461:
44:
379:. When presented at scientific meetings, they were sometimes too rich, and often written too small, for the ideas to be easily grasped. Some such diagrams made their way into publications, where careful scrutiny was possible, and where the conjectural nature of some assertions was evident. The richness of his ideas, their continuing evolution, and the transition into taxonomies that gave Cavalier-Smith's investigations into evolutionary paths (
598:
434:
sentences, to use declarative sentences where others would express an opinion, and to express opinions where angels would fear to tread. In addition, he can sound arrogant, reactionary, and even perverse. On the other , he has a long history of being right when everyone else was wrong. To our way of thinking, all of this is overshadowed by one incomparable virtue: the fact that he
433:
Prof. Cavalier-Smith of Oxford
University has produced a large body of work which is well regarded. Still, he is controversial in a way that is a bit difficult to describe. The issue may be one of writing style. Cavalier-Smith has a tendency to make pronouncements where others would use declarative
422:
Cavalier-Smith also reused familiar names (such as
Protozoa) for innovative taxonomic concepts. This created confusion because Protozoa was and still is used in its old sense, alongside its use in the newer senses. Because of Cavalier-Smith's tendency to publish rapidly and to change his narratives
438:
grapple with the details. This makes for very long, very complex papers and causes all manner of dark murmuring, tearing of hair, and gnashing of teeth among those tasked with trying to explain his views of early life. See, , Zrzavý (2001) Patterson (1999). Nevertheless, he deals with all of the
343:
in 1969. He was promoted to Reader in 1982. From the early 1980s, Smith promoted views about the taxonomic relationships among living organisms. He was prolific, drawing on a near-unparalleled wealth of information to suggest novel relationships. In 1989 he was appointed
Professor of Botany at the
418:
Cavalier-Smith's lack of an objective and reproducible methodology that would translate evolutionary insights into taxa and hierarchical schemes, were often confusing to those who did not follow his publications closely. Many of his taxa requiring his frequent adjustment, as illustrated below. In
414:
The alternative hypothesis was that the three chromophytic lineages were not closely related (to the exclusion of other lineages) (i.e. were polyphyletic), likely that all were ancestrally without plastids, and that separate symbiotic events established the chlorophyll a/c plastids stramenopiles,
371:
The scope of
Cavalier-Smith's taxonomic propositions was grand, but the numbers and composition of the components (taxa), and, often, their relations were not stable. Propositions were often ambiguous and short-lived; he frequently amended taxa without any change in the name. His approach was not
363:
Cavalier-Smith was a prolific taxonomist, drawing on a near-unparalleled wealth of information to suggest novel relationships. His suggestions were translated into taxonomic concepts and classifications with which he associated new names, or in some cases, reused old names. Cavalier-Smith did not
522:
In 1983, he revised his system particularly in the light of growing evidence that
Archaebacteria were a separate group from Bacteria, to include an array of lineages that had been excluded from his 1981 treatment, to deal with issues of polyphyly, and to promote new ideas of relationships. In
518:
Cavalier-Smith's first major classification system was the division of all organisms into eight kingdoms. In 1981, he proposed that by completely revising Robert
Whittaker's Five Kingdom system, there could be eight kingdoms: Bacteria, Eufungi, Ciliofungi, Animalia, Biliphyta, Viridiplantae,
406:
It was
Cavalier-Smith's claim that there was a single endosymbiotic event by which chlorophyll a c containing plastids were acquired by a common ancestor of all three groups, and that the differences (such as cytological components and their arrangements) among the groups were the result of
372:
universally accepted: Others attempted to underpin taxonomy of protists with a nested series of atomised, falsifiable propositions, following the philosophy of transformed cladistics. However, this approach is no longer considered defensible.
1153:
Marriage of Alan C. Smith and Mary Maud Bratt, 1st Qtr 1942, Wayland Reg Dist. (GRO Ref 4b/743). Birth of Thomas C Smith (mother's maiden name Bratt) last Qtr 1942, Greenwich Reg Dist. (GRO Ref 1d/650). Source
1223:
Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M. (29 April 2015). Thuesen, Erik V. (ed.).
