309:
117:
187:
200:
637:
Modern
Kawaiisu has reanalyzed the nasal-stop clusters as voiced stops, although older recordings preserve some of the clusters. Geminated stops and affricates are voiceless and non-geminated stops and affricates are voiced fricatives. The velar nasals have fallen together with the alveolar nasals.
662:
The following table shows some sample Numic cognate sets that illustrate the above changes. Forms in the daughter languages are written in a broad phonetic transcription rather than a phonemic transcription that sometimes masks the differences between the forms. Italicized vowels and sonorants are
316:
Bands of eastern
Shoshoni split off from the main Shoshoni body in the very late 17th or very early 18th century and moved southeastward onto the Great Plains. Changes in their Shoshoni dialect eventually produced Comanche. The Comanche language and the Shoshoni language are quite similar although
304:
study from 2001 supports this linguistic hypothesis. The anthropologist Peter N. Jones thinks this evidence to be of a circumstantial nature, but this is a distinctly minority opinion among specialists in Numic. David Shaul has proposed that the
Southern Numic languages spread eastward long before
609:
The major difference between Proto-Central Numic and Proto-Numic was the phonemic split of Proto-Numic geminate consonants into geminate consonants and preaspirated consonants. The conditioning factors involve stress shifts and are complex. The preaspirated consonants surfaced as voiceless
320:
Recent lexical and grammatical diffusion studies in
Western Numic have shown that while there are clear linguistic changes that separate Northern Paiute as a distinct linguistic variety, there are no unique linguistic changes that mark Mono as a distinct linguistic variety.
1527:. Ed. Ronald W. Langacker. Summer Institute of Linguistics Publications in Linguistics Publication Number 57, Volume III. Dallas, Texas: Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington. Pages 1–92.
625:
from these clusters do not lenite intervocalically. This change postdates the earliest record of
Comanche from 1786, but precedes the 20th century. Geminated stops in Comanche have also become phonetically preaspirated.
653:
Proto-Western Numic changed the nasal-stop clusters of Proto-Numic into voiced geminate stops. In Mono and all dialects of
Northern Paiute except Southern Nevada, these voiced geminate stops have become voiceless.
1230:. Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington Publications in Linguistics Publication 92. Dallas, Texas: The Summer Institute of Linguistics and The University of Texas at Arlington.
288:
and valleys to the east (Mono, Timbisha, and
Kawaiisu), and one language spoken in a much larger area extending to the north and east (Northern Paiute, Shoshoni, and Colorado River). Some
300:
studies. Fowler's reconstruction of Proto-Numic ethnobiology also points to the region of the southern Sierra Nevada as the homeland of Proto-Numic approximately two millennia ago. A
1306:. Boise State University Occasional Papers and Monographs in Cultural Anthropology and Linguistics Volume No. 1. Boise, Idaho: Department of Anthropology, Boise State University.
2394:
1660:
Molly Babel, Andrew
Garrett, Michael J. House, & Maziar Toosarvandani. 2013. "Descent and Diffusion in Language Diversification: A Study of Western Numic Dialectology,"
1454:
Molly Babel, Andrew
Garrett, Michael J. House, & Maziar Toosarvandani. 2013. "Descent and Diffusion in Language Diversification: A Study of Western Numic Dialectology,"
2409:
2404:
2399:
312:
Distribution of Uto-Aztecan languages in present-day
Western United States at the time of first European contact/invasion showing various Numic languages.
203:
Map of historical distribution of Numic languages. Western Numic languages are shown in green, Central Numic in blue, and Southern Numic in yellow
1708:
2424:
1378:. Ed. Pamela Munro. University of California Publications in Linguistics Volume 119. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
1493:
The Northern Paiute–Bannock Dictionary, with an English–Northern Paiute–Bannock Finder List and a Northern Paiute–Bannock–English Finder List
634:
Proto-Southern Numic preserved the Proto-Numic consonant system fairly intact, but the individual languages have undergone several changes.
2389:
1482:
Evan J. Norris. 1986. "A Grammar Sketch and Comparative Study of Eastern Mono," University of California, San Diego Ph.D. dissertation.
2384:
292:
have taken this pattern as an indication that Numic speaking peoples expanded quite recently from a small core, perhaps near the
17:
1582:
Frederika A. Kaestle and David Glenn Smith. 2001. "Ancient Mitochondrial DNA Evidence for Prehistoric Population Movement,"
2345:
2303:
133:
1261:. University of California Publications in Linguistics Volume 116. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
1255:. University of California Publications in Linguistics Volume 115. Berkeley, California: University of California Press.
1391:. University of California Publications in Linguistics Volume 92. Berkeley, California. University of California Press.
