Cephalopod - Knowledge

1161:

selection. And three, the ancestor would need to communicate using sexual signals that are visible to a conspecific receiver. For color change to have evolved as the result of natural selection different parameters would have to be met. For one, you would need some phenotypic diversity in body patterning among the population. The species would also need to cohabitate with predators which rely on vision for prey identification. These predators should have a high range of visual sensitivity, detecting not just motion or contrast but also colors. The habitats they occupy would also need to display a diversity of backgrounds. Experiments done in Dwarf chameleons testing these hypotheses showed that chameleon taxa with greater capacity for color change had more visually conspicuous social signals but did not come from more visually diverse habitats, suggesting that color change ability likely evolved to facilitate social signaling, while camouflage is a useful byproduct. Because camouflage is used for multiple adaptive purposes in cephalopods, color change could have evolved for one use and the other developed later, or it evolved to regulate trade offs within both.

2401:. A more pelagic habit was gradually adopted as the Ordovician progressed. Deep-water cephalopods, whilst rare, have been found in the Lower Ordovician – but only in high-latitude waters. The mid-Ordovician saw the first cephalopods with septa strong enough to cope with the pressures associated with deeper water, and could inhabit depths greater than 100–200 m. The direction of shell coiling would prove to be crucial to the future success of the lineages; endogastric coiling would only permit large size to be attained with a straight shell, whereas exogastric coiling – initially rather rare – permitted the spirals familiar from the fossil record to develop, with their corresponding large size and diversity. (Endogastric means the shell is curved so as the ventral or lower side is longitudinally concave (belly in); exogastric means the shell is curved so as the ventral side is longitudinally convex (belly out) allowing the funnel to be pointed backward beneath the shell.) 1327:

which lie between the mantle cavity and the funnel. The water's expulsion through the funnel can be used to power jet propulsion. If respiration is used concurrently with jet propulsion, large losses in speed or oxygen generation can be expected. The gills, which are much more efficient than those of other mollusks, are attached to the ventral surface of the mantle cavity. There is a trade-off with gill size regarding lifestyle. To achieve fast speeds, gills need to be small – water will be passed through them quickly when energy is needed, compensating for their small size. However, organisms which spend most of their time moving slowly along the bottom do not naturally pass much water through their cavity for locomotion; thus they have larger gills, along with complex systems to ensure that water is constantly washing through their gills, even when the organism is stationary. The water flow is controlled by contractions of the radial and circular mantle cavity muscles.

1460:, but less musculature and energy is involved in its production. Jet thrust in cephalopods is controlled primarily by the maximum diameter of the funnel orifice (or, perhaps, the average diameter of the funnel) and the diameter of the mantle cavity. Changes in the size of the orifice are used most at intermediate velocities. The absolute velocity achieved is limited by the cephalopod's requirement to inhale water for expulsion; this intake limits the maximum velocity to eight body-lengths per second, a speed which most cephalopods can attain after two funnel-blows. Water refills the cavity by entering not only through the orifices, but also through the funnel. Squid can expel up to 94% of the fluid within their cavity in a single jet thrust. To accommodate the rapid changes in water intake and expulsion, the orifices are highly flexible and can change their size by a factor of twenty; the funnel radius, conversely, changes only by a factor of around 1.5. 2040:

factors of the organism. The majority of cephalopods do not provide parental care to their offspring, except, for example, octopus, which helps this organism increase the survival rate of their offspring. Marine species' life cycles are affected by various environmental conditions. The development of a cephalopod embryo can be greatly affected by temperature, oxygen saturation, pollution, light intensity, and salinity. These factors are important to the rate of embryonic development and the success of hatching of the embryos. Food availability also plays an important role in the reproductive cycle of cephalopods. A limitation of food influences the timing of spawning along with their function and growth. Spawning time and spawning vary among marine species; it's correlated with temperature, though cephalopods in shallow water spawn in cold months so that the offspring would hatch at warmer temperatures. Breeding can last from several days to a month.

1135:

cells. Coleoids can change the shape of this sac, called the cytoelastic sacculus, which then causes changes in the translucency and opacity of the cell. By rapidly changing multiple chromatophores of different colors, cephalopods are able to change the color of their skin at astonishing speeds, an adaptation that is especially notable in an organism that sees in black and white. Chromatophores are known to only contain three pigments, red, yellow, and brown, which cannot create the full color spectrum. However, cephalopods also have cells called iridophores, thin, layered protein cells that reflect light in ways that can produce colors chromatophores cannot. The mechanism of iridophore control is unknown, but chromatophores are under the control of neural pathways, allowing the cephalopod to coordinate elaborate displays. Together, chromatophores and iridophores are able to produce a large range of colors and pattern displays.

2078:

several times to release the spermatozoa. Cephalopods often mate several times, which influences males to mate longer with females that have previously, nearly tripling the number of contractions of the mantle. To ensure the fertilization of the eggs, female cephalopods release a sperm-attracting peptide through the gelatinous layers of the egg to direct the spermatozoa. Female cephalopods lay eggs in clutches; each egg is composed of a protective coat to ensure the safety of the developing embryo when released into the water column. Reproductive strategies differ between cephalopod species. In giant Pacific octopus, large eggs are laid in a den; it will often take several days to lay all of them. Once the eggs are released and normally attached to a sheltered substrate, the female usually die shortly after, but octopuses and a few squids will look after their eggs afterwards. Others, like the

1144:

grows and deforms through hydrostatic motion to change skin texture. Chromatophores are able to perform two types of camouflage, mimicry and color matching. Mimicry is when an organism changes its appearance to appear like a different organism. The squid Sepioteuthis sepioide has been documented changing its appearance to appear as the non threatening herbivorous parrotfish to approach unaware prey. The octopus Thaumoctopus mimicus is known to mimic a number of different venomous organisms it cohabitates with to deter predators. While background matching, a cephalopod changes its appearance to resemble its surroundings, hiding from its predators or concealing itself from prey. The ability to both mimic other organisms and match the appearance of their surroundings is notable given that cephalopods' vision is monochromatic.

2111:

backs away, the arms extend to the back, exposing the mouth, followed by the biting of arm tips. During mate competition males also participate in a technique called flushing. This technique is used by the second male attempting to mate with a female. Flushing removes spermatophores in the buccal cavity that was placed there by the first mate by forcing water into the cavity. Another behavior that males engage in is sneaker mating or mimicry – smaller males adjust their behavior to that of a female in order to reduce aggression. By using this technique, they are able to fertilize the eggs while the larger male is distracted by a different male. During this process, the sneaker males quickly insert drop-like sperm into the seminal receptacle.

2891: 2853: 1534:

circular. The longitudinal muscles run parallel to the length of the octopus and they are used in order to keep the mantle the same length throughout the jetting process. Given that they are muscles, it can be noted that this means the octopus must actively flex the longitudinal muscles during jetting in order to keep the mantle at a constant length. The radial muscles run perpendicular to the longitudinal muscles and are used to thicken and thin the wall of the mantle. Finally, the circular muscles are used as the main activators in jetting. They are muscle bands that surround the mantle and expand/contract the cavity. All three muscle types work in unison to produce a jet as a propulsion mechanism.

1882: 713: 704: 2123:

male spermatophores, which has been identified by DNA fingerprinting. Females are no longer receptive to mating attempts when holding their eggs in their arms. Females can store sperm in two places (1) the buccal cavity where recently mated males place their spermatophores, and (2) the internal sperm-storage receptacles where sperm packages from previous males are stored. Spermatophore storage results in sperm competition; which states that the female controls which mate fertilizes the eggs. In order to reduce this sort of competition, males develop agonistic behaviors like mate guarding and flushing. The

1170:

change over longer periods of time. Physiological change, the kind observed in cephalopod lineages, is typically the result of the movement of pigment within the chromatophore, changing where different pigments are localized within the cell. This physiological change typically occurs on much shorter timescales compared to morphological change. Cephalopods have a rare form of physiological color change which utilizes neural control of muscles to change the morphology of their chromatophores. This neural control of chromatophores has evolved convergently in both cephalopods and teleosts fishes.

1416:, created by a fold in the mantle. The size difference between the posterior and anterior ends of this organ control the speed of the jet the organism can produce. The velocity of the organism can be accurately predicted for a given mass and morphology of animal. Motion of the cephalopods is usually backward as water is forced out anteriorly through the hyponome, but direction can be controlled somewhat by pointing it in different directions. Some cephalopods accompany this expulsion of water with a gunshot-like popping noise, thought to function to frighten away potential predators. 2049:

gonads and accessory glands. Mating would be a poor indicator of sexual maturation in females; they can receive sperm when not fully reproductively mature and store them until they are ready to fertilize the eggs. Males are more aggressive in their pre-mating competition when in the presence of immature females than when competing for a sexually mature female. Most cephalopod males develop a hectocotylus, an arm tip which is capable of transferring their spermatozoa into the female mantle cavity. Though not all species use a hectocotylus; for example, the adult nautilus releases a

2143: 1867:

exchanged between the gut and the digestive gland through a pair of connections linking the gland to the junction of the stomach and caecum. Cells in the digestive gland directly release pigmented excretory chemicals into the lumen of the gut, which are then bound with mucus passed through the anus as long dark strings, ejected with the aid of exhaled water from the funnel. Cephalopods tend to concentrate ingested heavy metals in their body tissue. However, octopus arms use a family of cephalopod-specific chemotactile receptors (CRs) to be their "taste by touch" system.