1063:
for
Zoology in 2007. He was appointed Fellow of the Canadian Institute for Advanced Research (CIFAR) between 1998 and 2007, and Advisor of the Integrated Microbial Biodiversity of CIFAR. He won the 2007
2081:
Ruggiero, Michael A.; Gordon, Dennis P.; Orrell, Thomas M.; Bailly, Nicolas; Bourgoin, Thierry; Brusca, Richard C.; Cavalier-Smith, Thomas; Guiry, Michael D.; Kirk, Paul M.; Thuesen, Erik V. (2015).
985:. In this scheme they reintroduced the division of prokaryotes into two kingdoms, Bacteria (previously 'Eubacteria') and Archaea (previously 'Archebacteria'). This is based on the consensus in the
368:
approaches to taxonomy arguing that the goals of cladification and classification were different; his approach was similar to that of many others' broad-based treatments of protists.
546:
The kingdom
Archezoa went through many compositional changes due to evidence of polyphyly and paraphyly before being abandoned. He assigned some former members of the kingdom
2648:
1197:
1296:
Illustrated
Glossary of Protoctista: Vocabulary of the Algae, Apicomplexa, Ciliates, Foraminifera, Microspora, Water Molds, Slime Molds, and the other Protoctists
1125:"Professor Dr. Tom Cavalier-Smith, FRS, FRSC, Professor of Evolutionary Biology and NERC Professorial Fellow in the Department of Zoology, Oxford University"
1476:"The interrelationships of metazoan parasites: A review of phylum-and higher-level hypotheses from recent morphological and molecular phylogenetic analyses"
2321:
364:
follow or espouse an explicit taxonomic philosophy but his approach was closest to evolutionary taxonomy. He and several other colleagues were opposed to
1558:
934:
2658:
2663:
594:, and Bacteria. Nevertheless, he had already presented this simplified scheme for the first time on his 1981 paper and endorsed it in 1983.
449:
309:
Cavalier-Smith was born on 21 October 1942 in London. His parents were Mary Maude (née Bratt) and Alan Hailes Spencer Cavalier Smith.
298:
110:
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543:. In 1993, the eight kingdoms became: Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Archezoa, Protozoa, Chromista, Plantae, Fungi, and Animalia.
2638:
2021:
Cavalier-Smith, T. (1983). "A 6-Klngdom Classification and a Unified Phylogeny". In Schenk, H.E.A.; Schwemmler, W.S. (eds.).
317:
1334:
Patterson, D.J. (1985). "The fine structure of Opalina ranarum (family Opalinidae): Opalinid phylogeny and classification".
407:
subsequent evolutionary changes. This interpretation that chromists were monophyletic also required that the heterotrophic (
259:
1201:
2304:
2025:. Endocytobiology II: Intracellular Space as Oligogenetic. Berlin, DE: Walter de Gruyter & Co. pp. 1027–1034.
506:(2002). Though well known, many of his claims have been controversial and have not gained widespread acceptance in the
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Cavalier-Smith's ideas that led to the taxonomic structures were usually first presented in the form of tables and
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addition, some protists lacking mitochondria were discovered. As mitochondria were known to be the result of the
126:
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170:
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2313:
531:, it was thought that these amitochondriate eukaryotes were primitively so, marking an important step in
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cryptomonads and haptophytes. The polyphyly of the chromists has been re-asserted in subsequent studies.
121:
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17:
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Cavalier-Smith wrote extensively on the taxonomy and classification of all life forms, but especially
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Cavalier-Smith was courageous in his adherence to the earlier traditionalist style characterized by
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that united lineages that had plastids with chlorophylls a and c (primarily chrysophytes and other
340:
325:
321:
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100:
2054:
Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2003). "Protist phylogeny and the high-level classification of Protozoa".
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535:. As a result, these amitochondriate protists were given special status as a protozan subkingdom
255:
96:
403:, cryptophytes, and haptophytes) despite clear evidence that the group corresponded to a clade.
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n. sp.: More evidence of ultrastructural idiosyncrasy and simplicity in pelobiont protists".
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Cavalier-Smith and his collaborators revised the classification in 2015, and published it in
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1089:
Saldarriaga, Juan F. (2021). "Thomas Cavalier-Smith (October 21, 1942 – March 19, 2021)".
212:
8:
2582:
1840:
Cavalier-Smith, T.; Chao, E.E. (1996). "Molecular phylogeny of the free-living archezoan
540:
510:. His taxonomic revisions often influenced the overall classification of all life forms.