1701:
585:
In addition to the above simple consonants, Proto-Numic also had nasal-stop/affricate clusters and all consonants except
152:. The word Numic comes from the cognate word in all Numic languages for “person”, which reconstructs to Proto-Numic as
1573:
Catherine Louise Sweeney Fowler. 1972. "Comparative Numic Ethnobiology". University of Pittsburgh PhD dissertation.
2414:
1426:
Pamela A. Bunte. 1979. "Problems in Southern Paiute Syntax and Semantics," Indiana University Ph.D. dissertation.
1675:
Michael Nichols. 1973. "Northern Paiute historical grammar," University of California, Berkeley PhD dissertation
671:
617:
or turning them into velar nasal-stop clusters. In Comanche, nasal-stop clusters have become simple stops, but
2419:
2265:
1948:
1725:
1694:
60:
1536:
Timothy John Thornes. 2003. "A Northern Paiute Grammar with Texts," University of Oregon Ph.D. dissertation.
645:. The dialects east of Kaibab have collapsed the nasal-stop clusters with the geminated stops and affricate.
1806:
1647:
John E. McLaughlin. 2000. “Language Boundaries and Phonological Borrowing in the Central Numic Languages,”
1201:
John E. McLaughlin. 2000. “Language Boundaries and Phonological Borrowing in the Central Numic Languages,”
247:
1564:. Ed. Earl H. Swanson, Jr. Occasional Papers of the Idaho State University Museum, Number 22. Pages 1–42.
1236:. Studies in the Anthropology of North American Indians. Lincoln, Nebraska: University of Nebraska Press.
1207:
Wick Miller, Dirk Elzinga, and John E. McLaughlin. 2005. "Preaspiration and Gemination in Central Numic,"
1175:
1168:
1163:
1158:
1153:
1147:
1143:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1119:
1112:
1107:
1102:
1097:
1090:
1080:
1075:
1070:
1063:
1056:
1049:
1041:
1037:
1032:
1025:
1014:
1009:
1004:
998:
994:
989:
982:
974:
969:
960:
955:
944:
936:
931:
926:
918:
910:
905:
899:
895:
890:
883:
876:
867:
860:
853:
846:
841:
834:
827:
822:
811:
806:
799:
792:
787:
782:
777:
772:
767:
762:
755:
745:
740:
735:
730:
725:
720:
715:
708:
642:
622:
618:
614:
598:
594:
590:
586:
575:
568:
549:
543:
536:
531:
519:
508:
486:
472:
467:
462:
455:
450:
390:
385:
373:
368:
363:
271:(a dialect chain with main regional varieties being Southern Nevada, Northern Nevada, Oregon, and Bannock)
180:
176:
172:
165:
157:
153:
2178:
2027:
1300:. Desert Research Institute Publications in the Social Sciences 10. Reno: University of Nevada Press.
2332:
2252:
2219:
1998:
1993:
1757:
262:
2153:
2044:
2379:
1749:
676:
268:
1327:
Dirk Allen Elzinga. 1999. "The Consonants of Gosiute", University of Arizona Ph.D. dissertation.
169:
1934:
2183:
1651:. Ed. Gene Casad and Thomas Willett. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. Pp. 293–304.
1205:. Ed. Gene Casad and Thomas Willett. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press. Pp. 293–304.
1467:
Sidney M. Lamb. 1957. "Mono Grammar," University of California, Berkeley Ph.D. dissertation.
156:. For example, in the three Central Numic languages and the two Western Numic languages it is
2339:
2260:
2242:
2019:
1717:
129:
55:
43:
1469:
Rosalie Bethel, Paul V. Kroskrity, Christopher Loether, & Gregory A. Reinhardt. 1993.
1319:. University of Utah Anthropological Papers 94. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
234:(a dialect chain with main regional varieties being Western, Gosiute, Northern, and Eastern)
1422:
The Collected Works of Edward Sapir, X, Southern Paiute and Ute Linguistics and Ethnography
1412:
The Collected Works of Edward Sapir, X, Southern Paiute and Ute Linguistics and Ethnography
285:
2227:
1673:
David Iannucci. 1972. "Numic historical phonology," Cornell University PhD dissertation.
1560:
James A. Goss. 1968. "Culture-Historical Inference from Utaztekan Linguistic Evidence,"
8:
2032:
501:
479:
2193:
1972:
1909:
2173:
2104:
1977:
1864:
1195:
John E. McLaughlin. 1992. “A Counter-Intuitive Solution in Central Numic Phonology,”
411:
317:
certain low-level consonant changes in Comanche have inhibited mutual intelligibility.
1903:
106:
2237:
2162:
2135:
2081:
2004:
1957:
1897:
1871:
1818:
1790:
1785:
1773:
1597:
Respect for the Ancestors: American Indian Cultural Affiliation in the American West.
