Cassowary - Knowledge

1916: 1502:. This would technically make the cassowary the largest bird with minor predatory behaviour since, if fruit forms 90% of their diet or 5 kg per day in the wild, than the remaining 10% or 500 grams would largely consist of prey material for protein supplementation. In fact, recent studies in 2013 stated that protein consumption from predated vertebrates and invertebrates was underestimated from previous investigations, and that the percentage of animal predation as part of the cassowary's diet might be higher than initially understood. This underestimation is due to a significant breakdown of protein being observed in the scat of captive birds; for example, the only remains of day-old chickens were body parts composed of keratin, such as feathers, leg scaling and claws. Indeed, in times of food shortage, storm disruptions or changing seasons which result in lower fruit yield (i.e. 972: 1317:. Other suggested functions include batting through the underbrush, as a weapon in dominance disputes, or pushing aside leaf litter during foraging. The latter three are disputed by biologist Andrew Mack, whose personal observation suggests that the casque amplifies deep sounds. This is related to a discovery that at least the dwarf cassowary and southern cassowary produce very low-frequency sounds, which may aid in communication in dense rainforests. The "boom" vocalization that cassowaries produce is the lowest-frequency bird call known and is at the lower limit of human hearing. Recent study suggests that casque acts as a thermal radiator, offloading heat at high temperatures and restricting heat loss at low temperatures. 1521:- with a recorded predator-prey hunting behaviour. According to ecologists, Wren McLean, when hunting for fish, cassowaries are known to lower themselves in a freshwater pool and open up their feathers. They allow small fish to come and eat their dead skin cells. Once the fish has been baited, they close their feathers which acts like a net, step out of the water, shake themselves and then consume their prey. Outside of fish, the remains of crustaceans such as crabs are also found in their feces, suggesting that the birds also actively hunt these animals as well on occasion, which is confirmed by locals from North Queensland, where the local cassowary population has used the shoreline as a popular crab hunting ground. 903: 1378: 1977:

waste saw the diet of the cassowary intaking vast quantities of non-fruit items, this include fungus, carrion, meat, cheese, bones, pasta, chilli and tomato. The high concentration of human activity as well as vehicles, mixed with domesticated animals and less forest coverage, had also changed their behaviours. These 'city' cassowaries were shown to exist in a higher state of activity and rested less than individuals inhabiting more intact swathes of rainforest, actively moving between urban gardens and the rainforest. The study give evidence that these birds showed a surprising amount of flexible foraging strategy that has enabled them to persist in rainforest-fragmented landscapes.

6115: 1333:

the ground, and the female either steps on the male's back for a moment before crouching beside him in preparation for copulation, or she may attack. This is often the case with the females pursuing the males in ritualistic chasing behaviours that generally terminate in water. The male cassowary dives into water and submerges himself up to his upper neck and head. The female pursues him into the water, where he eventually drives her to the shallows, where she crouches making ritualistic motions of her head. The two may remain in copulation for extended periods of time. In some cases, another male may approach and run off the first male. He will climb onto her to copulate, as well.

1346: 1753: 928: 1732:, and swamp forest. The wild population of cassowaries is threatened by deforestation, hunting, and habitat destruction. Human presence and agricultural activities have also contributed to the decline of their population in some areas. To protect this species, various conservation efforts have been carried out, including preserving natural habitat and enforcing regulations against illegal hunting. In Indonesia, cassowaries are predominantly found in the rainforests of Papua, particularly in lowland and montane areas. In addition, cassowaries are known to inhabit protected areas such as 997: 1811:, risk assessments on the cassowary as a potential invasive pest states that whilst the birds may have trouble establishing a stable population on the island, they would nonetheless, be considered a destructive element to Tasmania's ecological diversity and recommends strict imports on these birds. Reasons are many. The most notable are the birds' size. Cassowaries would automatically become the island's largest and most dominant terrestrial animal that could bully smaller animals in the same ecological niche. Frugivores such as the 826: 2013:. A 2003 historical study of 221 cassowary attacks showed that 150 had been against humans; 75% of these had been from cassowaries that had been fed by people, 71% of the time the bird had chased or charged the victim, and 15% of the time they kicked. Of the attacks, 73% involved the birds expecting or snatching food, 5% involved defending their natural food sources, 15% involved defending themselves, and 7% involved defending their chicks or eggs. Only one human death was reported among those 150 attacks. 859: 1901: 6819: 155: 1769: 1306: 6606: 1156: 8103: 6696: 1678:, which results in a widespread decline in the Australian mainland. Because of such frequent inter-species conflicts, hunting dogs are one of the biggest enemies for cassowaries, and it is not unheard of for hunting dogs to accidentally kill cassowary chicks instead of feral pigs, with the dogs in-turn, being killed by the nearby adult rooster. Outside of threats from invasive species, the birds are also vulnerable to being unintentionally poisoned as well. 137: 1636:- adult birds generally ignore them, with some even believing that the dogs take full advantage of the birds' foraging behaviour, as both species share and use the same feeding trail through the forests. It was believed that these dogs follow adult birds to catch small prey attracted to the dropped fruits on the rainforest floor. Nevertheless, there was a report from a native hunter of an exceptionally rare case of a singing dog attacking the 1591: 6612: 1574:, as well as actively hunt for small birds and their eggs that flew into their enclosure. Cassowaries from the Garner’s Beach Rehabilitation Centre are unusually predatory beyond even non-captive observations, and will eat protein almost exclusively if given the chance, an odd inversion of the usual frugivorous lifestyle. In terms of hunting domesticated farm animals, it is rare, although one was reported eating a 8092: 6813: 646:. Although all ratites can eat meat, cassowaries, by definition, are the most omnivorous and predatory, owing to having the smallest and least herbivorous gastrointestinal tract out of any ratites; akin to true omnivores, as well as the fact that they are one of the only two ratites with a recorded hunting behaviour that is not mere foraging. Therefore, despite being considered an obligate 1777:

and found that motor-vehicle strikes accounted for 55% of the deaths, and dog attacks produced another 18%. Remaining causes of death included hunting (five cases), entanglement in wire (one case), the removal of cassowaries that attacked humans (four cases), and natural causes (18 cases), including tuberculosis (four cases). The cause for 14 cases was indicated as "for unknown reasons".

1466:, 'urbanised' cassowaries have adopted to also feed on picnic blankets, tables and baskets or backyard bird feeders and compost heaps, thereby consuming a wide range of non-natural and non-native foods as well. In fact, cassowaries are known to eat non-edible items, in one case, collection of urban cassowary droppings resulted in many unusual items. Outside of the skeletal remains of a 1659:. When threaten, it is known that cassowary chicks emit different vocalisation calls to indicate the specific threat, such as a hawk for example, before running underneath their father. Adult males aggressively defend their chicks. While adult males usually scare off or kill most predators, a chick will occasionally be separated in the chaos and become a potential target. 1740:, which is the largest national park in Southeast Asia, encompassing a vast range of ecosystems from coastal to alpine environments. These birds play a critical ecological role in seed dispersal, contributing to the regeneration of forests in these protected areas. They can also be easily spotted in some national parks such as Mellwraith Range National Park, 1973:

Likewise, as aforementioned, the high concentration of human activity in the urban ecology also equates to a higher concentration of food diversity and food waste, with these 'urbanised' cassowaries foraging for food scraps, bird feeders and outdoor picnic/food venues without fear from humans or domesticated animals due to the birds' size and reputation.

4578:

call for help and his outcries alerted his wife, who entered the enclosure with a 'stun gun' to repel the female cassowary. By the time the victim was pulled to safety, he had sustained numerous injuries and had lost a substantial amount of blood. He was rushed to the hospital. ... The patient did not survive his injuries.

1397:, although their hunting of small prey is more akin to foraging if they could catch them. Their diverse diet allows the cassowary to adapt to the availability of different food sources in their environment in case of ecological disruption. Despite their similar omnivorous foraging behaviour, cassowaries and introduced 1628:(and even then, the birds are rarely hunted due to their reputation, speed, wariness and self-defence, with juveniles being preferred over adults for ceremonial purposes - on average, it is considered very fortunate for a human hunter to kill one in every five years). With regards to their relationship with the 1470:, which was likely preyed by the cassowary, researchers also found remains of a child’s coloured building blocks, various sized marbles and a very small plastic car that came from a cereal packet. In terms of roadkill, discarded fish was reported, but the most common type of roadkill eaten by cassowaries are 1550:

with New Guinea's other apex predators that also fills a similar niche (i.e. small prey population control) such as the crocodile monitor and the New Guinea harpy eagle; with the latter further partitioning by targeting arboreal prey. Medium-sized animals and imported megafauna on the other hand like

1332:

Courtship and pair-bonding rituals begin with the vibratory sounds broadcast by females. Males approach and run with their necks parallel to the ground while making dramatic movements of their heads, which accentuate the frontal neck region. The female approaches drumming slowly. The male crouches on

4577:

Normally ... he would hold a 'shock stick' and had a second person with him. On that day ... he was alone and had entered the pen to retrieve one of the female's eggs. During the attack, the victim had fallen to the ground and the attack continued for an unknown period of time. The owner was able to

2016:

The first documented human death caused by a cassowary was on April 6, 1926. In Australia, 16-year-old Phillip McClean and his brother, age 13, came across a cassowary on their property and decided to try to kill it by striking it with clubs. The bird kicked the younger boy, who fell and ran away as

1960:

In extremely urbanised areas where Cassowaries used to naturally live such as in Queensland, Australia or in Port Moresby, Papua New Guinea, the local Cassowary population had adapted to its less forested grounds. Increasing urbanisation has increased the likelihood of human-cassowary interaction, a

1776:

The southern cassowary is endangered in Queensland. Kofron and Chapman, when they assessed the decline of this species, found that of the former cassowary habitat, only 20–25% remains. Habitat loss and fragmentation is the primary cause of decline. They then studied 140 cases of cassowary mortality,

1432:

takes its name from the bird. The bird avoids the poisons of these fruits due to the presence of their incredibly short gastrointestinal tract, the shortest of all ratites in relation to their size. The cassowary's incredibly short and simple digestive tract leads to a short gut retention time which

1976:

Due to their omnivorous nature, cassowaries are able to eat all types of human food, including processed ones if they feel like it, although fruit still remains their favourite choosings. A 2013 study from post-mortem investigations found that a combination of fruit scarcity and abundancy in human

1545:

Nevertheless, Cassowary predatory behaviour seem to be seasonal, with females expressing higher desires for meat during egg production (i.e. autumn and winter) and males expressing the same desires during the pre-breeding season and post-incubation (i.e. autumn and spring). This seasonal behaviour

1529:, so they can't properly butcher their prey. As such, they compensate by using their feet as an anchor before grabbing a morsel and tearing it off with their neck muscles. Even so, cassowaries will hunt larger prey if given the opportunity, such as in one incident where an adult rooster killed an 1328:

Cassowaries are solitary birds except during courtship, egg-laying, and sometimes around ample food supplies. Males and females each maintain separate territories that overlap, of a size of approximately 3 square kilometres in one study. While females move among satellite territories of different

653:

Hence, cassowaries are both the largest fruit-eating bird, the largest omnivorous bird and the largest opportunistically predatory avian. Cassowaries are very wary of humans, but if provoked, they are capable of inflicting serious, even fatal, injuries upon both dogs and people. The cassowary has

1368:

The female does not care for the eggs or the chicks, but rather moves on within her territory to lay eggs in the nests of several other males. Young cassowaries are brown and have buffy stripes. They are often kept as pets in native villages (in New Guinea), where they are permitted to roam like

1336:

Both male and female cassowaries do not tolerate the presence of others of the same sex, but females are more prone to fight than males, which will generally flee when encountering another male. While males and females may also be territorial and confrontational, this decreases during the mating

1533:

by using his sharp beak as a spear to peck it to death, before butchering the remains for his chicks. Cassowaries are also known to fight one another over the opportunity to eat a dead animal, suggesting that resource competition behaviour between the birds are common. Their cravings for a high

1524:

Likewise, reports of cassowaries hunting and killing small mammals and lizards are quite common, with the birds often using their feet to dig and scour the forest floor for a meal - whether it is prey or fruit - before snatching it up with their beaks and swallowing them whole. As far as larger

1972:

It was found that cassowaries in these urban environments changed their diets accordingly, with urbanised cassowaries actually consuming an even greater proportion of fruits from exotic plants (~30%) but still incorporating a significant proportion of fruits from native plants in their diet.

1927:

There is evidence that the cassowary may have been domesticated by humans thousands of years before the chicken. Some New Guinea Highlands societies capture cassowary chicks and raise them as semi-tame poultry, for use in ceremonial gift exchanges and as food. They are the only indigenous

1364:

those eggs for 50–52 days, removing or adding litter to regulate the temperature, then protects the chicks, which stay in the nest for about 9 months. He defends them fiercely against all potential predators, including humans. The young males later go off to find a territory of their own.

1170:

is not well studied, and the northern and dwarf cassowaries even less so. Females are larger and more brightly coloured than the males. Adult southern cassowaries are 1.5 to 1.8 m (4 ft 11 in to 5 ft 11 in) tall, although some females may reach 2 m (6 ft

1477:

In captivity, Cassowaries get the majority of their protein source from dog or monkey food. In fact, captive cassowaries consume almost 1 L (0.22 imp gal; 0.26 US gal) of a protein source (such as dog food) in conjunction with 19 L (4.2 imp gal;

1951:

cassowary remains in Papua suggest that indigenous people at the time preferred to harvest eggs rather than adults. They seem to have regulated their consumption of these birds, possibly even collecting eggs and rearing young birds as one of the earliest forms of domestication.

1830:

However, since Tasmania lack the same levels of fruit diversity as Queensland and New Guinea, assessments believe that the birds would adapt by also eating invertebrates and small vertebrates. This may lead to some competition with the island's endemic insectivores such as the

1851:

The cassowary has solitary habits and breeds less frequently in zoos than other ratites such as ostrich and emu. Unlike other ratites, it lives exclusively in tropical rainforest, and reproducing this habitat carefully is essential. Unlike the emu, which will live with other

1860:, in "mixed Australian fauna" displays, the cassowary does not cohabit well among its own kind. Individual specimens must even be kept in separate enclosures, due to their solitary and aggressive nature. Territoriality is one of their most important characteristics. 1780:

Hand feeding cassowaries poses a significant threat to their survival because it lures them into suburban areas. There, the birds are more susceptible to encounters with vehicles and dogs. Contact with humans encourages cassowaries to take food from picnic tables.

1126:, the stability of specimens (the bright skin of the head and neck—the basis of describing several subspecies—fades in specimens), and the practice of trading live cassowaries for thousands of years, some of which are likely to have escaped or been deliberately 1928:

Australasian animal known to have been partly domesticated by people prior to European arrival and colonization and by definition, the oldest form of domesticated animal and the largest domesticated bird. The Maring people of Kundagai sacrificed cassowaries (

3244:

Reciprocal ecosystem impact and behavioural interactions between cassowaries, Casuarius casuarius, and humans, homo sapiens: exploring the natural-human environment interface and its implications for endangered species recovery in North Queensland,

3221:

eciprocal ecosystem impact and behavioural interactions between cassowaries, Casuarius casuarius, and humans, homo sapiens: exploring the natural-human environment interface and its implications for endangered species recovery in North Queensland,

1707:

As for eating the cassowary, it is supposed to be quite tough. Australian administrative officers stationed in New Guinea were advised that it "should be cooked with a stone in the pot: when the stone is ready to eat, so is the cassowary".

1699:

for thousands of years longer with little to no impact on its population, suggesting that either the cassowaries of New Guinea had long adapted to human-introduced species or that the rich biodiversity of New Guinea allowed for additional

5145:

Webber, Bruce L.; Woodrow, Ian E. (June 2, 2004). "Cassowary frugivory, seed defleshing and fruit fly infestation influence the transition from seed to seedling in the rare Australian rainforest tree, Ryparosa sp. nov. 1 (Achariaceae)".

1961:

potentially dangerous mix. Although cassowary populations have faced challenges in these urban areas in Northeastern Australia and parts of New Guinea, the cassowaries have proven to be surprisingly quite adaptable in contrast to the

2024:

Cassowary strikes to the abdomen are among the rarest of all, but in one case in 1995, a dog was kicked in the belly. The blow left no puncture, but severe bruising occurred. The dog later died from an apparent intestinal rupture.