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2003:
1991:
1952:
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Simpson, A.G.B.; Bernard, C.; Fenchel, T.; Patterson D.J. (1997). "The organisation of
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1995:
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Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (1983). "A 6-kingdom classification and a unified phylogeny".
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and taxonomic summaries frequently, his approach and claims were frequently debated.
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1371:
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turn this led to confusion as to the scope of taxa a taxonomic name was applied to.
262:
Professorial Fellow (21 October 1942 – 19 March 2021), was a professor of
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2007:
1987:
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732:
355:
Thomas Cavalier-Smith died in March 2021 following the development of cancer.
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539:, that he later elevated to kingdom status. This was later referred to as the
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He also introduced new taxonomic groupings group for eukaryotes such as the
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1999:
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286:
137:
1290:
487:, even though it is not widely accepted to be monophyletic (see above).
273:
His research has led to discovery of a number of unicellular organisms (
2502:
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2347:
1865:
961:
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911:
869:
863:
857:
744:
705:
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411:) members of all three groups had arisen from ancestors with plastids.
479:. One of his major contributions to biology was his proposal of a new
395:, that of relying on narratives. One example was his advocacy for the
1706:
1006:
918:
903:
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792:
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756:
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717:
591:
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484:
464:
Tree of life and major steps in cell evolution after Cavalier-Smith,
396:
380:
365:
278:
277:) and advocated for a variety of major taxonomic groups, such as the
1978:
Cavalier-Smith, T. (2007). "A revised six-kingdom system of life".
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536:
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476:
408:
328:
for his PhD thesis between 1964 and 1967; his thesis was entitled "
294:
290:
1685:
Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (1987). "Eukaryotes with no mitochondria".
1308:
1632:
Cavalier-Smith, T. (1981). "Eukaryote kingdoms: Seven or nine?".
1311:
Five Kingdoms: An illustrated guide to the phyla of life on Earth
953:
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713:
709:
689:
638:
618:
579:
426:
274:
156:
2312:
383:) and the resulting classifications, its distinctive character.
930:
810:
660:
575:
181:
597:
335:
From 1967 to 1969, Cavalier-Smith was a guest investigator at
1394:
Burki, F.; Roger, A.J.; Brown, M.W.; Simpson, A.G.B. (2020).
1515:
Patterson, David J. (1999). "The Diversity of Eukaryotes".
2080:
1355:"Hypothetico-deductivism in systematics: fact or fiction?"
1222:
111:
Cavalier-Smith's system of classification of all organisms
688:
The kingdom Animalia was divided into four subkingdoms:
562:
By 1998, Cavalier-Smith had reduced the total number of
2083:"A higher level classification of all living organisms"
1932:
Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences
1226:"A Higher Level Classification of All Living Organisms"
352:, becoming Professor of evolutionary biology in 2000.
1738:"Reconstructing Early Events in Eukaryotic Evolution"
376:
1443:
el-Bawab, F. (2020). "Chapter 3 – Phylum Protozoa".
996:
605:
Five of Cavalier-Smith's kingdoms are classified as
1309:Margulis, Lynn; Schwartz, Karlene V., eds. (1997).
386:
2023:A 6-kingdom classification and a unified phylogeny
1839:
767:) and recognised a total of 23 animal phyla.
324:(PhD) in Zoology. He was under the supervision of
2142:"Rooting the tree of life by transition analyses"
443:
2595:
601:Table 11 From Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?
2649:Alumni of Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
1333:
1294:; McKhann, H.I.; Olendzenski, L., eds. (1993).
2139:
2053:
2020:
1977:
1925:
1790:
1684:
1666:
1631:
1163:
299:his systems of classification of all organisms
2298:
770:Cavalier-Smith's 2003 classification scheme:
429:.com described his writing style as follows:
2262:"academic references to "T. Cavalier-Smith""
1088:
1059:from the Emperor of Japan in 2004, and the
2305:
2291:
2220:. Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
1973:
1971:
1001:In 2006, Cavalier-Smith proposed that the
42:
27:British evolutionary biologist (1942–2021)
2167:
2157:
2116:
2106:
1951:
1816:
1514:
1491:
1411:
1370:
1267:
1249:
1216:
1028:Cavalier-Smith was elected Fellow of the
987:Taxonomic Outline of Bacteria and Archaea
450:Cavalier-Smith's system of classification
1844:and the nature of the first eukaryote".
