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341:. She and Gershuni then spent two years travelling illegally around Russia, organising the new party. "There existed a kind of division of labour between them: Breshkovskaya, like a 'Holy Ghost of the Revolution' flitted about the country, proselytising and inciting everywhere the revolutionary temper of the youth; Gershuni usually followed in her tracks and turned to practical account the enthusiasm she aroused." When Gershuni was arrested, in May 1903, she escaped abroad via Romania, to Geneva.
42:
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She was a lady perhaps 35 years of age (actually 41) with a strong, intelligent, but not handsome face, a frank unreserved manner and sympathies that seemed to be warm, impulsive, and generous. Her face bore traces of much suffering, and her thick, dark wavy hair, which had been cut in prison at the
365:
In 1904, Breshkovsky travelled to the U.S., where her name was well known because of George Kennan's book. The trip turned her into a celebrity. In
December 1904, nearly 3,000 people came to a meeting in Boston, organised to welcome her. According to a contemporary report "When the 'Grand Old Lady'
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When Madame
Catherine Breshkovskaya, "Grandmother of the Revolution", arrived here after spending 44 of her 73 years in exile, she was greeted by a big gathering of former followers of her revolutionist movement. On her arrival from Siberia she was also greeted by a deputation from the ministry of
450:
She's a soothsayer, that's for sure. The word on her is that she's been predicting all these goings-on for the past fifty years. But God help us, she's really beastly looking: fat, angry, with very small penetrating eyes—I once saw her portrait in a feuilleton. She was chained in a stockade for 42
399:. Hearing of her arrest, Isabel Barrows sailed to Russia to plead for her release, and succeeded in persuading Nikolay Breshko-Breshkovsky to visit his mother in prison, despite his hostility to her beliefs. In 1910, she was sentenced to exile for life in Siberia, and deported to a village by the
239:' and set out with false passports, disguised as itinerants labourers, to settle in a village, where they tried to instill revolutionary ideas in the peasants. Warned of imminent arrest, Kolenkina returned to Kiev, while Breshkovsky and Stefanovich moved to another village, in
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years, but they couldn't break her. She was never left alone day or night, but they couldn't break her back: even in the stockade she managed to get hold of a million rubles! Now she's buying people for support, promising to give them land and not to draft them for war...
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Actually, far from wanting to spare peasants from being called up for military service, she advocated continuing the war with
Germany, and was one of the most committed and high-profile supporters of the Kerensky government. When it was overthrown in November by the
306:
mines, was streaked here and there with grey... Almost the last words that she said to me were: "Mr Kennan, we may die in exile, and our children may die in exile, and our children's children may die in exile, but something will come of it at last."
366:
got up to speak, the great audience rose en masse. Handkerchiefs waved, hats were flung into the air, words of affection in five languages were rained upon her." She also visited New York and
Chicago, and was befriended by feminists such as
195:
she helped her father free the serfs on the family estate then worked voluntarily to educate them. In 1868, she married
Nikolay Petrovich Breshko-Breshkovsky, a landowner and country magistrate, but left him after two years and moved to
231:, and left him to be brought up by relatives. She did not see him again until he was aged 22, and learnt that they had nothing in common. He later became a thriller writer, and Nazi sympathiser. In July 1874, she, Kolenkina and
259:
Breshkovsky was transported to St
Petersburg, where, at 31, she was the oldest of 37 women held in the House of Preliminary Detention, all accused of political offences. Her defiant behaviour in the dock during the
394:
promised to lead the police to her, and travelled to
Saratov with a senior officer, but failed to locate her,. She was at large until 1908, when Azef again betrayed her to the police and she was interned in the
297:, and to 40 lashes. but the local authorities did not dare carry out the flogging, for fear of reprisals. She was exiled again to Seleginsk village, in Transbaikal where the American journalist and explorer
264:, when she refused to recognise the court's authority and announced that she was proud to belong to 'the Russian socialistic and revolutionary party' led to her being convicted and sentenced to five years
281:
for a political offence, which earned her the respect of other revolutionaries. Her friend, Maria
Kolenkina, was so incensed that she planned to kill the man who prosecuted Breshkovsky, but was foiled.
251:. After Stefanovich returned to Kiev, Breshkovsky was arrested when a police officer checking her false passport noticed that she did not act as submissively as a peasant normally would.
310:
Kennan was later quoted as saying: "All my standards of courage, of fortitude, and of heroic self-sacrifice have been raised for all time, and raised by the hand of a woman".
