Massacre of the Acqui Division

1728:Η δικαιολογία της γερμανικής Διοίκησης για τη σφαγή που έγινε είναι ότι οι Ιταλοί είχαν έρθει σε επαφή με τους ΄Αγγλους και έκαναν διαπραγματεύσεις μαζί τους για την παράδοση του νησιού στους Συμμάχους. Τους Καλοκαιρινούς μήνες, κατά τη διάρκεια της ναζιστικής Κατοχής. Translation : The German justification for the massacre that happened was that the Italians came in contact with the British and were negotiating the surrender of the island to the allies during the German occupation of Cephalonia in the summer of 1943. and "Ο Εισαγγελέας της γερμανικής πόλης Ντόρτμουντ εισάγει σε δίκη τους υπεύθυνους για τα εγκλήματα που διεπράχθησαν στην Κεφαλλωνιά σε βάρος της ιταλικής Μεραρχίας ΄Ακουι στη διάρκεια του Β΄ Παγκοσμίου Πολέμου. Στον τοίχο του γραφείου, του Ultrich Maaos, είναι αναρτημένοι δυο χάρτες. Ο ένας δείχνει την υφήλιο και ο άλλος απεικονίζει τη νήσο Κεφαλληνία, πάνω στον οποίο αναγράφονται οι ημερομηνίες σφαγής της Μεραρχίας ΄Ακουι από την Βέρμαχτ (Μεραρχία "Εντελβάις"), καθώς και ονόματα Ιταλών στρατιωτικών που εκτελέστηκαν όπως και οι τοποθεσίες που 4 πηγή: holocaust.gr σφαγιάσθηκαν. (Μια εβδομάδα διήρκεσαν οι εκτελέσεις. Ελάχιστοι Ιταλοί διεσώθησαν κι αυτό χάρη στην ανθρωπιά των κατοίκων του νησιού και στη δραστηριότητα του Ε.Λ.Α.Σ.). 817: 1105:

remembered, identifies the main merit of those men precisely in their capacity to smooth over differences. According to Olivero: "Moved by such different motivations (loyalty to the Crown, military obedience, anti-fascism, the desire for redemption, the desire to return home honorably), the soldiers of the Acqui were therefore the first Italians to leave behind the fierce divisions that in Italy would have caused countless deaths"; in Cephalonia "the divisions that in Italy would have led to civil war were revealed, but the soldiers of the Acqui knew how to overcome them: they were the first fighters of the Resistance, but also - and above all - the first Italians who regained unity by overcoming the differences that opposed them".

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weakness commonly directed at the general by his detractors: Gandin, from the outset, intended to hand over the armed division to the Germans to continue fighting alongside them and, to this end, negotiated with them. Reversing Filippini's view, according to Paoletti, the young "rebel" officers and, in particular, Captain Renzo Apollonio were heroes, whose initiative thwarted the plan of the "traitor" Gandin. Therefore, Gandin betrayed his own country, trying to bring the Division over to the enemy's side, but he also betrayed the Germans when, forced by his subordinates, he ordered the Acqui to fight against the Wehrmacht; for this reason, according to Paoletti, Gandin was not shot alongside the other officers.

771:, which made the air of the island thick with the smell of burning flesh, or moved to ships where they were buried at sea. Others, according to Amos Pampaloni, one of the survivors, were executed in full sight of the Greek population in Argostoli harbour on 23 September 1943 and their bodies were left to rot where they fell, while in smaller streets corpses were decomposing and the stench was insufferable to the point that he could not remain there long enough to take a picture of the carnage. Bodies were thrown into the sea, with rocks tied around them. In addition, the Germans had refused to allow the Acqui soldiers to bury their dead. A chaplain set out to find bodies, discovering bones scattered all over. 3119: 2996: 2862: 2742: 485: 476: 3285: 3189: 3071: 224: 3381: 2897: 2801: 193: 1859:. The Germans had to come to their aid. But when the Italian government decided to negotiate a surrender to the Allies, the German Army tried to disarm the Italians in what they called Operation ACHSE. On 29 September 1943, on the island of Cephalonia, the Germans fought the Italians of the Aqui. A total of 1315 were killed in battle, 3,000 were drowned when the German ships taking them to concentration camps were sunk by mines, and 5,325 were executed. In general, the Germans did not battle or massacre the Italians in other areas. 748:

officer returned, after half an hour, he informed Formato that the killings of the officers would stop. The number of Italian surviving officers, including Formato, totaled 37. After the reprieve the Germans congratulated the remaining Italians and offered them cigarettes. The situation remained unstable, however. Following the reprieve, the Germans forced twenty Italian sailors to load the bodies of the dead officers on rafts and take them out to sea. The Germans then blew up the rafts with the Italian sailors on board.

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the Germans after the battle. According to Filippini, Apollonio and the others were guilty of insubordination, conspiracy, and rebellion, hindering Gandin's work, who, far from wanting to betray, was only seeking a peaceful and, above all, honorable solution to the complicated situation in which the Division found itself. Note that the hypothesis of incitement, together with a critical judgment on the action of Apollonio, has recently been taken up by a historian of undisputed value such as Elena Aga Rossi.

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they would go together to paradise, while others were digging through the grass as if trying to escape. In one place, Formato recalled, "the Germans went around loudly offering medical help to those wounded. When about 20 men crawled forward, a machine-gun salvo finished them off." Officers gave Formato their belongings to take with him and give to their families back in Italy. The Germans, however, confiscated the items and Formato could no longer account for the exact number of the officers killed.

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patriots who decided not to surrender their weapons and decided to fight and die for their country. In both cases, the resistance nature of the event lies in the awareness of choice, which transforms those soldiers from mere executors of orders into "volunteer" fighters. Despite the Acqui Division having fought the Germans following an order from the Supreme Command, in fact, the majority of its troops expressed the desire to oppose the Germans before such order arrived on the island.

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German occupation. Thousands of Italian soldiers of the brigade 'Acqui' who had surrendered to German occupation forces on the island in September 1943 after Italy's capitulation, were massacred by the Nazis. Two hundred Greek resistance fighters were also killed by the Germans. The two presidents will hold talks after the various ceremonies. Similar events were held in March 2001 in the presence of then presidents of the two countries Kostis Stephanopoulos and Carlo Azeglio Ciampi.

297:. On 13 September the Italians of the Acqui resisted, and fought the Germans on the island of Cephalonia. By 22 September the last of the Italian resistance surrendered after running out of ammunition. A total of 1,315 Italians were killed in the battle, 5,155 were executed by 26 September, and 3,000 drowned when the German ships taking the survivors to concentration camps were sunk by the Allies. It was one of the largest prisoner of war massacres of the war, along with the 436:'s directive which stated that the Italians should respond with "maximum decision" to any threat from any side. The order implied that the Italians should defend themselves but did not explicitly state so. At 22:30 hours of the same day Gandin received an order directly from General Ambrosio to send most of his naval and merchant vessels to Brindisi immediately, as demanded by the terms of the armistice. Gandin complied, thus losing a possible means of escape. 1114: 3454: 1093:

costs: keeping their weapons, safely and honorably, as befits a soldier who has done his duty. This is a significant downsizing of the epic of Cephalonia, which, however, does not deprive the soldiers of the Acqui of a 'heroic' aspect: not the heroism of the political martyr or the soldier faithful to the extreme sacrifice, but that of the good family man who tries to make his way back home, refusing to yield to dishonorable compromises.

58: 910: 531: 1349:Πρέπει να σημειωθεί πως τα βιβλία για τη σφαγή των Ιταλών στρατιωτών της Κεφαλονιάς (η μεγαλύτερη σφαγή αιχμαλώτων του Β' Παγκοσμίου Πολέμου), εκτός αυτού του Μπερνιέρ, είναι το ένα καλύτερο από το άλλο. Translation: It must be noted that the books about the massacre of the Italian soldiers in Cephalonia (the biggest massacre of prisoners of war in WWII), except the one by Bernier, are one better than the other. 2576: 1440:Ο διοικητής της ιταλικής φρουράς, στρατηγός Γκαντίν, βρέθηκε τότε σε δίλημμα: να παραδοθεί στους Γερμανούς ή να τους χτυπήσει. Από το δίλημμα τον έβγαλαν οι φαντάροι του που αποφάσισαν να αντισταθούν στους Γερμανούς, οι οποίοι στη σύντομη μάχη που ακολούθησε είχαν βαριές απώλειες. Ομως, στις 22 Σεπτεμβρίου τα πυρομαχικά των Ιταλών σώθηκαν και στις 11 το μεσημέρι ύψωσαν λευκή σημαία. 1066:

officers and the "hesitator" Gandin are interpreted as the opposition between the impetuosity of young men eager to fight and the wise family man negotiating with the Germans, who would like to save the honor of the arms and the lives of his soldiers: a simple generational contrast that does not question the unity of intentions between the commander and his subordinates.

