemire
1347:
1156:"The Exothermic Effects of Textile Fibers during Changes in Environmental Humidity: A Comparison between ISO:16533 and Dynamic Hot Plate Test Method"
911:
1783:
408:
Processed – fiber that has been through the processes of de-hairing, washing, carding, and is ready either to spin or to knit/crochet/weave
1098:
1033:
1219:
140:
that consists of a fine, soft undercoat or underdown of hair mingled with a straighter and much coarser outer coating of hair called
1627:
A System of Geography Popular and Scientific or a Physical, Political and Statistical Account of the World and Its Various Divisions
1529:
384:
such wool product does not contain more than 3 percent (by weight) of cashmere fibers with average diameters that exceed 30 microns.
2375:
1074:
instead of or in addition to fewer goats, as the hair from these animals is also valuable and their impact on grasslands is less.
1252:
668:
Attempts to improve Afghanistan's cashmere industry by importing Italian goats in the 2010s have been criticized as wasteful.
2460:
1026:
680:
658:, became an early textile center in the Blackstone Valley which was known for the manufacture of cashmere wool and satinets.
1614:
The Art of Weaving, by Hand and by Power, With an Introductory Account of Its Rise and Progress in Ancient and Modern Times
1129:
776:
1835:
738:
343:
was an incubator for the cashmere wool industry. It had the first power looms for woolens and the first manufacture of "
1651:
Ternaux, William (1819). "Notice sur l'importation en France des chèvres à laine de cachemire, originaires du Thibet",
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559:
1718:
1568:
1560:
476:
214:
458:
1911:
1198:
1134:
1054:
804:
781:
704:
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Mongolia is being procured by Gobi Corporation with the remaining 30% being used by other producers in Mongolia.
1512:
859:
454:
450:
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shearing. The long, coarse guard hair is then typically clipped from the animal and is often used for brushes,
1601:
The London Journal of Arts and Sciences and Repertory of Arts And Sciences and Repertory of Patent Inventions
1316:
239:
has become the largest producer of raw cashmere, estimated at 19,200 metric tons (in hair) per year (2016).
2465:
1884:
1573:
829:
619:
355:
1097:
announced it would provide shipping labels to return cashmere clothes of any brand to be recycled by
665:
is credited with bringing cashmere to the United States of America on a mass scale beginning in 1947.
606:, the leading woolens manufacturer in France under Napoleon, began to produce imitation India shawls (
650:
Many early textile centers developed as part of the American Industrial Revolution. Among them, the
1578:
1083:
566:. Another local tradition sees the founder of all Kashmiri crafts in the famous 14th century saint
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1734:
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cashmere" is used for fibres harvested from younger goats, and has a reputation of being softer.
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501:
1880:
1564:
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who, tradition goes, brought 700 craftsmen from Persia to Kashmir. When Ali Hamadani visited
82:, when the Kashmir shawl reached Europe in the 19th century. Both the soft undercoat and the
963:
2262:
2224:
1904:
1535:(Report). Rural Industries Research and Development Corporation. p. 10. Archived from
824:
723:
638:
reward to the first person who could spin cashmere in Scotland based on the French system.
623:
8:
2237:
2120:
1536:
879:
753:
169:
157:
1840:
1013:
973:
921:
889:
874:
72:, textiles and clothing for hundreds of years. Cashmere is closely associated with the
347:". Capron Mill had the first power looms, in 1820. It burned on July 21, 2007, in the
128:. However, they are now more commonly considered part of the domestic goat subspecies
2232:
2201:
2022:
1845:
1508:
1484:
968:
906:
651:
1281:
575:
Ali Hamadani brought some raw goat wool from Ladakh and suggested the king to start
1193:
1167:
1090:
1057:
directly resulting from raising the herds. The high demand for cashmere is causing
978:
819:
809:
743:
662:
579:
weaving in Kashmir. That was the starting point of the usage of the cashmere wool.