2102:. In some species of cephalopods, egg clutches are anchored to substrates by a mucilaginous adhesive substance. These eggs are swelled with perivitelline fluid (PVF), a hypertonic fluid that prevents premature hatching. Fertilized egg clusters are neutrally buoyant depending on the depth that they were laid, but can also be found in substrates such as sand, a matrix of corals, or seaweed. Because these species do not provide parental care for their offspring, egg capsules can be injected with ink by the female in order to camouflage the embryos from predators. 580: 4312: 2018: 1987: 3108: 1620: 1148:

warning display to potential predators. For example, when the octopus Callistoctopus macropus is threatened, it will turn a bright red brown color speckled with white dots as a high contrast display to startle predators. Conspecifically, color change is used for both mating displays and social communication. Cuttlefish have intricate mating displays from males to females. There is also male to male signaling that occurs during competition over mates, all of which are the product of chromatophore coloration displays.

2237: 2032: 844: 4270: 1726: 2762: 3882: 176: 2686: 1717: 2831: 1863:. They feed by capturing prey with their tentacles, drawing it into their mouth and taking bites from it. They have a mixture of toxic digestive juices, some of which are manufactured by symbiotic algae, which they eject from their salivary glands onto their captured prey held in their mouths. These juices separate the flesh of their prey from the bone or shell. The salivary gland has a small tooth at its end which can be poked into an organism to digest it from within. 2191: 2918: 2246: 1708:); shell-forming cephalopods have an acidic matrix, whereas the gladius of squid has a basic matrix. The basic arrangement of the cephalopod outer wall is: an outer (spherulitic) prismatic layer, a laminar (nacreous) layer and an inner prismatic layer. The thickness of every layer depends on the taxa. In modern cephalopods, the Ca carbonate is aragonite. As for other mollusc shells or coral skeletons, the smallest visible units are irregular rounded granules. 114: 1258: 1119:. These chromatophores are found throughout the body of the octopus, however, they are controlled by the same part of the brain that controls elongation during jet propulsion to reduce drag. As such, jetting octopuses can turn pale because the brain is unable to achieve both controlling elongation and controlling the chromatophores. Most octopuses mimic select structures in their field of view rather than becoming a composite color of their full background. 3093: 3865: 3836: 1538:

counterparts. This provides the squids some advantages for jet propulsion swimming. The stiffness means that there is no necessary muscle flexing to keep the mantle the same size. In addition, tunics take up only 1% of the squid mantle's wall thickness, whereas the longitudinal muscle fibers take up to 20% of the mantle wall thickness in octopuses. Also because of the rigidity of the tunic, the radial muscles in squid can contract more forcefully.

2794: 2665: 3123: 1836: 3153: 3854: 1028: 589: 1578: 3138: 1542:

muscles in the mantle contract, they reach a point where the contraction is no longer efficient to the forward motion of the creature. In such cases, the excess contraction is stored in the collagen which then efficiently begins or aids in the expansion of the mantle at the end of the jet. In some tests, the collagen has been shown to be able to begin raising mantle pressure up to 50ms before muscle activity is initiated.

1428: 909: 2614: 2420:, a Devonian–Triassic group of orthocones, are widely held to be paraphyletic without the coleoids and ammonoids, that is, the latter groups arose from within the Bactritida. An increase in the diversity of the coleoids and ammonoids is observed around the start of the Devonian period and corresponds with a profound increase in fish diversity. This could represent the origin of the two derived groups. 4204: 1307:, to transport oxygen. As a result, their blood is colorless when deoxygenated and turns blue when bonded to oxygen. In oxygen-rich environments and in acidic water, hemoglobin is more efficient, but in environments with little oxygen and in low temperatures, hemocyanin has the upper hand. The hemocyanin molecule is much larger than the hemoglobin molecule, allowing it to bond with 96 1598: 1344: 2405: 860: 2139:, males become structurally smaller and smaller resembling a term, "dwarfism" dwarf males usually occurs at low densities. The blanket octopus male is an example of sexual-evolutionary dwarfism; females grow 10,000 to 40,000 times larger than the males and the sex ratio between males and females can be distinguished right after hatching of the eggs. 965:(wavelength-dependence of focal length). Numerical modeling shows that chromatic aberration can yield useful chromatic information through the dependence of image acuity on accommodation. The unusual off-axis slit and annular pupil shapes in cephalopods enhance this ability by acting as prisms which are scattering white light in all directions. 2001: 1904:

Radulae are usually difficult to detect, even when they are preserved in fossils, as the rock must weather and crack in exactly the right fashion to expose them; for instance, radulae have only been found in nine of the 43 ammonite genera, and they are rarer still in non-ammonoid forms: only three pre-Mesozoic species possess one.

1404:. Indeed, it makes cephalopods the fastest marine invertebrates, and they can out-accelerate most fish. The jet is supplemented with fin motion; in the squid, the fins flap each time that a jet is released, amplifying the thrust; they are then extended between jets (presumably to avoid sinking). Oxygenated water is taken into the 1900:. The teeth may be homodont (i.e. similar in form across a row), heterodont (otherwise), or ctenodont (comb-like). Their height, width and number of cusps is variable between species. The pattern of teeth repeats, but each row may not be identical to the last; in the octopus, for instance, the sequence repeats every five rows. 1239: 1796:, and are involved in holding and manipulating the captured organism. They too have suckers, on the side closest to the mouth; these help to hold onto the prey. Octopods only have four pairs of sucker-coated arms, as the name suggests, though developmental abnormalities can modify the number of arms expressed. 2501:. The different replication mechanisms for Protocadherin genes indicate an independent evolution of Protocadherin gene expansion in vertebrates and invertebrates. Analysis of individual Cephalopod Protocadherin genes indicate independent evolution between species of Cephalopod. A species of shore squid 2497:. The mechanism for Protocadherin gene family replication in vertebrates is attributed to complex splicing, or cutting and pasting, from a locus. Following the sequencing of the California two-spot octopus, researchers found that the Protocadherin gene family in Cephalopods has expanded in the genome due to 2427:

species. Competitive pressure from fish is thought to have forced the shelled forms into deeper water, which provided an evolutionary pressure towards shell loss and gave rise to the modern coleoids, a change which led to greater metabolic costs associated with the loss of buoyancy, but which allowed

2077:

is seen only in octopuses. The initiation of copulation begins when the male catches a female and wraps his arm around her, either in a "male to female neck" position or mouth to mouth position, depending on the species. The males then initiate the process of fertilization by contracting their mantle

1537:

Squids do not have the longitudinal muscles that octopus do. Instead, they have a tunic. This tunic is made of layers of collagen and it surrounds the top and the bottom of the mantle. Because they are made of collagen and not muscle, the tunics are rigid bodies that are much stronger than the muscle

2048:

Cephalopods that are sexually mature and of adult size begin spawning and reproducing. After the transfer of genetic material to the following generation, the adult cephalopods in most species then die. Sexual maturation in male and female cephalopods can be observed internally by the enlargement of

2039:

Cephalopods are a diverse group of species, but share common life history traits, for example, they have a rapid growth rate and short life spans. Stearns (1992) suggested that in order to produce the largest possible number of viable offspring, spawning events depend on the ecological environmental

1866:

The digestive gland itself is rather short. It has four elements, with food passing through the crop, stomach and caecum before entering the intestine. Most digestion, as well as the absorption of nutrients, occurs in the digestive gland, sometimes called the liver. Nutrients and waste materials are

1156:

There are two hypotheses about the evolution of color change in cephalopods. One hypothesis is that the ability to change color may have evolved for social, sexual, and signaling functions. Another explanation is that it first evolved because of selective pressures encouraging predator avoidance and

880:

can distinguish the brightness, size, shape, and horizontal or vertical orientation of objects. The morphological construction gives cephalopod eyes the same performance as shark eyes; however, their construction differs, as cephalopods lack a cornea and have an everted retina. Cephalopods' eyes are

2559:

Using long-read sequencing, researchers have decoded the cephalopod genomes and discovered they have been churned and scrambled. The genes were compared to those of thousands of other species and while blocks of three or more genes co-occurred between squid and octopus, the blocks of genes were not

2122:

is seen in cuttlefish species, where females prefer some males over others, though characteristics of the preferred males are unknown. A hypothesis states that females reject males by olfactory cues rather than visual cues. Several cephalopod species are polyandrous – accepting and storing multiple

2110:

Most cephalopods engage in aggressive sex: a protein in the male capsule sheath stimulates this behavior. They also engage in male–male aggression, where larger males tend to win the interactions. When a female is near, the males charge one another continuously and flail their arms. If neither male

1541:

The mantle is not the only place where squids have collagen. Collagen fibers are located throughout the other muscle fibers in the mantle. These collagen fibers act as elastics and are sometimes named "collagen springs". As the name implies, these fibers act as springs. When the radial and circular

1495:

undulations, in order to maintain the same depth. As such, the cost of transport of many squids are quite high. That being said, squid and other cephalopod that dwell in deep waters tend to be more neutrally buoyant which removes the need to regulate depth and increases their locomotory efficiency.