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Germans an additional strategic advantage. After several days of fighting, at 11:00 hours on 22 September, following Gandin's orders, the last Italians surrendered, having run out of ammunition and having lost 1,315 men. According to German sources, the losses were 300 Germans and 1,200 Italians. 15 Greek partisans were also killed fighting alongside the

802:, were sunk by Allied air raids and sea mines in the Adriatic. These losses and similar ones from the Italian Dodecanese garrisons were also the result of German policy, as Hitler had instructed the local German commanders to forgo "all safety precautions" during the transport of prisoners, "regardless of losses". In a book review published by 1080:

The historical researcher Massimo Filippini accuses the young 'rebel' officers. The main culprit, among the many who immediately sided with the clash against the Germans, is identified in the person of Captain Renzo Apollonio, to whom Filippini also attributes the disgrace of having collaborated with

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According to Richter the Italian soldiers were killed after surrendering to the soldiers of the 98th Regiment. He described that the bodies were then thrown into heaps, all shot in the head. Soldiers of the 98th Regiment started removing the boots from the corpses for their own use. Richter mentioned

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After this stage was over, the Germans marched the remaining soldiers to the San Teodoro town hall and had the prisoners executed by eight member detachments. General Gandin and 137 of his senior officers were summarily court-martialled on 24 September and executed, their bodies discarded at sea. The

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partisan detachments, the Germans enjoyed complete air superiority and their troops had extensive combat experience, in contrast with the conscripts of Acqui, who were no match for the Germans. In addition, Gandin had withdrawn the Acqui from the elevated position on Mount Kardakata and that gave the

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To make matters even more complicated Badoglio had agreed, after the overthrow of Mussolini, to the unification of the two armies under German command, in order to appease the Germans. Therefore, technically, both Vecchiarelli and Gandin were under German command, even though Italy had implemented an

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The Guardian UK Quote: "In an entry dated 23 September 1943, Corporal Richter registers the execution of Italian soldiers in Argostoli harbour, in full sight of Greek civilians and with the bodies left to rot in the autumn heat. 'In one of the small streets the smell is so bad that I can't even take

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Even Patrizia Gabrielli proposes an unconventional reading of the facts, according with her the distance from home, the loss of the role of head of the family, now fully covered by the women at home, the apathy and frustration due to the long inactivity may have pushed those men to fight to reclaim,

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But Filippini's revisionism goes further; he is indeed one of the supporters of the legitimacy of the execution of Italian prisoners, basing his affirmation on the well-known argument that, in the absence of a declaration of war, these were to be considered franc-tireurs, an argument devoid of legal

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From the very beginning, polemical readings of the facts have opposed the canonical interpretation: on the one hand, some survivors expressed very critical judgments against the actions of General Gandin, considered too weak or even intending to betray to bring the Division into the German field; on

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In Italy, the traditional interpretation of the Cephalonia Massacre places the event in the context of the Resistance against Nazi-fascism. Within this framework, there are readings that view the soldiers of the Acqui Division as genuine anti-fascists. There are also interpretations that see them as

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division's officers, more so than its soldiers, traitors. Nevertheless, in one of his exchanges with Garobbio, after Garobbio complained that the Germans showed no mercy, he said: "But our men defended themselves, you know. They hit several German landing craft sinking them. They fought how Italians

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for the Germans in the local taverns was forced to sing while his comrades were being executed. The singing soldier's fate remains unknown. Richter stated that he and his regiment comrades felt "a delirium of omnipotence" during the events. Most of the soldiers of the German regiment were Austrians.

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had been the Italian garrison of Cephalonia since May 1943, and consisted of 11,500 soldiers and 525 officers. It was composed of two infantry regiments (the 17th and the 317th), the 33rd artillery regiment, the 27th Blackshirt Legion with the XIX Blackshirt Battalion and support units. Furthermore,

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The response from the Italian troops was in favour of the third option by a large majority but there is no available information as to the exact size of the majority, and therefore on 14 September Gandin reneged on the agreement, refusing to surrender anything but the division's heavy artillery and

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Gandin brought Barge's ultimatum to his senior officers and the seven chaplains of the Acqui for discussion. Six of the chaplains and all of his senior officers advised him to comply with the German demands while one of the chaplains suggested immediate surrender. However, Gandin could not agree to

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President of the Republic Karolos Papoulias will travel to the Ionian island of Cephallonia on Wednesday, where together with Italian President Giorgio Napolitano he will attend events commemorating the sacrifice of Italian soldiers of the 'Acqui' Division and Greek resistance fighters against the

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According to this interpretation, the choice to resist the Germans, voluntary and conscious, was also majority, if not plebiscitary: therefore, the Division faced the clash as a compact force. From this point of view, the well-established disputes that emerged before the battle between the "rebel"

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state prosecutor Johannes Obluda in 1964 came to naught, as the political climate in Germany at the time was in favour of "putting the war behind". In 2002 Dortmund prosecutor Ultrich Maaßs reopened a case against certain persons responsible for the massacre. In his office, along with a map of the

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claimed that the report to Army Group E, claiming 5,000 soldiers were shot, was a ruse employed to deceive the army command in order to hide the fact that he had disobeyed the Führer's orders. He added that fewer than a dozen officers were shot and the rest of the Acqui Division was transported to

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Formato published in 1946, a year before the trial. Because there was doubt as to who issued what order, Lanz was only charged with the deaths of Gandin and the officers. Lanz lied in court by stating he had refused to obey Hitler's orders to shoot the prisoners because he was revolted by them. He

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and one of the few survivors, wrote that during the massacre, the Italian officers started to cry, pray and sing. Many were shouting the names of their mothers, wives and children. According to Formato's account, three officers hugged and stated that they were comrades while alive and now in death

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Almost unknown outside of Italy, this event ranks with Katyn as one of the darkest episodes of the war." "The German 11th Battalion of Jäger-Regiment 98 of the 1st Gebirgs (Mountain) Division, commanded by Major Harald von Hirschfeld, arrived on the island and soon Stukas were bombing the Italian

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More recently, interpretations have been added to the canonical and revisionist readings of the affair, shifting the choice of the soldiers of the Acqui from the ideological sphere to the moral one. According to Gian Enrico Rusconi, the first desire of those men was to return home, but not at all

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Finally, Silvio Olivero tries to mediate between the different interpretations. Olivero, noting the diversity of views that characterized the soldiers of the Acqui in the approach to the clash and the multiplicity of possible motivations that led them to fight, all plausible and worthy of being

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Opposed to those of Filippini and Aga Rossi are the theses of the historian Paolo Paoletti, the main accuser of Gandin, according to whom the general acted with the intention of leading the Division into the German field after the armistice. Paoletti goes beyond the accusations of ineptitude and

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On 11 September, the Italian High Command sent two explicit instructions to Gandin, to the effect that "German troops have to be viewed as hostile" and that "disarmament attempts by German forces must be resisted with weapons". That same day Barge handed Gandin an ultimatum, demanding a decision

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as that region had been annexed by Hitler as a German province after 8 September. Seeing an opportunity, Formato begged the officer to stop the killings and save the few officers remaining. The German officer responded and told Formato that he would consult with his commanding officer. When the

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from Headquarters. Vecchiarelli's order instructed that if the Germans did not attack the Italians, the Italians should not attack the Germans. Ambrosio's order stated that the Italians should not "make common cause" with the Greek partisans or even the Allies, should they arrive in Cephalonia.

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Gandin finally agreed to withdraw his soldiers from their strategic location on Mount Kardakata, the island's "nerve centre", in return for a German promise not to bring reinforcements from the Greek mainland and on 12 September, he informed Barge that he was prepared to surrender the Acqui's

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that groups of Italians were taken into quarries and walled gardens near the village of Frangata and executed by machine gun fire. The killing lasted for two hours, during which time the sound of the shooting and the screams of the victims could be heard inside the homes of the village.

527:. He also did not want to fight them because, as he said, "they had fought with us and for us, side by side". On the other hand, surrendering the weapons would violate the spirit of the armistice. Despite the orders from the Italian GHQ, Gandin chose to continue negotiating with Barge. 1046:

world, Maaßs displayed a map of Cephalonia with the dates and locations of the executions as well as the names of the victims. No indictments or arrests resulted from Maaßs' investigation. Ten ex-members of the 1st Gebirgs Division have been investigated, out of 300 still alive.

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terms highly unfavourable for their country, refused to cooperate with the trial process. Given the circumstances the court accepted Lanz's position that he prevented the massacre and that the event never happened. Consequently, Lanz received a lighter sentence than General

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dive-bombers. On the ground, the Italians initially enjoyed superiority, and took about 400 Germans prisoner. On 17 September however, the Germans landed the "Battle Group Hirschfeld", composed of the III./98 and the 54th Mountain Battalions of the German Army's elite

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Division: fearing he might side with the Germans against the evolving plot to depose Mussolini, Ambrosio wanted Gandin out of Italy. Both men ended their meeting on good terms, agreeing to wait for orders and also that the situation should be resolved peacefully.

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During the ceremony Ciampi, referring to the men of the Acqui Division, declared that their "conscious decision was the first act of resistance by an Italy freed from fascism" and that "they preferred to fight and die for their fatherland". The massacre of the

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The Germans justified their behaviour by claiming the Italians were negotiating the surrender of the island to the British. The German claim was not entirely unfounded: in the Greek mainland, an entire division went over to the Greek guerrillas, and in the

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weapons, as Lt Colonel Barge reported to his superiors in the XXII Mountain Corps. However, Gandin was under pressure not to come to an agreement with the Germans from his junior officers who were threatening mutiny. The Acqui's detached regiment on

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The fracture among the survivors corresponds to two historiographical interpretations of the facts that, although diametrically opposed, can both be traced within the realm of revisionism, understood as criticism of the dominant thought.