1282:

with their powerful legs. Cassowaries can run at up to 50 km/h (30 mph) through the dense forest and can jump up to 1.5 m (4 ft 11 in). They are good swimmers, crossing wide rivers and swimming in the sea.

1686:

would themselves, become lethal poison to the birds which are unaware from this contaminated danger. It is unknown why the cassowary population in Australia is in decline, as the New Guinea population has dealt with introduced

2017:

his older brother struck the bird. The older McClean then tripped and fell to the ground. While he was on the ground, the cassowary kicked him in the neck, opening a 1.25-centimetre (0.49 in) wound that severed his

1785:

also are a significant threat to their survival. They destroy nests and eggs of cassowaries, but their worst effect is as competitors for food, which may be catastrophic for the cassowaries during lean times.

1254:

Unlike the majority of birds, cassowaries lack a tongue. Their beaks are pointed, sharp and robust but not serrated, which allows them to pick up fruit or small animals more easily than the short bills of an

1185: in), and weigh 58.5 kg (130 lb). However, it is not uncommon to see exceptionally large females topping the scales beyond 70 kg (150 lb), with the largest maximum recorded being a 2028:

Another human death due to a cassowary was recorded in Florida on April 12, 2019. The bird's owner, a 75-year-old man who had raised the animal, was apparently clawed to death after he fell to the ground.

2001:

The inner or second of the three toes is fitted with a long, straight, murderous nail which can sever an arm or eviscerate an abdomen with ease. There are many records of natives being killed by this bird.

8341: 4928: 1251:

bones touch each other. These, along with their wedge-shaped body, are thought to be adaptations to ward off vines, thorns, and saw-edged leaves, allowing them to run quickly through the rainforest.

1490:

due to the lack of large terrestrial predators in either Australia or New Guinea; forcing the birds to necessitate the role in controlling the population of small prey animals including other small

1440:

Where trees are dropping fruit, cassowaries come in and feed, with each bird defending a tree from others for a few days. They move on when the fruit is depleted. Fruit, even items as large as

1602:. They are known to disperse seeds over distances greater than a kilometre, thus playing an important role in the ecosystem. Germination rates for seeds of the rare Australian rainforest tree 1163:

Typically, all cassowaries are shy birds that are found in the deep forest. They are adept at disappearing long before a human knows they are there. The southern cassowary of the far north

1137:, and that the dwarf cassowary is more closely related to the Northern Cassowary than either is to the Southern cassowary. A fossil species was reported from Australia, but for reasons of 1393:

opportunistically when small prey is available. Besides fruits, their diet includes flowers, fungi, snails, insects, frogs, lizards, snakes, birds, fish, rats, mice, small marsupials and

3341: 1640:. The incident ended with the singing dog being disemboweled and ripped open by the bird. But generally speaking, both apex animals mutually keep their distance and avoid one another. 4025: 1804: 4549: 1542:, with the rooster teaching their young how to properly hunt and consume these animals; suggesting that protein forms an important dietary supplement for young cassowaries. 1555:, are avoided by the birds as they are completely incapable nor interested in hunting them. Instead, larger prey animals are controlled by the New Guinea singing dogs, the 1867:) is the most popular species in captivity, and it is fairly common in European and American zoos, where it is known for its unmistakable appearance. As of 2019, only 1534:

protein diet are such, that adult roosters with chicks are known to supply their young with a surprisingly high protein diet such as insects and small birds such as

1357:

in each clutch into a heap of leaf litter prepared by the male. The eggs measure about 9 by 14 cm (3.5 by 5.5 in) – only ostrich and emu eggs are larger.

1514:

to generalist opportunistic predators, as frequent fecal examinations revealed the skeletal remains of entire birds, rodents and fish scales on a constant basis.

1329:

males, they appear to remain within the same territories for most of their lives, mating with the same, or closely related, males over the course of their lives.

4960:

Naish, Darren; Perron, Richard M. (2014). "Structure and function of the cassowary's casque and its implications for cassowary history, biology and evolution".

1932:) in certain rituals. The Kalam people considered themselves related to cassowaries, and did not classify them as birds, but as kin. Consequently, they use the 1915: 1799:

Ironically, despite being a threatened species in Queensland, concerns also mount on cassowaries being itself, a potential invasive species on the island of

1455:. As adult waste often contain half-digested fruit which still has nutritional value, so the birds would devour each other's as well as their own droppings. 6157: 734: 4596: 4202:

Douglass, Kristina; Gaffney, Dylan; Feo, Teresa J.; Bulathsinhala, Priyangi; Mack, Andrew L.; Spitzer, Megan; Summerhayes, Glenn R. (October 5, 2021).

1796:

The Mission Beach community in far north Queensland holds an annual Cassowary Festival in September, where funds are raised to map the bird's habitat.

5944: 5891: 5466: 3743: 2861: 2925:

Naish, D.; Perron, R. (2016). "Structure and function of the cassowary's casque and its implications for cassowary history, biology and evolution".

2317: 6014: 5190: 4127: 6000: 5927: 3809: 1133:

The evolutionary history of cassowaries, as of all ratites, is not well known. Genetic evidence suggests that their closest living relatives are

749: 3526: 1494:

such as snakes and lizards. If so, it would make cassowaries one of New Guinea's three terrestrial apex predators, with the other two being the

6676: 6641: 6354: 5899: 5137: 3956: 1682:

are a popular prey item for the birds due to their commonality, ease of catch and being a good protein source. However, rodents that died from

1624:, as well as being one of the largest terrestrial endemic animals in New Guinea. As such, adult cassowaries have no natural enemies other than 3348: 8262: 4637:

Bulmer, Ralph (March 1967). "Why is the Cassowary Not a Bird? A Problem of Zoological Taxonomy Among the Karam of the New Guinea Highlands".

1433:

allow seeds to remain unharmed during the comparatively soft digestion process and allows them to consume fruits that contain toxins such as

4294:"The southern cassowary (Casuarius casuarius johnsonii) remains an important disperser of native plants in fragmented rainforest landscapes" 6669: 6334: 6007: 2375: 1437:. This short gut length also allows the birds to eat a wider variety of protein source, which is unsurprising given their omnivorous diet. 1405:, even though it should have dictated that both species should be in direct competition such as in the case in the cassowary population in 5275: 2273: 7947: 6217: 6021: 4007: 8326: 6662: 5976: 5913: 4204:"Late Pleistocene/Early Holocene sites in the montane forests of New Guinea yield early record of cassowary hunting and egg harvesting" 2880: 1517:

New surveys and observations in 2019 has also shown that cassowaries are one of the few ratites - the other being the equally elusive

4613: 587:; the northern cassowary is the most recently discovered and the most threatened. A fourth but extinct species is represented by the 3260: 2525:

Systema Naturæ per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis

8223: 5969: 5316: 4532: 2968: 4423: 8249: 5536: 6114: 2335: 654:

often been labelled "the world's most dangerous bird", although in terms of recorded statistics, it pales in comparison to the

3881: 7759: 5073: 4693: 2646: 2582: 8254: 5030: 1122:. Validation of these subspecies has proven difficult due to individual variations, age-related variations, the scarcity of 7764: 4887: 4116:

Bourke, R. Michael: History of agriculture in Papua New Guinea in Food and Agriculture in Papua New Guinea, ANU Press, 2009

4077: 3855: 3625: 1320:

The average lifespan of wild cassowaries is approximately 18–20 years, with those held in captivity living up to 40 years.

1192:

Hence, by technicality, all three species of cassowaries are considered as Asia's largest bird since the extinction of the

1793:

destroyed a large area of cassowary habitat, endangering 200 of the birds – about 10% of the total Australian population.

4453: 4372: 4356: 1302:

having variations in between. Contrary to earlier findings, the hollow inside of the casque is spanned with fine fibres.

2505:

Systema Naturae sistens regna tria naturæ, in classes et ordines, genera et species redacta tabulisque aeneis illustrata

4292:

Campbell, Mariana A.; Lawton, Tom; Udyawer, Vinay; Bell-Anderson, Kim S.; Westcott, David; Campbell, Hamish A. (2023).

1353:

The cassowary breeding season starts in May to June. Females lay three to eight large, bright green or pale green-blue

971: 2812: 5121: 5019: 4825: 4793: 4770: 4751: 4479: 4178: 2458:

Ornithologie, ou, Méthode contenant la division des oiseaux en ordres, sections, genres, especes & leurs variétés

2094: 1290:

on their heads that grows with age. The casque's shape and size, up to 18 cm (7 in), is species-dependent.

385: 7816: 1598:

Cassowaries feed on the fruit of several hundred rainforest species and usually pass viable seeds in large, dense

8267: 4270: 1314: 716: 277: 4944: 1448:

of rain forests because they eat fallen fruit whole and distribute seeds across the jungle floor via excrement.

902: 6732: 4739: 2572: 4911: 1989:, American and Australian troops stationed in New Guinea were warned to steer clear of them. In his 1958 book 650:, cassowaries consume a considerable amount of protein throughout their life stages, and throughout the year. 3182:

Eastick, Danielle L., et al. "Cassowary casques act as thermal windows." Scientific reports 9.1 (2019): 1966.

3066: 2990: 2638:

Malay Words and Malay Things: Lexical Souvenirs from an Exotic Archipelago in German Publications Before 1700

1674:, with their eggs being most vulnerable to boar predation. Their chicks also face dangers and predation from 1377: 8321: 8046: 5309: 4844:

Kofron, Christopher P. (December 1999). "Attacks to humans and domestic animals by the southern cassowary (

3087: 1278:-like claw that may be 125 mm (5 in) long. This claw is particularly fearsome, since cassowaries 8184: 8171: 7909: 7769: 5529: 4136: 4761:

Davies, Stephen J.J.F. (2003). "Birds I: Tinamous and Ratites to Hoatzins". In Hutchins, Michael (ed.).

3485: 2854:"A pygmy cassowary (Casuarius lydekkeri) from late Pleistocene bog deposits at Pureni, Papua New Guinea" 2150: 2068: 1345: 8189: 7475: 6605: 4704: 4173:]. illustrations by Christopher Healey. New Zealand: Auckland University Press. pp. 150, 152. 3467: 3347:. Canberra: Department of Climate Change, Energy, the Environment and Water. p. 19. Archived from 3291: 1741: 1566:

In captivity, outside of available hand-fed processed protein source, captive cassowaries are known to

910: 304: 31: 5255: 3661: 2853: 1416:

Fruit from at least 26 plant families has been documented in the diet of cassowaries. Fruits from the

154: 8331: 7811: 6818: 4604: 3906: 3643: 2605: 2052: 1752: 1525:

animals go, such as road kill, cassowary beaks - whilst sharp - aren't serrated like those of a true

17: 3682: 2005:

This assessment of the danger posed by cassowaries has been repeated in print by authors, including

144:

Montage of three species; left to right: southern cassowary, northern cassowary and dwarf cassowary

7952: 7884: 7774: 7317: 5607: 3317: 3225: 3220: 2453: 2243: 1840: 1836: 792: 678: 250: 1110:

of each have been described, and some of them have even been suggested as separate species, e.g.,

8336: 7932: 7733: 5302: 4818:

Latin Names Explained. A Guide to the Scientific Classifications of Reptiles, Birds & Mammals

4059: 3527:"Rare video shows endangered southern cassowary emerging from ocean swim in Far North Queensland" 3507: 2610: 2488:. Vol. 1 (2nd ed.). Cambridge, Massachusetts: Museum of Comparative Zoology. p. 7. 1812: 4382: 733:. As the publication date of Linnaeus's sixth edition was before the 1758 starting point of the 8293: 8124: 7743: 7718: 7686: 5522: 5279: 5246: 1994: 1905: 1868: 1816: 1652: 1629: 1499: 4366: 3550: 1369:

barnyard fowl until nearing maturity. Caged birds are regularly bereft of their fresh plumes.

927: 8288: 8019: 7962: 7894: 7796: 7322: 6699: 3571: 3108: 3048: 2618: 1909: 1871:

in Germany has all three species of cassowaries in its collection: single-wattled cassowary (

1737: 1020: 951: 882: 418: 396: 8280: 3413: 2528:(in Latin). Vol. 1 (10th ed.). Holmiae (Stockholm): Laurentii Salvii. p. 155. 1200:, the cassowary is the island's second largest terrestrial animal after the introduction of 8316: 7738: 7728: 5661: 5092: 4969: 4719: 4305: 4215: 3130: 2934: 2888: 2508:(in Latin) (6th ed.). Stockholmiae (Stockholm): Godofr, Kiesewetteri. pp. 16, 27. 1820: 1560: 4621: 602:, and take a range of other plant foods, including shoots and grass seeds, in addition to 8: 8162: 8029: 7723: 7706: 7701: 7696: 7691: 7681: 7673: 6611: 5444: 5391: 5240: 4571:

Wenzlow, N.; Hamilton, W. F. (February 18, 2021). "Cassowary Fatally Attacks Its Owner".

4129:

Man and a Half: Essays in Pacific Anthropology and Ethnobiology in Honour of Ralph Bulmer

3770: 3268: 1985:

Cassowaries have a reputation for being dangerous to people and domestic animals. During

1824: 1733: 1556: 1123: 1047: 852: 833: 521: 453: 329: 293: 5294: 5228: 5096: 4973: 4723: 4309: 4219: 3192: 3134: 2938: 2353: 2318:"Captive Management Guidelines for the Southern Cassowary Casuarius casuarius johnsonii" 2220: 8071: 7711: 7601: 7402: 6725: 5634: 5490: 5380: 5362: 5131: 4985: 4948: 4861: 4782: 4662: 4431: 4276:. Canberra: Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts. p. 23-24. 4251: 4238: 4203: 2950: 2703: 2430: 2403: 1717: 1716:

Cassowaries are native to the humid rainforests of New Guinea, nearby smaller islands,

1186: 1127: 979: 896: 819: 692: 580: 568: 537: 478: 343: 315: 267: 149: 6629: 4506: 4065:. Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment. 2011. p. 10-11. 3376: 1608:

were found to be much higher after passing through a cassowary's gut (92% versus 4%).

996: 8275: 8197: 7997: 7899: 7504: 7355: 7068: 6133: 6081: 5183: 5163: 5117: 5069: 5015: 5008: 4821: 4805: 4789: 4766: 4747: 4689: 4654: 4541: 4255: 4243: 4184: 4174: 3957:"Feral pigs decimating cassowaries in world heritage-listed Daintree, filmmaker says" 2984: 2682: 2675: 2642: 2599: 2578: 2435: 1933: 1920: 1633: 1495: 231: 7621: 7023: 4989: 4952: 4870: 2954: 2831: 2194: 1643:

The same cannot be said with their chicks, however, as they are vulnerable to large

8066: 7967: 7861: 7856: 7365: 7277: 7203: 7188: 7138: 6648: 6296: 5842: 5235: 5155: 5100: 4977: 4940: 4903: 4857: 4727: 4646: 4313: 4233: 4223: 3138: 2942: 2827: 2710: 2689: 2551: 2539: 2425: 2415: 1675: 1632:- one of Papua's only obligate terrestrial apex predator, with the other being the 1539: 1511: 1445: 1361: 1287: 1061: 825: 729: 541: 503: 486: 356: 8202: 3717: 1478:

5.0 US gal) of fruit a day, which results in 5% of their overall diet.

1219:

All cassowaries' feathers consist of a shaft and loose barbules. They do not have

8176: 8002: 7904: 7342: 7297: 7287: 7128: 6905: 6762: 6174: 5990: 5906: 5826: 5592: 5454: 5371: 5045: 4981: 3395: 3342:"National Recovery Plan for the Southern Cassowary Casuarius casuarius johnsonii" 2946: 2770: 2763: 2745: 2724: 2717: 2696: 2661: 2632: 2006: 1701: 1637: 1547: 1526: 1224: 1193: 1037: 965: 710: 588: 584: 529: 3449: 2503: 2483: 2465: 2461: 1578:, nevertheless, captive birds are known to consume day-old chicks and butchered 7972: 7849: 7844: 7839: 7495: 7327: 7183: 7008: 6973: 6948: 6940: 6885: 6850: 6527: 5789: 5498: 5325: 4078:"World's most dangerous bird raised by humans 18,000 years ago, study suggests" 2756: 2654: 2577:(4th ed.). London: International Trust for Zoological Nomenclature. 1999. 2420: 1937: 1721: 1648: 1429: 1417: 741: 720: 655: 513: 407: 216: 4333: 3589: 2523: 571:, is the third-tallest and second-heaviest living bird, smaller only than the 8310: 8147: 8107: 8014: 7919: 7834: 7806: 7656: 7556: 7407: 7370: 7257: 7163: 7158: 7133: 6993: 6978: 6812: 6792: 6777: 6718: 6500: 6436: 6344: 6054: 6032: 5819: 5731: 5718: 5673: 5545: 5434: 4658: 4545: 4188: 2738: 2731: 2519: 2499: 2010: 1900: 1832: 1724:, and northeastern Australia. They do, however, venture out into palm scrub, 1579: 1491: 1487: 1486:

Despite their largely frugivorous lifestyle, some consider cassowaries as an

1248: 858: 777: 700: 461: 273: 206: 80: 5205: 4228: 3788: 1772:

A free-ranging cassowary wandering in a tourist park at Etty Bay, Queensland

1474:, which potentially represent the largest prey item consumed by the birds. 1313:

Several functions for the casque have been proposed. One is that they are a

8036: 8024: 7992: 7876: 7561: 7500: 7465: 7425: 7223: 7060: 7048: 6958: 6855: 6767: 6655: 6458: 6374: 5884: 5874: 5167: 5031:"The taxonomic status of Casuarius bennetti papuanus and C. b. westermanni" 4247: 4162: 2439: 2018: 1986: 1790: 1656: 1530: 1138: 921: 724: 688: 659: 611: 564: 549: 545: 437: 259: 3242: 2098: 1768: 1305: 8236: 8156: 8096: 8007: 7957: 7942: 7927: 7646: 7636: 7606: 7536: 7531: 7470: 7455: 7397: 7392: 7377: 7198: 7178: 7103: 7093: 7078: 7073: 7028: 6998: 6988: 6953: 6930: 6802: 6797: 6555: 6543: 6516: 6476: 6467: 6415: 6381: 6289: 6224: 6166: 6044: 5752: 5646: 5342: 4026:"Cassowary carnival: Queensland town celebrates a famous flightless bird" 2636: 2542:(1910). "Collation of Brisson's genera of birds with those of Linnaeus". 1966: 1962: 1944: 1518: 1452: 1386: 1213: 1189:

at 85 kg (187 lb) and 190 cm (6 ft 3 in) tall.