1793:"Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla"
1445:Invertebrate Embryology and Reproduction
1442:
1042:Canadian Institute for Advanced Research
596:
459:
2047:
1968:
1352:
974:
513:
14:
2596:
1473:
557:
339:. He became Lecturer of biophysics at
2664:Academics of the University of Oxford
2286:
1735:
1680:
1678:
1627:
1625:
1192:
1190:
1023:
318:Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge
266:in the Department of Zoology, at the
609:as shown in the following scheme:
1447:. Academic Press. pp. 68–102.
723:He created three new animal phyla:
24:
2659:Academics of King's College London
1992:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x
1675:
1622:
1453:10.1016/B978-0-12-814114-4.00003-5
1346:
1187:
304:
25:
2705:
2644:People educated at Norwich School
2236:
997:Proposed root of the tree of life
2056:European Journal of Protistology
1901:European Journal of Protistology
387:Cavalier-Smith's narrative style
2684:21st-century British scientists
2679:20th-century British scientists
2654:Alumni of King's College London
2619:British evolutionary biologists
2210:
2184:
2140:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (2006).
2133:
2074:
2014:
1919:
1888:
1833:
1784:
1729:
1660:
1596:
1577:
1551:
1508:
1467:
1436:
1400:Trends in Ecology and Evolution
1387:
1372:10.1590/S0031-10492008002300001
1164:Cavalier-Smith, Thomas (1967).
1057:International Prize for Biology
673:(including red and green algae)
127:International Prize for Biology
2246:. Zoology (Faculty web page).
1846:Journal of Molecular Evolution
1809:10.1128/mmbr.57.4.953-994.1993
1327:
1313:. W.H. Freeman & Company.
1302:
1284:
1157:
1147:
1117:
1082:
1003:last universal common ancestor
444:Cavalier-Smith's contributions
346:University of British Columbia
171:University of British Columbia
13:
1:
1913:10.1016/S0932-4739(97)80024-7
1198:"Thomas (Tom) CAVALIER-SMITH"
1075:
519:Cryptophyta, and Euglenozoa.
465:
2639:Fellows of the Royal Society
2108:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248
1646:10.1016/0303-2647(81)90050-2
1396:"The new tree of eukaryotes"
1251:10.1371/journal.pone.0119248
1103:10.1016/j.protis.2021.125807
1070:Zoological Society of London
791:uniciliate protozoan phylum
7:
2264:– via Google Scholar.
1928:"Only six kingdoms of life"
1926:Cavalier-Smith, T. (2004).
1791:Cavalier-Smith, T. (1993).
1200:. Debrett's. Archived from
1012:("negibacterium") with two
471:, before his 2015 revision.
377:complex, annotated diagrams
358:
332:Chlamydomonas reinhardii".
122:Fellow of the Royal Society
10:
2710:
2465:Ronald Charles Newman
1897:Mastigamoeba schizophrenia
1413:10.1016/j.tree.2019.08.008
1359:Papéis Avulsos de Zoologia
720:(all other animal phyla).
447:
94:Gonville and Caius College
2555:
2476:Trevor Charles Platt
2454:Raghunath Anant Mashelkar
2328:
2274:(biography). London, UK:
2192:"Awards and distinctions"
2031:10.1515/9783110841237-104
1736:Roger, Andrew J. (1999).
1353:Rieppel, Olivier (2008).