1439:. Culture and Language Use Volume 3. Amsterdam: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
696:
691:
686:
681:
438:
421:
416:
301:
297:
250:(a dialect chain with main regional varieties being Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute, and
242:
231:
225:
220:
161:
1681:. Ed. by Warren L. d’Azevedo. Washington: Smithsonian Institution. Pages 98–106.
1217:. LINCOM Studies in Native American Linguistics 86. Munich, Germany: LINCOM GmbH.
284:, each of these groups contains one language spoken in a small area in the southern
2232:
2209:
2188:
2117:
2054:
1849:
1841:
228:(a dialect chain with main regional varieties being Western, Central, and Eastern)
2282:
2277:
2270:
2168:
2123:
2063:
1889:
1878:
1832:
1778:
1325:. Ed. Ives Goddard. Washington, D.C.: Smithsonian Institution. Pages 693–720.
426:
50:
2360:
2287:
2089:
2070:
2038:
445:
141:
2373:
2112:
2094:
1929:
431:
1523:
Allen Snapp, John Anderson, & Joy Anderson. 1982. "Northern Paiute,"
1242:. Elgin, Oklahoma: Comanche Language and Cultural Preservation Committee.
701:
293:
149:
1855:
1623:
A Prehistory of Western North America, The Impact of Uto-Aztecan Languages
1525:
Studies in Uto-Aztecan Grammar, Volume 3, Uto-Aztecan Grammatical Sketches
1811:
613:
Shoshoni and Comanche have both lost the velar nasals, merging them with
251:
145:
137:
1686:
1610:
Across the West: Human Population Movement and the Expansion of the Numa
308:
526:
305:
the Central and Western Numic languages expanded into the Great Basin.
1321:
Wick R. Miller. 1996. "Sketch of Shoshone, a Uto-Aztecan Language,"
559:
99:
1274:. Languages of the World/Materials 453. Muenchen: LINCOM Europa.
601:
could be geminated. Between vowels short consonants were lenited.
289:
281:
1545:
Sven Liljeblad. 1966–1967. "Northern Paiute Lessons," manuscript.
1491:
Sven Liljeblad, Catherine S. Fowler, & Glenda Powell. 2012.
1349:
D.B. Shimkin. 1949. "Shoshone, I: Linguistic Sketch and Text,"
1287:. Languages of the World/Materials 488. Muenchen: LINCOM Europa.
2144:
1374:
Maurice L. Zigmond, Curtis G. Booth, & Pamela Munro. 1991.
116:
1215:
Central Numic (Uto-Aztecan) Comparative Phonology and Vocabulary
329:
The sound system of Numic is set forth in the following tables.
186:
641:
The dialects of Colorado River east of Chemehuevi have lost
199:
1679:
Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 11, Great Basin
1338:
An Introduction to the Shoshoni Language: Dammen Daigwape
629:
1323:
Handbook of North American Indians, Volume 17, Languages
648:
604:
1340:. Salt Lake City, Utah: The University of Utah Press.
2395:
Indigenous languages of the North American Great Basin
1355:
D. B. Shimkin. 1949. "Shoshone II: Morpheme List,"
296:, into their current range. This view is supported by
1240:
Taa Nʉmʉ Tekwapʉ?ha Tʉboopʉ (Our Comanche Dictionary)
1226:
Lila Wistrand Robinson & James Armagost. 1990.
2410:
Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest
1649:
Uto-Aztecan: Temporal and Geographical Perspectives
1508:. Anchorage, Alaska: Bilingual Education Services.
1317:
Newe Natekwinappeh: Shoshoni Stories and Dictionary
1203:
Uto-Aztecan: Temporal and Geographical Perspectives
403:Proto-Numic had the following consonant inventory:
2405:Indigenous languages of the North American Plateau
1424:. Ed. William Bright. Berlin: Mouton deGruyter.
1414:. Ed. William Bright. Berlin: Mouton deGruyter.
1336:Drusilla Gould & Christopher Loether. 2002.
2400:Indigenous languages of the North American Plains
610:fricatives, often preceded by a voiceless vowel.
190:Tree of Numic languages. Dialects are in italics.
2371:
1625:. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press.
207:These languages are classified in three groups:
1547:Sven Liljeblad. 1950. "Bannack I: Phonemes,"
132:family. It includes seven languages spoken by
1608:David B. Madsen & David Rhode, ed. 1994.
1514:. Yerington, Nevada: Yerington Paiute Tribe.
1702:
1662:International Journal of American Linguistics
1549:International Journal of American Linguistics
1495:. Salt Lake City: University of Utah Press.
1456:International Journal of American Linguistics
1376:Kawaiisu, A Grammar and Dictionary with Texts
1357:International Journal of American Linguistics
1351:International Journal of American Linguistics
1209:International Journal of American Linguistics
1197:International Journal of American Linguistics
337:Proto-Numic had an inventory of five vowels.