1326:

Cephalopods exchange gases with the seawater by forcing water through their gills, which are attached to the roof of the organism. Water enters the mantle cavity on the outside of the gills, and the entrance of the mantle cavity closes. When the mantle contracts, water is forced through the gills,

1160:

For color change to have evolved as the result of social selection the environment of cephalopods' ancestors would have to fit a number of criteria. One, there would need to be some kind of mating ritual that involved signaling. Two, they would have to experience demonstrably high levels of sexual

1143:

Cephalopods utilize chromatophores' color changing ability in order to camouflage themselves. Chromatophores allow Coleoids to blend into many different environments, from coral reefs to the sandy sea floor. The color change of chromatophores works in concert with papillae, epithelial tissue which

1903:

Cephalopod radulae are known from fossil deposits dating back to the Ordovician. They are usually preserved within the cephalopod's body chamber, commonly in conjunction with the mandibles; but this need not always be the case; many radulae are preserved in a range of settings in the Mason Creek.

1799:

The tentacle consists of a thick central nerve cord (which must be thick to allow each sucker to be controlled independently) surrounded by circular and radial muscles. Because the volume of the tentacle remains constant, contracting the circular muscles decreases the radius and permits the rapid

1529:

Two of the categories of cephalopods, octopus and squid, are vastly different in their movements despite being of the same class. Octopuses are generally not seen as active swimmers; they are often found scavenging the sea floor instead of swimming long distances through the water. Squids, on the

1147:

Cephalopods also use their fine control of body coloration and patterning to perform complex signaling displays for both conspecific and intraspecific communication. Coloration is used in concert with locomotion and texture to send signals to other organisms. Intraspecifically this can serve as a

800:

Some cephalopods are able to fly through the air for distances of up to 50 metres (160 ft). While cephalopods are not particularly aerodynamic, they achieve these impressive ranges by jet-propulsion; water continues to be expelled from the funnel while the organism is in the air. The animals

1169:

Color change is widespread in ectotherms including anoles, frogs, mollusks, many fish, insects, and spiders. The mechanism behind this color change can be either morphological or physiological. Morphological change is the result of a change in the density of pigment containing cells and tends to

1134:

Coleoids, a shell-less subclass of cephalopods (squid, cuttlefish, and octopuses), have complex pigment containing cells called chromatophores which are capable of producing rapidly changing color patterns. These cells store pigment within an elastic sac which produces the color seen from these

1533:

Both octopuses and squids have mantles (referenced above) which function towards respiration and locomotion in the form of jetting. The composition of these mantles differs between the two families, however. In octopuses, the mantle is made up of three muscle types: longitudinal, radial, and

1494:

Squids are the primary sufferers of negative buoyancy in cephalopods. The negative buoyancy means that some squids, especially those whose habitat depths are rather shallow, have to actively regulate their vertical positions. This means that they must expend energy, often through jetting or

2548:

as well as transposon expression. Although the role of transposable elements in marine vertebrates is still relatively unknown, significant expression of transposons in nervous system tissues have been observed. In a study conducted on vertebrates, the expression of transposons during

1480:, allow gas to diffuse into the gap between the mantle and the shell; others allow purer water to ooze from their kidneys, forcing out denser salt water from the body cavity; others, like some fish, accumulate oils in the liver; and some octopuses have a gelatinous body with lighter 863: 2555:

activated genomic diversity between neurons. This diversity has been linked to increased memory and learning in mammals. The connection between transposons and increased neuron capability may provide insight into the observed intelligence, memory and function of Cephalopods.

862: 867: 866: 861: 2488:

Within the California two-spot octopus genome there are substantial replications of two gene families. Significantly, the expanded gene families were only previously known to exhibit replicative behaviour within vertebrates. The first gene family was identified as the

2163:

remaining at the opposite pole. The germinal disc grows to envelop and eventually absorb the yolk, forming the embryo. The tentacles and arms first appear at the hind part of the body, where the foot would be in other molluscs, and only later migrate towards the head.

868: 957:

molecules as chromophores: A1 (retinal), A3 (3-dehydroretinal), and A4 (4-hydroxyretinal). The A1-photoreceptor is most sensitive to green-blue (484 nm), the A2-photoreceptor to blue-green (500 nm), and the A4-photoreceptor to blue (470 nm) light.

2369:

is the early cephalopod, which did not have a shell and appeared to possess jet propulsion in the manner of "derived" cephalopods, complicated the question of the order in which cephalopod features developed. However, most of other researchers do not agree that

1545:

These anatomical differences between squid and octopuses can help explain why squid can be found swimming comparably to fish while octopuses usually rely on other forms of locomotion on the sea floor such as bipedal walking, crawling, and non-jetting swimming.

10340:

Schmidbaur, Hannah; Kawaguchi, Akane; Clarence, Tereza; Fu, Xiao; Hoang, Oi Pui; Zimmermann, Bob; Ritschard, Elena A.; Weissenbacher, Anton; Foster, Jamie S.; Nyholm, Spencer V.; Bates, Paul A.; Albertin, Caroline B.; Tanaka, Elly; Simakov, Oleg (2022-04-21).

10003:

Shigeno, Shuichi; Sasaki, Takenori; Moritaki, Takeya; Kasugai, Takashi; Vecchione, Michael; Agata, Kiyokazu (January 2008). "Evolution of the cephalopod head complex by assembly of multiple molluscan body parts: Evidence from Nautilus embryonic development".

9959:

Basil, Jennifer; Bahctinova, Irina; Kuroiwa, Kristine; Lee, Nandi; Mims, Desiree; Preis, Michael; Soucier, Christian (2005-09-01). "The function of the rhinophore and the tentacles of Nautilus pompilius L. (Cephalopoda, Nautiloidea) in orientation to odor".

3822:

Subsequent revisions include the establishment of three Upper Cambrian orders, the Plectronocerida, Protactinocerida, and Yanhecerida; separation of the pseudorthocerids as the Pseudorthocerida, and elevating orthoceratid as the Subclass Orthoceratoidea.

10473:

Strugnell, J.; Norman, M.; Jackson, J.; Drummond, A.; Cooper, A. (2005). "Molecular phylogeny of coleoid cephalopods (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) using a multigene approach; the effect of data partitioning on resolving phylogenies in a Bayesian framework".

3831:

Shevyrev (2005) suggested a division into eight subclasses, mostly comprising the more diverse and numerous fossil forms, although this classification has been criticized as arbitrary, lacking evidence, and based on misinterpretations of other papers.

1530:

other hand, can be found to travel vast distances, with some moving as much as 2000 km in 2.5 months at an average pace of 0.9 body lengths per second. There is a major reason for the difference in movement type and efficiency: anatomy.

1419:

Cephalopods employ a similar method of propulsion despite their increasing size (as they grow) changing the dynamics of the water in which they find themselves. Thus their paralarvae do not extensively use their fins (which are less efficient at low

1114:

Cephalopods can use chromatophores like a muscle, which is why they can change their skin hue as rapidly as they do. Coloration is typically stronger in near-shore species than those living in the open ocean, whose functions tend to be restricted to

1061:. Chromatophores are colored pigment cells that expand and contract in accordance to produce color and pattern which they can use in a startling array of fashions. As well as providing camouflage with their background, some cephalopods bioluminesce, 2338:

would have allowed the shells of these early forms to become gas-filled (thus buoyant) in order to support them and keep the shells upright while the animal crawled along the floor, and separated the true cephalopods from putative ancestors such as

2451:

of cephalopod appendages. Until the mid-twentieth century, the "Arms as Head" hypothesis was widely recognized. In this theory, the arms and tentacles of cephalopods look similar to the head appendages of gastropods, suggesting that they might be

1803:

The size of the tentacle is related to the size of the buccal cavity; larger, stronger tentacles can hold prey as small bites are taken from it; with more numerous, smaller tentacles, prey is swallowed whole, so the mouth cavity must be larger.

5152: 2280:

The length of time before hatching is highly variable; smaller eggs in warmer waters are the fastest to hatch, and newborns can emerge after as little as a few days. Larger eggs in colder waters can develop for over a year before hatching.

865: 2222:

Ventral, dorsal and side views of a more advanced paralarva. An equatorial circulet of seven large yellow-brown chromatophores is present on the mantle. Posteriorly the expanded vanes of the gladius are visible in the dorsal view.

3171:(May 2001), for fossil cephalopods takes from Arkell et al. 1957, Teichert and Moore 1964, Teichert 1988, and others. The three subclasses are traditional, corresponding to the three orders of cephalopods recognized by Bather. 2476:

The sequencing of a full Cephalopod genome has remained challenging to researchers due to the length and repetition of their DNA. The characteristics of Cephalopod genomes were initially hypothesized to be the result of entire

1219:. However, a more sophisticated behavior has been observed, in which the cephalopod releases a cloud, with a greater mucus content, that approximately resembles the cephalopod that released it (this decoy is referred to as a 1395:

used to maintain a steady velocity. Whilst jet propulsion is never the sole mode of locomotion, the stop-start motion provided by the jets continues to be useful for providing bursts of high speed – not least when capturing

10272:

Albertin, Caroline B.; Medina-Ruiz, Sofia; Mitros, Therese; Schmidbaur, Hannah; Sanchez, Gustavo; Wang, Z. Yan; Grimwood, Jane; Rosenthal, Joshua J. C.; Ragsdale, Clifton W.; Simakov, Oleg; Rokhsar, Daniel S. (2022-05-04).