1166:Organelle development in
1030:Linnean Society of London
348:. In 1999, he joined the
207:
203:
188:Organelle Development in
180:
162:
152:
145:
116:
106:
89:
81:
69:
50:
41:
34:
2537:S. R. Srinivasa Varadhan
2521:John Michael Taylor
2194:. Cavali. Archived from
1604:"Origins of the Eukarya"
1168:Chlamydomonas reinhardii
1048:(FRSC) in 1997, and the
783:(ancestrally uniciliate)
582:(including Glaucophyte,
330:Organelle Development in
192:Chlamydomonas reinhardii
2674:21st-century biologists
2669:20th-century biologists
2629:English microbiologists
2272:"Thomas Cavalier-Smith"
2218:"Thomas Cavalier-Smith"
2068:10.1078/0932-4739-00002
1797:Microbiological Reviews
1742:The American Naturalist
1517:The American Naturalist
1050:Royal Society of London
1046:Royal Society of Canada
1010:Gram-negative bacterium
917:protozoan infrakingdom
844:protozoan infrakingdom
815:protozoan infrakingdom
2547:Brian Worthington
2359:David Keith Bowen
2159:10.1186/1745-6150-1-19
1944:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705
1036:(FIBiol) in 1983, the
602:
472:
441:
337:Rockefeller University
64:London, United Kingdom
2694:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
2488:Richard J. Puddephatt
2375:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
1298:. Jones and Bartlett.
1171:(PhD thesis thesis).
1044:(CIFAR) in 1988, the
1038:Royal Society of Arts
600:
463:
431:
341:King's College London
322:King's College London
167:King's College London
101:King's College London
36:Thomas Cavalier-Smith
2508:Jonathan Sprent
2442:Geoffrey Hinton
2381:David W. Clarke
2248:University of Oxford
1493:10.14411/fp.2001.013
1480:Folia Parasitologica
1173:University of London
1040:(FRSA) in 1987, the
1034:Institute of Biology
975:Seven kingdoms model
514:Eight kingdoms model
508:scientific community
350:University of Oxford
320:(MA) in Biology and
268:University of Oxford
264:evolutionary biology
175:University of Oxford
2634:English taxonomists
2583:Rolf M. Zinkernagel
2514:James Staunton
2337:Colin Atkinson
2244:"T. Cavalier-Smith"
2099:2015PLoSO..1019248R
1858:1996JMolE..43..551C
1699:1987Natur.326..332C
1610:on 20 December 2010
1565:on 7 September 2008
1242:2015PLoSO..1019248R
1154:www.freebmd.org.uk.
1032:(FLS) in 1980, the
566:from eight to six:
558:Six kingdoms models
541:Archezoa hypothesis
312:He was educated at
297:. He was known for
2604:English biologists
2448:Steven Martin
2417:Richard B. Flavell
1980:Biological Reviews
1866:10.1007/BF02202103
1669:Endocytobiology II
1589:2010-12-20 at the
1474:Zrzavý, J (2001).
1024:Awards and honours
1005:to all life was a
603:
473:
2624:English humanists
2591:
2590:
2568:Elias James Corey
2412:Charles Ellington
2353:Harshad Bhadeshia
2343:David Barker
2276:The Royal Society
1938:(1545): 1251–62.
1842:Trepomonas agilis
1748:(S4): S146–S163.
1693:(6111): 332–333.
991:Catalogue of Life
876:protozoan phylum
779:protozoan phylum
677:Kingdom Chromista
454:Kingdom (biology)
237:
236:
147:Scientific career
16:(Redirected from
2701:
2527:Robert K. Thomas
2422:Ken Freeman
2307:
2300:
2293:
2284:
2283:
2279:
2265:
2255:
2250:. Archived from
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2018:
2012:
2011:
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1966:
1965:
1955:
1923:
1917:
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1727:
1726:
1707:10.1038/326332a0
1682:
1673:
1672:
1664:
1658:
1657:
1640:(3–4): 461–481.
1629:
1620:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1606:. Archived from
1600:
1594:
1581:
1575:
1574:
1572:
1570:
1561:. Archived from
1555:
1549:
1548:
1523:(S4): S96–S124.
1512:
1506:
1505:
1495:
1471:
1465:
1464:
1440:
1434:
1433:
1415:
1391:
1385:
1384:
1374:
1350:
1344:
1343:
1331:
1325:
1324:
1306:
1300:
1299:
1288:
1282:
1281:
1271:
1253:
1220:
1214:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1204:on 15 March 2016
1194:
1185:
1184:
1161:
1155:
1151:
1145:
1144:
1142:
1140:
1131:. Archived from
1121:
1115:
1114:
1086:
1055:He received the
1018:diderm bacterium
733:acanthocephalans
649:Kingdom Animalia
634:Kingdom Protozoa
470:
467:
326:Sir John Randall
233:
230:
228:
226:
224:
222:
220:
218:
216:
214:
199:
141:
76:
60:
58:
46:
32:
31:
21:
2709:
2708:
2704:
2703:
2702:
2700:
2699:
2698:
2609:Protistologists
2594:
2593:
2592:
2587:
2578:Oliver Smithies
2551:
2482:Alan Plumb
2432:J. Philip Grime
2427:Brian Greenwood
2348:Jean Beggs
2324:
2311:
2270:
2260:
2242:
2239:
2234:
2233:
2223:
2221:
2216:
2215:
2211:
2201:
2199:
2198:on 23 July 2016
2190:
2189:
2185:
2138:
2134:
2093:(4): e0119248.
