302:, captain of the fort, had already expected the spy's visit and gave instructions to all his soldiers to pretend to be sleeping. The 5 February was fixed as the date of the attack. Andresillo opened the doors of the fort and a group of Mapuches entered silently. When almost the entire army was already inside the fort, they were received with rounds of gunfire that caused a high number of casualties among the attackers, who escaped in a disorganized fashion. Caupolican was able to flee thanks to the fact that the Spanish cavalry had not yet arrived at the zone of combat. When they finally did arrive, the Mapuche troops retreated through the hills and the Spanish left the fort chasing them.
318:(on 5 February 1558) they captured Caupolican, who was in process of preparing a counteroffensive. According to De Vivar, while he was being guided, tied up, by a squad of Spanish soldiers towards the fort of Tucapel, an irate Mapuche woman appeared in front of them, whose name was Fresia, with a baby in her arms; the baby was a child of the defeated toqui. The woman reprimanded him for having allowed himself to be captured alive; she threw the baby down at his feet and walked away, useless the cries given asking her to return for the child. The march continued silently in its direction. He was taken before the veteran Alonso de Reinoso, who condemned him to die by
275:, 29 November. The Mapuche forces led by Caupolican attempted a surprise attack on the enemy camp on the dawn of 30 November. Coincidentally, the Spanish troops were celebrating Saint Andrew's Day and as the attack was under way, the Spanish troops sounded a trumpet reveille, which the Mapuche forces took as an alarm; their belief that they had been discovered caused the attack to be ruined. There were 15,000 attackers, among which Galvarino was included, who went in front, appearing with his severed arms and inciting the passions of his comrades. The
293:
fort to fight on open ground was a certain defeat for the
Spanish, and a direct attack on the fort, with a highly armed Spanish contingent, would cause a large number of deaths among the Mapuche force. A yanakuna named Andresillo offered to attract the Mapuches to the fort by subterfuge. The plan consisted of Andresillo making friends with the attackers, making him appear like a Spanish deserter; The Mapuche army believed Andresillo and he told them that the hour of the
698:
1130:
259:, among which were included Tucapel, Rengo and Colo Colo and who were presided by the latter, by holding a thick tree trunk upon his shoulders for two days and one night without fainting before he could be elected as Toqui. Caupolican defeated other candidates for this position namely, Paicavi, Lincoyan and Elicura. Alonso de Ercilla immortalized this event in La Araucana.
238:
to mutilate the right hand and nose of the prisoners to teach them a lesson. Galvarino not only extended his right hand to be amputated, but also extended his other hand before the soldier ordered to cut his hand off and both were amputated before he was freed. This type of lesson infuriated and hardened the
Mapuches even more towards the usurpers of their territory.
237:
The attack was highly disorganized, and despite the great numeric difference, the
Mapuche were defeated in brutal hand-to-hand combat; leaving hundreds of dead and injured and 150 prisoners of war. Among these prisoners was one of the Toquis: Galvarino. Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza, ordered his soldiers
292:
On 20 January 1558 the
Spanish army suffered an attack on the fortified city of Cañete, in the which it was surrounded in siege by more than 15,000 Mapuches led by Caupolican. Caupolican's idea was to let the inhabitants of the city die of hunger. The situation became very grave, because leaving the
337:
Caupolican is considered by many to have been a very fierce warrior, although he did not have the victories of
Lautaro. In modern times, Caupolican is recognized for his exploits in all of Chile by the naming of streets, theaters, parks and monuments in his honor. It is falsely believed that the
329:
According to
Ercilla, while on the platform, he lifted his right leg and kicked his executioner off the platform. After doing so, he then leaped onto the spike himself. Galvarino was also captured and hanged. After these terrible episodes, and due to familial prestige, Caupolican the younger,
30:
297:
was the best time to attack the
Spanish unaware, and that he would open the doors to allow them to perform a surprise attack. Caupolican tried to prove the veracity of Andresillo's claim ordering a spy to be introduced in the interior of the fort.
250:
Mountains, this council had the objective of unifying the
Mapuche military force under the command of one man by electing a Toqui. Caupolican was chosen as Toqui due to his great physical strength and bravery in battle. According to the historian
166:
to conduct the War of Arauco). It appears that
Caupolican was a member of a very respected family in Mapuche society, seeing as he and his brothers were always in the group of military leaders who planned battle strategies for the tribe.