1211:– can be squirted; its proximity to the base of the funnel means the ink can be distributed by ejected water as the cephalopod uses its jet propulsion. The ejected cloud of melanin is usually mixed, upon expulsion, with 1330:

The gills of cephalopods are supported by a skeleton of robust fibrous proteins; the lack of mucopolysaccharides distinguishes this matrix from cartilage. The gills are also thought to be involved in excretion, with

2082:, will spawn neutrally buoyant egg masses which will float at the interface between water layers of slightly different densities, or the female will swim around while carrying the eggs with her. Most species are 1932:

project into the renal sac, continuously inflating and deflating as the branchial hearts beat. This action helps to pump the secreted waste into the sacs, to be released into the mantle cavity through a pore.

2396:

In the Early Palaeozoic, their range was far more restricted than today; they were mainly constrained to sublittoral regions of shallow shelves of the low latitudes, and usually occurred in association with

1928:, each of which is connected to a nephridium by a narrow canal. The canal delivers the excreta to a bladder-like renal sac, and also resorbs excess water from the filtrate. Several outgrowths of the lateral 766:

vertebrates. Captive cephalopods have also been known to climb out of their aquaria, maneuver a distance of the lab floor, enter another aquarium to feed on captive crabs, and return to their own aquarium.

656:. Cephalopods are thought to be unable to live in fresh water due to multiple biochemical constraints, and in their >400 million year existence have never ventured into fully freshwater habitats. 1689:

secrete a specialized paper-thin egg case in which they reside, and this is popularly regarded as a "shell", although it is not attached to the body of the animal and has a separate evolutionary origin.

924:

themselves, they use their chromatophores to change brightness and pattern according to the background they see, but their ability to match the specific color of a background may come from cells such as

920:. Coleoid cephalopods (octopus, squid, cuttlefish) have a single photoreceptor type and lack the ability to determine color by comparing detected photon intensity across multiple spectral channels. When 1318:

molecules, instead of the hemoglobin's just four. But unlike hemoglobin, which are attached in millions on the surface of a single red blood cell, hemocyanin molecules float freely in the bloodstream.

10687:

Shevyrev, A. A. (2005). "The Cephalopod Macrosystem: A Historical Review, the Present State of Knowledge, and Unsolved Problems: 1. Major Features and Overall Classification of Cephalopod Mollusks".

2416:

The ancestors of coleoids (including most modern cephalopods) and the ancestors of the modern nautilus, had diverged by the Floian Age of the Early Ordovician Period, over 470 million years ago. The

2053:. Some male squids, mainly deep-water species, have instead evolved a penis longer than their own body length, the longest penis in any free-living animals. It is assumed these males simply attach a 5170: 2485:, the genome showed similar patterns to other marine invertebrates with significant additions to the genome assumed to be unique to Cephalopods. No evidence of full genome duplication was found. 1894:

The cephalopod radula consists of multiple symmetrical rows of up to nine teeth – thirteen in fossil classes. The organ is reduced or even vestigial in certain octopus species and is absent in

9152:

Shigeno, S.; Sasaki, T.; Moritaki, T.; Kasugai, T.; Vecchione, M.; Agata, K. (Jan 2008). "Evolution of the cephalopod head complex by assembly of multiple molluscan body parts: Evidence from

7604:"Molecular phylogeny of coleoid cephalopods (Mollusca: Cephalopoda) inferred from three mitochondrial and six nuclear loci: a comparison of alignment, implied alignment and analysis methods" 864: 2284:

The process from spawning to hatching follows a similar trajectory in all species, the main variable being the amount of yolk available to the young and when it is absorbed by the embryo.

4345:

that says the present cosmos is the last of a series which arose in stages from the ruins of the previous universe, the octopus is the lone survivor of the previous, alien universe. The

10114:

Albertin, Caroline B.; Simakov, Oleg; Mitros, Therese; Wang, Z. Yan; Pungor, Judit R.; Edsinger-Gonzales, Eric; Brenner, Sydney; Ragsdale, Clifton W.; Rokhsar, Daniel S. (August 2015).

2385:, predatory niches became available for other animals. During the Ordovician period the primitive cephalopods underwent pulses of diversification to become diverse and dominant in the 876:

Most cephalopods rely on vision to detect predators and prey and to communicate with one another. Consequently, cephalopod vision is acute: training experiments have shown that the

10962:

Encyclopaedia Metropolitana, Or, Universal Dictionary of Knowledge: Comprising the Twofold Advantage of a Philosophical and an Alphabetical Arrangement, with Appropriate Engravings

5442:

Seidou, M.; Sugahara, M.; Uchiyama, H.; Hiraki, K.; Hamanaka, T.; Michinomae, M.; Yoshihara, K.; Kito, Y. (1990). "On the three visual pigments in the retina of the firefly squid,

1126:; these orthoconic individuals bore concentric stripes, which are thought to have served as camouflage. Devonian cephalopods bear more complex color patterns, of unknown function. 1776:

Cephalopods, as the name implies, have muscular appendages extending from their heads and surrounding their mouths. These are used in feeding, mobility, and even reproduction. In

1506:

to avoid predators. The octopuses were able to flatten their bodies and put their arms back to appear the same as the flounders as well as move with the same speed and movements.

9560:

Pohle, Alexander; Kröger, Björn; Warnock, Rachel C. M.; King, Andy H.; Evans, David H.; Aubrechtová, Martina; Cichowolski, Marcela; Fang, Xiang; Klug, Christian (December 2022).

5481:

Stubbs, A. L.; Stubbs, C. W. (2015). "A novel mechanism for color vision: Pupil shape and chromatic aberration can provide spectral discrimination for 'color blind' organisms".

2423:

Unlike most modern cephalopods, most ancient varieties had protective shells. These shells at first were conical but later developed into curved nautiloid shapes seen in modern

10711:

Shevyrev, A. A. (2006). "The cephalopod macrosystem; a historical review, the present state of knowledge, and unsolved problems; 2, Classification of nautiloid cephalopods".

2167:

The funnel of cephalopods develops on the top of their head, whereas the mouth develops on the opposite surface. The early embryological stages are reminiscent of ancestral

973:

In 2015, molecular evidence was published indicating that cephalopod chromatophores are photosensitive; reverse transcription polymerase chain reactions (RT-PCR) revealed

667:. Their diversity is greatest near the equator (~40 species retrieved in nets at 11°N by a diversity study) and decreases towards the poles (~5 species captured at 60°N). 5680: 6498:

Schipp, Rudolf; Mollenhauer, Stephan; Boletzky, Sigurd (1979). "Electron Microscopical and Histochemical Studies of Differentiation and Function of the Cephalopod Gill (

5058: 2511:

within Cephalopods. Despite different mechanisms for gene expansion, the two-spot octopus Protocadherin genes were more similar to vertebrates than squid, suggesting a

1107:, as their chromatophores are expanded or contracted. Although color changes appear to rely primarily on vision input, there is evidence that skin cells, specifically 1448:

is also capable of creating a jet by undulations of its funnel; this slower flow of water is more suited to the extraction of oxygen from the water. When motionless,

4331:

are legendary sea monsters of giant proportions said to dwell off the coasts of Norway and Greenland, usually portrayed in art as giant cephalopods attacking ships.

1207:. This sac is a muscular bag which originated as an extension of the hindgut. It lies beneath the gut and opens into the anus, into which its contents – almost pure 10755: 7434:

von Boletzky, S. (2004). "'Ammonoïdes nus': un défi pour la phylogénie des céphalopodes ?" ['Nude ammonoids': a challenge to cephalopod phylogeny?].

2135:

In a variety of marine organisms, it is seen that females are larger in size compared to the males in some closely related species. In some lineages, such as the

933:

that reflect light from the environment. They also produce visual pigments throughout their body and may sense light levels directly from their body. Evidence of

1954:

are produced as waste. The main organs involved with the release of this excess ammonium are the gills. The rate of release is lowest in the shelled cephalopods

1680:

shell begins as an organic structure, and is then very rapidly mineralized. Shells that are "lost" may be lost by resorption of the calcium carbonate component.

1424:) and primarily use their jets to propel themselves upwards, whereas large adult cephalopods tend to swim less efficiently and with more reliance on their fins. 7837:

Toll, R. B.; Binger, L. C. (1991). "Arm anomalies: Cases of supernumerary development and bilateral agenesis of arm pairs in Octopoda (Mollusca, Cephalopoda)".

7726:"The organic matrix of coleoid cephalopod shells: molecular weights and isoelectric properties of the soluble matrix in relation to biomineralization processes" 6854:

Shea, E.; Vecchione, M. (2002). "Quantification of ontogenetic discontinuities in three species of oegopsid squids using model II piecewise linear regression".