2079:
2075:
2052:
2048:
2041:
2019:
2015:
1976:
1969:
1924:
1920:
1893:
1889:
1838:
1834:
1789:
1785:
1734:
1730:
1683:
1676:
1665:
1661:
1630:
1623:
1613:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1597:
1591:Wayback Machine
1582:
1578:
1568:
1566:
1559:"Apusomonadida"
1557:
1556:
1552:
1513:
1509:
1472:
1468:
1441:
1437:
1392:
1388:
1365:(23): 263–273.
1351:
1347:
1332:
1328:
1321:
1307:
1303:
1289:
1285:
1236:(4): e0119248.
1221:
1217:
1207:
1205:
1196:
1195:
1188:
1162:
1158:
1152:
1148:
1138:
1136:
1135:on 4 March 2016
1123:
1122:
1118:
1087:
1083:
1078:
1052:(FRS) in 1998.
1026:
1016:(also known as
999:
989:(TOBA) and the
977:
741:gnathostomulids
671:Kingdom Plantae
560:
529:proteobacterium
516:
468:
456:
448:Main articles:
446:
439:relevant facts.
389:
361:
307:
305:Life and career
211:
197:
136:
130:
125:
120:
90:Alma mater
74:
65:
62:
61:21 October 1942
56:
54:
37:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2707:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2636:
2631:
2626:
2621:
2616:
2611:
2606:
2589:
2588:
2586:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2565:
2563:John E. Casida
2559:
2557:
2553:
2552:
2550:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2532:Cheryll Tickle
2529:
2524:
2517:
2510:
2505:
2500:
2495:
2493:Philip Ruffles
2490:
2485:
2478:
2473:
2468:
2461:
2456:
2451:
2444:
2439:
2437:David C. Hanna
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2402:Richard Denton
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2365:Roger Cashmore
2362:
2355:
2350:
2345:
2340:
2332:
2330:
2326:
2325:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2295:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2267:
2266:
2257:
2256:
2254:on 1 May 2008.
2238:
2237:External links
2235:
2232:
2231:
2209:
2183:
2146:Biology Direct
2132:
2073:
2062:(4): 338–348.
2046:
2039:
2013:
1986:(3): 203–266.
1967:
1918:
1887:
1852:(6): 551–562.
1832:
1803:(4): 953–994.
1783:
1754:10.1086/303290
1728:
1674:
1659:
1621:
1595:
1576:
1550:
1529:10.1086/303287
1507:
1466:
1435:
1386:
1345:
1336:Protistologica
1326:
1319:
1301:
1283:
1215:
1186:
1156:
1146:
1116:
1080:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1025:
1022:
1007:non-flagellate
998:
995:
976:
973:
972:
971:
970:
969:
958:Viridaeplantae
950:
949:
948:
947:
946:
927:
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893:chromalveolate
889:
874:
873:
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683:
682:
681:
680:
679:
674:
665:photosynthetic
658:
657:
656:
651:
636:
626:
624:Archaebacteria
616:
559:
556:
550:to the phylum
533:eukaryogenesis
515:
512:
492:Chromalveolata
445:
442:
393:Charles Darwin
388:
385:
360:
357:
314:Norwich School
306:
303:
283:Chromalveolata
248:Cavalier-Smith
235:
234:
227:/cavaliersmith
209:
205:
204:
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184:
178:
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164:
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114:
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108:
107:Known for
104:
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83:
79:
78:
77:(aged 78)
71:
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52:
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2498:Anthony Segal
2496:
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2395:
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2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2370:Andrew Casson
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
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2356:
2354:
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2344:
2341:
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2327:
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2318:Royal Society
2315:
2308:
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2109:
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2092:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2069:
2065:
2061:
2057:
2050:
2042:
2040:9783110841237
2036:
2032:
2028:
2024:
2017:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1974:
1972:
1963:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1945:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
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1910:
1906:
1902:
1898:
1891:
1883:
1879:
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1863:
1859:
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1708:
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1700:
1696:
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1679:
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1588:
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1580:
1564:
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1554:
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1542:
1538:
1534:
1530:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1511:
1503:
1499:
1494:
1489:
1486:(2): 81–103.