545:
405:
Raw – fiber that has not been processed and is essentially straight from the animal
1481:
Kashmir's Contested Pasts: Narratives, Geographies, and the Historical Imagination
2424:
2247:
2209:
2002:
1897:
1320:
944:
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718:
297:
209:
2155:
1754:"Men who spent $ 6m on goats: US's failed cashmere plot in Afghanistan revealed"
2295:
2100:
1955:
999:
864:
844:
635:
392:
57:
31:
20:
654:
became a major contributor to the American Industrial Revolution. The town of
2449:
2313:
2285:
2272:
2170:
1928:
1876:
1849:
1466:
Sheraza Number (2004). Kashmir Academy Arts and Culture.(ed.), Jeelani Allaie
1062:
1008:
957:
834:
814:
748:
340:
106:
73:
2305:
2370:
2360:
2290:
2065:
2057:
1094:
854:
799:
728:
225:
121:
27:
696:
411:
Virgin – new fiber made into yarns, fabrics or garments for the first time
2280:
2145:
2130:
2070:
2027:
1960:
348:
244:
230:
189:
185:
177:
61:
1716:
1172:
1155:
1053:
The production of cashmere wool has been criticized for the detrimental
152:
2350:
2345:
2214:
2080:
2047:
2012:
1937:
1220:"Taliban Takeover Puts Afghanistan's Cashmere, Silk Industries at Risk"
1058:
628:
256:
141:
87:
absorbing and releasing moisture based on the surrounding environment.
83:
2252:
2192:
1872:
1735:"Vintage Fashion Guild : Label Resource : Altmann, Bernhard"
1093:"gold" certification for its clothing, in January 2023, fashion brand
2365:
2160:
2095:
1124:
950:
733:
563:
363:
428:
2333:
2178:
2110:
1813:
1188:
1119:
1114:
916:
554:
529:
374:
321:
305:
261:
240:
165:
1945:
1723:. Edinburgh and London: William Blackwood & sons. p. 168.
1679:
The Rise, Progress and Present State of Colonial Sheep & Wools
1413:
37:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2242:
1950:
1784:"Afghanistan's Failed Goat Farm Is the Perfect American Disaster"
1559:
1253:"A Yarn Spun, But Advertising Not Tailored to a Lanham Act Claim"
1102:
592:
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265:
102:
78:
2017:
2397:
2328:
2323:
2318:
2140:
2125:
2115:
2090:
2075:
2037:
1970:
1348:"How Your Cashmere Sweater Is Decimating Mongolia's Grasslands"
1071:
571:
562:, who founded the local wool industry by bringing weavers from
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301:
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252:
168:
season when the goats naturally shed their winter coat. In the
110:
1086:, leading to more stringent examination of cashmere products.
2402:
2355:
2338:
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2032:
2007:
1985:
1975:
1920:
588:
584:
576:
533:
521:
506:
329:
325:
313:
285:
236:
218:
197:
114:
53:
2150:
2135:
2105:
1997:
1992:
1980:
1965:
1808:
1067:
289:
248:
181:
137:
69:
65:
1189:"Afghanistan's goat farmers find luxury niche in cashmere"
120:
Historically, fine-haired Cashmere goats have been called
16:
Fiber obtained from cashmere goats and other types of goat
1889:
1352:
281:
172:, the goats moult as early as March and as late as May.
76:, the word "cashmere" deriving from an anglicization of
1078:
have had to issue air quality warnings to the public.
1527:
1414:"Wool Products Labeling Act of 1939 (15 U.S.C. § 68)"
377:
of the fiber of such wool product does not exceed 19
243:
follows with 8,900 tons (in hair) as of 2016, while
124:, as if they were a subspecies of the domestic goat
540:for thousands of years. The fiber is also known as
320:, and other items. Fabric and garment producers in
296:then cut and assembled into garments such as outer
1720:The New Statistical Account of Scotland, Volume VI
1280:Beatty, Sally; Choi, Hae Won (December 23, 2004).
272:Pure cashmere can be dyed and spun into yarns and
1717:The Ministers of the respective parishes (1854).
2447:
1373:
387:the average fiber diameter may be subject to a
418:
1905:
1530:Australian Cashmere Attributes and Processing
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164:Cashmere wool is collected during the spring
1523:
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457:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1912:
1898:
1809:"'The Donald Trump of inspectors general'"
1616:. New York: George D. Baldwin. pp. 270–71.
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1447:
1171:
1154:Emiel, DenHartog; Faisal, Abedin (2023).