2456:. Cephalopod appendages surround the mouth, so logically they could be derived from embryonic head tissues. However, the "Arms as Foot" hypothesis, proposed by 1111:, can detect light and adjust to light conditions independently of the eyes. The octopus changes skin color and texture during quiet and active sleep cycles. 3870: 3028:

The internal phylogeny of the cephalopods is difficult to constrain; many molecular techniques have been adopted, but the results produced are conflicting.

2507:

with expanded Protocadherin gene families differ significantly from those of the California two-spot octopus suggesting gene expansion did not occur before

8134:

Kruta, I.; Landman, N.; Rouget, I.; Cecca, F.; Tafforeau, P. (2011). "The role of ammonites in the Mesozoic marine food web revealed by jaw preservation".

10824: 4288:

Ancient seafaring people were aware of cephalopods, as evidenced by such artworks as a stone carving found in the archaeological recovery from Bronze Age

1215:, produced elsewhere in the mantle, and therefore forms a thick cloud, resulting in visual (and possibly chemosensory) impairment of the predator, like a 10517:

Strugnell, J.; Jackson, J.; Drummond, A. J.; Cooper, A. (2006). "Divergence time estimates for major cephalopod groups: evidence from multiple genes".

6414: 5512: 1463:

Some octopus species are also able to walk along the seabed. Squids and cuttlefish can move short distances in any direction by rippling of a flap of

1007:). The authors claim this is the first evidence that cephalopod dermal tissues may possess the required combination of molecules to respond to light. 536:. In the Coleoidea, the molluscan shell has been internalized or is absent, whereas in the Nautiloidea, the external shell remains. About 800 living 9876:

Kröger, Björn (2006). "Early growth-stages and classification of orthoceridan cephalopods of the Darriwillian (Middle Ordovician) of Baltoscandia".

7689:

Furuhashi, T.; Schwarzinger, C.; Miksik, I.; Smrz, M.; Beran, A. (2009). "Molluscan shell evolution with review of shell calcification hypothesis".

11192:

Barskov, I. S.; Boiko, M. S.; Konovalova, V. A.; Leonova, T. B.; Nikolaeva, S. V. (2008). "Cephalopods in the marine ecosystems of the Paleozoic".

4680: 1676:

or no vestige of an internal shell, and some squid also lack a gladius. The shelled coleoids do not form a clade or even a paraphyletic group. The

1073:

may also be used to entice prey, and some species use colorful displays to impress mates, startle predators, or even communicate with one another.

11166: 7578:

von Boletzky, Sigurd (July 1991). "The terminal spine of sepiolid hatchlings: its development and functional morphology (Mollusca, Cephalopoda)".

6567:"Muscular activity of the mantle of Sepia and Loligo (Cephalopoda) during respiratory movements and jetting, and its physiological interpretation" 11686: 8663: 7975:

Lena van Giesen; et al. (2020). "Molecular Basis of Chemotactile Sensation in Octopus". Vol. 183, no. 3. Cell. pp. 594–604.

4431:

Its many arms that emanate from a common center means that the octopus is sometimes used to symbolize a powerful and manipulative organization.

2560:

found together in any other animals'. Many of the groupings were in the nervous tissue, suggesting the course they adapted their intelligence.

982: 9747: 11712: 8213:

Loest, R. A. (1979). "Ammonia Volatilization and Absorption by Terrestrial Gastropods_ a Comparison between Shelled and Shell-Less Species".

2444:. The loss of the shell may also have resulted from evolutionary pressure to increase maneuverability, resulting in a more fish-like habit. 1223:). This strategy often results in the predator attacking the pseudomorph, rather than its rapidly departing prey. For more information, see 825:, and have a variety of chemical sense organs. Octopuses use their arms to explore their environment and can use them for depth perception. 7391:

Baratte, S.; Andouche, A.; Bonnaud, L. (2007). "Engrailed in cephalopods: a key gene related to the emergence of morphological novelties".

7190:

Hanlon, Roger T.; Watson, Anya C.; Barbosa, Alexandra (2010-02-01). "A 'Mimic Octopus' in the Atlantic: Flatfish Mimicry and Camouflage by

5741: 11024: 2345:, which lacked a siphuncle. Neutral or positive buoyancy (i.e. the ability to float) would have come later, followed by swimming in the 11822: 9914:

Young, R. E.; Vecchione, M.; Donovan, D. T. (1998). "The evolution of coleoid cephalopods and their present biodiversity and ecology".

2182:, which has an internal shell, the ectoderm forms an invagination whose pore is sealed off before this organic framework is deposited. 7893:

from the Cenomanian (mid-Cretaceous) of the Lebanon and its bearing on the palaeobiological interpretation of heteromorphic ammonites"

7539:(Cephalopoda: Coleoidea) from the Late Cretaceous of Vallecillo, north-eastern Mexico, and implications for the evolution of Octopoda" 2057:

anywhere on a female's body. An indication of sexual maturity of females is the development of brachial photophores to attract mates.

6292:). It is sometimes called the pen-and-ink fish, on account of its ink bag, and the delicate elongated shell which is found within it. 10052:"The Current State of Cephalopod Science and Perspectives on the Most Critical Challenges Ahead From Three Early-Career Researchers" 11660: 9288: 8436:

Mohanty, Sobhi; Ojanguren, Alfredo F.; Fuiman, Lee A. (2014-07-01). "Aggressive male mating behavior depends on female maturity in

2378: 1800:

increase in length. Typically a 70% lengthening is achieved by decreasing the width by 23%. The shorter arms lack this capability.

1704:

The deposition of carbonate, leading to a mineralized shell, appears to be related to the acidity of the organic shell matrix (see

6944:

Guerra, A.; Martinell, X.; González, A. F.; Vecchione, M.; Gracia, J.; Martinell, J. (2007). "A new noise detected in the ocean".

11699: 6650: 7773:

Les subdivisions majeures de la classe des céphalopodes: bases de la systématique actuelle: apport de l'analyse microstructurale

7641:– a window to the embryonic development of ammonoids? Morphological and molecular indications for a palaeontological hypothesis" 1502:, or the sand-dwelling octopus, was seen mimicking both the coloration and the swimming movements of the sand-dwelling flounder 1474:

or nearly so; in fact most cephalopods are about 2–3% denser than seawater), they achieve this in different ways. Some, such as

807:, has been observed spreading tentacles in a flat fan shape with a mucus film between the individual tentacles, while another, 1790:

they may reach a length of 8 metres. They may terminate in a broadened, sucker-coated club. The shorter four pairs are termed

11827: 11239: 11129: 11102: 11077: 10925: 10199: 9677: 9210: 9125: 8673: 8648: 8197: 8103: 8093: 6738:

Wilbur, Karl M.; Clarke, M.R.; Trueman, E.R., eds. (1985), "11: Evolution of Buoyancy and Locomotion in recent cephalopods",

6477: 6239: 5262: 5234: 5066: 4784: 4755: 4726: 4540: 1355:

propulsion, this is a very energy-consuming way to travel compared to the tail propulsion used by fish. The efficiency of a

11704: 11393: 8819:"Individually unique, fixed stripe configurations of Octopus chierchiae allow for photoidentification in long-term studies" 4417: 10842:

Lindgren, A. R.; Giribet, G.; Nishiguchi, M. K. (2004). "A combined approach to the phylogeny of Cephalopoda (Mollusca)".

5695:"Eye-independent, light-activated chromatophore expansion (LACE) and expression of phototransduction genes in the skin of 6713: 6543: 10759: 6343:

Ghiretti-Magaldi, A. (October 1992). "The Pre-history of Hemocyanin. The Discovery of Copper in the Blood of Molluscs".

2890: 961:

In 2015, a novel mechanism for spectral discrimination in cephalopods was described. This relies on the exploitation of

11268: 7472: 4384: 11420: 11334: 11320: 11304: 11286: 9346: 8405:"Reproductive system structure, development and function in cephalopods with a new general scale for maturity stages" 8261:

Boucher-Rodoni, R.; Mangold, K. (1994). "Ammonia production in cephalopods, physiological and evolutionary aspects".

7941: 6747: 5862:"Camouflaging in a Complex Environment—Octopuses Use Specific Features of Their Surroundings for Background Matching" 4866: 4602: 4516: 2412:

with the body chamber missing, showing the septal surface (especially at right) with its undulating lobes and saddles

2099: 2083: 7019:

Chamberlain, J. Jr. (1993). "Locomotion in ancient seas: Constraint and opportunity in cephalopod adaptive design".

6396: 11784: 10804:

Berthold, Thomas; Engeser, Theo (1987). "Phylogenetic analysis and systematization of the Cephalopoda (Mollusca)".

10410:"Fossil coleoid cephalopod from the Mississippian Bear Gulch Lagerstätte sheds light on early vampyropod evolution" 2527: 1387:

produced an environment where efficient motion was crucial to survival, jet propulsion has taken a back role, with

11717: 6625: 1970:

to fill their shells with gas to increase buoyancy. Other cephalopods use ammonium in a similar way, storing the

1069:

is produced by bacterial symbionts; the host cephalopod is able to detect the light produced by these organisms.