1167: 1155: 1141:, this assignment is not certain, and it might belong to the prehistoric 1057: 990: 769: 765: 553: 366: 226: 55: 5558: 4507:"Cassowary, called 'most dangerous bird', attacks and kills Florida man" 4271:"Recovery plan for the southern cassowary Casuarius casuarius johnsonii" 1620:, cassowaries are the island's largest and most dominant and formidable 737:, Brisson, and not Linnaeus, is considered the authority for the genus. 8228: 8076: 8051: 7571: 7566: 7485: 7332: 7193: 6900: 6895: 6860: 6486: 6429: 6399: 6303: 6262: 6197: 6145: 5805: 5763: 5406: 4666: 2479: 2139:(in Indonesian). Departemen Kebudayaan dan Pendidikan. pp. 39, 71. 1761: 1696: 1688: 1683: 1644: 1617: 1535: 1467: 1459: 1425: 1406: 1402: 1398: 1197: 1164: 1107: 1084: 1034: 844: 757: 619: 533: 325: 100: 65: 4731: 4318: 4293: 3142: 136: 8241: 8210: 7889: 7611: 7519: 7509: 7490: 7460: 7312: 7272: 7238: 7208: 7143: 7003: 6968: 6890: 6870: 6827: 6509: 6443: 6365: 5959: 5937: 5859: 5812: 5798: 5774: 5619: 5514: 5353: 5239: 5104: 4907: 2668: 1969:, potentially making them the largest urbanised birds in the world. 1857: 1853: 1782: 1725: 1671: 1663: 1567: 1552: 1471: 1463: 1428:, and myrtle families are important items in the diet. The poisonous 1410: 1220: 1205: 1103: 848: 647: 595: 557: 166: 105: 49: 8118: 5159: 4650: 3981:

International), BirdLife International (BirdLife) (August 9, 2018).

3431: 2556: 1309:

Feet of a southern cassowary: Cassowaries use their feet as weapons.

8342:

Higher-level bird taxa restricted to the Australasia-Pacific region

8215: 8141: 8061: 8056: 7866: 7616: 7596: 7591: 7581: 7576: 7445: 7435: 7387: 7350: 7153: 7108: 7083: 7043: 7013: 6963: 6875: 6865: 6581: 6571: 6408: 6282: 6255: 6207: 5570: 5479: 5417: 4871:"Case histories of attacks by the southern cassowary in Queensland" 3744:"Notes on behaviour of New Guinea singing dogs (Canis lupus dingo)" 2380: 1948: 1800: 1604: 1590: 1434: 1421: 1390: 1354: 1240: 1201: 1143: 1102:

Most authorities consider the taxonomic classification above to be

753: 715:

published in 1748, but Linnaeus dropped the genus in the important

599: 186: 125: 95: 90: 75: 70: 60: 4997:

Owen, J. (2003). "Does Rain Forest Bird "Boom" Like a Dinosaur?".

4533:"Cassowary, world's 'most dangerous bird', kills owner in Florida" 4291: 3907:"Cassowary: Description, Pictures, & Fun Facts I TheBirdPedia" 2376:"'World's Most Dangerous Bird' Kills 75-Year-Old Owner In Florida" 1196:. Moreover, not only is the cassowary Asia's largest bird, within 7937: 7801: 7651: 7631: 7514: 7440: 7307: 7282: 7252: 7244: 7228: 7213: 7123: 7118: 7113: 7098: 7088: 7038: 6983: 6845: 6782: 6749: 6422: 6388: 6318: 6273: 6185: 6062: 3982: 3760:

Roots, Clive. Flightless birds. Greenwood Publishing Group, 2006.

2460:(in French and Latin). Vol. 1. Paris: Jean-Baptiste Bauche. 1895: 1729: 1667: 1575: 1394: 1260: 1244: 1236: 1232: 639: 615: 572: 525: 517: 110: 85: 3228:. James Cook University. Section 2 Page 154 (thesis) or 60 (pdf) 2813:"The history and significance of the fossil Casuarius lydekkeri" 7626: 7526: 7480: 7381: 7360: 7302: 7292: 7262: 7148: 7033: 6880: 6835: 5564: 4765:. Vol. 8 (2nd ed.). Farmington Hills MI: Gale Group. 4201: 1808: 1757: 1679: 1507: 1503: 1441: 1275: 1209: 761: 643: 627: 176: 4573:

Abstracts of the American Academy of Forensic Sciences Meeting

3607: 2050: 1805:

Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment

30:

This article is about the genus of birds. For other uses, see

8041: 7641: 7586: 7551: 7546: 7450: 7430: 7218: 7168: 6910: 6787: 5223: 4929:"Low-frequency vocalizations by cassowaries (Casuarius spp.)" 4454:"Authorities: Large, flightless bird kills its Florida owner" 3860:

The Foundation for Australia's Most Endangered Species (FAME)

1955: 1625: 1599: 1481: 1228: 671: 631: 603: 8091: 5219: 3926: 3924: 2244:"Digestive Anatomy and Physiology of the Southern Cassowary" 1879:). If subspecies are recognised, Weltvogelpark Walsrode has 658:, which is recorded to kill two to three humans per year in 7267: 7173: 7018: 6920: 6915: 6840: 6741: 5576: 4945:

10.1642/0004-8038(2003)120[1062:LVBCCS]2.0.CO;2

2221:"What Do Cassowaries Eat? (Full Diet, Habits and Behavior)" 1827:

would be denied access to fruit of which they depend upon.

1692: 1621: 1571: 1271: 635: 623: 196: 4888:"Causes of mortality to the endangered Southern Cassowary 3983:"IUCN Red List of Threatened Species: Casuarius casuarius" 2971:. Buzzle.com. Archived from the original on March 15, 2009 2402:

Usurelu, Sergiu; Bettencourt, Vanessa; Melo, Gina (2015).

7541: 6925: 6772: 6242: 5426: 5333: 5324: 4614:"Systema Naturae 2000 / Classification – Genus Casuarius" 4505:

Hackney, Deanna; McLaughlin, Eliott C. (April 15, 2019).

4460:. Alachua, Florida, USA. Associated Press. April 13, 2019 4126:

Healey, Chris (1991). "Why is the Cassowary sacrificed".

3921: 3856:"Planting important habitat to save the Iconic Cassowary" 3693: 1585: 1267: 1256: 1134: 773: 719:

of 1758 and put the southern cassowary together with the

607: 576: 3414:"Cassowaries in the Wet Tropics of Far North Queensland" 3154: 3152: 2852:

Rich, P. V.; Plane, Michael; Schroeder, Natalie (1988).

2238: 2236: 2234: 2054:

Official Lists and Indexes of Names and Works in Zoology

1235:

quills, resembling porcupine quills, with no barbs. The

6710: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 665: 4344: 3955:

Sexton-Mcgrath, Kristy; Stephen, Adam (May 30, 2018).

3121:

Crome, F.; Moore, L (1988). "The cassowary's casque".

2903: 2401: 1227:. Cassowaries have small wings with five or six large 1147:, which was a genus of cassowary-like primitive emus. 5206:"C4 Community for Coastal and Cassowary Conservation" 4405: 4403: 4100: 4098: 3954: 3149: 2231: 1904:

The cassowary is featured on the coat of arms of the

6577: 6539: 6497: 6482: 6350: 6340: 6330: 6239: 6213: 6203: 6193: 6154: 6050: 6040: 5987: 5956: 5924: 5871: 5855: 5786: 5770: 5759: 5748: 4784:

Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies

4688:(6 ed.). Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. 3098: 2597: 2254: 4674:Clark, Philip (November 5, 1990). "Stay in Touch". 3936: 3544: 3542: 3540: 3335: 3333: 3331: 3061: 3059: 3057: 2924: 2369: 2367: 2021:. The boy died of his injuries shortly thereafter. 1662:However, in the relic populations of north-eastern 735:

International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature

5083:Sclater, P. L. (October 14, 1875). "Cassowaries". 5007: 4804: 4781: 4531: 4400: 4388: 4095: 3040: 3038: 2862:BMR Journal of Australian Geology & Geophysics 2851: 2598: 2544:Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History 2119: 1444:and apples, is swallowed whole. Cassowaries are a 1385:Cassowaries, as aforementioned, are predominantly 1286:All three species have a keratinous, skin-covered 4820:. New York, NY: Facts on File. pp. 178–179. 4504: 4287: 4285: 4283: 3250:Section 3, page 114(pdf) 208(on-page numbering). 3120: 2097:. Collection of group names. 2007. Archived from 8308: 6080: 5191:Transactions of the Zoological Society of London 4927:Mack, Andrew L.; Jones, Josh (October 1, 2003). 4886:Kofron, Christopher P.; Chapman, Angela (2006). 4686:The Clements Checklist of the Birds of the World 3537: 3501: 3499: 3328: 3240: 3164: 3054: 2364: 5114:Australia's Dangerous Creatures Reader's Digest 4570: 4334:"Cassowary bird tries to steal a woman's lunch" 4208:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 3387: 3035: 2845: 2051:Melville, R. V.; Smith, J. D. D., eds. (1987). 579:. The other two species are represented by the 5591: 5082: 4280: 3980: 3566: 3564: 3318:"Casuarius unappendiculatusnorthern cassowary" 2172: 2170: 2168: 2166: 2164: 1896:Role in Papuan cultures and semi-domestication 1666:, the cassowary population faces threats from 6726: 5530: 5310: 5144: 4885: 4834: 4125: 3930: 3699: 3496: 3104: 3025: 3023: 3021: 3019: 3017: 3015: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2786: 2784: 2574:International Code of Zoological Nomenclature 2395: 2189: 2187: 2185: 5729: 4803:Gilliard, E. Thomas (1958) . "Cassowaries". 4262: 4160: 3804: 3802: 3771:"Giant Cassowaries are Modern-day Dinosaurs" 3737: 3735: 3733: 3731: 2641:. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. pp. 192–3. 2478: 2323:. Cairns Tropical Zoo. p. 23-24, 73-77. 1670:, and are in danger of being outcompeted by 1159:Close-up of the head of a southern cassowary 682: 4959: 3561: 3371: 3369: 2161: 1890: 1711: 1594:Cassowary feces, containing traces of seeds 708: 6733: 6719: 5537: 5523: 5317: 5303: 5276:"Southern cassowary - Casuarius casuarius" 5136:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher ( 4702: 4480:"Cassowary kills man at farm near Alachua" 4075: 3012: 2781: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2182: 1956:Urbanisation of local cassowary population 1747: 1744:, and Jardine National Park in Australia. 1482:Predatory behaviour and hunting techniques 1451:Adult and young cassowaries also practice 135: 5111: 4926: 4317: 4237: 4227: 4060:"PEST RISK ASSESSMENT Southern Cassowary" 4008:"Cyclone puts cassowary in greater peril" 3879: 3799: 3728: 3158: 2555: 2429: 2419: 2373: 2346: 2333: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2274:"Jungle royalty: the enigmatic cassowary" 1401:had co-existed for thousands of years in 598:, although all species are opportunistic 5351: 5278:. ARKive. August 5, 2004. Archived from 4802: 4683: 4680:Cites "authorities" for the death claim. 4350: 3712: 3710: 3708: 3648:Atherton Tablelands Bird Watchers' Cabin 3630:Atherton Tablelands Bird Watchers' Cabin 3572:"Southern Cassowary Casuarius casuarius" 3525:Testa, Christopher (November 13, 2023). 3366: 3088:"This is one bird to be cass-o-wary of!" 3044: 2518: 2498: 2271: 2176: 2134: 1914: 1899: 1767: 1751: 1589: 1376: 1344: 1323: 1304: 1154: 4779: 4594: 4486:. Alachua, Florida, USA. April 13, 2019 4378: 3942: 3750:. Science in New Guinea. p. 46-47. 3608:"Cassowary and chicks feeding on snake" 3394:Haley, Annemaree (September 26, 2022). 3289: 3003: 2881:"The Taxonomy of the Genus Cassowarius" 2452: 2374:Mosbergen, Dominique (April 14, 2019). 2213: 2124:(in Dutch). J.H. De Bussy. p. 146. 1458:In more urbanised areas, especially in 1280:sometimes kick humans and other animals 14: 8309: 5544: 5063: 5028: 4868: 4843: 4760: 4738: 4636: 4611: 4421: 4409: 4394: 4154: 4104: 4054: 4052: 4050: 4048: 4046: 3829:Biogeography and ecology of New Guinea 3826: 3810:"New to the area what you should know" 3505: 3339: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3305: 3082: 3080: 3029: 3006:Biogeography and ecology of New Guinea 2909: 2826:(10). The Australian Museum: 235–238. 2810: 2798: 2284: 1923:on Indonesia and New Guinea, 1899–1900 1586:Role in seed dispersal and germination 8123: 8122: 6714: 6627: 6132: 6131: 5716: 5557: 5518: 5298: 5014:. New York City: Simon and Schuster. 4816:Gotch, A. F. (1995) . "Cassowaries". 4815: 4673: 4552:from the original on January 12, 2022 4268: 3705: 3551:"Don't Attempt to Cuddle a Cassowary" 3524: 3508:"Daintree's Dinosaur – The Cassowary" 3393: 3292:"10 Colorful Facts About Cassowaries" 3236: 3234: 2920: 2918: 2631: 2538: 2482:; Cottrell, G. William, eds. (1979). 2336:"Species Feature: Southern Cassowary" 2315: 2151:"Interesting facts about Cassowaries" 920:Northern and western New Guinea, and 814:IUCN status and estimated population 528:bones. Cassowaries are native to the 5256:"Raising the World's Deadliest Bird" 5005: 4996: 4835:Harmer, S.F.; Shipley, A.F. (1899). 4422:Sather, Patrick (October 13, 2021). 4362: 3741: 3248:(phd thesis). James Cook University. 3170: 2619:participating institution membership 764:group, which also includes the emu, 666:Taxonomy, systematics, and evolution 5229:Cassowary videos, photos and sounds 5220:Cassowary and chicks drinking water 4043: 3987:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 3548: 3486:"Have you sized up to a cassowary?" 3315: 3302: 3267:. December 18, 2023. Archived from 3077: 1919:Cassowary held as a pet during the 1298:the smallest (tricorn shape), with 1130:to regions away from their origin. 1118:also may be in need of revision to 24: 5185:A Monograph of the Genus Casuarius 5176: 4862:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1999.tb01206.x 4763:Grzimek's Animal Life Encyclopedia 4612:Brands, Sheila (August 14, 2008). 4135:. pp. 234–241. Archived from 3845:NY, Ballantine Books: 1971, p. 35. 3468:"Cassowary – The Flightless Birds" 3231: 2915: 2811:Miller, Alden H. (June 19, 1962). 2334:Boettcher, James (June 12, 2018). 2061: 1546:changes allows the cassowaries to 1381:Southern cassowary eating a banana 25: 8353: 8327:Extant Zanclean first appearances 5717: 5198: 4620:. The Taxonomicon. Archived from 4595:Borrell, Brendan (October 2008). 4076:Katie Hunt (September 27, 2021). 2075:. The Trust for Avian Systematics 594:Around 90% of the cassowary diet 8102: 8101: 8090: 6817: 6811: 6695: 6694: 6610: 6604: 6113: 5194:, vol. 15, pt. 5, December 1900. 5010:Predatory Dinosaurs of the World 4875:Memoirs of the Queensland Museum 4780:Diamond, Jared M. (March 1997). 4564: 4524: 4498: 4472: 4446: 3843:New Guinea: The Tide is Stemmed. 3290:Mancini, Mark (April 19, 2019). 2820:Records of the Australian Museum 2485:Check-list of Birds of the World 2408:Annals of Medicine & Surgery 1120:Casuarius (bennetti) westermanni 995: 993:, and Yapen, mainly in highlands 970: 926: 901: 857: 824: 780:. These species are recognised: 677:was erected by French scientist 153: 53: 5231:on the Internet Bird Collection 5066:Taxonomy of the Genus Casuarius 4869:Kofron, Christopher P. (2003). 4415: 4326: 4195: 4119: 4110: 4069: 4018: 4000: 3974: 3948: 3899: 3873: 3848: 3835: 3820: 3781: 3763: 3754: 3675: 3654: 3636: 3618: 3600: 3582: 3576:San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance 3518: 3478: 3472:The Amazing Taman Safari - Bali 3460: 3442: 3424: 3406: 3283: 3253: 3241:Bentrupperbaumer, Joan (1997). 3217:Bentrupperbaumer, Joan (1997). 3211: 3185: 3176: 3114: 2997: 2961: 2873: 2832:10.3853/j.0067-1975.25.1962.662 2804: 2625: 2591: 2564: 2532: 2512: 2492: 2472: 2446: 2327: 2199:San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance 1846: 1340: 1315:secondary sexual characteristic 1060:fossils of New South Wales and 805:Scientific name and subspecies 4587: 4575:. Houston, Texas: 590 (H 65). 3506:D’Arcy, Mike (April 2, 2023). 2143: 2128: 2113: 2087: 2044: 1863:The double-wattled cassowary ( 1274:. The inner (first) toe has a 1231:. These are reduced to stiff, 1150: 13: 1: 7760:Countries by meat consumption 4890:Casuarius casuarius johnsonii 4848:) in Queensland, Australia". 4846:Casuarius casuarius johnsonii 4837:The Cambridge Natural History 4703:Crome, F.; Moore, L. (1988). 4597:"Invasion of the Cassowaries" 3742:Bino, Robert (January 1996). 3662:"Tropical Topics - Cassowary" 2404:"Abdominal trauma by ostrich" 2032: 520:: flightless birds without a 8047:Non-vegetarian food in India 7765:Countries by meat production 4982:10.1080/08912963.2014.985669 4896:Pacific Conservation Biology 3814:Guardians of the Wet Tropics 3718:"The New Guinea Singing Dog" 2947:10.1080/08912963.2014.985669 2466:Vol. 5: p. 10, Plate 1 fig 2 2340:Australian Wildlife Journeys 2037: 1940:when eating cassowary meat. 1279: 899:or single-wattled cassowary 822:or double-wattled cassowary 707:in the sixth edition of his 563:Three cassowary species are 7: 7770:Food and drink prohibitions 5182:Rothschild, Walter (1899). 5064:Perron, Richard M. (2016). 5029:Perron, Richard M. (2011). 4811:. New York City: Doubleday. 4746:. Oxford University Press. 3931:Kofron & Chapman (2006) 3700:Webber & Woodrow (2004) 3105:Harmer & Shipley (1899) 2137:Kamus Bahasa Biak-Indonesia 2120:F.J.F. Van Hasselt (1947). 1875:) and Bennett's cassowary ( 1349:Juvenile southern cassowary 10: 8358: 6809: 6628: 3880:UNEP-WCMC (May 22, 2017). 3340:Dennis, Andrew J. (2023). 3197:Smithsonian's National Zoo 3067:"Biology & Physiology" 2421:10.1016/j.amsu.2014.12.004 2354:"What Do Cassowaries Eat?" 1980: 1873:Casuarius unappendiculatus 1742:Paluma Range National Park 1611: 1243:are degenerate, and their 911:Casuarius unappendiculatus 699:). The Swedish naturalist 377:Moehr, 1752 nomen rejectum 305:Casuarius unappendiculatus 32:Cassowary (disambiguation) 29: 8131: 8085: 7983: 7918: 7875: 7827: 7812:Psychology of eating meat 7787: 7752: 7672: 7665: 7416: 7356:Black soldier fly maggots 7341: 7237: 7059: 6939: 6826: 6748: 6690: 6636: 6623: 6601: 6554: 6535: 6526: 6496: 6466: 6457: 6398: 6364: 6326: 6317: 6272: 6250: 6238: 6184: 6153: 6144: 6140: 6127: 6110: 6076: 6031: 5986: 5955: 5923: 5870: 5851: 5840: 5785: 5744: 5740: 5725: 5712: 5672: 5654: 5645: 5627: 5618: 5600: 5587: 5553: 5476: 5415: 5405: 5341: 5006:Paul, Gregory S. (1988). 4892:in Queensland, Australia" 4807:Living Birds of the World 4676:The Sydney Morning Herald 4424:"10 Birds That Can't Fly" 4304:(4). Australia: 787–802. 4167:Birds of my Kalam Country 3590:"Cassowary and bandicoot" 3490:Daintree Discovery Centre 3092:Atlas of Living Australia 2989:: CS1 maint: unfit URL ( 2606:Oxford English Dictionary 2454:Brisson, Mathurin Jacques 1991:Living Birds of the World 1033: 964: 895: 818: 813: 810: 807: 804: 801: 772:, as well as the extinct 703:had introduced the genus 516:. They are classified as 349: 342: 289: 284: 265: 258: 150:Scientific classification 148: 143: 134: 41: 27:Genus of flightless birds 7885:Beef hormone controversy 6740: 5148:Functional Plant Biology 5068:. Quantum Conservation. 4999:National Geographic News 4788:. W.W. Norton & Co. 4705:"The cassowary's casque" 4684:Clements, James (2007). 3886:World Heritage Datasheet 2316:Biggs, James R. (2013). 1891:Relationship with humans 1841:eastern barred bandicoot 1837:southern brown bandicoot 1712:Distribution and habitat 679:Mathurin Jacques Brisson 4229:10.1073/pnas.2100117118 3882:"Lorentz National Park" 3626:"Cassowary season 2021" 3159:Mack & Jones (2003) 2611:Oxford University Press 2272:Pickrell, John (2019). 2248:Cassowaries and Kakapos 2122:Noemfoorsch Woordenboek 1813:common brushtail possum 1748:Status and conservation 1653:New Guinea singing dogs 1630:New Guinea singing dogs 1570:on either live or dead 1510:), the birds turn from 1372: 1266:Cassowaries have three- 968:or Bennett's cassowary 687:published in 1760. The 567:. The most common, the 482: 7910:Water holding capacity 5247:Encyclopedia Americana 5112:Underhill, D. (1993). 4740:Davies, Stephen J.J.F. 3004:Ziegler, A.C. (1982). 2095:"Part 7 - Vertebrates" 2003: 1995:Ernest Thomas Gilliard 1924: 1912: 1869:Weltvogelpark Walsrode 1817:common ringtail possum 1773: 1765: 1595: 1500:New Guinea singing dog 1382: 1350: 1310: 1160: 745: 709: 683: 457: 388:, 1800 non Latham 1790 8289:Paleobiology Database 7895:Feed conversion ratio 7797:Ethics of eating meat 5445:Kangaroo Island emu ( 4607:on December 13, 2012. 4269:Latch, Peter (2007). 4171:Mn̄mon Yad Kalam Yakt 4142:on September 28, 2020 3596:. September 16, 2016. 3436:Cassowary Conservancy 3094:. September 26, 2023. 