587:, the capital of the Russian province of
477:Learn how and when to remove this message
362:such wool product is the fine (dehaired)
1710:
1690:"On the Cashmere-Angora Shawl Goat", in
1653:Bulletin de la société pour l'industrie,
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500:
224:
208:
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101:
36:
1374:National Statistical Office of Mongolia
1345:
260:(5,895 tonnes). Ultra-fine Cashmere or
180:and other non-apparel uses. Animals in
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1751:
1478:
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1444:
524:with silk embroidery and silk tassels.
1893:
1833:
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1528:McGregor, Bruce Allan (August 2002).
1314:
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354:In the United States, under the U.S.
217:painting depicting men manufacturing
2430:
1130:International Year of Natural Fibres
1061:in China and Mongolia to disappear,
455:adding citations to reliable sources
422:
366:fibers produced by a cashmere goat (
264:is still produced by communities in
1692:American Journal of Science and Art
1553:
1386:Toigonbaev, Sabyr (18 March 2015).
1251:Browning, John (October 21, 2015).
739:Global trade of secondhand clothing
13:
1836:"Who Will Take Your Old Cashmere?"
1186:
528:Cashmere has been manufactured in
292:and other clothing, or woven into
136:. Cashmere goats produce a double
14:
2477:
1866:
1806:
1346:Schmitz, Rob (December 9, 2016).
1315:Osnos, Evan (December 16, 2006).
912:Sustainability of vintage fashion
602:In 1799 at his factory in Reims,
399:
395:that shall not exceed 24 percent.
2429:
2420:
2419:
1503:Rafiabadi, Hamid Naseem (2005).
1453:Encyclopædia Britannica (2008).
1437:Encyclopædia Britannica (2008).
1317:"Your cheap sweater's real cost"
1282:"The Cashmere Police Crack Down"
1007:
993:
695:
427:
1834:Paton, Elizabeth (2023-01-24).
1827:
1800:
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1764:from the original on 2021-06-10
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1392:D+C Development and Cooperation
1230:from the original on 2021-08-27
1201:from the original on 2015-05-14
1135:Environmental impact of fashion
805:Biodegradable athletic footwear
705:Environmental impact of fashion
640:Captain Charles Stuart Cochrane
1707:, Vol 19 (London 1841), 13–14.
1379:
1367:
1212:
1180:
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860:Socially responsible investing
661:Austrian Textile Manufacturer
1:
1782:Gault, Matthew (2016-04-20).
1140:
510:
204:
2461:Economy of Jammu and Kashmir
1885:National Library of Scotland
1875:, an archive film featuring
1703:"Cashmere Shawls, Part II",
1505:Saints and Saviours of Islam
1479:Zutshi, Chitralekha (2014).
964:Environmental record of Nike
147:
7:
1873:Cashmere is Scottish (1973)
1681:. London: Effingham Wilson.
1640:The New American Cyclopedia
1612:Gilroy, Clinton G. (1844).
1574:The New American Cyclopedia
1483:. Oxford University Press.
1108:
830:Environmental impact design
419:The world cashmere industry
68:. It has been used to make
64:, and some other breeds of
10:
2482:
1919:
1752:Walker, Tim (2016-01-21).
1577:. Vol. IV. New York:
1394:. Vol. 42, no. 4
496:
356:Wool Products Labeling Act
97:
48:, usually simply known as
25:
18:
2415:
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2271:
2223:
2200:
2191:
2169:
2056:
1936:
1927:
1664:Ternaux, William (1822).
1579:D. Appleton & Company
132:or the alternate version
1677:Southey, Thomas (1851).
1418:Federal Trade Commission
1084:Federal Trade Commission
389:coefficient of variation
19:Not to be confused with
1881:Scottish Screen Archive
1739:vintagefashionguild.org
1694:, vol 25 (January 1834)
1388:"The finer, the better"
1286:The Wall Street Journal
1257:The National Law Review
656:Uxbridge, Massachusetts
568:Mir Sayyid Ali Hamadani
337:Uxbridge, Massachusetts
850:Reconstructed clothing
840:Public interest design
525:
233:
222:
161:
117:
42:
1089:As part of achieving
1055:environmental effects
672:Criticism of industry
620:Pierre Amédée Jaubert
604:William-Louis Ternaux
504:
228:
212:
155:
130:Capra aegagrus hircus
105:
40:
1625:Bell, James (1829).
1507:. Sarup & Sons.