1039:) can change from camouflage tans and browns (top) to yellow with dark highlights (bottom) in less than a second. 758:

of cephalopods is the most complex of the invertebrates and their brain-to-body-mass ratio falls between that of

5112:"Charting Evolution's Trajectory: Using Molluscan Eye Diversity to Understand Parallel and Convergent Evolution" 2303: 10828: 8540:"Observation of penis elongation in Onykia ingens: Implications for spermatophore transfer in deep-water squid" 4742:

Tricarico, E.; Amodio, P.; Ponte, G.; Fiorito, G. (2014). "Cognition and recognition in the cephalopod mollusc

4320: 4264: 2263:. In this paralarval form, known as the doratopsis stage, the pen is longer than the mantle and 'neck' combined 1364: 2493:

which are attributed to neuron development. Protocadherins function as cell adhesion molecules, essential for

1640:

are the only extant cephalopods with a true external shell. However, all molluscan shells are formed from the

801:

spread their fins and tentacles to form wings and actively control lift force with body posture. One species,

9833:

Holland, C. H. (1987). "The nautiloid cephalopods: a strange success: President's anniversary address 1986".

2568:

The approximate consensus of extant cephalopod phylogeny, after Whalen & Landman (2022), is shown in the

1652:

spp.), for example, an invagination of the ectoderm forms during the embryonic period, resulting in a shell (

1086: 11361: 5015:

Muramatsu, K.; Yamamoto, J.; Abe, T.; Sekiguchi, K.; Hoshi, N.; Sakurai, Y. (2013). "Oceanic squid do fly".

8053:"Orthoconic cephalopods and associated fauna from the late Ordovician Soom Shale Lagerstatte, South Africa" 7137:"Decline in Pelagic Cephalopod Metabolism With Habitat Depth Reflects Differences in Locomotory Efficiency" 6422: 5502: 3038:

forming an outgroup to other squid; however in one analysis the nautiloids, octopus and teuthids plot as a

2852: 1786:, are actively involved in capturing prey; they can lengthen rapidly (in as little as 15 milliseconds). In 10182:

Gehring, Mary A. (2013-02-04). "Imprinted Gene Expression and the Contribution of Transposable Elements".

6281: 793:

Many cephalopods are social creatures; when isolated from their own kind, some species have been observed

635:

have been described, although the soft-bodied nature of cephalopods means they are not easily fossilised.

11608: 11585: 10896: 10601:

Bergmann, S.; Lieb, B.; Ruth, P.; Markl, J. (2006). "The hemocyanin from a living fossil, the cephalopod

9028:

Cheng, Mary W.; Caldwell, Roy L. (July 2000). "Sex identification and mating in the blue-ringed octopus,

2482: 1881: 1050: 17: 10343:"Emergence of novel cephalopod gene regulation and expression through large-scale genome reorganization" 1780:

they number eight or ten. Decapods such as cuttlefish and squid have five pairs. The longer two, termed

175: 11254:

National Museum of Natural History: Department of Systematic Biology: Invertebrate Zoology: Cephalopods

9621:"Cephalopod origin and evolution: A congruent picture emerging from fossils, development and molecules" 9364:"Some Lesser Known Features of the Ancient Cephalopod Order Ellesmerocerida (Nautiloidea, Cephalopoda)" 8335:"The embryonic phase and its implication in the hatchling size and condition of Atlantic bobtail squid 5588: 4884:"Resting and action potential of squid giant axons intracellularly perfused with sodium-rich solutions" 11766: 4556: 4296:(1900 – 1100 BC), which has a depiction of a fisherman carrying an octopus. The terrifyingly powerful 1049:

Most cephalopods possess an assemblage of skin components that interact with light. These may include

11727: 11613: 11261:

Octopus, Squid, and Cuttlefish: A Visual, Scientific Guide to the Oceans' Most Advanced Invertebrates

9509:

Smith, Martin R.; Caron, Jean-Bernard (2010). "Primitive soft-bodied cephalopods from the Cambrian".

9454:"Proposed Early Cambrian cephalopods are chimaeras, the oldest known cephalopods are 30 m.y. younger" 8021:

Nixon, M. (1995). "A nomenclature for the radula of the Cephalopoda (Mollusca) – living and fossil".

6193:"Chromatophore Systems in Teleosts and Cephalopods: A Levels Oriented Analysis of Convergent Systems" 1742: 11789: 11151: 10856: 4304:

may have been inspired by the octopus or squid, the octopus's body representing the severed head of

11817: 9732: 9403:

Hildenbrand, Anne; Austermann, Gregor; Fuchs, Dirk; Bengtson, Peter; Stinnesbeck, Wolfgang (2021).

7000:

Wells, Martin J.; O'Dor, R. K. (July 1991). "Jet Propulsion and the Evolution of the Cephalopods".

4281: 3632:, which forms the basis for and is retained in large part by classifications that have come later. 3189:: Fundamental ectocochliate cephalopods that provided the source for the Ammonoidea and Coleoidea. 2356:, matching genetic data for a pre-Cambrian origin. However, this specimen is later shown that is a 2315: 2274:. This species has some of the longest tentacles in proportion to its size of any known cephalopod. 2178:

The shells develop from the ectoderm as an organic framework which is subsequently mineralized. In

1946:

is important for shell formation in terrestrial molluscs and other non-molluscan lineages. Because

1203:, all known cephalopods have an ink sac, which can be used to expel a cloud of dark ink to confuse 4981:"New observations on airborne jet propulsion (flight) in squid, with a review of previous reports" 1122:

Evidence of original coloration has been detected in cephalopod fossils dating as far back as the

631:

species of cephalopod, although new species continue to be described. An estimated 11,000 extinct

11383: 4450: 2551: 2498: 2320:

The traditional view of cephalopod evolution holds that they evolved in the Late Cambrian from a

1886: 1627: 1230:

The ink sac of cephalopods has led to a common name of "inkfish", formerly the pen-and-ink fish.

1224: 681: 554: 5974:"Colour patterns in Early Devonian cephalopods from the Barrandian Area: Taphonomy and taxonomy" 5694: 5531:"Visual phototransduction components in cephalopod chromatophores suggest dermal photoreception" 4662: 2027:, showing a non-erect penis (the white tubular structure located below most of the other organs) 1939:, unusually, possesses four nephridia, none of which are connected to the pericardial cavities. 1440:

Early cephalopods are thought to have produced jets by drawing their body into their shells, as

703: 11753: 11525: 11121:

The Roving Eye Meets Traveling Pictures: The Field of Vision and the Global Rise of Adult Manga

10851: 8981:

Iwata, Y.; Ito, K.; Sakurai, Y. (2008). "Effect of low temperature on mating behavior of squid

4269: 4240:

or Angusteradulata) is closer to modern coleoids, and includes belemnoids, ammonoids, and many

4209: 2357: 2074: 2070: 1597: 794: 729: 11119: 10960: 10562:"Actin gene family evolution and the phylogeny of coleoid cephalopods (Mollusca: Cephalopoda)" 9696:

Kröger, B.; Yun-bai, Y. B. (2009). "Pulsed cephalopod diversification during the Ordovician".

9227: 7462: 4772: 2155:

Cephalopod eggs span a large range of sizes, from 1 to 30 mm in diameter. The fertilised

11748: 11563: 11413: 11311: 10941: 9667: 9620: 6378: 3643:. Not used by Flower, e.g. Flower and Kummel 1950, interjocerids included in the Endocerida. 2503: 2079: 1116: 986: 946: 938: 803: 712: 693: 11776: 11373: 10980: 2142: 2035:

A specimen of the same species exhibiting an elongation of the penis to 67 cm in length

11812: 11691: 11634: 11572: 11201: 10976: 10720: 10614: 10483: 10421: 10354: 10286: 10127: 9969: 9885: 9842: 9784: 9705: 9518: 9375: 8994: 8947: 8885: 8830: 8781: 8702: 8504: 8449: 8350: 8143: 8064: 7904: 7737: 7655: 7550: 7505: 7107: 7028: 6953: 6863: 6676: 5873: 5626: 5482: 5089: 5024: 4979:

Macia, Silvia; Robinson, Michael P.; Craze, Paul; Dalton, Robert; Thomas, James D. (2004).

4895: 4813: 4634: 2545: 2512: 2270: 2259: 1657: 1563: 1062: 1044: 1032: 962: 882: 809: 130: 11740: 11248:

Felley, J., Vecchione, M., Roper, C. F. E., Sweeney, M. & Christensen, T., 2001–2003:

10578: 10561: 8748: 6305: 5399:"Structural basis for wavelength discrimination in the banked retina of the firefly squid 8: 11832: 6443: 4455: 4289: 3899: 2295:. They quickly learn how to hunt, using encounters with prey to refine their strategies. 2195: 2010: 1432: 1412:

and through muscular contraction of this cavity, the spent water is expelled through the

1265: 1246: 1220: 689: 644: 263: 11205: 10724: 10618: 10487: 10425: 10358: 10290: 10131: 9973: 9889: 9846: 9788: 9709: 9522: 9379: 9300: 8998: 8951: 8889: 8876:

Marthy, H. J.; Hauser, R; Scholl, A. (1976). "Natural tranquilizer in cephalopod eggs".