1485:
1481:
1477:
1470:
1462:
1458:
1454:
1450:
1446:
1439:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1414:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1390:
1382:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1349:
1341:
1337:
1330:
1322:
1320:0-613-92338-3
1316:
1312:
1305:
1297:
1293:
1287:
1279:
1275:
1270:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1252:
1247:
1243:
1239:
1235:
1231:
1227:
1219:
1203:
1199:
1193:
1191:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1160:
1150:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1120:
1112:
1108:
1104:
1100:
1097:(3): 125807.
1096:
1092:
1085:
1081:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1062:
1061:Linnean Medal
1058:
1053:
1051:
1047:
1043:
1039:
1035:
1031:
1021:
1019:
1015:
1011:
1008:
1004:
994:
992:
988:
984:
983:
967:
963:
959:
955:
951:
944:
940:
936:
935:Protalveolata
932:
928:
926:
922:
921:
920:
916:
913:
909:
905:
901:
897:
896:
894:
890:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
867:
865:
861:
859:
855:
853:
849:
848:
847:
843:
838:
834:
830:
826:
824:
820:
819:
818:
814:
813:
812:
809:
803:
799:
797:kingdom Fungi
796:
794:
790:
789:
788:
785:
782:
778:
777:
776:
773:
772:
771:
768:
766:
762:
761:onychophorans
758:
754:
750:
746:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
725:Acanthognatha
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
678:
675:
672:
669:
668:
666:
662:
659:
655:
654:Kingdom Fungi
652:
650:
647:
646:
644:
640:
637:
635:
632:
631:
630:
627:
625:
622:
621:
620:
617:
615:
612:
611:
610:
608:
599:
595:
593:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
569:
565:
555:
553:
549:
544:
542:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:endosymbiosis
520:
511:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
488:
486:
483:of life: the
482:
478:
462:
458:
455:
451:
440:
437:
430:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
410:
404:
402:
401:stramenopiles
398:
394:
384:
382:
378:
373:
369:
367:
356:
353:
351:
347:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
310:
302:
300:
296:
292:
288:
284:
280:
276:
271:
269:
265:
261:
257:
253:
249:
245:
241:
232:
210:
206:
202:
195:
194:
190:
189:
185:
183:
179:
176:
172:
168:
165:
161:
158:
155:
151:
148:
144:
139:
134:
133:Linnean Medal
128:
123:
119:
115:
112:
109:
105:
102:
98:
95:
92:
88:
84:
80:
73:19 March 2021
72:
68:
53:
49:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
2542:Bernard Wood
2519:
2512:
2480:
2463:
2459:Yoshio Masui
2446:
2407:Raymond Dwek
2392:Stephen Cook
2379:
2374:
2357:
2335:
2252:the original
2222:. Retrieved
2212:
2200:. Retrieved
2196:the original
2186:
2149:
2145:
2135:
2090:
2086:
2076:
2059:
2055:
2049:
2022:
2016:
1983:
1979:
1935:
1931:
1921:
1904:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1835:
1800:
1796:
1786:
1745:
1741:
1731:
1690:
1686:
1671:: 1027–1034.
1668:
1662:
1637:
1633:
1612:. Retrieved
1608:the original
1598:
1579:
1567:. Retrieved
1563:the original
1553:
1520:
1516:
1510:
1483:
1479:
1469:
1444:
1438:
1406:(1): 43–55.
1403:
1399:
1389:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1339:
1335:
1329:
1310:
1304:
1295:
1292:Margulis, L.
1286:
1233:
1229:
1218:
1206:. Retrieved
1202:the original
1169:
1165:
1159:
1149:
1137:. Retrieved
1133:the original
1128:
1119:
1094:
1093:(Obituary).