825:Environmental design
724:Ecological footprint
451:improve this section
368:Capra hircus laniger
229:Cashmere factory in
2466:Economy of Mongolia
1642:, IV (1861), p.514.
1599:Newton, W. (1836).
1173:10.3390/fib11050047
754:Textile performance
170:Northern Hemisphere
156:Cashmere shearing.
1841:The New York Times
1014:Environment portal
974:Laundry wastewater
922:Zero-waste fashion
614:, i.e., the down (
526:
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134:Hircus Blythi Goat
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43:
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2187:
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1705:Saturday Magazine
1187:AP (2015-05-10).
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969:Ecological design
907:Textile recycling
652:Blackstone Valley
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1091:Cradle to Cradle
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1016:
1012:
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996:
979:Vintage clothing
820:Cotton recycling
810:Circular fashion
744:Impact investing
699:
688:Clothing and the
676:
675:
663:Bernhard Altmann
647:many provinces.
520:; cashmere wool
515:
512:
482:
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221:using pashm wool
41:Cashmere scarves
26:For the song by
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1758:The Independent
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940:Business ethics
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719:Cotton industry
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1867:External links
1865:
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1826:
1807:Toosi, Nahal.
1799:
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1567:, ed. (1861).
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612:laine de Perse
560:Zain-ul-Abidin
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400:Types of fiber
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206:
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196:are typically
149:
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107:Pashmina goats
99:
96:
62:pashmina goats
58:cashmere goats
32:Kashmir (song)
21:Kashmir, India
15:
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1877:Joanna Lumley
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1596:
1581:. p. 514
1580:
1576:
1575:
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1562:
1561:George Ripley
1556:
1542:on 2009-09-26
1538:
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1063:air pollution
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958:The True Cost
955:
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835:Green textile
833:
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815:Clothing swap
813:
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749:Microplastics
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436:This section
434:
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386:
383:
380:
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372:
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346:
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341:United States
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74:Kashmir shawl
71:
67:
63:
59:
55:
51:
47:
46:Cashmere wool
39:
33:
29:
22:
2371:Polyethylene
2085:
1853:. Retrieved
1839:
1829:
1818:. Retrieved
1812:
1802:
1791:. Retrieved
1787:
1777:
1766:. Retrieved
1757:
1747:
1738:
1729:
1719:
1712:
1704:
1699:
1691:
1686:
1678:
1673:
1665:
1660:
1652:
1647:
1639:
1638:"Cashmere",
1634:
1626:
1621:
1613:
1608:
1600:
1595:
1583:. Retrieved
1572:
1555:
1544:. Retrieved
1537:the original
1504:
1499:
1480:
1462:
1454:
1438:
1433:
1421:. Retrieved
1417:
1408:
1396:. Retrieved
1391:
1381:
1369:
1357:. Retrieved
1351:
1324:. Retrieved
1289:. Retrieved
1260:. Retrieved
1232:. Retrieved
1223:
1214:
1203:. Retrieved
1192:
1182:
1163:
1159:
1149:
1095:Ralph Lauren
1088:
1080:
1076:
1052:
956:
949:
855:Slow fashion
800:Anti-fashion
729:Fast fashion
667:
660:
649:
645:
633:
615:
611:
607:
601:
597:
581:
553:
549:
541:
527:
492:
488:
473:
464:
449:Please help
437:
373:the average
367:
353:
335:The town of
334:
280:(sweaters),
271:
235:
178:interfacings
174:
163:
160:, Australia.
133:
129:
126:Capra hircus
125:
122:Capra hircus
119:
92:
89:
77:
49:
45:
44:
28:Led Zeppelin
2202:Regenerated
2146:Spider silk
1879:. From the
895:Procurement
870:Advertising
865:Sustainable
777:Fur farming
690:environment
514: 1855
391:around the
349:Bernat Mill
245:Afghanistan
231:Ulaanbaatar
190:New Zealand
186:Afghanistan
84:guard hairs
2450:Categories
2351:Modacrylic
2346:Microfiber
2263:Triacetate
2215:Milk fiber
2081:Camel hair
2013:Lotus silk
1855:2023-07-20
1820:2021-08-27
1793:2021-08-27
1768:2021-08-27
1585:August 17,
1569:"Cashmere"
1546:2008-07-21
1513:8176255556
1423:13 January
1359:August 10,
1326:August 10,
1291:August 10,
1262:August 10,
1234:2021-08-27
1205:2021-08-27
1141:References
1059:grasslands
885:Industries
713:Key issues
629:Versailles
624:Saint-Ouen
608:cachemires
595:spinning.