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At 9:00 hours on 9 September, Barge met with Gandin and misled him by stating that he had received no orders from the German command. The two men liked each other and they had things in common as Gandin was pro-German and liked

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That same day, military records show, the German Gen. Hubert Lanz reported from Cephalonia to Berlin: 'Final mopping up... is under way. General Gandin and his staff were captured. Special treatment in compliance with Fuhrer

4465: 632:"Italian comrades, soldiers and officers, why fight against the Germans? You have been betrayed by your leaders!... LAY DOWN YOUR ARMS!! THE ROAD BACK TO YOUR HOMELAND WILL BE OPENED UP FOR YOU BY YOUR GERMAN COMRADES". 2423: 1887: 3719: 3642: 3483: 311: 2383:...in about 30 pages, touching mainly upon several of the better known episodes, such as the massacre of the Acqui division in Cefalonia and Corfu, as well as the fate of several other military units 832:

18th Regiment. On 24 September, the Germans landed a force on the island (characteristically codenamed "Operation Treason"), and by the next day they were able to induce the Italians to capitulate.

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the other hand, others accused some young officers, predominantly reserves, identifying in their rebellion against Gandin the main cause of a useless clash and the fierce reprisal that followed.

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Approximately another 3,000 POWs drowned after their transport ships were sunk by Allied aircraft and sea mines, amounting to 9,500 Italian soldiers being killed, of the 12,000 strong division

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The reason for Lanz's light sentence was that the court at Nuremberg was deceived by false evidence and did not believe that the massacre took place, despite a book about the massacre by

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These are the pillars upon which the idea of Cephalonia as the "first act of the Resistance" is based, often mentioned in memoirs and present in the work of authoritative historians.

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against the humiliating conditions imposed by the Germans, their dignity, which actually never failed during that apparent holiday that, unlike what is described in the film '

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on 16 August 1943. He was released in 1951 and died in 1982. Lt Colonel Barge was not on the island when the massacre was taking place. He was subsequently decorated with the

839:, in accordance with Hitler's directives. The bodies were loaded onto a ship and disposed of in the sea. Similar executions of officers also occurred in the aftermath of the 336: 4410: 4330: 4195: 2431: 2110:"Speech by the President of the Republic Carlo Azeglio Ciampi at the commemoration of the Italian Fallen of the "Acqui" Division in Cephalonia. Cephalonia, March 1st, 2001" 1572: 590:

As the negotiations stalled, the Germans prepared to resolve the crisis by force and presented the Italians with an ultimatum which expired at 14:00 hours on 15 September.

3614: 547:, that they had rejected an agreement with the Germans. Gandin also heard from credible sources that soldiers who had surrendered were being deported and not repatriated. 1008:

Lanz's defence emphasised that the prosecution had not presented any Italian evidence for the massacre and claimed that there was no evidence the Italian headquarters in

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in September 1943, General Gandin found himself in a dilemma: one option was surrendering to the Germans – who were already prepared for the eventuality and had begun

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soldiers began executing their Italian prisoners in groups of four to ten. The Germans first killed the surrendering Italians, where they stood, using machine-guns.

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and when it arrived three days later at the Italian High Command in Brindisi, it was already too late. In addition, 300 planes loyal to Badoglio were located at

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In the 1950s, the remains of about 3,000 soldiers, including 189 officers, were exhumed and transported back to Italy for burial in the Italian War Cemetery in

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arrived with 2,000 men of the 966th Fortress Grenadier Regiment, including Fortress-Battalions 810 and 909 and a battery of self-propelled guns and nine tanks.

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Historical Context: Italy invaded Greece on 28 October 1940 with 7 divisions of the 9th and 11th Armies. By 22 November, the Italians were pushed back into

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armistice agreement with the Allies. That gave the Germans a sense of justification in treating any Italians disobeying their orders as mutineers or

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Following the decision of the Italian government to negotiate a surrender to the Allies in 1943, the German Army tried to disarm the Italians during

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organisation. One of the survivors was taken heavily wounded to a Cephalonian lady's home by a taxi driver and survived the war to live in

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Barge's telegram to his superiors, reporting Gandin's decision to hand over only heavy weaponry, and the German troops' readiness to attack

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The Presidents of Greece and Italy periodically commemorate the event during ceremonies taking place in Cephalonia at the monument of the

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The subject of the massacre was largely ignored in Italy by the press and the educational system until 1980, when the Italian President

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The executions of the Italian officers were continuing when a German officer came and reprieved Italians who could prove they were from

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had ever instructed Gandin and his Division to fight. Therefore, according to the logic of the defence, Gandin and his men were either

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had issued an order allowing the Germans to summarily execute any Italian officer who resisted "for treason", and on 18 September, the

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Gandin repeatedly requested help from the Ministry of War in Brindisi, but he did not get any reply. He even went so far as sending a

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issued an order stating that "because of the perfidious and treacherous behaviour on Cephalonia, no prisoners are to be taken." The

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was never tried for his role in the massacre since he did not survive the war: in December 1944, he became the Wehrmacht's youngest

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Cephalonia's Greco-Italian Society maintains an exhibition called "The Mediterraneo Exhibition", next to the Catholic church in

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elsewhere – or trying to resist. Initially, Gandin requested instructions from his superiors and began negotiations with Barge.

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1,315 killed in action against German forces (300 German soldiers were killed in action prior to the surrender of the Italians)

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The bodies of the ca. 5,000 men who were executed were disposed of in a variety of ways. Bodies were cremated in massive wood

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for his misdeed in Yugoslavia, who was released in late 1951 nevertheless, after only three years of imprisonment.

816: 36: 2475: 2396: 716:, had already been executed on 22 September, immediately after his capture, while the fighting was still ongoing. 3726: 3341: 2644: 2552: 1705: 5190: 5180: 5135: 4739: 4725: 4357: 4325: 4042: 3838: 3740: 3136: 3131: 2884: 2874: 2232: 1146:. Despite the recognition of the event by Pertini, it was not until March 2001 that another Italian President, 1056: 5022: 4553: 4144: 3329: 1620:

Die italienischen Militärinternierten im deutschen Machtbereich 1943 bis 1945: Verraten, verachtet, vergessen

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for the Cephalonia massacre, as well as the participation of his men in other atrocities in Greece like the

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in Cephalonia during remembrance ceremonies in honour of the soldiers of the 33rd Infantry Division "Acqui"

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In the case of a German attack, Vecchiarelli's order was not very specific because it was based on General

376: 86: 462:. Indeed, Gandin's pro-German attitude was the reason he had been sent by General Ambrosio to command the 5077: 5042: 4619: 4451: 4154: 3709: 2680: 1216: 1211: 1140:, unveiled the memorial in Cephalonia. The massacre provided the historical background to the 1994 novel 228: 3356: 1947: 1834: 5125: 5120: 4998: 4978: 4753: 4720: 4715: 3609: 2956: 2823: 2349: 1344: 1197:, where pictures, newspaper articles and documents showcasing the story of the massacre are displayed. 835:

All 280 Italian officers on the island were executed during the next two days on the orders of General

360: 168: 2370: 2087:(in Italian). Rome: Ufficio Storico della Marina Militare (Historical Department of the Italian Navy). 5150: 4614: 4597: 4585: 4063: 4037: 4032: 3252: 2932: 2695: 2001: 1656: 356: 1643: 992:

from other Germans such as General von Butlar from Hitler's personal staff, who was involved in the

652:, already on their way to Cephalonia, were ordered back to port by the Allies for the same reasons. 5064: 4819: 4680: 3833: 3176: 3171: 2966: 2715: 2501: 1164:

Division is emerging as a subject of ongoing research, and is regarded as a leading example of the

934: 799: 447: 1365:"Mörder unterm Edelweiß – noch immer unter uns ("Murderers under the Edelweiss – still among us")" 5115: 4690: 4685: 4639: 4634: 4515: 4205: 3686: 3439: 3434: 3158: 3040: 3018: 2774: 2764: 2705: 1671: 1023: 851: 593:

On the morning of 15 September, the German Luftwaffe began bombarding the Italian positions with

1049:

In 2013, Alfred Stork (1923 - 28 October 2018), a 90-year-old German ex-corporal, was sentenced

603: 390:

and the possibility that Italy might seek accommodation with the Allies. On 5–6 July Lt Colonel

238: 3921: 3807: 3802: 3589: 3585: 3422: 889: 484: 283: 2524: 2453: 1932: 1396: 1263: 921:. To date he is the only person to have served a prison sentence for the events in Cephalonia. 475: 4988: 4873: 4856: 4763: 4624: 4282: 4134: 3916: 3647: 3510: 3048: 2961: 1988: 926: 808:, other estimates of the Italian soldiers massacred at Cephalonia range between 1,650–3,800. 676: 610: 413: 254: 687:

The massacre started on 21 September, and lasted for one week. After the Italian surrender,

5036: 4899: 4758: 4510: 4495: 3757: 3520: 3023: 2769: 2710: 1147: 1057:

Interpretations and perspectives on the Cephalonia Massacre: the historical debate in Italy