657:
1677:Wick R. Miller. 1986. "Numic Languages,"
1709:
1695:
1638:. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press.
1397:. Malki Museum Press, Banning, California.
1716:
1584:American Journal of Physical Anthropology
1443:A Dictionary of the Southern Ute Language
265:(two main dialects: Eastern and Western)
1512:Paiute–English English–Paiute Dictionary
307:
198:
185:
1302:Beverly Crum & Jon Dayley. 1993.
14:
2372:
2143:
1408:Southern Paiute, a Shoshonean Language
1259:Tümpisa (Panamint) Shoshone Dictionary
630:Major Southern Numic consonant changes
324:
2425:Indigenous languages of North America
2346:List of extinct Uto-Aztecan languages
2304:Nahuatl language in the United States
1690:
649:Major Western Numic consonant changes
605:Major Central Numic consonant changes
136:peoples traditionally living in the
1253:Tümpisa (Panamint) Shoshone Grammar
24:
2390:Indigenous languages of California
1636:The Comanches, A History 1706-1875
128:is the northernmost branch of the
25:
2436:
1445:. Ignacio, Colorado: Ute Press.
1389:Chemehuevi, A Grammar and Lexicon
194:
27:Uto-Aztecan language branch of US
115:
1667:
1654:
1641:
1628:
1615:
1602:
1589:
1576:
1567:
1554:
1539:
1530:
1517:
1498:
1485:
1476:
1461:
1448:
1429:
1400:
1381:
1368:
1228:Comanche Dictionary and Grammar
2385:Northern Uto-Aztecan languages
1810:(Chemehuevi, Southern Paiute,
1343:
1330:
1309:
1290:
1277:
1264:
1245:
1220:
1189:
13:
1:
1183:
398:
1634:Thomas W. Kavanagh. 1996.
1621:David Leedom Shaul. 2014.
1612:. University of Utah Press.
1599:Boulder, CO: Bauu Institute.
1471:A Dictionary of Western Mono
1365:. Grand Forks, North Dakota.
1283:John E. McLaughlin. 2012.
1270:John E. McLaughlin. 2006.
1213:John E. McLaughlin. 2023.
7:
1387:Margaret L. Press. 1979.
10:
2441:
2266:Tehuacan–Zongolica Nahuatl
1420:. Reprinted in 1992 in:
1418:Southern Paiute Dictionary
1410:. Reprinted in 1992 in:
1298:Big Smokey Valley Shoshoni
1296:Richley H. Crapo. 1976.
2354:
2324:
2296:
2251:
2218:
2202:
2152:
2134:
2103:
2080:
2053:
2018:
1986:
1965:
1956:
1947:
1922:
1888:
1840:
1831:
1799:
1766:
1742:
1733:
1724:
1510:Arie Poldevaart. 1987.
1441:Jean O. Charney. 1996.
1361:Malinda Tidzump. 1970.
1232:Jean O. Charney. 1993.
658:Sample Numic cognate sets
332:
239:Southern Numic languages
114:
98:
93:
75:
51:Linguistic classification
49:
37:
32:
1506:Yerington Paiute Grammar
1315:Wick R. Miller. 1972.
1304:Western Shoshoni Grammar
259:Western Numic languages
217:Central Numic languages
2415:Agglutinative languages
2179:Tlaxcala–Puebla Nahuatl
1393:Laird, Carobeth. 1976.
1257:Jon P. Dayley. 1989.
1251:Jon P. Dayley. 1989.
2184:Central Puebla Nahuatl
1595:Peter N. Jones. 2005.
1416:Edward Sapir. 1931.
1406:Edward Sapir. 1930.
313:
204:
191:
18:Central Numic language
2420:Uto-Aztecan languages
2261:Sierra Puebla Nahuatl
2243:Temascaltepec Nahuatl
1718:Uto-Aztecan languages
1437:Ute Reference Grammar
1435:Talmy Givón. 2011.
1234:A Grammar of Comanche
311:
202:
189:
44:Western United States
1562:Utaztekan Prehistory
148:basin, and southern
130:Uto-Aztecan language
1753:(including Bannock)
1504:Anonymous. 1987.
1272:Timbisha (Panamint)
1238:Anonymous. 2010.