2278:Australian Geographic 1999: 1918: 1903: 1771: 1755: 1738:Lorentz National Park 1593: 1380: 1348: 1324:Behaviour and ecology 1308: 1223:(tail feathers) or a 1158: 1114:. The taxonomic name 7948:Environmental impact 5381:Northern cassowary ( 5363:Southern cassowary ( 5051:on November 22, 2015 4914:on November 16, 2017 4744:Ratites and Tinamous 4601:Smithsonian Magazine 4014:. February 27, 2011. 3683:"Southern Cassowary" 3669:Animal Diversity Web 3454:Our Breathing Planet 3396:"Southern Cassowary" 3381:Daintree Cassowaries 3322:Animal Diversity Web 3261:"Southern Cassowary" 3193:"Southern cassowary" 2969:"The Cassowary Bird" 2073:aviansystematics.org 1821:eastern pygmy possum 1616:In its main home of 1561:New Guinea crocodile 1424:, palm, wild grape, 1294:has the largest and 924:, mainly in lowlands 855:, mainly in lowlands 556:), and northeastern 8322:Birds of New Guinea 5383:C. unappendiculatus 5097:1875Natur..12..516S 5044:(1). Archived from 4974:2016HBio...28..507N 4724:1988EmuAO..88..123C 4484:The Gainesville Sun 4310:2023AusEc..48..787C 4220:2021PNAS..11800117D 4214:(40): e2100117118. 3827:Bulmer, S. (1982). 3418:Friend of the Earth 3135:1988EmuAO..88..123C 2939:2016HBio...28..507N 2653:Cognates occur in 2609:(Online ed.). 2057:. ICZN. p. 17. 1906:Indonesian province 1825:little pygmy possum 1803:. According to the 1734:Wasur National Park 1582:from time to time. 1557:saltwater crocodile 1300:C. unappendiculatus 1048:Casuarius lydekkeri 1040:or small cassowary 834:Casuarius casuarius 798: 748:cognate of several 697:Casuarius casuarius 330:Casuarius lydekkeri 294:Casuarius casuarius 8072:Warmed-over flavor 7840:Semi-vegetarianism 5429:D. novaehollandiae 4962:Historical Biology 4850:Journal of Zoology 4624:on October 5, 2016 4618:sn2000.taxonomy.nl 4540:. April 14, 2019. 4161:Majnep, Ian Saem; 3909:. December 9, 2021 3831:. The Hague: Junk. 3644:"Day: May 2, 2024" 3549:Buckley, Michael. 3492:. August 21, 2022. 3008:. The Hague: Junk. 2927:Historical Biology 2101:on October 5, 2016 1925: 1913: 1877:Casuarius bennetti 1789:In February 2011, 1774: 1766: 1718:East Nusa Tenggara 1702:niche partitioning 1596: 1540:red-browed finches 1383: 1351: 1311: 1187:southern cassowary 1161: 980:Casuarius bennetti 897:Northern cassowary 820:Southern cassowary 783: 760:) are part of the 752:spoken around the 740:Cassowaries (from 693:southern cassowary 581:northern cassowary 569:southern cassowary 538:Western New Guinea 316:Casuarius bennetti 310:Northern cassowary 299:Southern cassowary 268:Struthio casuarius 8304: 8303: 8276:Open Tree of Life 8125:Taxon identifiers 8116: 8115: 7783: 7782: 6708: 6707: 6686: 6685: 6619: 6618: 6599: 6598: 6595: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6453: 6452: 6313: 6312: 6234: 6233: 6158:Opisthodactylidae 6134:Notopalaeognathae 6123: 6122: 6108: 6107: 6104: 6103: 6100: 6099: 6082:Notopalaeognathae 6072: 6071: 5836: 5835: 5708: 5707: 5704: 5703: 5700: 5699: 5696: 5695: 5692: 5691: 5512: 5511: 5508: 5507: 5455:King Island emu ( 5447:D. n. baudinianus 5437:D. n. diemenensis 5401: 5400: 5372:Dwarf cassowary ( 5241:"Cassowary" 5236:Ingersoll, Ernest 5075:978-3-86523-272-4 4732:10.1071/MU9880123 4695:978-0-8014-4501-9 4434:on March 28, 2023 4319:10.1111/aec.13309 3555:perceptive travel 3377:"Cassowary Foods" 3143:10.1071/MU9880123 3071:Rainforest Rescue 2648:978-3-447-05492-8 2617:(Subscription or 2584:978-0-85301-006-7 2135:Soeparno (1977). 1987:World War II 1934:Pandanus register 1921:Siboga Expedition 1885:C. u. rufotinctus 1881:C. b. westermanni 1856:species, such as 1676:domesticated dogs 1634:crocodile monitor 1496:crocodile monitor 1100: 1099: 1054: 986: 917: 840: 811:Size and ecology 796: 768:, ostriches, and 750:related languages 596:consists of fruit 447: 446: 441: 430: 422: 411: 400: 389: 378: 370: 359: 336: 322: 311: 300: 254: 235: 129: 16:(Redirected from 8349: 8332:Flightless birds 8297: 8296: 8284: 8283: 8271: 8270: 8258: 8257: 8245: 8244: 8232: 8231: 8219: 8218: 8206: 8205: 8193: 8192: 8180: 8179: 8167: 8166: 8165: 8152: 8151: 8150: 8120: 8119: 8105: 8104: 8095: 8094: 8067:Roadkill cuisine 7862:Meat alternative 7857:Plant-based diet 7775:Meat substitutes 7670: 7669: 6821: 6815: 6735: 6728: 6721: 6712: 6711: 6698: 6697: 6649:Incognitoolithus 6625: 6624: 6614: 6609: 6608: 6579: 6541: 6533: 6532: 6499: 6484: 6464: 6463: 6352: 6342: 6332: 6324: 6323: 6248: 6247: 6243:Dinornithiformes 6241: 6215: 6205: 6195: 6156: 6151: 6150: 6142: 6141: 6129: 6128: 6118: 6117: 6078: 6077: 6052: 6042: 5989: 5958: 5926: 5873: 5857: 5849: 5848: 5843:Struthioniformes 5788: 5772: 5761: 5750: 5742: 5741: 5738: 5737: 5727: 5726: 5714: 5713: 5652: 5651: 5625: 5624: 5598: 5597: 5589: 5588: 5582: 5581: 5555: 5554: 5539: 5532: 5525: 5516: 5515: 5413: 5412: 5349: 5348: 5319: 5312: 5305: 5296: 5295: 5291: 5289: 5287: 5271: 5269: 5267: 5262:. March 17, 2023 5251: 5243: 5216: 5214: 5212: 5171: 5141: 5135: 5127: 5108: 5105:10.1038/012516a0 5079: 5060: 5058: 5056: 5050: 5035: 5025: 5013: 5002: 4993: 4956: 4923: 4921: 4919: 4910:. Archived from 4908:10.1071/PC060175 4882: 4865: 4840: 4831: 4812: 4810: 4799: 4787: 4776: 4757: 4735: 4709: 4699: 4679: 4670: 4633: 4631: 4629: 4608: 4603:. Archived from 4581: 4580: 4568: 4562: 4561: 4559: 4557: 4535: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4517: 4502: 4496: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4476: 4470: 4469: 4467: 4465: 4450: 4444: 4443: 4441: 4439: 4430:. Archived from 4419: 4413: 4407: 4398: 4392: 4386: 4376: 4370: 4360: 4354: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4330: 4324: 4323: 4321: 4289: 4278: 4277: 4275: 4266: 4260: 4259: 4241: 4231: 4199: 4193: 4192: 4158: 4152: 4151: 4149: 4147: 4141: 4134: 4123: 4117: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4093: 4092: 4090: 4088: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4056: 4041: 4040: 4038: 4036: 4022: 4016: 4015: 4004: 3998: 3997: 3995: 3993: 3978: 3972: 3971: 3969: 3967: 3952: 3946: 3940: 3934: 3928: 3919: 3918: 3916: 3914: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3894: 3892: 3877: 3871: 3870: 3868: 3866: 3852: 3846: 3839: 3833: 3832: 3824: 3818: 3817: 3806: 3797: 3796: 3785: 3779: 3778: 3767: 3761: 3758: 3752: 3751: 3739: 3726: 3725: 3714: 3703: 3697: 3691: 3690: 3679: 3673: 3672: 3666: 3658: 3652: 3651: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3622: 3616: 3615: 3604: 3598: 3597: 3586: 3580: 3579: 3568: 3559: 3558: 3546: 3535: 3534: 3522: 3516: 3515: 3503: 3494: 3493: 3482: 3476: 3475: 3464: 3458: 3457: 3456:. June 27, 2016. 3446: 3440: 3439: 3428: 3422: 3421: 3410: 3404: 3403: 3400:Daintree Safaris 3391: 3385: 3384: 3373: 3364: 3363: 3361: 3359: 3353: 3346: 3337: 3326: 3325: 3313: 3300: 3299: 3287: 3281: 3280: 3278: 3276: 3271:on July 26, 2024 3257: 3251: 3249: 3238: 3229: 3215: 3209: 3208: 3206: 3204: 3199:. March 23, 2023 3189: 3183: 3180: 3174: 3168: 3162: 3156: 3147: 3146: 3118: 3112: 3102: 3096: 3095: 3084: 3075: 3074: 3063: 3052: 3042: 3033: 3027: 3010: 3009: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2988: 2980: 2978: 2976: 2965: 2959: 2958: 2922: 2913: 2912:, pp. 54–8. 2907: 2901: 2900: 2898: 2896: 2891:on March 5, 2016 2887:. Archived from 2877: 2871: 2870: 2858: 2849: 2843: 2842: 2840: 2838: 2817: 2808: 2802: 2796: 2779: 2778: 2629: 2623: 2622: 2614: 2602: 2595: 2589: 2588: 2568: 2562: 2561: 2559: 2536: 2530: 2529: 2516: 2510: 2509: 2496: 2490: 2489: 2476: 2470: 2469: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2433: 2423: 2399: 2393: 2392: 2390: 2388: 2371: 2362: 2361: 2350: 2344: 2343: 2331: 2325: 2324: 2322: 2313: 2282: 2281: 2269: 2252: 2251: 2240: 2229: 2228: 2217: 2211: 2210: 2208: 2206: 2191: 2180: 2174: 2159: 2158: 2147: 2141: 2140: 2132: 2126: 2125: 2117: 2111: 2110: 2108: 2106: 2091: 2085: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2065: 2059: 2058: 2048: 1993:, ornithologist 1512:primary consumer 1446:keystone species 1270:feet with sharp 1184: 1183: 1179: 1176: 1088: 1062:Papua New Guinea 1053:Rothschild, 1911 1052: 1024: 999: 984: 974: 955: 930: 915: 905: 886: 861: 839:(Linnaeus, 1758) 838: 828: 799: 791: 782: 714: 686: 542:Papua New Guinea 530:tropical forests 504:flightless birds 501: 498: 495: 476: 473: 470: 436: 428: 417: 406: 395: 384: 376: 365: 355: 334: 320: 309: 298: 249: 230: 158: 157: 139: 123: 122: 52: 45:Temporal range: 39: 38: 21: 8357: 8356: 8352: 8351: 8350: 8348: 8347: 8346: 8307: 8306: 8305: 8300: 8292: 8287: 8279: 8274: 8266: 8261: 8253: 8248: 8240: 8235: 8227: 8222: 8214: 8209: 8201: 8196: 8188: 8183: 8175: 8170: 8161: 8160: 8155: 8146: 8145: 8140: 8127: 8117: 8112: 8097:Food portal 8089: 8081: 8003:Case-ready meat 7985: 7979: 7953:Factory farming 7914: 7871: 7823: 7789: 7779: 7748: 7661: 7418: 7412: 7337: 7242: 7233: 7055: 6935: 6906:Lamb and mutton 6822: 6816: 6807: 6744: 6739: 6709: 6704: 6682: 6632: 6615: 6603: 6587: 6550: 6522: 6492: 6449: 6394: 6360: 6309: 6268: 6230: 6180: 6175:Opisthodactylus 6136: 6119: 6112: 6096: 6068: 6027: 5991:Ergilornithidae 5982: 5951: 5945:Galligeranoides 5919: 5907:Palaeophasianus 5892:Galligeranoides 5866: 5845: 5832: 5827:Pseudocrypturus 5781: 5734: 5721: 5688: 5668: 5641: 5614: 5608:Avemetatarsalia 5593:Avemetatarsalia 5583: 5560: 5559: 5549: 5543: 5513: 5504: 5472: 5435:Tasmanian emu ( 5397: 5337: 5323: 5285: 5283: 5274: 5265: 5263: 5254: 5234: 5210: 5208: 5204: 5201: 5179: 5177:Further wording 5174: 5160:10.1071/FP03214 5129: 5128: 5124: 5076: 5054: 5052: 5048: 5033: 5022: 4917: 4915: 4828: 4796: 4773: 4754: 4707: 4696: 4651:10.2307/2798651 4627: 4625: 4590: 4585: 4584: 4569: 4565: 4555: 4553: 4530: 4529: 4525: 4515: 4513: 4503: 4499: 4489: 4487: 4478: 4477: 4473: 4463: 4461: 4452: 4451: 4447: 4437: 4435: 4420: 4416: 4408: 4401: 4393: 4389: 4377: 4373: 4361: 4357: 4351:Gilliard (1958) 4349: 4345: 4332: 4331: 4327: 4298:Austral Ecology 4290: 4281: 4273: 4267: 4263: 4200: 4196: 4181: 4159: 4155: 4145: 4143: 4139: 4132: 4124: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4103: 4096: 4086: 4084: 4074: 4070: 4062: 4058: 4057: 4044: 4034: 4032: 4024: 4023: 4019: 4012:The Independent 4006: 4005: 4001: 3991: 3989: 3979: 3975: 3965: 3963: 3953: 3949: 3941: 3937: 3929: 3922: 3912: 3910: 3905: 3904: 3900: 3890: 3888: 3878: 3874: 3864: 3862: 3854: 3853: 3849: 3840: 3836: 3825: 3821: 3808: 3807: 3800: 3787: 3786: 3782: 3769: 3768: 3764: 3759: 3755: 3740: 3729: 3716: 3715: 3706: 3698: 3694: 3681: 3680: 3676: 3664: 3660: 3659: 3655: 3642: 3641: 3637: 3632:. June 6, 2021. 3624: 3623: 3619: 3606: 3605: 3601: 3588: 3587: 3583: 3570: 3569: 3562: 3547: 3538: 3523: 3519: 3504: 3497: 3484: 3483: 3479: 3466: 3465: 3461: 3448: 3447: 3443: 3430: 3429: 3425: 3412: 3411: 3407: 3392: 3388: 3375: 3374: 3367: 3357: 3355: 3354:on July 3, 2023 3351: 3344: 3338: 3329: 3316:Neikirk, Rose. 3314: 3303: 3288: 3284: 3274: 3272: 3259: 3258: 3254: 3239: 3232: 3216: 3212: 3202: 3200: 3191: 3190: 3186: 3181: 3177: 3169: 3165: 3157: 3150: 3119: 3115: 3103: 3099: 3086: 3085: 3078: 3065: 3064: 3055: 3045:Gilliard (1958) 3043: 3036: 3032:, pp. 75–7 3028: 3013: 3002: 2998: 2982: 2981: 2974: 2972: 2967: 2966: 2962: 2923: 2916: 2908: 2904: 2894: 2892: 2879: 2878: 2874: 2856: 2850: 2846: 2836: 2834: 2815: 2809: 2805: 2797: 2782: 2649: 2630: 2626: 2616: 2596: 2592: 2585: 2570: 2569: 2565: 2537: 2533: 2517: 2513: 2497: 2493: 2477: 2473: 2451: 2447: 2400: 2396: 2386: 2384: 2372: 2365: 2352: 2351: 2347: 2332: 2328: 2320: 2314: 2285: 2270: 2255: 2242: 2241: 2232: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2204: 2202: 2193: 2192: 2183: 2177:Clements (2007) 2175: 2162: 2149: 2148: 2144: 2133: 2129: 2118: 2114: 2104: 2102: 2093: 2092: 2088: 2078: 2076: 2067: 2066: 2062: 2049: 2045: 2040: 2035: 2007:Gregory S. Paul 1983: 1958: 1898: 1893: 1849: 1756:A road sign in 1750: 1736:in Merauke and 1714: 1649:monitor lizards 1614: 1588: 1548:niche partition 1484: 1375: 1343: 1326: 1194:Arabian ostrich 1181: 1177: 1174: 1172: 1153: 1116:C. (b) papuanus 1112:C. (b) papuanus 1095: 1092: 1086: 1077: 1076: 1071: 1070: 1051: 1042: 1038:Pygmy cassowary 1028: 1022: 1013: 1012: 1007: 1006: 994: 983: 966:Dwarf cassowary 959: 953: 944: 943: 938: 937: 925: 914: 890: 884: 875: 874: 869: 868: 856: 847:, northeastern 837: 797:– Four species 711:Systema Naturae 668: 589:pygmy cassowary 585:dwarf cassowary 499: 496: 493: 474: 471: 468: 335:Pygmy cassowary 333: 321:Dwarf cassowary 319: 308: 297: 280: 271: 248: 229: 152: 130: 121: 120: 119: 118: 113: 108: 103: 98: 93: 88: 83: 78: 73: 68: 63: 58: 47: 46: 43: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 8355: 8345: 8344: 8339: 8337:Apex predators 8334: 8329: 8324: 8319: 8302: 8301: 8299: 8298: 8285: 8272: 8259: 8246: 8233: 8220: 8207: 8194: 8181: 8168: 8153: 8137: 8135: 8129: 8128: 8114: 8113: 8111: 8110: 8108:Category: Meat 8099: 8086: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8079: 8074: 8069: 8064: 8059: 8054: 8049: 8044: 