8853: 8834: 8818: 8785: 8706: 8691:"Structure and properties of the egg mass of the ommastrephid squid Todarodes pacificus" 8508: 8453: 8354: 8147: 8068: 7908: 7741: 7659: 7554: 7509: 7111: 7032: 6957: 6867: 6680: 5878: 5630: 5028: 4899: 4817: 4638: 1296:. A single systemic heart then pumps the oxygenated blood through the rest of the body. 11292: 11217: 11167:"Why Mark Zuckerberg Octopus Cartoon Evokes 'Nazi Propaganda,' German Paper Apologizes" 11139: 11092: 11018: 10877: 10736: 10638: 10542: 10450: 10409: 10385: 10342: 10317: 10274: 10249: 10216: 10156: 10116:"The octopus genome and the evolution of cephalopod neural and morphological novelties" 10115: 10086: 10051: 10029: 9985: 9858: 9807: 9772: 9648: 9596: 9561: 9542: 9486: 9453: 9429: 9404: 9181: 9065: 9010: 8963: 8909: 8725: 8690: 8588: 8520: 8473: 8378: 8238: 8230: 8167: 8034: 7957: 7854: 7819: 7753: 7725: 7671: 7416: 7366: 7305: 7237: 7164: 6979: 6879: 6519: 6360: 6153: 6126: 6087: 5995: 5952: 5906: 5861: 5840: 5782: 5759: 5728: 5657: 5614: 5613:

Tong, D.; Rozas, S.; Oakley, H.; Mitchell, J.; Colley, J.; Mcfall-Ngai, J. (Jun 2009).

5570: 5463: 5374: 5345: 5312: 5279: 5133: 5040: 4961: 4957: 4834: 4801: 4465: 4424:

is sexually intertwined with a large and a small octopus. The print is a forerunner of

4409: 4370: 4274: 3598: 3096: 3069:

Molecular estimates for clade divergence vary. One 'statistically robust' estimate has

2544:

The sequenced California two spot octopus genome also showed a significant presence of

2465: 2453: 2091: 1752: 974: 470: 458: 170: 138: 9117: 7936:, vol. 12. Paleontology and neontology of Cephalopods, New York: Academic Press, 7293: 7040: 6742:, vol. 12. Paleontology and neontology of Cephalopods, New York: Academic Press, 6613: 4918: 4883: 4597:, vol. 12. Paleontology and neontology of Cephalopods, New York: Academic Press, 2069:. During the process of fertilization, the females use sperm provided by the male via 11735: 11621: 11330: 11316: 11300: 11282: 11264: 11235: 11125: 11098: 11073: 10921: 10869: 10865: 10630: 10583: 10534: 10530: 10499: 10455: 10437: 10390: 10322: 10254: 10236: 10195: 10161: 10143: 10091: 10073: 10021: 9862: 9812: 9673: 9640: 9601: 9583: 9546: 9534: 9491: 9473: 9434: 9388: 9363: 9342: 9206: 9200: 9173: 9131: 9121: 9057: 9049: 9006: 8901: 8858: 8799: 8730: 8669: 8592: 8465: 8193: 8171: 8159: 8099: 7937: 7917: 7888: 7823: 7811: 7776: 7706: 7636: 7563: 7534: 7468: 7408: 7358: 7350: 7297: 7229: 7221: 7172: 7156: 6836: 6790: 6771:: Locomotory function and unsteady hydrodynamics of the jet and intramantle pressure" 6743: 6692: 6642: 6594: 6586: 6473: 6467: 6325: 6255: 6235: 6212: 6158: 6092: 5911: 5893: 5832: 5824: 5733: 5662: 5644: 5562: 5424: 5379: 5317: 5299: 5258: 5230: 4923: 4862: 4839: 4780: 4751: 4746:: coordinating interaction with environment and conspecifics". In Witzany, G. (ed.). 4722: 4598: 4536: 4512: 4470: 3576: 3111: 2066: 2017: 1975: 1917: 1685: 1608: 1104: 1092: 1082: 994: 618: 602: 158: 11577: 11221: 10881: 10774: 10740: 10657: 10546: 10033: 9989: 9185: 9069: 9014: 8967: 8524: 8477: 8382: 8242: 7858: 7794:

Dauphin, Y. (2001). "Nanostructures de la nacre des tests de céphalopodes actuels".

7757: 7675: 7420: 7370: 7329:(Cephalopoda: Octopodidae): Walking the line between primary and secondary defenses" 7255: 7241: 6983: 6883: 6523: 6364: 6000: 5957: 5845: 5574: 5467: 5044: 4965: 3054:) as a clade; however, others do recover this more parsimonious-seeming clade, with 1986: 1745:, in 1873. The two long feeding tentacles are visible on the extreme left and right. 897:" eye through which water can pass. Instead of vision, the animal is thought to use 889:

do not have good vision; their eye structure is highly developed, but lacks a solid

579: 11626: 11590: 11508: 11406: 11349: 11209: 11048: 10861: 10786: 10728: 10669: 10642: 10622: 10573: 10526: 10491: 10445: 10429: 10380: 10370: 10362: 10312: 10302: 10294: 10244: 10228: 10187: 10151: 10135: 10081: 10063: 10013: 9977: 9923: 9893: 9850: 9802: 9792: 9713: 9652: 9632: 9591: 9573: 9526: 9481: 9465: 9424: 9416: 9383: 9334: 9239: 9165: 9113: 9041: 9002: 8955: 8913: 8893: 8848: 8838: 8789: 8720: 8710: 8628: 8580: 8551: 8512: 8457: 8416: 8368: 8358: 8270: 8226: 8222: 8151: 8072: 8030: 7976: 7912: 7846: 7803: 7745: 7698: 7663: 7615: 7558: 7513: 7443: 7400: 7340: 7289: 7211: 7203: 7148: 7115: 7076: 7036: 6969: 6961: 6914: 6871: 6826: 6782: 6684: 6634: 6578: 6511: 6352: 6317: 6204: 6148: 6138: 6082: 6074: 6043: 5985: 5942: 5901: 5883: 5814: 5803:(Cephalopoda: Octopodidae):walking the line between primary and secondary defenses" 5777: 5767: 5723: 5713: 5652: 5634: 5552: 5542: 5455: 5414: 5369: 5361: 5307: 5291: 5222: 5160: 5137: 5123: 5032: 4992: 4953: 4913: 4903: 4829: 4821: 4642: 4425: 3919: 3628:

This is the older classification that combines those found in parts K and L of the

3260: 3126: 2478: 2353: 2215: 2050: 2000: 1673: 1471: 1405: 1096: 779: 685: 526: 384: 334: 9258: 7447: 6178:

Chromatophores and color change: The comparative physiology of animal pigmentation

6032:"Chromatophore Organs, Reflector Cells, Iridocytes and Leucophores in Cephalopods" 4255:

The coleoids, despite some doubts, appear from molecular data to be monophyletic.

2377:

Early cephalopods were likely predators near the top of the food chain. After the

1619: 473:) modified from the primitive molluscan foot. Fishers sometimes call cephalopods " 11379:

TONMO.COM – The Octopus News Magazine Online – cephalopod articles and discussion

11067: 11039:

Cohen-Vrignaud, Gerard (2012). "On Octopussies, or the Anatomy of Female Power".

10915: 9797: 9717: 8843: 8715: 6717: 6143: 6127:"Selection for Social Signalling Drives the Evolution of Chameleon Colour Change" 5888: 5216: 4440: 4337: 4301: 4249: 4214: 4099: 3931: 3905: 3875: 3687: 3582: 3447: 3204: 3193: 2659: 2346: 2321: 2190: 2136: 2031: 1925: 1852: 1767: 1585: 1421: 1392: 1289: 1197: 1070: 1066: 1003: 783: 552:(belemnites). Extant cephalopods range in size from the 10 mm (0.3 in) 291: 269: 11389:

Roger Hanlon's Seminar: "Rapid Adaptive Camouflage and Signaling in Cephalopods"

11388: 10495: 10217:"Mobile DNA elements in the generation of diversity and complexity in the brain" 9405:"A potential cephalopod from the early Cambrian of eastern Newfoundland, Canada" 8689:

Puneeta, P.; Vijai, D.; Yamamoto, J.; Adachi, K.; Kato, Y.; Sakurai, Y. (2017).

8571:

Young, R. B. (1975). "A Systematic Approach to Planning Occupational Programs".

7135:

Seibel, B. A.; Thuesen, E. V.; Childress, J. J.; Gorodezky, L. A. (April 1997).

6766: 4773:"The cephalopod nervous system: What evolution has made of the molluscan design" 4308:, the beak as the protruding tongue and fangs, and its tentacles as the snakes. 3167:

The classification presented here, for recent cephalopods, follows largely from

2236: 11502: 11459: 11118:

Briel, Holger (2010). Berninger, Mark; Ecke, Jochen; Haberkorn, Gideon (eds.).

10985:. The Mythology of All Races. Vol. 9. Marshall Jones Company. pp. 2–. 10433: 10366: 10298: 9927: 9578: 9469: 9420: 8930:

Norman, M. D.; Lu, C. C. (1997). "Redescription of the southern dumpling squid

8817:

Liu, Benjamin; Song, Leo; Kelkar, Saumitra; Ramji, Anna; Caldwell, Roy (2023).