1172:(only in compounds)
325:Major sound changes
2174:Tetelcingo Nahuatl
2028:Downriver Guarijio
1363:Shoshone Thesaurus
314:
205:
192:
2367:
2366:
2361:extinct languages
2333:Proto-Uto-Aztecan
2320:
2319:
2316:
2315:
2312:
2311:
2228:Michoacán Nahuatl
2163:Classical Nahuatl
2014:
2013:
1999:Southern Tepehuan
1994:Northern Tepehuan
1943:
1942:
1918:
1917:
1827:
1826:
1815:
1782:
1754:
1181:
1180:
583:
582:
396:
395:
302:mitochondrial DNA
298:lexicostatistical
123:
122:
16:(Redirected from
2432:
2233:Coatepec Nahuatl
2210:Huasteca Nahuatl
2194:Ometepec Náhuatl
2189:Guerrero Nahuatl
2150:
2149:
2141:
2140:
2045:Upriver Guarijio
1963:
1962:
1954:
1953:
1838:
1837:
1809:
1776:
1752:
1740:
1739:
1731:
1730:
1711:
1704:
1697:
1688:
1687:
1682:
1671:
1665:
1658:
1652:
1645:
1639:
1632:
1626:
1619:
1613:
1606:
1600:
1593:
1587:
1580:
1574:
1571:
1565:
1558:
1552:
1543:
1537:
1534:
1528:
1521:
1515:
1502:
1496:
1489:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1465:
1459:
1452:
1446:
1433:
1427:
1404:
1398:
1385:
1379:
1372:
1366:
1347:
1341:
1334:
1328:
1313:
1307:
1294:
1288:
1285:Shoshoni Grammar
1281:
1275:
1268:
1262:
1249:
1243:
1224:
1218:
1193:
1177:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1149:
1145:
1140:
1133:
1126:
1121:
1114:
1109:
1104:
1099:
1092:
1082:
1077:
1072:
1065:
1058:
1051:
1043:
1039:
1034:
1027:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1000:
996:
991:
984:
976:
971:
962:
957:
946:
938:
933:
928:
923:
915:
907:
901:
897:
892:
885:
878:
869:
862:
855:
848:
843:
836:
829:
824:
813:
808:
801:
794:
789:
784:
779:
774:
769:
764:
757:
747:
742:
737:
732:
727:
722:
717:
710:
666:
665:
644:
624:
620:
616:
600:
596:
592:
588:
577:
570:
551:
545:
538:
533:
521:
510:
488:
474:
469:
464:
457:
452:
406:
405:
392:
387:
375:
370:
365:
340:
339:
182:
178:
174:
167:
159:
155:
119:
110:
109:
30:
29:
21:
2440:
2439:
2435:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2429:
2380:Numic languages
2370:
2369:
2368:
2363:
2350:
2308:
2292:
2283:Tabasco Nahuatl
2278:Isthmus Nahuatl
2271:Orizaba Nahuatl
2247:
2214:
2198:
2169:Morelos Nahuatl
2130:
2099:
2076:
2049:
2010:
1982:
1939:
1914:
1910:Luiseño-Juaneño
1884:
1823:
1795:
1762:
1750:Northern Paiute
1720:
1715:
1685:
1676:
1674:
1672:
1668:
1659:
1655:
1646:
1642:
1633:
1629:
1620:
1616:
1607:
1603:
1594:
1590:
1581:
1577:
1572:
1568:
1559:
1555:
1546:
1544:
1540:
1535:
1531:
1522:
1518:
1509:
1503:
1499:
1490:
1486:
1481:
1477:
1473:. 2nd edition.
1468:
1466:
1462:
1453:
1449:
1440:
1434:
1430:
1425:
1415:
1405:
1401:
1395:The Chemehuevis
1392:
1386:
1382:
1373:
1369:
1360:
1354:
1348:
1344:
1335:
1331:
1326:
1320:
1314:
1310:
1301:
1295:
1291:
1282:
1278:
1269:
1265:
1256:
1250:
1246:
1237:
1231:
1225:
1221:
1212:
1206:
1200:
1194:
1190:
1186:
1171:
1146:
1134:
1093:
1084:
1079:
1066:
1059:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1028:
997:
985:
964:'mesquite bean'
963:
947:
935:
898:
886:
870:
863:
856:
849:
837:
802:
758:
749:
711:
677:Northern Paiute
660:
651:
632:
607:
434:
401:
354:
349:
335:
327:
278:
269:Northern Paiute
197:
134:Native American
105:
104:
39:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
2438:
2428:
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2392:
2387:
2382:
2365:
2364:
2355:
2352:
2351:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2336:
2328:
2326:
2322:
2321:
2318:
2317:
2314:
2313:
2310:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2300:
2298:
2294:
2293:
2291:
2290:
2285:
2280:
2275:
2274:
2273:
2263:
2257:
2255:
2249:
2248:
2246:
2245:
2240:
2235:
2230:
2224:
2222:
2216:
2215:
2213:
2212:
2206:
2204:
2200:
2199:
2197:
2196:
2191:
2186:
2181:
2176:
2171:
2166:
2158:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2132:
2131:
2129:
2128:
2120:
2115:
2109:
2107:
2101:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2092:
2086:
2084:
2078:
2077:
2075:
2074:
2067:
2059:
2057:
2051:
2050:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2035:
2030:
2024:
2022:
2016:
2015:
2012:
2011:
2009:
2008:
2001:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1980:
1975:
1969:
1967:
1960:
1951:
1945:
1944:
1941:
1940:
1938:
1937:
1932:
1926:
1924:
1920:
1919:
1916:
1915:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1900:
1894:
1892:
1886:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1875:
1868:
1861:
1860:
1859:
1846:
1844:
1835:
1829:
1828:
1825:
1824:
1822:
1821:
1816:
1807:Colorado River
1803:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1770:
1768:
1764:
1763:
1761:
1760:
1755:
1746:
1744:
1737:
1728:
1722:
1721:
1714:
1713:
1706:
1699:
1691:
1684:
1683:
1666:
1653:
1640:
1627:
1614:
1601:
1588:
1575:
1566:
1553:
1538:
1529:
1516:
1497:
1484:
1475:
1460:
1447:
1428:
1399:
1380:
1367:
1342:
1329:
1308:
1289:
1276:
1263:
1244:
1219:
1187:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1151:
1141:
1136:
1128:
1127:
1122:
1117:
1115:
1110:
1105:
1100:
1095:
1087:
1086:
1073:
1068:
1061:
1054:
1047:
1035:
1030:
1022:
1021:
1019:
1017:
1012:
1007:
1002:
992:
987:
979:
978:
972:
967:
965:
958:
953:
951:
949:
941:
940:
929:
924:
916:
908:
903:
893:
888:
880:
879:
874:
872:
865:
858:
851:
844:
839:
831:
830:
825:
820:
818:
816:
814:
809:
804:
796:
795:
790:
785:
780:
775:
770:
765:
760:
752:
751:
743:
738:
733:
728:
723:
718:
713:
705:
704:
702:Colorado River
699:
694:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
659:
656:
650:
647:
631:
628:
606:
603:
581:
580:
578:
573:
571:
566:
564:
562:
556:
555:
553:
546:
541:
539:
534:
529:
523:
522:
517:
515:
513:
511:
506:
504:
498:
497:
495:
493:
491:
489:
484:
482:
476:
475:
470:
465:
460:
458:
453:
448:
442:
441:
436:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
400:
397:
394:
393:
388:
383:
381:
377:
376:
371:
366:
361:
357:
356:
351:
346:
343:
334:
331:
326:
323:
277:
276:
275:
274:
273:
272:
266:
257:
256:
255:
248:Colorado River
245:
237:
236:
235:
229:
223:
209:
196:
195:Classification
193:
170:Colorado River
142:Colorado River
121:
120:
112:
111:
102:
96:
95:
94:Language codes
91:
90:
89:
88:
87:Southern Numic
85:
82:
77:
73:
72:
71:
70:
69:
68:
53:
47:
46:
41:
35:
34:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2437:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2396:
2393:
2391:
2388:
2386:
2383:
2381:
2378:
2377:
2375:
2362:
2358:
2353:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2341:
2337:
2335:
2334:
2330:
2329:
2327:
2323:
2305:
2302:
2301:
2299:
2295:
2289:
2286:
2284:
2281:
2279:
2276:
2272:
2269:
2268:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2258:
2256:
2254:
2250:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2236:
2234:
2231:
2229:
2226:
2225:
2223:
2221:
2217:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2205:
2201:
2195:
2192:
2190:
2187:
2185:
2182:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2172:
2170:
2167:
2165:
2164:
2160:
2159:
2157:
2155:
2151:
2148:
2146:
2142:
2139:
2137:
2133:
2126:
2125:
2121:
2119:
2116:
2114:
2111:
2110:
2108:
2106:
2102:
2096:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2087:
2085:
2083:
2079:
2073:
2072:
2068:
2066:
2065:
2061:
2060:
2058:
2056:
2052:
2046:
2043:
2041:
2040:
2036:
2034:
2031:
2029:
2026:
2025:
2023:
2021:
2017:
2007:
2006:
2002:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1991:
1989:
1985:
1979:
1976:
1974:
1971:
1970:
1968:
1964:
1961:
1959:
1955:
1952:
1950:
1946:
1936:
1933:
1931:
1928:
1927:
1925:
1921:
1911:
1908:
1906:
1905:
1901:
1899:
1896:
1895:
1893:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1880:
1876:
1874:
1873:
1869:
1867:
1866:
1862:
1858:
1857:
1853:
1852:
1851:
1848:
1847:
1845:
1843:
1839:
1836:
1834:
1830:
1820:
1817:
1813:
1808:
1805:
1804:
1802:
1798:
1792:
1789:
1787:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1759:
1756:
1751:
1748:
1747:
1745:
1741:
1738:
1736:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1723:
1719:
1712:
1707:
1705:
1700:
1698:
1693:
1692:
1689:
1680:
1670:
1663:
1657:
1650:
1644:
1637:
1631:
1624:
1618:
1611:
1605:
1598:
1592:
1585:
1579:
1570:
1563:
1557:
1550:
1542:
1533:
1526:
1520:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1494:
1488:
1479:
1472:
1464:
1457:
1451:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1423:
1419:
1413:
1409:
1403:
1396:
1390:
1384:
1377:
1371:
1364:
1358:
1352:
1346:
1339:
1333:
1324:
1318:
1312:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1286:
1280:
1273:
1267:
1260:
1254:
1248:
1241:
1235:
1229:
1223:
1216:
1210:
1204:
1198:
1192:
1188:
1174:
1167:
1162:
1157:
1152:
1142:
1137:
1130:
1129:
1123:
1118:
1116:
1111:
1106:
1101:
1096:
1089:
1088:
1074:
1069:
1062:
1055:
1048:
1036:
1031:
1024:
1023:
1020:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
993:
988:
981:
980:
973:
968:
966:
959:
954:
952:
950:
943:
942:
930:
925:
922:
917:
914:
909:
904:
894:
889:
882:
881:
875:
873:
866:
859:
852:
845:
840:
833:
832:
826:
821:
819:
817:
815:
810:
805:
798:
797:
791:
786:
781:
776:
771:
766:
761:
754:
753:
744:
739:
734:
729:
724:
719:
714:
712:'hunt, trap'
707:
706:
703:
700:
698:
695:
693:
690:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
667:
664:
655:
646:
639:
635:
627:
611:
602:
579:
574:
572:
567:
565:
563:
561:
558:
557:
554:
547:
542:
540:
535:
530:
528:
525:
524:
518:
516:
514:
512:
507:
505:
503:
500:
499:
496:
494:
492:
490:
485:
483:
481:
478:
477:
471:
466:
461:
459:
454:
449:
447:
444:
443:
440:
437:
433:
430:
428:
425:
423:
420:
418:
415:
413:
410:
408:
407:
404:
389:
384:
382:
379:
378:
372:
367:
362:
359:
358:
352:
347:
344:
342:
341:
338:
330:
322:
318:
310:
306:
303:
299:
295:
291:
287:
286:Sierra Nevada
283:
270:
267:
264:
261:
260:
258:
253:
249:
246:
244:
241:
240:
238:
233:
230:
227:
224:
222:
219:
218:
216:
215:
214:
211:
210:
208:
201:
188:
184:
171:
163:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
118:
113:
108:
103:
101:
97:
92:
86:
84:Central Numic
83:
81:Western Numic
80:
79:
78:
74:
67:
64:
63:
62:
59:
58:
57:
54:
52:
48:
45:
42:
36:
31:
19:
2356:
2340:Proto-Nahuan
2338:
2331:
2161:
2122:
2069:
2062:
2037:
2003:
1902:
1877:
1870:
1863:
1854:
1734:
1678:
1669:
1661:
1656:
1648:
1643:
1635:
1630:
1622:
1617:
1609:
1604:
1596:
1591:
1583:
1578:
1569:
1561:
1556:
1548:
1541:
1532:
1524:
1519:
1511:
1505:
1500:
1492:
1487:
1478:
1470:
1463:
1455:
1450:
1442:
1436:
1431:
1421:
1417:
1411:
1407:
1402:
1394:
1388:
1383:
1375:
1370:
1362:
1356:
1350:
1345:
1337:
1332:
1322:
1316:
1311:
1303:
1297:
1292:
1284:
1279:
1271:
1266:
1258:
1252:
1247:
1239:
1233:
1227:
1222:
1214:
1208:
1202:
1196:
1191:
920:
912:
661:
652:
640:
636:
633:
612:
608:
584:
402:
336:
328:
319:
315:
294:Owens Valley
279:
212:
206:
150:Great Plains
125:
124:
76:Subdivisions
65:
40:distribution
2020:Tarahumaran
1935:Tübatulabal
1777:(including
1664:79:445–489.
1458:79:445–489.
1359:15.203–212.
1353:15:175–188.
1211:71:413–444.
1199:58:158–181.
1094:'pine nut'
1029:'pet, dog'
948:'mesquite'
803:'mountain'
663:voiceless.
280:Apart from
146:Snake River
138:Great Basin
56:Uto-Aztecan
2374:Categories
2033:Tarahumara
1551:16:126–131
1184:References
432:Labialized
399:Consonants
38:Geographic
2359:indicate
1978:Pima Bajo
1865:Kitanemuk
1586:115:1–12.