378:. It was during this trip that she was given the nickname 'Babushka', the grandmother of the Revolution. She raised about $ 10,000 for the Socialist Revolutionary Party.
187:
Born as
Yekaterina Konstantinovna Verigo into the Russian nobility in Ivanovo village, Nevelsky district, Vitebsk province, Breshkovsky grew up on the family estate in
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of 1917 was to send
Breshkovsky a special invitation to return to Petrograd, where she was personally welcomed by the Minister of Justice, and future Prime Minister,
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of Russia. With some difficulty, she made contact with revolutionaries still at large, most of whom were many years younger than her. The most important was
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334:, in 1897, where "Breshkovskaya had a large following among the youth of the Minsk gymnasia; Gershuni led another group which debated tactical questions."
442:, and as its oldest member was appointed to chair its first meeting. By now, she was a legendary figure in Russia. The future Nobel prize winning writer
1054:
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410:, but was recaptured only seven miles outside the city. She was held in solitary confinement in Irkutsk prison for two years, then deported to
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191:, and was educated at home. Her father, Konstantin Verigo, owned serfs, but—according to her account—treated them well. In 1861, during the
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In November 1913 now almost 70 years old, she attempted an escape that involved a journey by horseback of more than 620 miles to
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438:, and by a huge crowd. Breshkovsky was elected in October 1917 to the Pre-Parliament, ahead of a nationwide election to a
1019:
286:
described her as "passionate and prophetic", but Perovskaya reportedly treated her "very coldly", finding her "extreme".
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region of Siberia. In 1881, she escaped, but was recaptured and sentenced to another four years katorga in the mines in
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Breshkovsky was released in 1896, after 22 years in prison or exile, under an amnesty marking the coronation of the
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to the U.S., to appeal to the government to send 50,000 troops to support the anti-Bolshevik forces in the
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414:, close to the Arctic Circle, but after protests from her American sympathisers, was returned to Irkutsk.
171:, acquiring, in her latter years, international stature as a political prisoner. Also popularly known as '
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283:
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476:, where she shared her final exile with Maria Kolenkina, a friendship that spanned more than 50 years.
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558:
The Little Grandmother of the Russian Revolution: Reminiscences and Letters of Catherine Breshkovsky
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709:
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Sergei Zubatov and Revolutionary Marxism, The Struggle for the Working Class in Tsarist Russia
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13 January] 1844 – 12 September 1934), also known in English sources as
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Hidden Springs of the Russian Revolution: Personal Memoirs of Katerina Breshkovskaia
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province, where they came into contact with evangelical Protestants, known as the
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One of the first acts of the Provisional Government that took office after the
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270:(penal labour), whereas other female defendants, including the future regicide
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to intervene to reinstate Kerensky by force. Late in 1918, she travelled via
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where she formed a 'commune' with her sister Olga (who died young) and
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overheard peasants talking about her in the summer of 1917. One said:
160:. She has been described as Russia's first female political prisoner.
501:""Бабушка революции". Проигранная жизнь Екатерины Брешко-Брешковской"
188:
337:
This was one of several groups brought together in 1901 to form the
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153:
208:, when most of the revolutionaries in Kiev were in a group led by
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justice, together with delegations from a number of universities.
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Underground Russia, Revolutionary Profiles and Sketches from Life
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407:
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248:
240:
168:
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Breshkovskaya, Katerina (with foreword by A.F.Kerensky) (1931).
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Shmidt, O.Yu. (chief editor), Bukharin N.I. et al (eds) (1927).
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937:
Reminiscences and Letters, Little, Brown and Co, Boston, 1918.
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Breshkovsky returned to Russia in time for the outbreak of the
97:
818:
Women's Journal 17 December 1904, quoted in Stone Blackwell.
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In 1879, Breshkovsky's sentence was commuted to exile in the
884:. No. Latest News, Number 141. 14 April 1917. p. 3
527:
Musings from the gallows: autobiography of Ram Prasad Bismil
220:, the peasant's son who organised the assassination of Tsar
946:. Lincoln Hutchinson, ed. Stanford University Press, 1931.
323:
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She was, reputedly, the first woman in Russia sentenced to
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152:, was a major figure in the Russian socialist movement, a
729:. London: James R. Osgood, McIlvaine & Co. pp.
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Workers' Party for the Political Liberation of Russia
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1025:Revolutionaries of the Russian Revolution of 1905
935:The Little Grandmother of the Russian Revolution:
995:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Switzerland
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962:Newspaper clippings about Catherine Breshkovsky
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403:where she was kept under constant supervision.