8039: 8034: 8033: 8032: 8022: 8017: 8012: 8011: 8010: 8000: 7995: 7989: 7987: 7981: 7980: 7978: 7977: 7976: 7975: 7973:Slaughterhouse 7965: 7960: 7955: 7950: 7945: 7940: 7935: 7930: 7924: 7922: 7916: 7915: 7913: 7912: 7907: 7902: 7897: 7892: 7887: 7881: 7879: 7873: 7872: 7870: 7869: 7864: 7859: 7854: 7853: 7852: 7850:Pollotarianism 7847: 7845:Pescetarianism 7837: 7831: 7829: 7825: 7824: 7822: 7821: 7820: 7819: 7809: 7804: 7799: 7793: 7791: 7785: 7784: 7781: 7780: 7778: 7777: 7772: 7767: 7762: 7756: 7754: 7750: 7749: 7747: 7746: 7741: 7736: 7731: 7726: 7721: 7716: 7715: 7714: 7704: 7699: 7694: 7689: 7684: 7678: 7676: 7667: 7663: 7662: 7660: 7659: 7654: 7649: 7644: 7639: 7634: 7629: 7624: 7619: 7614: 7609: 7604: 7599: 7594: 7589: 7584: 7579: 7574: 7569: 7564: 7559: 7554: 7549: 7544: 7539: 7534: 7529: 7524: 7523: 7522: 7517: 7507: 7498: 7493: 7488: 7483: 7478: 7473: 7468: 7463: 7458: 7453: 7448: 7443: 7438: 7433: 7428: 7422: 7420: 7414: 7413: 7411: 7410: 7405: 7400: 7395: 7390: 7385: 7375: 7374: 7373: 7363: 7358: 7353: 7347: 7345: 7339: 7338: 7336: 7335: 7330: 7325: 7320: 7315: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7260: 7255: 7249: 7247: 7235: 7234: 7232: 7231: 7226: 7221: 7216: 7211: 7206: 7201: 7196: 7191: 7186: 7181: 7176: 7171: 7166: 7161: 7156: 7151: 7146: 7141: 7136: 7131: 7126: 7121: 7116: 7111: 7106: 7101: 7096: 7091: 7086: 7081: 7076: 7071: 7065: 7063: 7057: 7056: 7054: 7053: 7052: 7051: 7041: 7036: 7031: 7026: 7021: 7016: 7011: 7006: 7001: 6996: 6991: 6986: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6966: 6961: 6956: 6951: 6945: 6943: 6937: 6936: 6934: 6933: 6928: 6923: 6918: 6913: 6908: 6903: 6898: 6893: 6888: 6883: 6878: 6873: 6868: 6863: 6858: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6832: 6830: 6824: 6823: 6810: 6808: 6806: 6805: 6800: 6795: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6770: 6765: 6760: 6754: 6752: 6746: 6745: 6738: 6737: 6730: 6723: 6715: 6706: 6705: 6703: 6702: 6691: 6688: 6687: 6684: 6683: 6681: 6680: 6673: 6666: 6659: 6652: 6645: 6637: 6634: 6633: 6621: 6620: 6617: 6616: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6596: 6593: 6592: 6589: 6588: 6586: 6585: 6575: 6568: 6560: 6558: 6552: 6551: 6549: 6548: 6536: 6530: 6528:Casuariiformes 6524: 6523: 6521: 6520: 6513: 6505: 6503: 6501:Aepyornithidae 6494: 6493: 6491: 6490: 6480: 6472: 6470: 6461: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6450: 6448: 6447: 6440: 6433: 6426: 6419: 6412: 6404: 6402: 6396: 6395: 6393: 6392: 6385: 6378: 6370: 6368: 6362: 6361: 6359: 6358: 6348: 6338: 6327: 6321: 6315: 6314: 6311: 6310: 6308: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6286: 6278: 6276: 6270: 6269: 6267: 6266: 6259: 6251: 6245: 6236: 6235: 6232: 6231: 6229: 6228: 6221: 6211: 6201: 6190: 6188: 6182: 6181: 6179: 6178: 6171: 6162: 6160: 6148: 6138: 6137: 6125: 6124: 6121: 6120: 6111: 6109: 6106: 6105: 6102: 6101: 6098: 6097: 6095: 6094: 6093: 6092: 6086: 6084: 6074: 6073: 6070: 6069: 6067: 6066: 6059: 6048: 6037: 6035: 6029: 6028: 6026: 6025: 6018: 6015:Sinoergilornis 6011: 6004: 5996: 5994: 5984: 5983: 5981: 5980: 5973: 5965: 5963: 5953: 5952: 5950: 5949: 5941: 5933: 5931: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5888: 5880: 5878: 5868: 5867: 5865: 5864: 5852: 5846: 5841: 5838: 5837: 5834: 5833: 5831: 5830: 5823: 5816: 5809: 5802: 5794: 5792: 5790:Lithornithidae 5783: 5782: 5780: 5779: 5768: 5757: 5745: 5735: 5730: 5723: 5722: 5710: 5709: 5706: 5705: 5702: 5701: 5698: 5697: 5694: 5693: 5690: 5689: 5687: 5686: 5685: 5684: 5678: 5676: 5670: 5669: 5667: 5666: 5665: 5664: 5655: 5649: 5643: 5642: 5640: 5639: 5638: 5637: 5628: 5622: 5616: 5615: 5613: 5612: 5611: 5610: 5601: 5595: 5585: 5584: 5580: 5579: 5573: 5567: 5551: 5550: 5542: 5541: 5534: 5527: 5519: 5510: 5509: 5506: 5505: 5503: 5502: 5494: 5485: 5483: 5474: 5473: 5471: 5470: 5462: 5451: 5441: 5433:(subspecies: † 5423: 5421: 5410: 5403: 5402: 5399: 5398: 5396: 5395: 5387: 5378: 5369: 5359: 5357: 5346: 5339: 5338: 5326:Casuariiformes 5322: 5321: 5314: 5307: 5299: 5293: 5292: 5282:on May 3, 2006 5272: 5252: 5232: 5226: 5217: 5200: 5199:External links 5197: 5196: 5195: 5178: 5175: 5173: 5172: 5142: 5122: 5109: 5091:(311): 516–7. 5080: 5074: 5061: 5026: 5020: 5003: 4994: 4968:(4): 507–518. 4957: 4924: 4883: 4866: 4841: 4832: 4826: 4813: 4800: 4794: 4777: 4771: 4758: 4752: 4736: 4718:(2): 123–124. 4700: 4694: 4681: 4671: 4634: 4609: 4591: 4589: 4586: 4583: 4582: 4563: 4523: 4497: 4471: 4445: 4414: 4399: 4387: 4379:Diamond (1997) 4371: 4355: 4343: 4325: 4279: 4261: 4194: 4179: 4153: 4118: 4109: 4094: 4068: 4042: 4017: 3999: 3973: 3947: 3943:Borrell (2008) 3935: 3920: 3898: 3872: 3847: 3834: 3819: 3798: 3780: 3762: 3753: 3727: 3704: 3692: 3674: 3653: 3650:. May 2, 2024. 3635: 3617: 3599: 3581: 3560: 3536: 3517: 3512:Daintree Coast 3495: 3477: 3459: 3441: 3423: 3405: 3386: 3365: 3327: 3301: 3282: 3252: 3230: 3210: 3184: 3175: 3163: 3148: 3129:(2): 123–124. 3113: 3097: 3076: 3053: 3034: 3011: 2996: 2960: 2933:(4): 507–518. 2914: 2902: 2872: 2844: 2803: 2780: 2647: 2624: 2590: 2583: 2563: 2531: 2520:Linnaeus, Carl 2511: 2500:Linnaeus, Carl 2491: 2471: 2445: 2394: 2363: 2345: 2326: 2283: 2253: 2230: 2212: 2181: 2160: 2155:Heritage Lodge 2142: 2127: 2112: 2086: 2060: 2042: 2041: 2039: 2036: 2034: 2031: 1982: 1979: 1957: 1954: 1938:Kalam language 1897: 1894: 1892: 1889: 1848: 1845: 1749: 1746: 1722:Maluku Islands 1713: 1710: 1613: 1610: 1587: 1584: 1580:domestic fowls 1527:predatory bird 1483: 1480: 1430:cassowary plum 1374: 1371: 1342: 1339: 1325: 1322: 1152: 1149: 1106:, but several 1098: 1097: 1087: EX 1082: 1064: 1055: 1044: 1031: 1030: 1023: LC 1018: 1000: 987: 976: 962: 961: 954: LC 949: 931: 918: 907: 893: 892: 885: LC 880: 862: 841: 830: 816: 815: 812: 809: 806: 803: 778:elephant birds 721:common ostrich 667: 664: 656:common ostrich 514:Casuariiformes 445: 444: 443: 442: 431: 423: 412: 401: 390: 379: 371: 360: 347: 346: 340: 339: 338: 337: 323: 312: 301: 287: 286: 282: 281: 272: 263: 262: 256: 255: 241: 237: 236: 224: 220: 219: 217:Casuariiformes 214: 210: 209: 204: 200: 199: 194: 190: 189: 184: 180: 179: 174: 170: 169: 164: 160: 159: 146: 145: 141: 140: 132: 131: 116: 115: 114: 109: 104: 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 44: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 8354: 8343: 8340: 8338: 8335: 8333: 8330: 8328: 8325: 8323: 8320: 8318: 8315: 8314: 8312: 8295: 8290: 8286: 8282: 8277: 8273: 8269: 8264: 8260: 8256: 8251: 8247: 8243: 8238: 8234: 8230: 8225: 8221: 8217: 8212: 8208: 8204: 8199: 8195: 8191: 8186: 8182: 8178: 8173: 8169: 8164: 8158: 8154: 8149: 8143: 8139: 8138: 8136: 8134: 8130: 8126: 8121: 8109: 8100: 8098: 8093: 8088: 8087: 8084: 8078: 8075: 8073: 8070: 8068: 8065: 8063: 8060: 8058: 8055: 8053: 8050: 8048: 8045: 8043: 8040: 8038: 8035: 8031: 8028: 8027: 8026: 8023: 8021: 8018: 8016: 8015:Cultured meat 8013: 8009: 8006: 8005: 8004: 8001: 7999: 7996: 7994: 7991: 7990: 7988: 7982: 7974: 7971: 7970: 7969: 7966: 7964: 7961: 7959: 7956: 7954: 7951: 7949: 7946: 7944: 7941: 7939: 7936: 7934: 7931: 7929: 7926: 7925: 7923: 7921: 7920:Meat industry 7917: 7911: 7908: 7906: 7903: 7901: 7898: 7896: 7893: 7891: 7888: 7886: 7883: 7882: 7880: 7878: 7874: 7868: 7865: 7863: 7860: 7858: 7855: 7851: 7848: 7846: 7843: 7842: 7841: 7838: 7836: 7835:Vegetarianism 7833: 7832: 7830: 7826: 7818: 7815: 7814: 7813: 7810: 7808: 7807:Animal rights 7805: 7803: 7800: 7798: 7795: 7794: 7792: 7786: 7776: 7773: 7771: 7768: 7766: 7763: 7761: 7758: 7757: 7755: 7751: 7745: 7742: 7740: 7737: 7735: 7732: 7730: 7727: 7725: 7722: 7720: 7717: 7713: 7710: 7709: 7708: 7705: 7703: 7700: 7698: 7695: 7693: 7690: 7688: 7685: 7683: 7680: 7679: 7677: 7675: 7671: 7668: 7666:List articles 7664: 7658: 7655: 7653: 7650: 7648: 7645: 7643: 7640: 7638: 7635: 7633: 7630: 7628: 7625: 7623: 7620: 7618: 7615: 7613: 7610: 7608: 7605: 7603: 7600: 7598: 7595: 7593: 7590: 7588: 7585: 7583: 7580: 7578: 7575: 7573: 7570: 7568: 7567:Luncheon meat 7565: 7563: 7560: 7558: 7555: 7553: 7550: 7548: 7545: 7543: 7540: 7538: 7535: 7533: 7530: 7528: 7525: 7521: 7518: 7516: 7513: 7512: 7511: 7508: 7506: 7502: 7499: 7497: 7494: 7492: 7489: 7487: 7484: 7482: 7479: 7477: 7474: 7472: 7469: 7467: 7464: 7462: 7459: 7457: 7454: 7452: 7449: 7447: 7444: 7442: 7439: 7437: 7434: 7432: 7429: 7427: 7424: 7423: 7421: 7415: 7409: 7406: 7404: 7401: 7399: 7396: 7394: 7391: 7389: 7386: 7383: 7379: 7376: 7372: 7369: 7368: 7367: 7364: 7362: 7359: 7357: 7354: 7352: 7349: 7348: 7346: 7344: 7340: 7334: 7331: 7329: 7326: 7324: 7321: 7319: 7316: 7314: 7311: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7259: 7256: 7254: 7251: 7250: 7248: 7246: 7240: 7236: 7230: 7227: 7225: 7222: 7220: 7217: 7215: 7212: 7210: 7207: 7205: 7202: 7200: 7197: 7195: 7192: 7190: 7187: 7185: 7182: 7180: 7177: 7175: 7172: 7170: 7167: 7165: 7164:Pacific saury 7162: 7160: 7159:Orange roughy 7157: 7155: 7152: 7150: 7147: 7145: 7142: 7140: 7137: 7135: 7132: 7130: 7127: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7115: 7112: 7110: 7107: 7105: 7102: 7100: 7097: 7095: 7092: 7090: 7087: 7085: 7082: 7080: 7077: 7075: 7072: 7070: 7067: 7066: 7064: 7062: 7058: 7050: 7047: 7046: 7045: 7042: 7040: 7037: 7035: 7032: 7030: 7027: 7025: 7022: 7020: 7017: 7015: 7012: 7010: 7007: 7005: 7002: 7000: 6997: 6995: 6992: 6990: 6987: 6985: 6982: 6980: 6977: 6975: 6972: 6970: 6967: 6965: 6962: 6960: 6957: 6955: 6952: 6950: 6947: 6946: 6944: 6942: 6938: 6932: 6929: 6927: 6924: 6922: 6919: 6917: 6914: 6912: 6909: 6907: 6904: 6902: 6899: 6897: 6894: 6892: 6889: 6887: 6884: 6882: 6879: 6877: 6874: 6872: 6869: 6867: 6864: 6862: 6859: 6857: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6833: 6831: 6829: 6825: 6820: 6814: 6804: 6801: 6799: 6796: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6769: 6766: 6764: 6761: 6759: 6756: 6755: 6753: 6751: 6747: 6743: 6736: 6731: 6729: 6724: 6722: 6717: 6716: 6713: 6701: 6693: 6692: 6689: 6679: 6678: 6674: 6672: 6671: 6667: 6665: 6664: 6660: 6658: 6657: 6653: 6651: 6650: 6646: 6644: 6643: 6639: 6638: 6635: 6631: 6626: 6622: 6613: 6607: 6584: 6583: 6576: 6574: 6573: 6569: 6567: 6566: 6562: 6561: 6559: 6557: 6553: 6546: 6545: 6538: 6537: 6534: 6531: 6529: 6525: 6519: 6518: 6514: 6512: 6511: 6507: 6506: 6504: 6502: 6495: 6489: 6488: 6481: 6479: 6478: 6474: 6473: 6471: 6469: 6465: 6462: 6460: 6456: 6446: 6445: 6441: 6439: 6438: 6434: 6432: 6431: 6427: 6425: 6424: 6420: 6418: 6417: 6413: 6411: 6410: 6406: 6405: 6403: 6401: 6397: 6391: 6390: 6386: 6384: 6383: 6379: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6371: 6369: 6367: 6363: 6357: 6356: 6349: 6347: 6346: 6345:Querandiornis 6339: 6337: 6336: 6329: 6328: 6325: 6322: 6320: 6316: 6306: 6305: 6301: 6299: 6298: 6294: 6292: 6291: 6287: 6285: 6284: 6283:Anomalopteryx 6280: 6279: 6277: 6275: 6271: 6265: 6264: 6260: 6258: 6257: 6253: 6252: 6249: 6246: 6244: 6237: 6227: 6226: 6222: 6220: 6219: 6212: 6210: 6209: 6202: 6200: 6199: 6192: 6191: 6189: 6187: 6183: 6177: 6176: 6172: 6169: 6168: 6164: 6163: 6161: 6159: 6152: 6149: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6135: 6130: 6126: 6116: 6090: 6089: 6088: 6087: 6085: 6083: 6079: 6075: 6065: 6064: 6060: 6057: 6056: 6055:Pachystruthio 6049: 6047: 6046: 6039: 6038: 6036: 6034: 6033:Struthionidae 6030: 6024: 6023: 6019: 6017: 6016: 6012: 6010: 6009: 6005: 6003: 6002: 6001:Amphipelargus 5998: 5997: 5995: 5992: 5985: 5979: 5978: 5974: 5972: 5971: 5967: 5966: 5964: 5961: 5954: 5947: 5946: 5942: 5940: 5939: 5935: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5928:Palaeotididae 5922: 5916: 5915: 5911: 5909: 5908: 5904: 5902: 5901: 5897: 5894: 5893: 5889: 5887: 5886: 5882: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5869: 5862: 5861: 5854: 5853: 5850: 5847: 5844: 5839: 5829: 5828: 5824: 5822: 5821: 5820:Paracathartes 5817: 5815: 5814: 5810: 5808: 5807: 5803: 5801: 5800: 5796: 5795: 5793: 5791: 5784: 5777: 5776: 5769: 5766: 5765: 5758: 5755: 5754: 5747: 5746: 5743: 5739: 5736: 5733: 5732:Palaeognathae 5728: 5724: 5720: 5719:Palaeognathae 5715: 5711: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5679: 5677: 5675: 5674:Palaeognathae 5671: 5663: 5659: 5658: 5657: 5656: 5653: 5650: 5648: 5644: 5636: 5632: 5631: 5630: 5629: 5626: 5623: 5621: 5617: 5609: 5605: 5604: 5603: 5602: 5599: 5596: 5594: 5590: 5586: 5578: 5574: 5572: 5568: 5566: 5562: 5561: 5556: 5552: 5547: 5540: 5535: 5533: 5528: 5526: 5521: 5520: 5517: 5501: 5500: 5495: 5493: 5492: 5487: 5486: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5463: 5460: 5458: 5452: 5450: 5448: 5442: 5440: 5438: 5432: 5430: 5425: 5424: 5422: 5420: 5419: 5414: 5411: 5408: 5404: 5394: 5393: 5388: 5386: 5384: 5379: 5377: 5375: 5370: 5368: 5366: 5361: 5360: 5358: 5356: 5355: 5350: 5347: 5345:(cassowaries) 5344: 5340: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5320: 5315: 5313: 5308: 5306: 5301: 5300: 5297: 5281: 5277: 5273: 5261: 5257: 5253: 5249: 5248: 5242: 5237: 5233: 5230: 5227: 5225: 5221: 5218: 5207: 5203: 5202: 5193: 5192: 5187: 5186: 5181: 5180: 5169: 5165: 5161: 5157: 5154:(5): 505–16. 