3297: 782:. An additional three thousand of the survivors in German custody drowned, when the ships 8: 5050: 4894: 4836: 4670: 4665: 4629: 4252: 4210: 4200: 4016: 3859: 3823: 3797: 3772: 3624: 3599: 3565: 3560: 3530: 3141: 3008: 2879: 1743: 1035: 958: 828:, the 8,000-strong Italian garrison comprised elements of three divisions, including the 804: 544: 4841: 4695: 4675: 4297: 4272: 4257: 3869: 3792: 3787: 3550: 3540: 3535: 3515: 3412: 3013: 2759: 2720: 1431: 1165: 1118: 993: 451: 409: 197: 1789: 1326: 655:

Despite help for the Italians from the local population, including the island's small

617:

Regiment, in particular, had been involved in several atrocities against civilians in

5015: 4973: 4914: 4866: 4846: 4649: 4546: 4541: 4536: 4531: 4425: 4395: 4292: 4287: 4247: 4242: 4190: 4124: 4119: 4001: 3981: 3864: 3594: 3580: 3575: 3417: 3302: 3206: 3123: 3000: 2914: 2866: 2746: 2690: 2685: 2656: 2530: 2526:

The Rough Guide to the Ionian Islands: Kefallonia-Corfu-Ithaca-Lefkas-Paxos-Zakynthos

2402: 2328: 2303: 2278: 2253: 2228: 2203: 2178: 2153: 2128: 2036: 1812: 1624: 1556: 1402: 1269: 1137: 1050: 706: 421: 147: 79: 3312: 1364: 543:, not commanded by Gandin, also informed him at around midnight 12–13 September, by 4558: 4430: 4011: 4006: 3996: 3986: 3948: 3555: 3545: 3398: 3380: 3348: 2951: 2909: 2901: 2896: 2813: 2805: 2800: 2778: 2700: 2675: 954: 918: 881: 790: 387: 352: 287: 192: 2109: 1571:(Corfu info and poll on bottom of page 424) (no match reference, Hitler's orders, 1186:

Division. An academic conference about the massacre was held on 2–3 March 2007 in

386:

The Germans decided to reinforce their presence throughout the Balkans, following

4904: 4851: 4804: 4791: 4500: 4277: 4267: 4262: 4237: 4139: 3782: 3570: 3307: 2976: 2788: 2754: 2559: 1618: 1206: 1002: 930: 844: 752: 582:

telling the Germans to leave the island, demanding a reply by 9:00 the next day.

495: 433: 402: 315: 294: 4174: 3352: 1850: 550:

On 13 September, a German convoy of five ships approached the island's capital,

4104: 3991: 3777: 3767: 3393: 3361: 3324: 3153: 3035: 2818: 2098:

90-year-old former Nazi soldier handed life sentence for role in Greek massacre

1240: 1172: 1133: 1053:

to life imprisonment for his role in the massacre by a military court in Rome.

950: 855: 561:

Under these circumstances, that same night, Gandin presented his troops with a

523:

join the Germans because that would be against the King's orders as relayed by

391: 372: 340: 298: 249: 175: 75: 1290:"Italian presidents to attend events on Cephallonia Wednesday, 24 April, 2007" 755:

and one of the participants in the massacre, recounted how a soldier who sang

5109: 4909: 4889: 4347: 3881: 3088: 3053: 2833: 2600: 866: 840: 555: 442: 108: 95: 32: 4338:

Defenders of Northern Greece (YVE)/Panhellenic Liberation Organization (PAO)

1034:, the Italians had joined forces with the British, resulting in a two-month 5057: 4644: 3490: 3408: 3403: 3317: 3289: 3284: 3211: 3193: 3188: 3093: 3083: 3075: 3070: 2838: 2828: 1098: 1018: 713: 649: 607: 562: 359:, with the Italians getting the bulk of the mainland and most islands. The 302: 223: 824:

The events in Cephalonia were repeated, to a lesser extent, elsewhere. In

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The two orders (1027/CS and 1029/CS) received by Gandin from the Italian

244: 142: 3893: 1595: 850:

In October 1943, after Mussolini had been freed and established his new

820:

Italian soldiers taken prisoner by the Germans in Corfu, September 1943.

3704: 3368: 2058:"Lothar Rendulic: Der Mann, der für Hitler die "Ostmark" halten sollte" 1569:("common cause", Ambrosio's tactics and Badoglio's paradox on page 423) 1398:

Encyclopedia of World War II: A Political, Social, and Military History

1113: 1031: 938: 625: 380: 279: 71: 1712: 1644:

Meyer, Hermann Frank: Die 1. Gebirgs-Division in Epirus im Sommer 1943

640:

emissary to the Ministry, but the mission broke down off the coast of

628:

leaflets calling upon the Italians to surrender. The leaflets stated:

565:, essentially containing the three options presented to him by Barge: 290:. About 5,000 soldiers were executed, and around 3,000 more drowned. 2454:"Greek, Italian presidents to attend events on Cephallonia Wednesday" 1194: 997: 989: 784: 779: 637: 551: 271: 408:

On 8 September 1943, the day the armistice was made public, General

3659: 3453: 1042: 1009: 909: 736: 530: 524: 417: 57: 858:, the Germans gave the remaining Italian prisoners three choices: 4957: 2085:

Avvenimenti in Egeo dopo l'armistizio (Rodi, Lero e isole minori)

1856: 978: 885: 702: 2595: 774:

The few soldiers who were saved were assisted by locals and the

719: 672: 335: 4079:

Organization for the Protection of the People's Struggle (OPLA)

3876: 3525: 3118: 2995: 2861: 2741: 2575: 1013: 982: 942: 893: 688: 641: 618: 459: 1623:(in German). Oldenburg Wissenschaftsverlag. pp. 157–159. 1390: 1388: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1380: 1378: 1376: 1374: 1187: 966: 825: 705:

soldiers objected to this practice they were threatened with

645: 594: 540: 368: 4313: 4047: 2398:

A Nation Collapses: The Italian Surrender of September 1943

2250:

Prima della tragedia. Militari italiani a Cefalonia e Corfù

1371: 1126: 949:, was sentenced to 12 years imprisonment at the so-called " 775: 768: 756: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1303: 723:

Padre Romualdo Formato, one of the seven chaplains of the

4994:

Museum of the Battle of Crete and the National Resistance

1798: 1738: 1736: 1101:', did not make them lose their sense of responsibility. 692: 4789: 4596: 1300: 1265:

Forgotten Battles: Italy's War of Liberation, 1943–1945

1129:. The remains of General Gandin were never identified. 945:

in 1945. Only Hirschfeld's superior commander, General

5141:

World War II prisoner of war massacres by Nazi Germany

1733: 1555:. Sterling Publishing Company, Inc. pp. 423–428. 1837:, BBC.co.uk, 26 March 2001; accessed 6 December 2014. 367:

its 18th Regiment was detached to garrison duties in

305:, and it was one of many atrocities committed by the 2172: 4802: 1963: 1961: 1939: 355:in April–May 1941, the country had been divided in 4084:Slavic-Macedonian National Liberation Front (SNOF) 1292:. Greek Embassy in Washington, D.C. Archived from 5186:Italian military personnel killed in World War II 4060:Political Committee of National Liberation (PEEA) 2024: 2022: 2020: 2018: 1991:, members.iinet.net.au; accessed 6 December 2014. 5166:Italian occupation of Greece during World War II 5107: 4089:Anti-Fascist Committee for a Free Germany (AKFD) 3829:Hellenic Socialist Patriotic Organisation (ESPO) 3251: 2173:De Paolis, Marco; Insolvibile, Isabella (2017). 1958: 1830: 1828: 1592:"A.N.P.I. – Il sacrificio della Divisione Acqui" 420:Gandin his order, essentially a copy of General 5171:German occupation of Greece during World War II 5161:Military history of Germany during World War II 4069:United Panhellenic Organization of Youth (EPON) 2401:. Cambridge University Press. 2000. p. 6. 1700: 1698: 1696: 1694: 1692: 917:, commander of the XXII Mountain Corps, at the 624:At the same time, the Germans started dropping 274:by German soldiers against POWs of the Italian 3947: 2643: 2630: 2175:Cefalonia. Il processo, la storia, i documenti 2082: 2015: 880:In January 1944, a chaplain's account reached 5156:Military history of Italy during World War II 4584: 2616: 1869: 1867: 1825: 1573:"delirium of omnipotence" and Austrian origin 1544: 1542: 1540: 1538: 1536: 1534: 1532: 1530: 1528: 1526: 1524: 1522: 1520: 1518: 1516: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1496: 1494: 1022:and did not qualify for POW status under the 2562:, kefalonianet.gr; accessed 6 December 2014. 2150:Cefalonia. La resistenza, l'eccidio, il mito 2125:La tragedia di Cefalonia. Una verità scomoda 1948:"Caduti di Cefalonia, il conteggio infinito" 1845: 1843: 1689: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1476: 1474: 1261: 621:in the months preceding the Acqui massacre. 4343:Panhellenic Union of Fighting Youths (PEAN) 2516: 1927: 1925: 1359: 1357: 877:Most Italians opted for the second choice. 499:, ordering him to resist the German forces. 282:, Greece, in September 1943, following the 2623: 2609: 2055: 1864: 1763: 1761: 1759: 1757: 1456: 1454: 1452: 1450: 1448: 585: 4537:Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling") 4396:Gorgopotamos Bridge (Operation "Harling") 4319:National Bands of Greek Guerrillas (EOEA) 2247: 2225:Cefalonia. Quando gli italiani si battono 2147: 2122: 2083:Levi, Aldo; Fioravanzo, Giuseppe (1972). 1840: 1811:. Taylor Trade Publications. p. 22. 1792:, spiegel.de; accessed 6 September 2014. 1649: 1616: 1471: 2327:. Lucca: Tralerighe Libri. p. 106. 2302:. Lucca: Tralerighe Libri. p. 105. 2200:Cefalonia 1943 una verità inimmaginabile 2197: 1922: 1893: 1711:(in Greek). Holocaust.gr. Archived from 1646:, hfmeyer.com; accessed 6 December 2014. 1354: 1112: 908: 815: 718: 671: 602:, together with I./724 Battalion of the 529: 334: 5176:Massacres in Greece during World War II 4368:Northern Epirus Liberation Front (MAVI) 4314:National Republican Greek League (EDES) 2322: 2297: 2272: 2222: 2032:War in Italy, 1943–1945: A Brutal Story 1808:Mussolini: The Last 600 Days of Il Duce 1767: 1754: 1548: 1445: 1085:basis, as detailed by Marco De Paolis. 988:In his testimony, Lanz was assisted by 712:divisional infantry commander, General 14: 5108: 2062:nachrichten.at - Damals/Vor 100 Jahren 1899: 1804: 1637: 1464:(in German). Lippische Landes-Zeitung. 1426: 1424: 1422: 1420: 1418: 1394: 1041:An attempt to revisit the case by the 5086:What Did You Do in the War, Thanasis? 4939: 4788: 4583: 4326:National and Social Liberation (EKKA) 4053:Greek People's Liberation Navy (ELAN) 4048:Greek People's Liberation Army (ELAS) 3946: 3250: 2642: 2604: 2394:Rossi, Elena Aga and Agarossi, Elena. 1669: 4358:National Organization of Crete (ΕΟΚ) 4130:Protests against labour mobilization 2456:. Athens New Agency. 25 April 2007. 2028: 863:Continue fighting on the German side 511:Continue fighting on the German side 4547:Asopos Bridge (Operation "Washing") 2529:. Rough Guides. 2003. p. 196. 2056:Achleitner, Josef (13 April 2015). 1945: 1873: 1657:"Interview with the 'real' Corelli" 1415: 506:given the following three options: 24: 2421: 2347: 2035:. Da Capo Press. pp. 134–35. 1327:"Massacres and atrocities of WWII" 412:, commander of the 170,000-strong 25: 5207: 4940: 4043:Union of People's Democracy (ELD) 2569: 2500:. MyKefalonia.com. Archived from 454:subject to execution on capture. 399:Italy's armistice with the Allies 3452: 3379: 3283: 3187: 3152: 3117: 3069: 3034: 2994: 2895: 2860: 2799: 2740: 2645:1940–1941 Balkans Campaign 2574: 2472:"Monumento della Divisione Aqui" 1989:Massacres and Atrocities of WWII 1900:Willan, Philip (11 April 2001). 1462:"Ein Offizier im falschen Licht" 1108: 963:Knight's Cross of the Iron Cross 884:after Aurelio Garobbio, a Swiss 483: 474: 222: 203: 191: 56: 4038:Socialist Party of Greece (SKE) 4033:Communist Party of Greece (KKE) 3727:Rescue of the Jews of Zakynthos 2596:L'eccidio della Divisione Acqui 2543: 2490: 2464: 2446: 2415: 2388: 2359: 2341: 2325:Vieni che ne vedrai delle belle 2316: 2300:Vieni che ne vedrai delle belle 2291: 2275:Vieni che ne vedrai delle belle 2266: 2241: 2216: 2191: 2166: 2141: 2116: 2102: 2091: 2076: 2049: 1994: 1982: 1835:"Nazi massacre on island idyll" 1783: 1663: 1610: 1584: 1175:issued the commemorative stamp 3839:Greek National Socialist Party 3834:National Union of Greece (EEE) 3137:Central Macedonia Army Section 3132:Eastern Macedonia Army Section 2885:Western Macedonia Army Section 2581:Massacre of the Acqui Division 2553:Monument to the Acqui Division 2522:Gill, John and Edwards, Nick. 1670:Milne, Seumas (28 July 2000). 1438:(in Greek). 25 November 2008. 1432:"To Vima: The massacre of the 1401:. ABC-CLIO. pp. 313–314. 1347:(in Greek). 3 September 2000. 1337: 1282: 1255: 1229: 904: 872:Concentration camps in Germany 276:33rd Infantry Division "Acqui" 264:Massacre of the Acqui Division 210:33rd Infantry Division "Acqui" 51:Massacre of the Acqui Division 13: 1: 4554:Kidnapping of Heinrich Kreipe 2223:Rusconi, Gian Enrico (2004). 1790:Recount of the Acqui massacre 1262:O'Reilly, Charles T. (2001). 1222: 414:Italian army occupying Greece 375:, a decorated veteran of the 330: 4416:Execution of Josef Salminger 3253:Occupation and collaboration 2424:"Poste Italiane - Filatelia" 2248:Gabrielli, Patrizia (2020). 1768:Bönisch, Georg (June 2003). 1594:(in Italian). Archived from 1177:Eccidio della Divisione Aqui 847:along with their commander. 811: 573:Surrender and be repatriated 7: 5196:War crimes of the Wehrmacht 5146:Italian resistance movement 4790:Liberation and road to the 4452:Expulsion of Cham Albanians 3710:Jewish cemetery of Salonica 3561:Cephalonia (Acqui Division) 2348:Holmes, Professor Richard. 2277:. Lucca: Tralerighe Libri. 2123:Filippini, Massimo (2004). 1617:Schreiber, Gerhard (1990). 1239:(in German). Archived from 1217:War crimes of the Wehrmacht 1212:List of massacres in Greece 1200: 843:, where between 96 and 103 677:Major Harald von Hirschfeld 667: 446:, which, at that time, the 403:disarming Italian garrisons 379:where he earned the German 10: 5212: 5023:Captain Corelli's Mandolin 4979:Holocaust Museum of Greece 3615:Larissa concentration camp 3610:Haidari concentration camp 2824:Sebastiano Visconti Prasca 2632:Greece during World War II 2064:(in German). OÖNachrichten 1902:"The real Captain Corelli" 1880:(in Greek). Archived from 1549:Farrell, Nicholas (2004). 