217:
After the death of
Lautaro, the Mapuche people were left without an effective leader to guide them into battle; evidence is shown of this perilous situation in the combat of the Fort of San Luis, which they failed to take, and in the
279:
lasted from the early morning until 2 PM the following day, and Caupolican directed it from atop a white horse. Finally, the Mapuche forces were flanked and surrounded, which lead to their defeat. The Spanish established the
209:
in his poem Caupolican. The primary conflicts of the Arauco War in which Caupolican participated were: The Battle at Lagunillas as a soldier, and the Battles of Millarapue and Cañete as Toqui.
924:
587:
130:
According to the poetic work La Araucana the primary known wife of Caupolican was Fresia, although she is also named Gueden or Paca by other authors. His only known child was named
1073:
1063:
230:- attacked a large Spanish army led by Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza. As he passed the Biobio river, coming from Concepcion, Garcia lead a force of 600 well armed soldiers and 1500
197:. The name Caupolican became a symbol of Native American resistance, and his life and acts were collected by Alonso de Ercilla - one of the military captains in the army of
1174:
346:
is a tribute to the Toqui. What is true is that the statue is a work of the sculptor Nicanor Plaza, that popular Chilean tradition associates with Caupolican.
198:
267:
After the victory of the Spanish in Lagunillas, Garcia entered hostile territory in search of a decisive battle. The Spanish forces set up camp in
607:
549:
593:
315:
1184:
1204:
150:
Caupolican fought from his youth on against the Spanish Conquistadors helping to achieve the freedom of his people. He was elected
802:
1164:
428:
1189:
1169:
174:
1199:
1027:
1179:
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222:
on 5 September 1557. In this battle an army of 12,000 Mapuche warriors at the command of several Toquis - among them
1159:
1022:
616:
326:, was asked to be the executioner. Caupolican was taken and tied to a raised platform with a sharp wooden spike.
1068:
395:
272:
934:
680:
1103:
1093:
1088:
914:
997:
919:
762:
536:
Historia de Todas las Cosas que han Acaecido en el Reino de Chile y de los que lo han gobernado (Spanish)
177:
of southern Chile. Together with Lautaro, Caupolican was one of the leaders of the Mapuche people in the
1037:
400:
135:
1098:
1042:
1007:
1002:
163:
1108:
1032:
1017:
967:
589:
Historia de Todas las Cosas que han Acaecido en el Reino de Chile y de los que lo han gobernado
162:
states he was elected previously and that he was a secret candidate for this office chosen by
1113:
1083:
962:
929:
640:
193:
was killed. The execution of Pedro de Valdivia is attributed to Caupolican by the historian
1154:
822:
276:
219:
944:
687:
390:
311:
252:
194:
8:
1078:
987:
972:
675:
339:
310:
While the surviving Mapuche forces were still retreating, an advance party commanded by
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101:
281:
122:
during the sixteenth century. His rule as Toqui lasted roughly from 1553-1558 AD.
1194:
1012:
954:
797:
142:, Caupolican was of a grave countenance and was blind in one eye from childhood.
330:
Caupolican's oldest son, was chosen as the Mapuche military leader, leading the
878:
742:
1148:
323:
247:
115:
100:(meaning ‘polished flint’ (queupu) or ‘blue quartz stone’ (Kallfulikan) in
189:
fort, in which the Spanish army was defeated and their commanding officer
939:
888:
817:
234:, who were attacked by the Mapuche forces in a marsh named "lagunillas".
202:
246:
After these defeats the Mapuche people united in a great council in the
982:
873:
712:
697:
461:
CRÓNICA Y RELACIÓN COPIOSA Y VERDADERA DE LOS REINOS DE CHILE (Spanish)
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131:
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111:
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423:. United States of America: Xlibris Corporation. p. 112.
284:
fort, not far from where the fortress of Tucapel was located.