132:Yekaterina Konstantinovna Breshko-Breshkovskaya
957:Ekaterina Breshko-Breshkovskaia papers at Yale
561:. Boston: Little, Brown, and Company. p.
247:. Rejected by the Stundists, they moved on to
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472:. Later she moved to Paris, then in 1924 to
1015:People from Nevelsky District, Pskov Oblast
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832:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
807:. London: Hurst & Blackett. p. 52.
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227:In February 1874, she gave birth to a son,
878:"Cheers Greet Return of Russia's "Mother""
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212:, followers of the populist revolutionary
175:', Breshkovsky was the grandmother of the
163:She spent over four decades in prison and
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1050:Socialist Revolutionary Party politicians
1030:Revolutionaries of the Russian Revolution
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726:Siberia and the Exile System, volume two
708:. New York: Charles Scribner's. p.
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649:Hidden Springs of the Russian Revolution
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426:Breshkovsky in New York City, early 1919
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702:Stepniak, (Sergei Kravchinsky) (1880).
610:CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
585:Большая советская энциклопедия Volume 7
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156:, and later one of the founders of the
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525:Waraich, Malwinder Jit Singh (2007).
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1040:Russian exiles in the Russian Empire
1035:Russian Constituent Assembly members
555:Stone Blackwell, Alice, ed. (1919).
499:Sidochik, Andrei (24 January 2019).
301:interviewed her in 1885. He wrote:
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204:. The trio followed the anarchist
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314:The Socialist Revolutionary Party
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62:Yekaterina Konstantinovna Verigo
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778:. Ithaca: Cornell U.P. p.
770:Schneiderman, Jeremiah (1976).
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460:, she drafted an appeal to the
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390:. In August, the police spy
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216:. Axelrod introduced her to
144:; born 25 January [
33:Екатерина Брешко-Брешковская
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966:20th Century Press Archives
803:Nicolaevsky, Boris (1934).
348:Breshkovsky as sketched by
229:Nikolay Breshko-Breshkovsky
167:for peaceful opposition to
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723:Kennan, George (1891).
397:Peter and Paul Fortress
382:Second arrest and exile
354:St. Louis Post-Dispatch
1000:Female revolutionaries
587:. Moscow. p. 471.
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255:Imprisonment and exile
751:Frazier, Ian (2010).
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368:Alice Stone Blackwell
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150:Catherine Breshkovsky
25:Catherine Breshkovsky
16:Russian revolutionary
907:Bunin, Ivan (2000).
682:www.andreageyer.info
440:Constituent Assembly
418:After the Revolution
678:"Revolt, They Said"
462:Czechoslovak Legion
432:February Revolution
193:Emancipation reform
882:Los Angeles Herald
864:Little Grandmother
820:Little Grandmother
754:Travels in Siberia
664:Little Grandmother
631:Little Grandmother
603:has generic name (
436:Alexander Kerensky
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284:Sergei Kravchinsky
274:, were acquitted.
189:Chernigov province
177:Russian Revolution
866:. pp. 134–5.
862:Stone Blackwell.
662:Stone Blackwell.
629:Stone Blackwell.
529:. Unistar Books,
470:Russian Civil War
350:Marguerite Martyn
272:Sophia Perovskaya
233:Yakov Stefanovich
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92:(1934-09-12)
46:Breshkovsky
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909:Cursed Days
466:Vladivostok
322:, the last
320:Nicholas II
291:Transbaikal
51: 1918
979:Categories
888:31 October
510:12 October
480:References
458:Bolsheviks
444:Ivan Bunin
401:Lena River
392:Yevno Azef
183:Early life
68:1844-01-25
1005:Narodniks
828:cite book
737:9 October
593:cite book
539:180690320
361:U.S. tour
245:Stundists
224:in 1881.
531:Ludhiana
173:babushka
154:Narodnik
968:of the
964:in the
687:10 June
412:Yakutsk
408:Irkutsk
356:in 1919
352:of the
279:katorga
267:katorga
249:Tulchyn
241:Kherson
169:Tsarism
76:Ivanovo
915:
786:
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505:aif.ru
141:Verigo
139:
98:Prague
849:Aseff
332:Minsk
913:ISBN
890:2016
834:link
784:ISBN
739:2019
733:-122
689:2017
616:link
612:link
605:help
535:OCLC
512:2019
374:and
324:Tsar
198:Kiev
146:O.S.
87:Died
58:Born
970:ZBW
780:225
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