1153:Captain Corelli's Mandolin 1143:Captain Corelli's Mandolin 888:from the Italian-speaking 845:Italian officers were shot 558:and killing five Germans. 325: 128:21–26 September 1943 5131:Nazi war crimes in Greece 5007: 4984:Kalavryta Massacre Museum 4966: 4950: 4946: 4935: 4882: 4812: 4798: 4784: 4704: 4658: 4607: 4592: 4586:Greek government-in-exile 4579: 4524: 4478: 4464: 4444: 4383: 4306: 4230: 4223: 4196:5/42 Regiment dissolution 4183: 4097: 4025: 3974: 3963: 3959: 3942: 3909: 3847: 3816: 3750: 3739: 3720:Expropriation of property 3695:Bulgarian-occupied Greece 3685: 3633: 3503: 3450: 3377: 3281: 3272: 3263: 3259: 3246: 3185: 3150: 3115: 3106: 3067: 3032: 2992: 2985: 2944: 2931: 2893: 2858: 2851: 2797: 2738: 2731: 2668: 2655: 2651: 2638: 2148:Aga Rossi, Elena (2016). 1851:"Hollywood goes to Italy" 731:Romualdo Formato, one of 517:Hand over arms peacefully 514:Fight against the Germans 217: 186: 157: 132: 124: 85: 67: 55: 50: 5065:The 11th Day: Crete 1941 4820:National Bands Agreement 4681:Panagiotis Kanellopoulos 4466:British Military Mission 4074:National Solidarity (EA) 3643:Greek economy, 1941–1944 3357:Friedrich-Wilhelm Müller 3172:2nd New Zealand Division 2716:Italian spring offensive 2422:S.p.A., Poste Italiane. 2323:Olivero, Silvio (2021). 2298:Olivero, Silvio (2021). 2273:Olivero, Silvio (2021). 2198:Paoletti, Paolo (2007). 1969:"Kriegsverbrechenm der1" 1919:a picture', he reports." 1659:(in Greek). Rizospastis. 1395:Tucker, Spencer (2005). 576:Resist the German forces 62:The island of Cephalonia 4999:Thessaloniki War Museum 4691:Christodoulos Tsigantes 4686:Thrasyvoulos Tsakalotos 4516:Jerzy Iwanow-Szajnowicz 3177:6th Australian Division 3019:Konstantinos Bakopoulos 2765:Charalambos Katsimitros 1877:White Flag in Kefalonia 933:, and was killed while 798:, transporting them to 606:, under the command of 586:Battle with the Germans 37:Infobox civilian attack 29: 4175:Killing of Franz Krech 3922:Executions of Kokkinia 3808:Dionysios Papadongonas 3803:Ioannis Plytzanopoulos 3217:1st Parachute Division 2936:(April–May 1941) 2784:Dimitrios Papadopoulos 2252:. Bologna: Il Mulino. 2152:. Bologna: Il Mulino. 2029:Lamb, Richard (1996). 1122: 1117:The Italian President 922: 875: 821: 728: 684: 634: 579: 535: 520: 348: 319: 284:Armistice of Cassibile 42:considered for merging 5191:September 1943 events 5181:History of Cephalonia 5136:Mass graves in Greece 4900:Archbishop Damaskinos 4857:Percentages agreement 4283:Konstantinos Ventiris 3670:Occupation Reichsmark 3222:5th Mountain Division 3049:Henry Maitland Wilson 2875:8th Infantry Division 2583:at Wikimedia Commons 2350:"The 'D-Day Dodgers'" 1552:Mussolini: A New Life 1467:Translation by Google 1168:during World War II. 1116: 927:Harald von Hirschfeld 912: 860: 819: 722: 683:troops on Cephalonia. 675: 630: 611:Harald von Hirschfeld 600:1st Mountain Division 567: 533: 508: 338: 307:1st Mountain Division 255:Harald von Hirschfeld 234:1st Mountain Division 27:World War II massacre 5072:The Guns of Navarone 5037:Ill Met by Moonlight 4716:3rd Mountain Brigade 4511:George Psychoundakis 4496:Patrick Leigh Fermor 4160:Pinerolo disarmament 3758:Georgios Tsolakoglou 3167:1st Armoured Brigade 3159:British Commonwealth 3041:British Commonwealth 3024:Georgios Tsolakoglou 2770:Konstantinos Davakis 2558:21 July 2011 at the 2428:e-filatelia.poste.it 1886:(Mentions the fires) 1805:Mosley, Ray (2004). 1744:"Corelli's comrades" 1579:Refusal to bury dead 1296:on 10 February 2012. 1148:Carlo Azeglio Ciampi 901:know how to fight". 604:104th Jäger Division 266:, also known as the 239:104th Jäger Division 5051:Ipolochagos Natassa 4895:Georgios Papandreou 4671:Emmanouil Tsouderos 4542:Operation "Animals" 4532:Operation "Albumen" 4253:Komninos Pyromaglou 4211:Red Terror (Greece) 4155:1943 Athens protest 4120:Gorgopotamos Bridge 4017:Evripidis Bakirtzis 3965:National Liberation 3860:Alcibiades Diamandi 3824:Security Battalions 3798:George S. Mercouris 3773:Sotirios Gotzamanis 3715:Baron Hirsch ghetto 3342:XXII Mountain Corps 3142:Epirus Army Section 2880:Epirus Army Section 2478:on 10 February 2012 2373:on 15 February 2012 1952:Corriere della Sera 1874:Venturi, Marcello. 1718:on 10 February 2012 1268:. Lexington Books. 1243:on 16 February 2012 969:. He died in 2000. 965:for his service in 959:massacre of Kommeno 805:Corriere della Sera 800:concentration camps 751:Alfred Richter, an 693:German High Command 679:, commander of the 545:radio communication 452:unlawful combatants 343:, commander of the 320:1. Gebirgs Division 301:carried out by the 268:Cephalonia massacre 174:(including General 105: / 18:Cephalonia Massacre 4989:Kalpaki War Museum 4842:Lebanon Conference 4708:in the Middle East 4706:Greek Armed Forces 4696:Pafsanias Katsotas 4676:Sofoklis Venizelos 4363:Hellenic Army (ES) 4298:Kimonas Zografakis 4273:Vasileios Sachinis 4258:Antonis Fosteridis 4224:Non-EAM resistance 3889:Cham collaboration 3870:Vassilis Rapotikas 3793:Nikolaos Bourantas 3788:Friedrich Schubert 3763:K. Logothetopoulos 3413:Carlo Vecchiarelli 3014:Alexandros Papagos 2760:Alexandros Papagos 2367:"Ricerca Italiana" 1946:Carioti, Antonio. 1888:Google translation 1779:Google translation 1237:"Massacre details" 1166:Italian Resistance 1123: 1119:Giorgio Napolitano 1024:Geneva conventions 994:Ardeatine massacre 923: 822: 729: 685: 536: 410:Carlo Vecchiarelli 349: 198:Royal Italian Army 5126:Massacres in 1943 5121:Conflicts in 1943 5103: 5102: 5099: 5098: 5095: 5094: 5016:Aera! Aera! Aera! 4974:Athens War Museum 4931: 4930: 4927: 4926: 4923: 4922: 4915:Nikos Zachariadis 4867:Treaty of Varkiza 4852:Operation "Manna" 4847:Caserta Agreement 4780: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4772: 4771: 4635:April 1944 mutiny 4575: 4574: 4571: 4570: 4567: 4566: 4501:Bill Stanley Moss 4460: 4459: 4411:Skala Paramythias 4288:Manolis Paterakis 4248:Dimitrios Psarros 4243:Georgios Kartalis 4219: 4218: 4191:Feneos executions 4002:Alexandros Svolos 3982:Aris Velouchiotis 3938: 3937: 3934: 3933: 3930: 3929: 3865:Nicolaos Matussis 3735: 3734: 3620:200 of Kaisariani 3499: 3498: 3330:LXVIII Army Corps 3303:Hermann Neubacher 3298:Günther Altenburg 3242: 3241: 3238: 3237: 3234: 3233: 3230: 3229: 3207:XXXX Panzer Corps 3102: 3101: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2847: 2846: 2660:(1940–1941) 2657:Greco-Italian War 2579:Media related to 2504:on 5 October 2011 2202:. Franco Angeli. 2159:978-88-15-26515-9 2134:978-88-7565-015-5 1706:"Greek Holocaust" 1630:978-3-486-55391-8 1275:978-0-7391-0195-7 707:summary execution 278:on the island of 260: 259: 179: 148:Summary execution 80:Kingdom of Greece 16:(Redirected from 5203: 5151:Greek Resistance 4948: 4947: 4937: 4936: 4833: 4810: 4809: 4800: 4799: 4786: 4785: 4605: 4604: 4598:Greek government 4594: 4593: 4581: 4580: 4559:Damasta sabotage 4476: 4475: 4228: 4227: 4064:National Council 4012:Markos Vafeiadis 4007:Ilias Tsirimokos 3997:Georgios Siantos 3987:Stefanos Sarafis 3972: 3971: 3961: 3960: 3944: 3943: 3748: 3747: 3741:Collaborationist 3678: 3487: 3475: 3457: 3456: 3431: 3399:Pellegrino Ghigi 3384: 3383: 3349:Alexander Andrae 3288: 3287: 3279: 3278: 3270: 3269: 3261: 3260: 3248: 3247: 3202:XVIII Army Corps 3192: 3191: 3157: 3156: 3122: 3121: 3113: 3112: 3074: 3073: 3059:Bernard Freyberg 3039: 3038: 2999: 2998: 2990: 2989: 2952:Operation Lustre 2942: 2941: 2937: 2900: 2899: 2865: 2864: 2856: 2855: 2814:Benito Mussolini 2804: 2803: 2779:Ioannis Pitsikas 2745: 2744: 2736: 2735: 2666: 2665: 2661: 2653: 2652: 2640: 2639: 2625: 2618: 2611: 2602: 2601: 2594: 2588:War crimes forum 2578: 2563: 2551: 2547: 2541: 2540: 2520: 2514: 2513: 2511: 2509: 2494: 2488: 2487: 2485: 2483: 2474:. Archived from 2468: 2462: 2461: 2450: 2444: 2443: 2441: 2439: 2430:. Archived from 2419: 2413: 2412: 2392: 2386: 2385: 2380: 2378: 2369:. Archived from 2363: 2357: 2356: 2345: 2339: 2338: 2320: 2314: 2313: 2295: 2289: 2288: 2270: 2264: 2263: 2245: 2239: 2238: 2220: 2214: 2213: 2195: 2189: 2188: 2177:. Roma: Viella. 