792:
767:
737:
727:
569:
Crónica y relación copiosa y verdadera de los reinos de chile
521:
CRÓNICA Y RELACIÓN COPIOSA Y VERDADERA DE LOS REINOS DE CHILE
506:
CRÓNICA Y RELACIÓN COPIOSA Y VERDADERA DE LOS REINOS DE CHILE
476:
CRÓNICA Y RELACIÓN COPIOSA Y VERDADERA DE LOS REINOS DE CHILE
171:
151:
119:
106:
732:
592:(in Spanish). Madrid. p. Chapter XXVII. Archived from
625:
114:
people, who led the resistance of his people against the
585:
533:
255:, Caupolican had to demonstrate his strength to the
572:(in Spanish). Burgos. p. Chapters CXV-CXXXVI.
421:The Grand Araucanian Wars In The Kingdom Of Chile
1146:
1175:16th-century indigenous leaders of the Americas
641:
446:Lautaro, Joven Libertador de Arauco (Spanish)
138:. According to tradition and the writings of
491:Crónica del Reino de Chile, Book 2 (Spanish)
314:arrived at Pilmaiquen, and in the Battle of
181:. Caupolican cooperated with Lautaro in the
185:and the subsequent hostile takeover of the
170:The Mapuches are a people who resisted the
83:Lemucaguin or Caupolican the Younger (1558)
1056:
648:
634:
606:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
581:. Boston: Bradbury, Soden. pp. 43–66.
548:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
614:
538:. Madrid, Spain. pp. Chapter XXVIII.
523:. Burgos, Spain. pp. Chapter CXXXVI.
488:
576:
565:
518:
508:. Burgos, Spain. pp. Chapter CXXXV.
503:
478:. Burgos, Spain. pp. Chapter CXVII.
473:
458:
287:
443:
262:
212:
1147:
463:. Burgos, Spain. pp. Chapter CXV.
629:
586:de Gongora Marmolejo, Alonso (1852).
534:de Gongora Marmolejo, Alonso (1852).
118:who invaded the territory of today's
579:Lives of Celebrated American Indians
418:
241:
199:Garcia Hurtado de Mendoza y Manrique
91:Lemucaguin or Caupolican the Younger
13:
1028:Kingdom of Araucania and Patagonia
618:Crónica del Reino de Chile, Book 2
14:
1216:
925:Federación Mapuche de Estudiantes
1185:16th-century executions by Spain
1129:
1128:
696:
615:de Lobera, Pedro Mariño (1865).
489:de Lobera, Pedro Mariño (1865).
28:
1205:People killed in the Arauco War
527:
512:
497:
482:
467:
452:
437:
419:Cruz, Eduardo Agustin (2010).
412:
145:
1:
1165:People executed by impalement
935:Resistencia Ancestral Mapuche
448:. Santiago de Chile: Zig-zag.
406:
179:wars of the sixteenth century
915:Consejo de Todas las Tierras
577:Goodrich, Samuel G. (1843).
322:. Cristobal de Arevalo, the
125:
7:
1190:People from Arauco Province
1170:16th-century Mapuche people
1023:Desert Campaign (1833–1834)
998:Araucanization of Patagonia
920:Coordinadora Arauco-Malleco
655:
566:De Vivar, Jeronimo (1558).
519:De Vivar, Jeronimo (1558).
504:De Vivar, Jeronimo (1558).
474:De Vivar, Jeronimo (1558).
459:De Vivar, Jeronimo (1558).
396:Alonso De Gongora Marmolejo
349:
338:bronze statue found on the
10:
1221:
559:
444:Alegria, Fernando (1975).
154:of the Mapuche people, as
1200:Characters in La Araucana
1126:
953:
907:
836:
705:
694:
663:
271:, in the central area of
87:
79:
71:
63:
51:
39:
27:
20:
1180:People of the Arauco War
305:
1160:Executed Chilean people
1038:Occupation of Araucanía
158:’s successor (although
1033:Conquest of the Desert
1018:Camino de los chilenos
401:Pedro Mariño De Lobera
136:Caupolican the younger
930:Mapuche football team
621:. p. Chapter IV.
288:Battle of Cañete Fort
116:Spanish Conquistadors
110:or war leader of the
908:Extant organizations
277:battle of Millarapue
263:Battle of Millarapue
220:battle of Lagunillas
213:Battle of Lagunillas
75:Lincoyan (1551-1553)
973:Battle of the Maule
778:Rüxafe (silverwork)
201:- in his epic poem
64:Cause of death
67:Capital punishment
1142:
1141:
1122:
1121:
1099:Las Canoas (1793)
945:Weichán Auka Mapu
493:. pp. CH IV.