5153: 5149: 5143: 5139: 5133: 5125: 5123:0-86438-018-6 5119: 5115: 5110: 5106: 5102: 5098: 5094: 5090: 5086: 5081: 5077: 5071: 5067: 5062: 5047: 5043: 5039: 5032: 5027: 5023: 5021:9780671619466 5017: 5012: 5011: 5004: 5000: 4995: 4991: 4987: 4983: 4979: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4963: 4958: 4954: 4950: 4946: 4942: 4939:(4): 1062–8. 4938: 4934: 4930: 4925: 4913: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4891: 4884: 4880: 4876: 4872: 4867: 4863: 4859: 4856:(4): 375–81. 4855: 4851: 4847: 4842: 4838: 4833: 4829: 4827:0-8160-3377-3 4823: 4819: 4814: 4809: 4808: 4801: 4797: 4795:0-393-03891-2 4791: 4786: 4785: 4778: 4774: 4772:0-7876-5784-0 4768: 4764: 4759: 4755: 4753:0-19-854996-2 4749: 4745: 4741: 4737: 4733: 4729: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4706: 4701: 4697: 4691: 4687: 4682: 4677: 4672: 4668: 4664: 4660: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4635: 4628:September 21, 4623: 4619: 4615: 4610: 4606: 4602: 4598: 4593: 4592: 4579: 4574: 4567: 4551: 4547: 4543: 4539: 4538:The Telegraph 4534: 4527: 4512: 4508: 4501: 4485: 4481: 4475: 4459: 4455: 4449: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4418: 4411: 4410:Kofron (2003) 4406: 4404: 4396: 4395:Kofron (1999) 4391: 4384: 4380: 4375: 4368: 4364: 4359: 4353:, p. 27. 4352: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4329: 4320: 4315: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4288: 4286: 4284: 4272: 4265: 4257: 4253: 4249: 4245: 4240: 4235: 4230: 4225: 4221: 4217: 4213: 4209: 4205: 4198: 4190: 4186: 4182: 4180:9780196479538 4176: 4172: 4168: 4164: 4163:Bulmer, Ralph 4157: 4138: 4131: 4130: 4122: 4113: 4106: 4105:Bulmer (1967) 4101: 4099: 4087:September 28, 4083: 4079: 4072: 4061: 4055: 4053: 4051: 4049: 4047: 4031: 4027: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4003: 3988: 3984: 3977: 3962: 3958: 3951: 3944: 3939: 3932: 3927: 3925: 3908: 3902: 3891:September 28, 3887: 3883: 3876: 3865:September 28, 3861: 3857: 3851: 3844: 3841:Vader, John, 3838: 3830: 3823: 3815: 3811: 3805: 3803: 3794: 3790: 3789:"Cassowaries" 3784: 3776: 3772: 3766: 3757: 3749: 3745: 3738: 3736: 3734: 3732: 3723: 3719: 3713: 3711: 3709: 3701: 3696: 3688: 3684: 3678: 3670: 3663: 3657: 3649: 3645: 3639: 3631: 3627: 3621: 3613: 3609: 3603: 3595: 3591: 3585: 3577: 3573: 3567: 3565: 3556: 3552: 3545: 3543: 3541: 3532: 3528: 3521: 3513: 3509: 3502: 3500: 3491: 3487: 3481: 3473: 3469: 3463: 3455: 3451: 3445: 3437: 3433: 3427: 3419: 3415: 3409: 3401: 3397: 3390: 3382: 3378: 3372: 3370: 3350: 3343: 3336: 3334: 3332: 3323: 3319: 3312: 3310: 3308: 3306: 3297: 3293: 3286: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3247: 3246: 3237: 3235: 3227: 3224: 3223: 3214: 3198: 3194: 3188: 3179: 3172: 3167: 3160: 3155: 3153: 3144: 3140: 3136: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3110: 3106: 3101: 3093: 3089: 3083: 3081: 3072: 3068: 3062: 3060: 3058: 3050: 3046: 3041: 3039: 3031: 3030:Davies (2003) 3026: 3024: 3022: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3007: 3000: 2992: 2986: 2975:September 20, 2970: 2964: 2956: 2952: 2948: 2944: 2940: 2936: 2932: 2928: 2921: 2919: 2911: 2910:Perron (2011) 2906: 2890: 2886: 2882: 2876: 2868: 2864: 2863: 2855: 2848: 2833: 2829: 2825: 2821: 2814: 2807: 2800: 2799:Davies (2002) 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2785: 2777: 2775: 2772: 2768: 2765: 2761: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2747: 2743: 2740: 2736: 2733: 2729: 2726: 2722: 2719: 2715: 2712: 2708: 2705: 2701: 2698: 2694: 2691: 2687: 2684: 2680: 2677: 2673: 2670: 2666: 2663: 2659: 2656: 2650: 2644: 2640: 2639: 2634: 2633:Mahdi, Waruno 2628: 2620: 2612: 2608: 2607: 2601: 2594: 2586: 2580: 2576: 2575: 2571:"Article 3". 2567: 2558: 2553: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2535: 2527: 2526: 2521: 2515: 2507: 2506: 2501: 2495: 2487: 2486: 2481: 2475: 2467: 2463: 2462:Vol. 1, p. 46 2459: 2455: 2449: 2441: 2437: 2432: 2427: 2422: 2417: 2413: 2409: 2405: 2398: 2383: 2382: 2377: 2370: 2368: 2359: 2355: 2349: 2341: 2337: 2330: 2319: 2312: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2304: 2302: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2294: 2292: 2290: 2288: 2279: 2275: 2268: 2266: 2264: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2249: 2245: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2226: 2222: 2216: 2205:September 18, 2200: 2196: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2178: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2156: 2152: 2146: 2138: 2131: 2123: 2116: 2100: 2096: 2090: 2074: 2070: 2069:"Cassuaridae" 2064: 2056: 2055: 2047: 2043: 2030: 2026: 2022: 2020: 2014: 2012: 2011:Jared Diamond 2008: 2002: 1998: 1996: 1992: 1988: 1978: 1974: 1970: 1968: 1964: 1953: 1950: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1935: 1931: 1922: 1917: 1911: 1907: 1902: 1888: 1886: 1882: 1878: 1874: 1870: 1866: 1861: 1859: 1855: 1844: 1842: 1838: 1834: 1833:eastern quoll 1828: 1826: 1822: 1818: 1814: 1810: 1806: 1802: 1797: 1794: 1792: 1787: 1784: 1778: 1770: 1763: 1759: 1754: 1745: 1743: 1739: 1735: 1731: 1727: 1723: 1719: 1709: 1705: 1703: 1698: 1694: 1690: 1685: 1684:rat poisoning 1681: 1677: 1673: 1669: 1665: 1660: 1658: 1657:Papuan eagles 1654: 1650: 1646: 1641: 1639: 1638:dwarf species 1635: 1631: 1627: 1623: 1619: 1609: 1607: 1606: 1601: 1592: 1583: 1581: 1577: 1573: 1569: 1564: 1562: 1558: 1554: 1549: 1543: 1541: 1537: 1532: 1528: 1522: 1520: 1515: 1513: 1509: 1505: 1501: 1497: 1493: 1492:mesopredators 1489: 1479: 1475: 1473: 1469: 1465: 1461: 1456: 1454: 1449: 1447: 1443: 1438: 1436: 1431: 1427: 1423: 1419: 1414: 1412: 1408: 1404: 1400: 1396: 1392: 1388: 1379: 1370: 1366: 1363: 1358: 1356: 1347: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1321: 1318: 1316: 1307: 1303: 1301: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1281: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1264: 1262: 1258: 1252: 1250: 1246: 1242: 1238: 1234: 1230: 1226: 1222: 1217: 1215: 1211: 1207: 1203: 1199: 1195: 1190: 1188: 1169: 1166: 1157: 1148: 1146: 1145: 1140: 1136: 1131: 1129: 1125: 1121: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1096: 1093: 1090: 1089: 1083: 1080: 1074: 1068: 1065: 1063: 1059: 1056: 1050: 1049: 1045: 1043: 1039: 1036: 1032: 1029: 1026: 1025: 1019: 1016: 1010: 1004: 1001: 998: 992: 988: 982: 981: 977: 975: 973: 967: 963: 960: 957: 956: 950: 947: 941: 935: 932: 929: 923: 919: 913: 912: 908: 906: 904: 898: 894: 891: 888: 887: 881: 878: 872: 866: 863: 860: 854: 850: 846: 842: 836: 835: 831: 829: 827: 821: 817: 800: 794: 789: 788: 781: 779: 775: 771: 767: 763: 759: 755: 751: 747: 743: 738: 736: 732: 731: 727:in the genus 726: 722: 718: 717:tenth edition 713: 712: 706: 702: 701:Carl Linnaeus 698: 694: 690: 685: 680: 676: 673: 663: 661: 657: 651: 649: 645: 641: 637: 633: 629: 625: 621: 617: 613: 612:invertebrates 609: 605: 601: 597: 592: 590: 586: 582: 578: 574: 570: 566: 561: 559: 555: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 531: 527: 523: 519: 515: 512:in the order 511: 510: 506:of the genus 505: 492: 488: 484: 480: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 439: 435: 432: 427: 424: 420: 416: 413: 409: 405: 402: 398: 394: 391: 387: 383: 380: 375: 372: 368: 364: 361: 358: 354: 351: 350: 348: 345: 341: 332: 331: 327: 324: 318: 317: 313: 307: 306: 302: 296: 295: 291: 290: 288: 283: 279: 275: 270: 269: 264: 261: 257: 252: 247: 246: 242: 239: 238: 233: 228: 225: 222: 221: 218: 215: 212: 211: 208: 207:Palaeognathae 205: 202: 201: 198: 195: 192: 191: 188: 185: 182: 181: 178: 175: 172: 171: 168: 165: 162: 161: 156: 151: 147: 142: 138: 133: 127: 112: 107: 102: 97: 92: 87: 82: 77: 72: 67: 62: 57: 51: 40: 37: 33: 19: 8132: 8037:Mystery meat 7993:Arachnophagy 7933:Branch house 7900:Preservation 7877:Meat science 7828:Alternatives 7817:Meat paradox 7739:Smoked foods 7378:Grasshoppers 7323:Sea cucumber 7318:Shrimp/prawn 6757: 6677:Tsondabornis 6675: 6668: 6661: 6656:Medioolithus 6654: 6647: 6642:Diamantornis 6640: 6580: 6570: 6564: 6563: 6542: 6515: 6508: 6485: 6475: 6459:Novaeratitae 6442: 6435: 6428: 6421: 6414: 6407: 6387: 6380: 6375:Crypturellus 6373: 6355:Roveretornis 6353: 6343: 6333: 6302: 6295: 6288: 6281: 6263:Megalapteryx 6261: 6254: 6223: 6216: 6206: 6196: 6173: 6165: 6061: 6053: 6043: 6020: 6013: 6006: 5999: 5975: 5968: 5943: 5936: 5912: 5905: 5900:Geranodornis 5898: 5890: 5885:Eogeranoides 5883: 5875:Geranoididae 5858: 5825: 5818: 5811: 5804: 5797: 5773: 5762: 5751: 5497: 5491:E. guljaruba 5489: 5478: 5465: 5456: 5446: 5436: 5428: 5416: 5392:C. lydekkeri 5390: 5382: 5373: 5365:C. casuarius 5364: 5352: 5329: 5284:. Retrieved 5280:the original 5264:. Retrieved 5259: 5245: 5209:. Retrieved 5189: 5184: 5151: 5147: 5113: 5088: 5084: 5065: 5055:November 21, 5053:. Retrieved 5046:the original 5041: 5037: 5009: 4998: 4965: 4961: 4936: 4932: 4916:. Retrieved 4912:the original 4902:(3): 175–9. 4899: 4895: 4889: 4878: 4874: 4853: 4849: 4845: 4839:. Macmillan. 4836: 4817: 4806: 4783: 4762: 4743: 4715: 4711: 4685: 4675: 4642: 4638: 4626:. Retrieved 4622:the original 4617: 4605:the original 4600: 4576: 4572: 4566: 4554:. Retrieved 4537: 4526: 4514:. Retrieved 4510: 4500: 4488:. Retrieved 4483: 4474: 4462:. Retrieved 4457: 4448: 4436:. Retrieved 4432:the original 4427: 4417: 4390: 4374: 4358: 4346: 4337: 4328: 4301: 4297: 4264: 4211: 4207: 4197: 4170: 4166: 4156: 4144:. Retrieved 4137:the original 4128: 4121: 4112: 4085:. Retrieved 4081: 4071: 4035:November 10, 4033:. Retrieved 4030:SBS Language 4029: 4020: 4011: 4002: 3990:. Retrieved 3986: 3976: 3964:. Retrieved 3960: 3950: 3938: 3913:February 17, 3911:. Retrieved 3901: 3889:. Retrieved 3885: 3875: 3863:. Retrieved 3859: 3850: 3842: 3837: 3828: 3822: 3813: 3792: 3783: 3774: 3765: 3756: 3748:ResearchGate 3747: 3721: 3695: 3686: 3677: 3671:. p. 4. 3668: 3656: 3647: 3638: 3629: 3620: 3611: 3602: 3593: 3584: 3575: 3554: 3530: 3520: 3511: 3489: 3480: 3471: 3462: 3453: 3444: 3435: 3432:"What we do" 3426: 3417: 3408: 3399: 3389: 3380: 3356:. Retrieved 3349:the original 3321: 3296:Mental Floss 3295: 3285: 3273:. Retrieved 3269:the original 3265:Forestry.com 3264: 3255: 3243: 3226:(phd thesis) 3218: 3213: 3201:. Retrieved 3196: 3187: 3178: 3166: 3126: 3122: 3116: 3100: 3091: 3070: 3005: 2999: 2973:. Retrieved 2963: 2930: 2926: 2905: 2893:. Retrieved 2889:the original 2884: 2875: 2866: 2860: 2847: 2835:. Retrieved 2823: 2819: 2806: 2773: 2766: 2759: 2752: 2748: 2741: 2734: 2727: 2720: 2713: 2706: 2699: 2692: 2685: 2678: 2671: 2664: 2657: 2652: 2637: 2627: 2604: 2593: 2573: 2566: 2547: 2543: 2534: 2524: 2514: 2504: 2494: 2484: 2474: 2457: 2448: 2414:(1): 41–43. 2411: 2407: 2397: 2385:. Retrieved 2379: 2357: 2348: 2339: 2329: 2277: 2247: 2224: 2215: 2203:. Retrieved 2198: 2154: 2145: 2136: 2130: 2121: 2115: 2103:. Retrieved 2099:the original 2089: 2077:. Retrieved 2072: 2063: 2053: 2046: 2027: 2023: 2019:jugular vein 2015: 2004: 2000: 1990: 1984: 1975: 1971: 1959: 1942: 1929: 1926: 1884: 1880: 1876: 1872: 1865:C. casuarius 1864: 1862: 1850: 1847:In captivity 1829: 1798: 1795: 1791:Cyclone Yasi 1788: 1779: 1775: 1715: 1706: 1661: 1642: 1615: 1603: 1597: 1576:baby chicken 1565: 1544: 1531:emerald dove 1523: 1516: 1488:apex species 1485: 1476: 1457: 1450: 1439: 1415: 1384: 1367: 1359: 1352: 1341:Reproduction 1335: 1331: 1327: 1319: 1312: 1299: 1295: 1292:C. casuarius 1291: 1285: 1265: 1253: 1218: 1204:such as the 1191: 1168:rain forests 1162: 1142: 1139:biogeography 1132: 1119: 1115: 1111: 1101: 1094: 1091: 1085: 1078: 1072: 1066: 1046: 1041: 1027: 1021: 1014: 1008: 1002: 989:New Guinea, 978: 969: 958: 952: 945: 939: 933: 909: 900: 889: 883: 876: 870: 864: 832: 823: 802:Common name 786: 785: 739: 728: 725:greater rhea 704: 696: 689:type species 684:Ornithologie 674: 669: 660:South Africa 652: 618:, and small 593: 562: 546:The Moluccas 508: 507: 490: 465: 449: 448: 434:Hippalectryo 433: 425: 414: 403: 392: 381: 373: 362: 352: 328: 314: 303: 292: 266: 260:Type species 244: 243: 203:Infraclass: 36: 8317:Casuariidae 8237:iNaturalist 8157:Wikispecies 8020:Entomophagy 8008:Meat diaper 7998:Cannibalism 7674:Meat dishes 7456:Charcuterie 7419:preparation 7403:Mopane worm 7393:Mezcal worm 6556:Casuariidae 6544:Diogenornis 6517:Mullerornis 6468:Apterygidae 6416:Nothoprocta 6382:Nothocercus 6297:Euryapteryx 6167:Diogenornis 6045:Orientornis 5753:Asteriornis 5662:Maniraptora 5647:Maniraptora 5546:Palaeognath 5457:D. n. minor 5374:C. bennetti 5343:Casuariidae 5330:cassowaries 5038:Bull. B.O.C 4881:(1): 335–8. 