2170: 2164: 2163: 2145: 2139: 2138: 2120: 2114: 2113: 2106: 2100: 2095: 2089: 2088: 2080: 2074: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2053: 2047: 2046: 2026: 2013: 2012: 2010: 2008: 1998: 1992: 1986: 1980: 1979: 1977: 1975: 1965: 1956: 1955: 1943: 1937: 1936: 1929: 1920: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1897: 1891: 1885: 1884:on 21 July 2011. 1871: 1862: 1861: 1847: 1838: 1832: 1823: 1822: 1802: 1796: 1795: 1787: 1781: 1777: 1770:"Bäche von Blut" 1765: 1752: 1751: 1740: 1731: 1730: 1725: 1723: 1717: 1710: 1702: 1687: 1686: 1684: 1682: 1667: 1661: 1660: 1653: 1647: 1641: 1635: 1634: 1614: 1608: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1598:on 12 April 2001 1588: 1582: 1566: 1546: 1469: 1465: 1458: 1443: 1442: 1428: 1413: 1412: 1392: 1369: 1368: 1361: 1352: 1351: 1341: 1335: 1334: 1323: 1298: 1297: 1286: 1280: 1279: 1259: 1253: 1252: 1250: 1248: 1233: 955:Nuremberg Trials 919:Nuremberg Trials 882:Benito Mussolini 852:Fascist Republic 710: 701:When a group of 570:Join the Germans 487: 478: 388:Allied successes 357:occupation zones 314: 288:Second World War 227: 226: 208: 207: 206: 196: 195: 173: 169:prisoners of war 120: 119: 117: 116: 115: 110: 106: 103: 102: 101: 98: 60: 48: 47: 45: 21: 5211: 5210: 5206: 5205: 5204: 5202: 5201: 5200: 5106: 5105: 5104: 5091: 5008:Popular culture 5003: 4962: 4942: 4919: 4905:Georgios Grivas 4878: 4827: 4825:Plaka agreement 4794: 4768: 4707: 4700: 4654: 4599: 4588: 4563: 4520: 4491:Monty Woodhouse 4456: 4440: 4379: 4302: 4278:Lela Karagianni 4268:Ilias Degiannis 4263:Kostas Perrikos 4238:Napoleon Zervas 4215: 4179: 4150:Kournovo Tunnel 4093: 4021: 3966: 3955: 3926: 3905: 3843: 3812: 3783:Georgios Poulos 3742: 3731: 3681: 3672: 3665:Compulsory loan 3635: 3629: 3495: 3481: 3479:Trifon Trifonov 3469: 3451: 3446: 3435:VIII Army Corps 3425: 3378: 3373: 3308:Walter Schimana 3282: 3274: 3265: 3255: 3226: 3186: 3181: 3151: 3146: 3116: 3098: 3068: 3063: 3033: 3028: 2993: 2981: 2935: 2934: 2933:German invasion 2919: 2894: 2889: 2859: 2843: 2798: 2793: 2789:Georgios Kosmas 2755:Ioannis Metaxas 2739: 2727: 2659: 2658: 2647: 2634: 2629: 2592: 2572: 2567: 2566: 2560:Wayback Machine 2549: 2548: 2544: 2537: 2523: 2521: 2517: 2507: 2505: 2496: 2495: 2491: 2481: 2479: 2470: 2469: 2465: 2452: 2451: 2447: 2437: 2435: 2420: 2416: 2409: 2395: 2393: 2389: 2376: 2374: 2365: 2364: 2360: 2346: 2342: 2335: 2321: 2317: 2310: 2296: 2292: 2285: 2271: 2267: 2260: 2246: 2242: 2235: 2221: 2217: 2210: 2196: 2192: 2185: 2171: 2167: 2160: 2146: 2142: 2135: 2121: 2117: 2108: 2107: 2103: 2096: 2092: 2081: 2077: 2067: 2065: 2054: 2050: 2043: 2027: 2016: 2006: 2004: 2000: 1999: 1995: 1987: 1983: 1973: 1971: 1967: 1966: 1959: 1944: 1940: 1931: 1930: 1923: 1911: 1909: 1898: 1894: 1872: 1865: 1849: 1848: 1841: 1833: 1826: 1819: 1803: 1799: 1793: 1788: 1784: 1766: 1755: 1742: 1741: 1734: 1721: 1719: 1715: 1708: 1704: 1703: 1690: 1680: 1678: 1668: 1664: 1655: 1654: 1650: 1642: 1638: 1631: 1615: 1611: 1601: 1599: 1590: 1589: 1585: 1576: 1570: 1568: 1563: 1547: 1472: 1460: 1459: 1446: 1430: 1429: 1416: 1409: 1393: 1372: 1363: 1362: 1355: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1325: 1324: 1301: 1288: 1287: 1283: 1276: 1260: 1256: 1246: 1244: 1235: 1234: 1230: 1225: 1207:Massacre of Kos 1203: 1111: 1059: 1038:to evict them. 1036:German campaign 931:general officer 907: 814: 700: 670: 588: 503: 502: 501: 500: 496:Comando Supremo 490: 489: 488: 480: 479: 434:Pietro Badoglio 333: 328: 310: 295:Operation Achse 252: 247: 221: 204: 202: 190: 172: 153: 152: 135: 113: 111: 109:38.25°N 20.59°E 107: 104: 99: 96: 94: 92: 91: 63: 46: 30: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 5209: 5199: 5198: 5193: 5188: 5183: 5178: 5173: 5168: 5163: 5158: 5153: 5148: 5143: 5138: 5133: 5128: 5123: 5118: 5116:1943 in Greece 5101: 5100: 5097: 5096: 5093: 5092: 5090: 5089: 5082: 5081: 5080: 5068: 5061: 5054: 5047: 5046: 5045: 5033: 5032: 5031: 5019: 5011: 5009: 5005: 5004: 5002: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4986: 4981: 4976: 4970: 4968: 4964: 4963: 4961: 4960: 4954: 4952: 4944: 4943: 4933: 4932: 4929: 4928: 4925: 4924: 4921: 4920: 4918: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4897: 4892: 4886: 4884: 4880: 4879: 4877: 4876: 4871: 4870: 4869: 4859: 4854: 4849: 4844: 4839: 4834: 4822: 4816: 4814: 4807: 4796: 4795: 4782: 4781: 4778: 4777: 4774: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4766: 4764:336th Squadron 4761: 4759:335th Squadron 4756: 4751: 4744: 4737: 4730: 4727:Vasilissa Olga 4723: 4718: 4712: 4710: 4702: 4701: 4699: 4698: 4693: 4688: 4683: 4678: 4673: 4668: 4666:King George II 4662: 4660: 4656: 4655: 4653: 4652: 4647: 4642: 4637: 4632: 4627: 4622: 4617: 4611: 4609: 4608:Events/Battles 4602: 4590: 4589: 4577: 4576: 4573: 4572: 4569: 4568: 4565: 4564: 4562: 4561: 4556: 4551: 4550: 4549: 4539: 4534: 4528: 4526: 4522: 4521: 4519: 4518: 4513: 4508: 4506:Themis Marinos 4503: 4498: 4493: 4488: 4482: 4480: 4473: 4462: 4461: 4458: 4457: 4455: 4454: 4448: 4446: 4442: 4441: 4439: 4438: 4433: 4428: 4423: 4418: 4413: 4408: 4403: 4398: 4393: 4387: 4385: 4381: 4380: 4378: 4377: 4370: 4365: 4360: 4355: 4350: 4345: 4340: 4335: 4334: 4333: 4323: 4322: 4321: 4310: 4308: 4304: 4303: 4301: 4300: 4295: 4293:Petrakogiorgis 4290: 4285: 4280: 4275: 4270: 4265: 4260: 4255: 4250: 4245: 4240: 4234: 4232: 4225: 4221: 4220: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4213: 4208: 4203: 4198: 4193: 4187: 4185: 4181: 4180: 4178: 4177: 4172: 4167: 4162: 4157: 4152: 4147: 4142: 4137: 4132: 4127: 4122: 4117: 4112: 4107: 4105:Drama uprising 4101: 4099: 4095: 4094: 4092: 4091: 4086: 4081: 4076: 4071: 4066: 4057: 4056: 4055: 4045: 4040: 4035: 4029: 4027: 4023: 4022: 4020: 4019: 4014: 4009: 4004: 3999: 3994: 3992:Andreas Tzimas 3989: 3984: 3978: 3976: 3969: 3957: 3956: 3940: 3939: 3936: 3935: 3932: 3931: 3928: 3927: 3925: 3924: 3919: 3913: 3911: 3907: 3906: 3904: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3896: 3886: 3885: 3884: 3874: 3873: 3872: 3867: 3862: 3851: 3849: 3845: 3844: 3842: 3841: 3836: 3831: 3826: 3820: 3818: 3814: 3813: 3811: 3810: 3805: 3800: 3795: 3790: 3785: 3780: 3778:Georgios Bakos 3775: 3770: 3768:Ioannis Rallis 3765: 3760: 3754: 3752: 3745: 3737: 3736: 3733: 3732: 3730: 3729: 3724: 3723: 3722: 3717: 3712: 3707: 3697: 3691: 3689: 3683: 3682: 3680: 3679: 3667: 3662: 3657: 3656: 3655: 3645: 3639: 3637: 3631: 3630: 3628: 3627: 3622: 3617: 3612: 3607: 3602: 3597: 3592: 3583: 3578: 3573: 3568: 3563: 3558: 3553: 3548: 3543: 3538: 3533: 3528: 3523: 3518: 3513: 3507: 3505: 3501: 3500: 3497: 3496: 3494: 3493: 3488: 3476: 3463: 3461: 3448: 