430:978-1-4500-5530-7
391:Jeronimo De Vivar
386:Alonso De Reinoso
371:Alonso De Ercilla
356:Pedro De Valdivia
334:(November 1558).
312:Pedro de Avendaño
300:Alonso de Reinoso
253:Jeronimo de Vivar
242:Election as Toqui
195:Jeronimo de Vivar
191:Pedro de Valdivia
183:Battle of Tucapel
160:Alonso de Ercilla
95:
94:
46:Pilmaiquén, Chile
1212:
1132:
1131:
1054:
1053:
1048:Mapuche conflict
978:Spanish invasion
700:
650:
643:
636:
627:
626:
622:
611:
605:
597:
596:on 3 March 2016.
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573:
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340:Santa Lucia hill
332:Battle of Quiapo
140:Fernando Alegria
32:
18:
17:
1220:
1219:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1210:
1209:
1145:
1144:
1143:
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1052:
1013:Guerra a muerte
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832:
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659:
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35:
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12:
11:
5:
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1124:
1123:
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1114:Coz Coz (1907)
1111:
1106:
1104:Tapihue (1825)
1101:
1096:
1094:Negrete (1793)
1091:
1089:Negrete (1726)
1086:
1084:Malloco (1671)
1081:
1076:
1074:Quillín (1647)
1071:
1069:Quillín (1641)
1066:
1064:Paicaví (1612)
1060:
1058:
1051:
1050:
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837:Related groups
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1109:Toltén (1869)
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1043:1881 uprising
1041:
1039:
1036:
1034:
1031:
1029:
1026:
1024:
1021:
1019:
1016:
1014:
1011:
1009:
1008:1766 uprising
1006:
1004:
1003:1723 uprising
1001:
999:
996:
994:
991:
989:
986:
984:
981:
979:
976:
974:
971:
969:
968:Inca invasion
966:
964:
961:
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324:field marshal
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58:Cañete, Chile
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50:
42:
38:
31:
26:
19:
16:
1133:
1079:Boroa (1651)
617:
594:the original
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129:
105:
97:
96:
15:
1155:1558 deaths
1057:Parliaments
940:Wallmapuwen
818:We Tripantu
207:Ruben Dario
203:La Araucana
146:First years
72:Predecessor
1149:Categories
983:Arauco War
874:Promaucaes
713:Aillarehue
681:Placenames
676:Mapudungun
407:References
381:Lemucaguin
361:Arauco War
320:impalement
269:Millarapue
248:Pilmaiquen
132:Lemucaguin
102:Mapudungun
98:Caupolicán
34:Caupolican
22:Caupolican
899:Tehuelche
869:Pehuenche
859:Mapochoes
854:Huilliche
758:Mythology
723:Chemamull
718:Butalmapu
688:Tsesungún
671:Huilliche
602:cite book
544:cite book
316:Antihuala
273:Araucania
232:yanakunas
228:Galvarino
164:Colo Colo
126:Biography
80:Successor
1135:Category
884:Picunche
844:Boroanos
823:Wenufoye
808:Weichafe
788:Textiles
783:Religion
763:Polygamy
753:Military
748:Medicine
664:Language
376:Lincoyan
350:See also
344:Santiago
257:Caciques
224:Lincoyan
104:) was a
88:Children
988:Slavery
955:History
894:Ranquel
879:Puelche
864:Moluche
828:Wünelfe
706:Culture
657:Mapuche
560:Sources
366:Lautaro
205:and by
187:Tucapel
172:Spanish
156:Lautaro
112:Mapuche
43:Unknown
1195:Toquis
963:Origin
849:Cuncos
813:Werkén
427:
295:siesta
282:Cañete
993:Malón
803:Wampu
798:Ulmen
768:Rehue
743:Machi
738:Lonko
728:Kalku
306:Death
152:Toqui
134:, or
120:Chile
107:toqui
889:Poya
793:Toki
773:Ruka
733:Kuel
608:link
550:link
425:ISBN
226:and
55:1558
52:Died
40:Born
342:in
1151::
604:}}
600:{{
546:}}
542:{{
649:e
642:t
635:v
610:)
552:)
433:.
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