1090:
1084:
1054:
1027:
1000:
980:
978:
882:Thecomonadea
837:Foraminifera
787:opisthokonts
769:
737:gastrotrichs
722:
687:
676:
670:
653:
648:
643:heterotrophs
633:
628:
623:
613:
604:
561:
545:
521:
517:
502:(2002), and
496:Opisthokonta
489:
474:
457:
435:
432:
425:
421:
417:
413:
405:
390:
374:
370:
362:
354:
334:
329:
311:
308:
287:Opisthokonta
272:
247:
243:
239:
238:
193:
186:
163:Institutions
146:
75:(2021-03-19)
29:
2689:2021 deaths
2614:1942 births
2573:Walter Kohn
2397:Peter Crane
2387:Enrico Coen
2224:11 February
2202:11 February
1569:11 February
1208:11 February
1139:11 February
1066:Frink Medal
966:Glaucophyta
943:Apicomplexa
908:Heterokonta
886:Diphylleida
765:tardigrades
749:brachiopods
663:(primarily
588:green algae
469: 2010
138:Frink Medal
82:Nationality
2598:Categories
2503:Ashoke Sen
2471:Mark Pepys
1634:Biosystems
1614:9 February
1342:: 413–428.
1076:References
962:Rhodophyta
925:Ciliophora
912:Haptophyta
870:Percolozoa
864:Euglenozoa
858:Metamonada
745:Brachiozoa
706:Ctenophora
629:Eukaryotes
614:Eubacteria
607:eukaryotes
57:1942-10-21
18:Caval.-Sm.
1907:: 87–98.
1762:0003-0147
1461:240900596
1430:204545629
1381:1807-0205
1260:1932-6203
1181:731219097
1111:235321431
1014:membranes
919:Alveolata
904:Cryptista
900:Chromista
793:Choanozoa
781:Amoebozoa
753:phoronids
718:Bilateria
592:Chromista
552:Amoebozoa
485:Chromista
409:protozoan
397:Chromista
381:phylogeny
366:cladistic
279:Chromista
97:Cambridge
2320:elected
2178:16834776
2127:25923521
2087:PLOS ONE
1962:15306349
1882:28992966
1778:32138852
1770:10527924
1587:Archived
1537:10527921
1502:11437135
1422:31606140
1278:25923521
1230:PLOS ONE
982:PLOS ONE
952:kingdom
898:kingdom
878:Apusozoa
852:Loukozoa
846:Excavata
833:Radiozoa
823:Cercozoa
817:Rhizaria
802:Animalia
800:kingdom
775:Unikonts
757:Lobopoda
729:rotifers
702:Placozoa
698:Cnidaria
694:Porifera
639:Unikonts
572:Protozoa
568:Animalia
564:kingdoms
548:Archezoa
537:Archezoa
504:Excavata
500:Rhizaria
498:(1987),
494:(1981),
477:protists
359:Taxonomy
295:Excavata
291:Rhizaria
275:protists
2556:Foreign
2329:Fellows
2322:in 1998
2316:of the
2314:Fellows
2169:1586193
2118:4418965
2095:Bibcode
2008:6557779
2000:9809012
1953:1691724
1874:8995052
1854:Bibcode
1827:8302218
1723:4351363
1715:3561476
1695:Bibcode
1654:7337818
1584:Eukarya
1545:4367158
1269:4418965
1238:Bibcode
1091:Protist
1068:of the
954:Plantae
939:Dinozoa
929:phylum
923:phylum
868:phylum
862:phylum
856:phylum
850:phylum
829:Retaria
827:phylum
821:phylum
811:Bikonts
755:), and
714:Mesozoa
710:Myxozoa
692:(phyla
690:Radiata
661:Bikonts
619:Neomura
580:Plantae
481:kingdom
427:Palaeos
223:/people
208:Website
157:Zoology
85:British
2176:
2166:
2152:: 19.
2125:
2115:
2037:
2006:
1998:
1960:
1950:
1880:
1872:
1825:
1818:372943
1815:
1776:
1768:
1760:
1721:
1713:
1687:Nature
1652:
1543:
1535:
1500:
1459:
1428:
1420:
1379:
1317:
1276:
1266:
1258:
1179:
1129:Cavali
1109:
941:, and
931:Miozoa
910:, and
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