3447: 3445: 3444: 3443: 3442: 3437: 3432: 3423:III Army Corps 3420: 3406: 3401: 3396: 3394:Angelico Carta 3390: 3388: 3375: 3374: 3372: 3371: 3366: 3365: 3364: 3362:Fortress Crete 3346: 3345: 3344: 3334: 3333: 3332: 3325:Hellmuth Felmy 3322: 3321: 3320: 3313:Alexander Löhr 3310: 3305: 3300: 3294: 3292: 3276: 3267: 3257: 3256: 3244: 3243: 3240: 3239: 3236: 3235: 3232: 3231: 3228: 3227: 3225: 3224: 3219: 3214: 3209: 3204: 3198: 3196: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3179: 3174: 3169: 3163: 3161: 3148: 3147: 3145: 3144: 3139: 3134: 3128: 3126: 3110: 3104: 3103: 3100: 3099: 3097: 3096: 3091: 3086: 3080: 3078: 3065: 3064: 3062: 3061: 3056: 3051: 3045: 3043: 3030: 3029: 3027: 3026: 3021: 3016: 3011: 3009:King George II 3005: 3003: 2987: 2983: 2982: 2980: 2979: 2974: 2969: 2967:Kleisoura Pass 2964: 2959: 2954: 2948: 2946: 2939: 2929: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2921: 2920: 2918: 2917: 2912: 2906: 2904: 2891: 2890: 2888: 2887: 2882: 2877: 2871: 2869: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2845: 2844: 2842: 2841: 2836: 2831: 2826: 2821: 2819:Galeazzo Ciano 2816: 2810: 2808: 2795: 2794: 2792: 2791: 2786: 2781: 2772: 2767: 2762: 2757: 2751: 2749: 2733: 2729: 2728: 2726: 2725: 2724: 2723: 2713: 2708: 2703: 2698: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2678: 2672: 2670: 2663: 2649: 2648: 2636: 2635: 2628: 2627: 2620: 2613: 2605: 2599: 2598: 2590: 2571: 2570:External links 2568: 2565: 2564: 2542: 2535: 2515: 2489: 2463: 2445: 2434:on 13 May 2019 2414: 2407: 2387: 2358: 2340: 2334:978-8832871982 2333: 2315: 2309:978-8832871982 2308: 2290: 2284:978-8832871982 2283: 2265: 2259:978-8815275578 2258: 2240: 2233: 2215: 2209:978-8846482921 2208: 2190: 2184:978-8867289196 2183: 2165: 2158: 2140: 2133: 2115: 2101: 2090: 2075: 2048: 2041: 2014: 1993: 1981: 1957: 1938: 1921: 1892: 1863: 1839: 1824: 1817: 1797: 1782: 1753: 1732: 1688: 1662: 1648: 1636: 1629: 1609: 1583: 1561: 1470: 1444: 1414: 1407: 1370: 1353: 1336: 1299: 1281: 1274: 1254: 1227: 1226: 1224: 1221: 1220: 1219: 1214: 1209: 1202: 1199: 1134:Sandro Pertini 1110: 1107: 1058: 1055: 951:Southeast Case 906: 903: 874: 873: 870: 864: 856:Northern Italy 813: 810: 669: 666: 587: 584: 578: 577: 574: 571: 519: 518: 515: 512: 492: 491: 482: 481: 473: 472: 471: 470: 469: 443:francs-tireurs 392:Johannes Barge 373:Antonio Gandin 353:fall of Greece 341:Antonio Gandin 332: 329: 327: 324: 299:Katyn massacre 258: 257: 250:Johannes Barge 242: 241: 236: 219: 215: 214: 213: 212: 188: 184: 183: 181: 180: 176:Antonio Gandin 165: 159: 155: 154: 151: 150: 145: 139: 138: 136: 133: 130: 129: 126: 122: 121: 89: 83: 82: 76:Ionian Islands 69: 65: 64: 61: 53: 52: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 5208: 5197: 5194: 5192: 5189: 5187: 5184: 5182: 5179: 5177: 5174: 5172: 5169: 5167: 5164: 5162: 5159: 5157: 5154: 5152: 5149: 5147: 5144: 5142: 5139: 5137: 5134: 5132: 5129: 5127: 5124: 5122: 5119: 5117: 5114: 5113: 5111: 5088: 5087: 5083: 5079: 5076: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5069: 5067: 5066: 5062: 5060: 5059: 5055: 5053: 5052: 5048: 5044: 5041: 5040: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5027: 5026: 5025: 5024: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5013: 5012: 5010: 5006: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4985: 4982: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4972: 4971: 4969: 4965: 4959: 4956: 4955: 4953: 4949: 4945: 4941:Commemoration 4938: 4934: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4910:Angelos Evert 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4896: 4893: 4891: 4890:Ronald Scobie 4888: 4887: 4885: 4881: 4875: 4872: 4868: 4865: 4864: 4863: 4860: 4858: 4855: 4853: 4850: 4848: 4845: 4843: 4840: 4838: 4835: 4831: 4826: 4823: 4821: 4818: 4817: 4815: 4811: 4808: 4806: 4801: 4797: 4793: 4787: 4783: 4765: 4762: 4760: 4757: 4755: 4754:13th Squadron 4752: 4750: 4749: 4745: 4743: 4742: 4738: 4736: 4735: 4731: 4729: 4728: 4724: 4722: 4719: 4717: 4714: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4703: 4697: 4694: 4692: 4689: 4687: 4684: 4682: 4679: 4677: 4674: 4672: 4669: 4667: 4664: 4663: 4661: 4657: 4651: 4648: 4646: 4643: 4641: 4638: 4636: 4633: 4631: 4628: 4626: 4623: 4621: 4618: 4616: 4613: 4612: 4610: 4606: 4603: 4601: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4582: 4578: 4560: 4557: 4555: 4552: 4548: 4545: 4544: 4543: 4540: 4538: 4535: 4533: 4530: 4529: 4527: 4523: 4517: 4514: 4512: 4509: 4507: 4504: 4502: 4499: 4497: 4494: 4492: 4489: 4487: 4484: 4483: 4481: 4477: 4474: 4471: 4467: 4463: 4453: 4450: 4449: 4447: 4443: 4437: 4434: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4424: 4422: 4419: 4417: 4414: 4412: 4409: 4407: 4404: 4402: 4399: 4397: 4394: 4392: 4389: 4388: 4386: 4382: 4376: 4375: 4371: 4369: 4366: 4364: 4361: 4359: 4356: 4354: 4351: 4349: 4348:Prometheus II 4346: 4344: 4341: 4339: 4336: 4332: 4331:5/42 Regiment 4329: 4328: 4327: 4324: 4320: 4317: 4316: 4315: 4312: 4311: 4309: 4307:Organizations 4305: 4299: 4296: 4294: 4291: 4289: 4286: 4284: 4281: 4279: 4276: 4274: 4271: 4269: 4266: 4264: 4261: 4259: 4256: 4254: 4251: 4249: 4246: 4244: 4241: 4239: 4236: 4235: 4233: 4229: 4226: 4222: 4212: 4209: 4207: 4204: 4202: 4199: 4197: 4194: 4192: 4189: 4188: 4186: 4182: 4176: 4173: 4171: 4168: 4166: 4163: 4161: 4158: 4156: 4153: 4151: 4148: 4146: 4143: 4141: 4138: 4136: 4133: 4131: 4128: 4126: 4123: 4121: 4118: 4116: 4113: 4111: 4108: 4106: 4103: 4102: 4100: 4096: 4090: 4087: 4085: 4082: 4080: 4077: 4075: 4072: 4070: 4067: 4065: 4061: 4058: 4054: 4051: 4050: 4049: 4046: 4044: 4041: 4039: 4036: 4034: 4031: 4030: 4028: 4026:Organizations 4024: 4018: 4015: 4013: 4010: 4008: 4005: 4003: 4000: 3998: 3995: 3993: 3990: 3988: 3985: 3983: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3973: 3970: 3968: 3962: 3958: 3954: 3950: 3945: 3941: 3923: 3920: 3918: 3915: 3914: 3912: 3908: 3900: 3897: 3895: 3892: 3891: 3890: 3887: 3883: 3882:Andon Kalchev 3880: 3879: 3878: 3875: 3871: 3868: 3866: 3863: 3861: 3858: 3857: 3856: 3853: 3852: 3850: 3848:Secessionists 3846: 3840: 3837: 3835: 3832: 3830: 3827: 3825: 3822: 3821: 3819: 3817:Organizations 3815: 3809: 3806: 3804: 3801: 3799: 3796: 3794: 3791: 3789: 3786: 3784: 3781: 3779: 3776: 3774: 3771: 3769: 3766: 3764: 3761: 3759: 3756: 3755: 3753: 3749: 3746: 3744: 3738: 3728: 3725: 3721: 3718: 3716: 3713: 3711: 3708: 3706: 3703: 3702: 3701: 3698: 3696: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3687:The Holocaust 3684: 3676: 3671: 3668: 3666: 3663: 3661: 3658: 3654: 3651: 3650: 3649: 3646: 3644: 3641: 3640: 3638: 3632: 3626: 3623: 3621: 3618: 3616: 3613: 3611: 3608: 3606: 3603: 3601: 3598: 3596: 3593: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3582: 3579: 3577: 3574: 3572: 3569: 3567: 3564: 3562: 3559: 3557: 3554: 3552: 3549: 3547: 3544: 3542: 3539: 3537: 3534: 3532: 3529: 3527: 3524: 3522: 3519: 3517: 3514: 3512: 3509: 3508: 3506: 3502: 3492: 3489: 3485: 3480: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3465: 3464: 3462: 3460: 3455: 3449: 3441: 3438: 3436: 3433: 3429: 3424: 3421: 3419: 3416: 3415: 3414: 3410: 3407: 3405: 3402: 3400: 3397: 3395: 3392: 3391: 3389: 3387: 3382: 3376: 3370: 3367: 3363: 3360: 3359: 3358: 3354: 3350: 3347: 3343: 3340: 3339: 3338: 3335: 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Massacre of the Acqui Division

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