257:Kyrgyzstan
205:Production
142:guard hair
2366:Polyester
2238:Diacetate
2193:Synthetic
2096:Chiengora
1850:0362-4331
1629:. London.
1166:(5): 47.
1125:Shahtoosh
951:RiverBlue
900:Transport
734:Fur trade
564:Turkestan
509:produced
467:July 2022
438:does not
364:undercoat
339:, in the
308:(pants),
194:Australia
158:Corindhap
148:Gathering
2425:Category
2334:Technora
2296:Metallic
2179:Asbestos
2121:Pashmina
2086:Cashmere
1814:Politico
1762:Archived
1668:. Paris.
1603:. p.423.
1439:cashmere
1228:Archived
1199:Archived
1120:Pashmina
1115:Cameline
1109:See also
1099:Re-Verso
917:Trashion
772:Cashmere
681:a series
679:Part of
555:pashmina
530:Mongolia
505:A boy's
375:diameter
345:satinets
322:Scotland
318:blankets
306:trousers
262:Pashmina
241:Mongolia
213:An 1867
166:moulting
50:cashmere
2435:Commons
2393:Vinylon
2388:Vectran
2383:Spandex
2314:Acrylic
2306:Polymer
2273:Mineral
2253:Piñatex
2243:Lyocell
2233:Acetate
2171:Mineral
2101:Guanaco
1951:Bagasse
1929:Natural
1376:, 2015.
1224:Newsvot
1103:Tuscany
934:Related
880:Fashion
782:Leather
766:By type
593:worsted
546:Persian
538:Kashmir
518:Kashmir
497:History
459:removed
444:sources
379:microns
314:scarves
310:pajamas
302:jackets
294:fabrics
278:jumpers
274:knitted
266:Kashmir
98:Sources
79:Kashmir
52:, is a
2398:Vinyon
2376:UHMWPE
2361:Olefin
2329:Kevlar
2324:Twaron
2319:Aramid
2291:Basalt
2286:Carbon
2156:Vicuña
2141:Tendon
2131:Rabbit
2126:Qiviut
2116:Mohair
2091:Catgut
2076:Byssus
2071:Angora
2066:Alpaca
2058:Animal
2038:Rattan
2028:Raffia
1971:Cotton
1956:Bamboo
1921:Fibers
1848:
1788:Medium
1655:XVIII.
1511:
1487:
1398:9 June
1160:Fibers
1072:camels
890:Market
875:Design
572:Ladakh
351:fire.
328:, and
286:gloves
253:Turkey
219:shawls
192:, and
138:fleece
111:Ladakh
30:, see
2403:Zylon
2356:Nylon
2339:Nomex
2281:Glass
2258:Rayon
2248:Modal
2111:Llama
2043:Sisal
2033:Ramie
2008:Kenaf
2003:Kapok
1986:Linen
1976:Fique
1961:BashĹŤ
1946:Abacá
1938:Plant
1540:(PDF)
1533:(PDF)
616:duvet
589:Volga
585:Kazan
577:shawl
552:) or
542:pashm
534:Nepal
522:twill
507:frock
381:; and
330:Japan
326:Italy
298:coats
290:socks
276:into
237:China
198:shorn
115:India
54:fiber
2151:Wool
2136:Silk
2106:Hair
2048:Wood
2023:Pine
2018:Piña
1998:Jute
1993:Hemp
1981:Flax
1966:Coir
1846:ISSN
1587:2010
1563:and
1509:ISBN
1485:ISBN
1425:2009
1400:2015
1361:2019
1328:2019
1293:2019
1264:2019
1194:Dawn
1068:yaks
550:wool
548:for
536:and
442:any
440:cite
393:mean
282:hats
249:Iran
182:Iran
70:yarn
66:goat
2161:Yak
1883:at
1353:NPR
1168:doi
1101:in
1070:or
516:in
453:by
2452::
1844:.
1838:.
1811:.
1786:.
1760:.
1756:.
1737:.
1571:.
1520:^
1471:^
1446:^
1416:.
1390:.
1350:.
1336:^
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