4645:(1): 5–25. 4588:Cited texts 4363:Paul (1988) 3992:January 28, 3966:January 28, 3793:Wet Tropics 3687:Attica Park 3450:"Cassowary" 3171:Owen (2003) 2600:"cassowary" 2550:: 317–335. 2540:Allen, J.A. 2480:Mayr, Ernst 2195:"Cassowary" 1967:New Zealand 1945:Pleistocene 1943:Studies on 1930:C. bennetti 1764:, Australia 1536:honeyeaters 1453:corprophagy 1387:frugivorous 1296:C. bennetti 1225:preen gland 1214:fallow deer 1151:Description 1058:Pleistocene 991:New Britain 985:Gould, 1857 916:Blyth, 1860 853:Aru Islands 620:vertebrates 554:Aru Islands 497:horned head 472:bird strong 450:Cassowaries 429:Perry, 1811 227:Casuariidae 8311:Categories 8077:White meat 8052:Pink slime 8030:Artificial 7905:Tenderness 7790:psychology 7788:Ethics and 7622:Salt-cured 7328:Sea urchin 6896:Guinea pig 6670:Psammornis 6487:Proapteryx 6430:Rhynchotus 6400:Nothurinae 6335:Miniothura 6304:Pachyornis 6198:Heterorhea 6146:Rheiformes 6091:see below↓ 6008:Ergilornis 5806:Fissuravis 5764:Eremopezus 5683:see below↓ 5407:Dromaiidae 5116:. Sydney. 4918:January 6, 4428:AZ Animals 2869:: 377–389. 2751:, Windesi 2621:required.) 2358:AZ Animals 2033:References 1910:West Papua 1783:Feral pigs 1762:Queensland 1697:feral cats 1689:wild boars 1672:wild boars 1618:New Guinea 1472:bandicoots 1468:honeyeater 1460:Queensland 1426:nightshade 1407:Queensland 1403:New Guinea 1399:wild boars 1391:omnivorous 1247:bones and 1233:keratinous 1198:New Guinea 1165:Queensland 1128:introduced 1108:subspecies 851:, and the 845:New Guinea 758:New Guinea 534:New Guinea 454:Indonesian 8177:Casuarius 8163:Casuarius 8133:Casuarius 7968:Slaughter 7890:Drip loss 7612:Rillettes 7572:Marinated 7510:Forcemeat 7496:Fermented 7436:Barbecued 7408:Palm grub 7239:Shellfish 7209:Swordfish 7144:Mahi Mahi 6974:Crocodile 6949:Alligator 6828:Livestock 6758:Cassowary 6565:Casuarius 6510:Aepyornis 6444:Tinamotis 6437:Taoniscus 6366:Tinaminae 6319:Tinamidae 6218:Protorhea 6022:Urmiornis 5960:Eogruidae 5938:Palaeotis 5860:Remiornis 5813:Lithornis 5799:Calciavis 5775:Limenavis 5635:Theropoda 5620:Theropoda 5563:Kingdom: 5467:D. ocypus 5354:Casuarius 5286:April 19, 5266:April 19, 5211:April 19, 5132:cite book 4659:0025-1496 4556:April 16, 4546:0307-1235 4516:April 16, 4490:April 13, 4464:April 13, 4438:March 28, 4256:238203829 4189:251862814 3722:The INDog 3245:Australia 3222:Australia 2885:perron.eu 2837:March 20, 2669:Elpaputih 2387:April 15, 2079:August 5, 2038:Citations 1858:kangaroos 1854:sympatric 1726:grassland 1664:Australia 1553:rusa deer 1464:Australia 1435:cyanogens 1411:Australia 1362:incubates 1360:The male 1221:rectrices 1206:rusa deer 1202:Cervidaes 1124:specimens 1104:monotypic 849:Australia 843:southern 787:Casuarius 705:Casuarius 675:Casuarius 648:frugivore 600:omnivores 558:Australia 524:on their 509:Casuarius 491:kasu weri 479:Tok Pisin 426:Cassowara 353:Casoarius 245:Casuarius 173:Kingdom: 167:Eukaryota 48:5–0 42:Cassowary 18:Casuarius 8142:Wikidata 8062:Red meat 8057:Raw meat 7986:subjects 7867:Veganism 7734:Meatball 7597:Pemmican 7582:Meatloaf 7577:Meatball 7417:Cuts and 7398:Silkworm 7388:Mealworm 7366:Crickets 7278:Crayfish 7258:Calamari 7154:Milkfish 7139:Mackerel 7134:Kingfish 7109:Flounder 7009:Pangolin 6994:Kangaroo 6979:Elephant 6964:Bushmeat 6700:Category 6663:Namornis 6582:Emuarius 6572:Dromaius 6409:Eudromia 6256:Dinornis 6208:Hinasuri 6063:Struthio 5977:Sonogrus 5914:Paragrus 5571:Chordata 5569:Phylum: 5565:Animalia 5499:E. gidju 5480:Emuarius 5418:Dromaius 5260:BirdNote 5238:(1920). 5168:32688922 4990:84497795 4953:86025843 4742:(2002). 4550:Archived 4458:ABC News 4248:34580213 4165:(1977). 4146:July 30, 3961:ABC News 3531:ABC News 3275:July 26, 3203:July 13, 2985:cite web 2955:84497795 2735:kasawari 2721:kasawari 2714:asawallo 2707:asuwalyo 2704:Nusalaut 2700:kasawari 2683:Masiwang 2679:asuwalia 2676:Manusela 2635:(2007). 2557:2246/678 2522:(1758). 2502:(1748). 2456:(1760). 2440:25685344 2381:HuffPost 2225:Birdfact 1949:Holocene 1823:and the 1801:Tasmania 1668:vehicles 1605:Ryparosa 1559:and the 1498:and the 1422:podocarp 1249:sphenoid 1241:coracoid 1144:Emuarius 754:Moluccas 730:Struthio 723:and the 630:, small 583:and the 466:man suar 419:Billberg 404:Oxyporus 397:Billberg 393:Chelarga 386:Lacépède 344:Synonyms 285:Species 274:Linnaeus 223:Family: 187:Chordata 183:Phylum: 177:Animalia 163:Domain: 128:– Recent 126:Pliocene 8229:5429309 8148:Q201231 8025:Marbled 7984:Related 7963:Packing 7938:Butcher 7802:Carnism 7744:Sausage 7719:Seafood 7687:Chicken 7657:Tartare 7652:Tandoor 7632:Sausage 7617:Roasted 7602:Poached 7592:Pickled 7515:Cretons 7505:supreme 7446:Braised 7441:Biltong 7343:Insects 7308:Scallop 7298:Octopus 7288:Lobster 7283:Dolphin 7253:Abalone 7245:seafood 7229:Walleye 7214:Tilapia 7189:Sardine 7179:Pollock 7129:Herring 7124:Halibut 7119:Haddock 7114:Grouper 7099:Crappie 7089:Catfish 7069:Anchovy 7039:Venison 6856:Buffalo 6846:Beefalo 6783:Ostrich 6763:Chicken 6750:Poultry 6477:Apteryx 6423:Nothura 6389:Tinamus 6274:Emeidae 6186:Rheidae 5575:Class: 5093:Bibcode 4970:Bibcode 4933:The Auk 4720:Bibcode 4667:2798651 4511:AP News 4340:. 2023. 4338:YouTube 4306:Bibcode 4239:8501781 4216:Bibcode 3777:. 2019. 3775:YouTube 3594:YouTube 3358:July 3, 3131:Bibcode 3109:p. 35–6 2935:Bibcode 2895:July 7, 2774:hetuwar 2742:manswar 2711:Saparua 2693:kaswari 2690:Ambelau 2686:asawais 2672:asawari 2665:asuwaro 2658:kafwali 2431:4323753 2360:. 2022. 2227:. 2022. 2157:. 2021. 1997:wrote: 1981:Attacks 1947:/early 1936:of the 1730:savanna 1680:Rodents 1645:pythons 1612:Threats 1568:predate 1442:bananas 1395:carrion 1337:season 1261:ostrich 1245:palatal 1237:furcula 1229:remiges 1180:⁄ 1073:Habitat 1009:Habitat 940:Habitat 871:Habitat 793:Brisson 746:kasuari 691:is the 681:in his 640:lizards 628:rodents 616:carrion 573:ostrich 526:sternum 518:ratites 458:kasuari 415:Thrasys 408:Brookes 357:Bonhote 251:Brisson 240:Genus: 213:Order: 193:Class: 117:↓ 8281:589156 8255:174387 8216:1CASUG 8106: 7958:Jobber 7943:Cutter 7928:Broker 7729:Steaks 7647:Stewed 7637:Smoked 7627:Salumi 7607:Potted 7557:Kidney 7537:Ground 7532:Frozen 7501:Fillet 7481:Cutlet 7471:Corned 7466:Confit 7451:Burger 7382:locust 7361:Cicada 7303:Oyster 7293:Mussel 7263:Chiton 7243:other 7184:Salmon 7149:Marlin 7034:Turtle 7024:Rabbit 6999:Monkey 6989:Iguana 6931:Żubroń 6886:Snails 6881:Donkey 6836:Alpaca 6803:Turkey 6788:Pigeon 6630:Ootaxa 5970:Eogrus 5548:genera 5409:(emus) 5166: 5120: 5085:Nature 5072: 5018: 4988: 4951: 4824: 4792: 4769: 4750: 4692: 4665: 4657: 4544: 4383:p. 165 4369:, 464. 4367:p. 364 4254: 4246: 4236: 4187: 4177: 2953: 2771:Yotafa 2764:Tarfia 2749:masuar 2746:Dusner 2728:asawar 2725:Kowiai 2718:Haruku 2697:Kayeli 2662:Amahai 2645: 2581: 2438: 2428: 2201:. 2022 2105:May 4, 1839:, and 1809:Hobart 1758:Cairns 1720:, the 1655:, and 1626:humans 1508:autumn 1504:winter 1418:laurel 1389:, but 1288:casque 1276:dagger 1259:or an 1212:, and 1210:chital 808:Range 795:, 1760 784:Genus 762:ratite 644:snakes 642:, and 565:extant 502:) are 487:Papuan 440:, 1842 438:Gloger 421:, 1828 410:, 1828 399:, 1828 369:, 1816 253:, 1760 234:, 1847 124:Early 8294:39287 8242:20498 8042:Offal 7753:Other 7642:Steak 7587:Offal 7562:Liver 7552:Kebab 7547:Jerky 7527:Fried 7486:Dried 7476:Cured 7431:Bacon 7371:Flour 7333:Whale 7219:Trout 7194:Shark 7169:Perch 7029:Snake 7004:Mouse 6911:Llama 6901:Horse 6861:Camel 6851:Bison 6793:Quail 6778:Goose 6290:Emeus 5427:Emu ( 5224:Vimeo 5049:(PDF) 5034:(PDF) 4986:S2CID 4949:S2CID 4708:(PDF) 4663:JSTOR 4274:(PDF) 4252:S2CID 4169:[ 4140:(PDF) 4133:(PDF) 4063:(PDF) 3665:(PDF) 3612:vimeo 3352:(PDF) 3345:(PDF) 3049:p. 23 2951:S2CID 2857:(PDF) 2816:(PDF) 2767:kasur 2760:swodi 2757:Sobei 2753:maswa 2655:Alune 2615: 2321:(PDF) 1963:Kiwis 1807:from 1600:scats 1272:claws 922:Yapen 766:rheas 742:Malay 672:genus 636:frogs 632:birds 622:like 604:fungi 550:Seram 483:muruk 8268:8786 8263:NCBI 8250:ITIS 8224:GBIF 8211:EPPO 8203:3J7J 8190:4817 8185:BOLD 7724:Veal 7707:Pork 7702:Lamb 7697:Goat 7692:Fish 7682:Beef 7520:Pâté 7461:Chop 7426:Aged 7351:Ants 7313:Seal 7273:Crab 7268:Clam 7224:Tuna 7204:Swai 7199:Sole 7174:Pike 7084:Carp 7079:Bass 7074:Basa 7061:Fish 7049:Wolf 7019:Hare 6969:Boar 6959:Bear 6941:Game 6921:Veal 6916:Pork 6891:Frog 6871:Goat 6841:Beef 6798:Rhea 6768:Duck 6742:Meat 6225:Rhea 5660:see 5633:see 5606:see 5577:Aves 5334:emus 5332:and 5288:2023 5268:2023 5213:2023 5164:PMID 5138:link 5118:ISBN 5070:ISBN 5057:2015 5016:ISBN 4920:2015 4822:ISBN 4790:ISBN 4767:ISBN 4748:ISBN 4690:ISBN 4655:ISSN 4630:2016 4558:2019 4542:ISSN 4518:2019 4492:2019 4466:2019 4440:2023 4244:PMID 4185:OCLC 4175:ISBN 4148:2020 4089:2021 4037:2022 3994:2021 3968:2021 3915:2022 3893:2024 3867:2024 3360:2023 3277:2024 3205:2023 2991:link 2977:2016 2897:2017 2839:2017 2739:Biak 2732:Onin 2643:ISBN 2579:ISBN 2436:PMID 2389:2019 2207:2022 2107:2016 2081:2023 2009:and 1883:and 1695:and 1693:dogs 1622:bird 1572:mice 1551:the 1538:and 1519:kiwi 1506:and 1373:Diet 1355:eggs 1268:toed 1239:and 1135:emus 1079:Diet 1067:Size 1015:Diet 1003:Size 946:Diet 934:Size 877:Diet 865:Size 776:and 774:moas 770:kiwi 756:and 670:The 624:fish 608:eggs 575:and 552:and 540:and 522:keel 462:Biak 382:Rhea 374:Cela 367:Oken 363:Cela 278:1758 232:Kaup 197:Aves 56:PreꞒ 8198:CoL 8172:AFD 7712:Ham 7542:Ham 7491:Dum 7241:and 7104:Eel 7094:Cod 7044:Dog 7014:Rat 6984:Fox 6954:Bat 6926:Yak 6876:Dog 6866:Cat 6773:Emu 5222:on 5156:doi 5101:doi 5042:131 4978:doi 4941:doi 4937:120 4904:doi 4858:doi 4854:249 4728:doi 4712:Emu 4647:doi 4639:Man 4314:doi 4234:PMC 4224:doi 4212:118 4082:CNN 3139:doi 3123:Emu 2943:doi 2828:doi 2776:... 2723:... 2552:hdl 2426:PMC 2416:doi 1965:of 1908:of 1257:emu 577:emu 544:), 532:of 8313:: 8291:: 8278:: 8265:: 8252:: 8239:: 8226:: 8213:: 8200:: 8187:: 8174:: 8159:: 8144:: 5258:. 5244:. 5188:. 5162:. 5152:31 5150:. 5134:}} 5130:{{ 5099:. 5089:12 5087:. 5040:. 5036:. 4984:. 4976:. 4966:28 4964:. 4947:. 4935:. 4931:. 4900:12 4898:. 4894:. 4879:49 4877:. 4873:. 4852:. 4726:. 4716:88 4714:. 4710:. 4661:. 4653:. 4641:. 4616:. 4599:. 4548:. 4536:. 4509:. 4482:. 4456:. 4426:. 4402:^ 4381:, 4365:, 4336:. 4312:. 4302:48 4300:. 4296:. 4282:^ 4250:. 4242:. 4232:. 4222:. 4210:. 4206:. 4183:. 4097:^ 4080:. 4045:^ 4028:. 4010:. 3985:. 3959:. 3923:^ 3884:. 3858:. 3812:. 3801:^ 3791:. 3773:. 3746:. 3730:^ 3720:. 3707:^ 3685:. 3667:. 3646:. 3628:. 3610:. 3592:. 3574:. 3563:^ 3553:. 3539:^ 3529:. 3510:. 3498:^ 3488:. 3470:. 3452:. 3434:. 3416:. 3398:. 3379:. 3368:^ 3330:^ 3320:. 3304:^ 3294:. 3263:. 3233:^ 3195:. 3151:^ 3137:. 3127:88 3125:. 3107:, 3090:. 3079:^ 3069:. 3056:^ 3047:, 3037:^ 3014:^ 2987:}} 2983:{{ 2949:. 2941:. 2931:28 2929:. 2917:^ 2883:. 2867:10 2865:. 2859:. 2824:25 2822:. 2818:. 2783:^ 2769:, 2762:, 2755:, 2744:, 2737:, 2730:, 2716:, 2709:, 2702:, 2695:, 2688:, 2681:, 2674:, 2667:, 2660:, 2651:. 2603:. 2548:28 2546:. 2464:, 2434:. 2424:. 2410:. 2406:. 2378:. 2366:^ 2356:. 2338:. 2286:^ 2276:. 2256:^ 2246:. 2233:^ 2223:. 2197:. 2184:^ 2163:^ 2153:. 2071:. 1887:. 1843:. 1835:, 1819:, 1815:, 1760:, 1728:, 1704:. 1691:, 1651:, 1647:, 1563:. 1462:, 1420:, 1413:. 1409:, 1263:. 1216:. 1208:, 1081:: 1075:: 1069:: 1017:: 1011:: 1005:: 948:: 942:: 936:: 879:: 873:: 867:: 790:– 744:: 662:. 638:, 634:, 626:, 614:, 610:, 606:, 591:. 560:. 489:: 485:, 481:: 477:, 464:: 460:, 456:: 276:, 106:Pg 50:Ma 7503:/ 7384:) 7380:( 6734:e 6727:t 6720:v 6578:† 6547:? 6540:† 6498:† 6483:† 6351:† 6341:† 6331:† 6240:† 6214:† 6204:† 6194:† 6170:? 6155:† 6058:? 6051:† 6041:† 5993:? 5988:† 5962:? 5957:† 5948:? 5930:? 5925:† 5895:? 5877:? 5872:† 5863:? 5856:† 5787:† 5778:? 5771:† 5767:? 5760:† 5756:? 5749:† 5538:e 5531:t 5524:v 5496:† 5488:† 5477:† 5464:† 5461:) 5459:) 5453:† 5449:) 5443:† 5439:) 5431:) 5389:† 5385:) 5376:) 5367:) 5336:) 5328:( 5318:e 5311:t 5304:v 5290:. 5270:. 5250:. 5215:. 5170:. 5158:: 5140:) 5126:. 5107:. 5103:: 5095:: 5078:. 5059:. 5024:. 5001:. 4992:. 4980:: 4972:: 4955:. 4943:: 4922:. 4906:: 4864:. 4860:: 4830:. 4798:. 4775:. 4756:. 4734:. 4730:: 4722:: 4698:. 4678:. 4669:. 4649:: 4643:2 4632:. 4560:. 4520:. 4494:. 4468:. 4442:. 4412:. 4397:. 4385:. 4322:. 4316:: 4308:: 4258:. 4226:: 4218:: 4191:. 4150:. 4107:. 4091:. 4039:. 3996:. 3970:. 3945:. 3933:. 3917:. 3895:. 3869:. 3816:. 3795:. 3724:. 3702:. 3689:. 3614:. 3578:. 3557:. 3533:. 3514:. 3474:. 3438:. 3420:. 3402:. 3383:. 3362:. 3324:. 3298:. 3279:. 3219:R 3207:. 3173:. 3161:. 3145:. 3141:: 3133:: 3111:. 3073:. 3051:. 2993:) 2979:. 2957:. 2945:: 2937:: 2899:. 2841:. 2830:: 2801:. 2613:. 2587:. 2560:. 2554:: 2468:. 2442:. 2418:: 2412:4 2391:. 2342:. 2280:. 2250:. 2209:. 2179:. 2109:. 2083:. 1182:2 1178:1 1175:+ 1173:6 1035:† 695:( 548:( 536:( 500:' 494:' 475:' 469:' 452:( 326:† 111:N 101:K 96:J 91:T 86:P 81:C 76:D 71:S 66:O 61:Ꞓ 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.