1044:(So Nev)
560:Semivowel
502:Fricative
480:Affricate
380:Non-High
350:unrounded
290:linguists
100:Glottolog
2238:Pochutec
2203:Huasteca
2105:Corachol
2005:Tepecano
1987:Tepehuan
1949:Southern
1898:Cahuilla
1872:Tataviam
1819:Kawaiisu
1800:Southern
1791:Timbisha
1786:Comanche
1774:Shoshoni
1726:Northern
1159:woŋɡoβin
1150:(So Nev)
1144:wokkoppi
1120:tɨβattsi
1001:(So Nev)
970:oβi(m)bɨ
945:*oppimpɨ
927:naɣaβiβi
902:(So Nev)
861:kuittʃun
838:'bison'
697:Kawaiisu
692:Comanche
687:Shoshoni
682:Timbisha
412:Bilabial
355:rounded
282:Comanche
243:Kawaiisu
232:Shoshoni
226:Timbisha
221:Comanche
162:Kawaiisu
107:numi1242
61:Northern
2357:Italics
2325:History
2253:Eastern
2220:Western
2154:Central
2145:Nahuatl
2136:Aztecan
2118:Huichol
1973:Oʼodham
1958:Tepiman
1856:Vanyume
1850:Serrano
1779:Gosiute
1767:Central
1743:Western
1154:woŋɡoβi
1148:oɡɡoppi
1139:wokkoβɨ
1135:'pine'
1067:'horse'
1060:'horse'
1046:'horse'
1010:paiŋɡʷi
986:'fish'
983:*paŋkʷi
975:oppimpɨ
932:naŋkaβɨ
854:kwittʃu
835:*kuttsu
439:Glottal
422:Palatal
417:Coronal
177:/nɨŋwɨ/
168:and in
154:/*nɨmɨ/
144:basin,
2124:Cazcan
2082:Cahita
2064:Eudeve
2055:Opatan
1904:Cupeño
1879:Tongva
1842:Serran
1176:oɣompɨ
1164:wokoβi
1132:*woŋko
1085:'pet'
1026:*puŋku
1005:paŋŋʷi
999:paɡɡʷi
995:pakkʷi
990:pakkʷi
956:oɸimbɨ
937:nakka-
887:'ear'
884:*naŋka
877:kuttsu
868:kuhtsu
847:kuttsu
842:kuttsu
800:*kaipa
759:'cry'
750:'spy'
597:, and
333:Vowels
173:/nɨwɨ/
166:/nɨwɨ/
164:it is
160:. In
158:/nɨmɨ/
2297:Other
2288:Pipil
2090:Yaqui
2071:Opata
2039:Tubar
1966:Pimic
1923:Other
1890:Cupan
1833:Takic
1735:Numic
1169:woɣo-
1091:*tɨpa
1083:(Ut)
1081:pukku
1076:puŋku
1057:puŋɡu
1053:'pet'
1050:puŋɡu
1042:puɡɡu
1038:pukku
1033:pukku
1015:pekʷi
977:(Ch)
939:(Ut)
934:(Ch)
906:naŋɡa
900:naɡɡa
896:nakka
891:nakka
871:'cow'
864:'cow'
857:'cow'
850:'cow'
828:kaiβa
823:keeβi
812:kaiβa
807:kaiβa
778:jaɣai
756:*jaka
748:(SP)
527:Nasal
435:velar
427:Velar
360:High
345:front
213:Numic
181:/nuu/
126:Numic
66:Numic
33:Numic
2113:Cora
2095:Mayo
1930:Hopi
1758:Mono
1125:tɨβa
1113:tɨβa
1108:tɨβa
1103:tɨβa
1098:tɨβa
1078:(Ch)
1071:puɣu
1064:puku
911:naŋɡ
793:jaɣa
788:jaɣi
783:jake
773:jaɣa
768:jaɣa
763:jaɣa
726:hɨwa
709:*hoa
672:Mono
621:and
446:Stop
353:back
348:back
263:Mono
179:and
1812:Ute
961:oɸi
919:nak
741:hɨa
736:hɨa
731:hɨa
721:hoa
716:hoa
550:*ŋʷ
487:*ts
468:*kʷ
252:Ute
2376::
746:oa
643:*h
615:*n
599:*w
595:*j
593:,
591:*h
589:,
587:*s
576:*w
569:*j
544:*ŋ
537:*n
532:*m
520:*h
509:*s
473:*ʔ
463:*k
456:*t
451:*p
391:*o
386:*a
374:*u
369:*ɨ
364:*i
183:.
175:,
140:,
2127:?
1814:)
1781:)
1710:e
1703:t
1696:v
921:i
913:i
623:t
619:p
552:)
548:(
254:)
20:)
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