8613:"Mating behaviour and general spawning patterns of the southern dumpling squid 8584: 7980: 7702: 6688: 6667:

Cole, A.; Hall, B. (2009). "Cartilage differentiation in cephalopod molluscs".

5772: 5619:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4888:

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

4825: 4445: 4237: 4020: 3802: 3617: 3569: 3513: 3490: 3156: 3141: 3107: 3034: 2761: 2707: 2645: 2494: 2330: 2324:-like ancestor with a curved, tapering shell, which was closely related to the 2287:

Unlike most other molluscs, cephalopods do not have a morphologically distinct

2172: 1992: 1792: 1725: 1388: 1372: 1179: 1108: 894: 890: 877: 852: 834: 755: 653: 649: 628: 559: 478: 462: 426: 376: 285: 232: 153: 147: 122: 11213: 10790: 10732: 10673: 10626: 10191: 9981: 9897: 9562:"Early cephalopod evolution clarified through Bayesian phylogenetic inference" 9338: 9088:

Odd couples: Extraordinary differences between the sexes in the animal kingdom

8959: 8794: 8769: 8516: 8461: 8363: 8334: 8274: 7667: 7404: 7064: 6965: 6875: 6710: 5226: 5128: 5111: 5036: 4997: 4980: 4777:

The nervous systems of invertebrates: An evolutionary and comparative approach

3881: 2685: 1876: 1257: 1091:

Cephalopods can change their colors and patterns in milliseconds, whether for

11806: 11548: 11496: 11449: 11093:

Uhlenbeck, Chris; Margarita Winkel; Ellis Tinios; Amy Reigle Newland (2005).

11052: 11013: 10441: 10240: 10147: 10077: 10068: 10050:

O'Brien, Caitlin E.; Roumbedakis, Katina; Winkelmann, Inger E. (2018-06-06).

9854: 9587: 9477: 9053: 8469: 7815: 7780: 7354: 7301: 7225: 7160: 6898: 6590: 5897: 5828: 5648: 5303: 4342: 4332: 4146: 4141: 4118: 4104: 4081: 3781: 3561: 3496: 3466: 3452: 3372: 3342: 3314: 3293: 2913: 2830: 2490: 2448: 2211: 2087: 2054: 2023: 1962: 1950:(i.e. flesh) is a major constituent of the cephalopod diet, large amounts of 1705: 1665: 1567: 1555: 1380: 1054: 872:

The W-shaped pupil of the cuttlefish expanding when the lights are turned off

660: 317: 279: 103: 67: 8633: 8612: 8556: 8539: 8155: 8077: 8052: 7620: 7603: 7136: 6786: 6015:

Hanlon, R.; et al. (2011). "Rapid adaptive camouflage in cephalopods".

5860:

Josef, Noam; Amodio, Piero; Fiorito, Graziano; Shashar, Nadav (2012-05-23).

5639: 2159:

initially divides to produce a disc of germinal cells at one pole, with the

1716: 843: 638:

Cephalopods are found in all the oceans of Earth. None of them can tolerate

11444: 11353: 10873: 10634: 10587: 10538: 10503: 10459: 10394: 10326: 10258: 10165: 10095: 10025: 9816: 9644: 9636: 9605: 9538: 9495: 9452:

Landing, Ed; Kröger, Björn; Westrop, Stephen R.; Geyer, Gerd (2023-01-12).

9438: 9177: 9135: 9086:

Fairbairn, D. (2013). "Blanket Octopus: Drifting Females and Dwarf Males".

9061: 9045: 8862: 8803: 8753: 8734: 8311:

Advances in Cephalopod Science: Biology, Ecology, Cultivation and Fisheries

8163: 7994: 7710: 7518: 7489: 7412: 7362: 7233: 7176: 7120: 7095: 6840: 6815:"Swimming dynamics and propulsive efficiency of squids throughout ontogeny" 6794: 6696: 6566: 6162: 6096: 6078: 6047: 5915: 5836: 5737: 5666: 5566: 5383: 5365: 5321: 5295: 4927: 4843: 4278: 4163: 4155: 4034: 3997: 3991: 3975: 3808: 3725: 3719: 3670: 3663: 3653: 3541: 3507: 3433: 3274: 3232: 3168: 2541:

are understood to moderate DNA, RNA and protein functions within the cell.

2461: 2341: 2005: 1951: 1819: 1518: 1216: 934: 743: 613: 563: 532: 501: 299: 257: 7080: 6646: 6638: 6598: 6329: 6216: 5990: 5973: 5947: 5930: 5428: 5165: 4908: 3480: 2334:

to some gastropods was used in support of this view. The development of a

11673: 11600: 11557: 8905: 8770:"Vampire squid reproductive strategy is unique among coleoid cephalopods" 7207: 6918: 6831: 6814: 6582: 6321: 6067:

Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences

6062: 4379: 4361: 4354: 4346: 4168: 4132: 4113: 4067: 4062: 4053: 4039: 4025: 4002: 3980: 3966: 3952: 3936: 3925: 3910: 3775: 3763: 3713: 3694: 3604: 3475: 3438: 3418: 3386: 3367: 3328: 3309: 3279: 3265: 3251: 3246: 3237: 3223: 3209: 2917: 2731: 2433: 2428:

them to recolonize shallow waters. However, some of the straight-shelled

2398: 2127:, or the blue-ringed octopus, readily mates with both males and females. 2119: 1921: 1840: 1827:, which lack suckers but are sticky instead, and are partly retractable. 1787: 1668:, which are sometimes referred to as a "shell vestige" or "gladius". The 1360: 1100: 917: 838: 787: 639: 549: 42: 10997: 10139: 8234: 7309: 7281: 7256:"The argonaut shell: Gas-mediated buoyancy control in a pelagic octopus" 5419: 5398: 4182: 3400: 3358: 113: 11479: 11464: 10017: 9169: 8373: 8092:

Landman, Neil H.; Davis, Richard Arnold; Mapes, Royal H., eds. (2007).

7850: 7807: 7749: 7168: 6974: 6813:

Bartol, I. K.; Krueger, P. S.; Thompson, J. T.; Stewart, W. J. (2008).

6515: 6356: 6031: 5718: 5557: 5547: 5530: 5529:

Kingston, A. C.; Kuzirian, A. M.; Hanlon, R. T.; Cronin, T. W. (2015).

5459: 4944:

Packard, A. (1972). "Cephalopods and fish: the limits of convergence".

4647: 4618: 4245: 4241: 4223: 4177: 4127: 4076: 3961: 3947: 3814: 3796: 3769: 3748: 3742: 3707: 3701: 3647: 3640: 3461: 3395: 3381: 3353: 3337: 3323: 3288: 3218: 3092: 2847: 2508: 2457: 2441: 2417: 2382: 2365: 2299: 2292: 2245: 2207: 1913: 1808: 1653: 1645: 1603: 1559: 1304: 1300: 1238: 1189: 1058: 930: 926: 921: 664: 545: 517: 493: 486: 482: 450: 305: 252: 217: 87: 52: 11398: 11342:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

10375: 10307: 10215:

Erwin, Jennifer A.; Marchetto, Maria C.; Gage, Fred H. (August 2014).

9773:"The origin and initial rise of pelagic cephalopods in the Ordovician" 7498:

Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

7345: 7324: 6208: 5819: 5798: 3864: 3835: 3066:

in a clade that had probably diverged before the end of the Triassic.

3042:. Some molecular phylogenies do not recover the mineralized coleoids ( 2793: 2664: 2086:(only reproduce once before dying), the only known exceptions are the 1379:

are far more efficient than juvenile and adult individuals. Since the

11678: 11647: 8897: 8421: 8404: 7216: 4421: 4389: 4236:. One includes nautilus and most fossil nautiloids. The other clade ( 4218: 4191: 4090: 4048: 4013: 3886: 3847: 3732: 3680: 3547: 3534: 3520: 3426: 3411: 3302: 3186: 3079: 2933: 2824: 2755: 2607: 2591: 2569: 2429: 2386: 2335: 2325: 2199: 2168: 1929: 1777: 1669: 1376: 1356: 1352: 1016: 978: 898: 822: 813:, has been observed putting the tentacles in a circular arrangement. 771: 763: 759: 751: 521: 505: 497: 436: 311: 275: 248: 187: 92: 11519: 10232: 9530: 9243: 8649:"Rare Deep-Sea Video Shows a Squid Mom Carrying Its Eggs for Safety" 7152: 6925: 6899:"A study in jet propulsion: an analysis of the motion of the squid, 6192: 5760:"Cyclic alternation of quiet and active sleep states in the octopus" 3635:

Nautiloids in general (Teichert and Moore, 1964) sequence as given.

3152: 3122: 1835: 1280:

Cephalopods are the only molluscs with a closed circulatory system.

912:

A cuttlefish with W-shaped pupils which may help them discern colors

11665: 11652: 11542: 11474: 10271: 8192:. Philadelphia, PA: Holt-Saunders International. pp. 450–460. 5487: 5346:"Evidence for distributed light sensing in the skin of cuttlefish, 5280:"Comparative visual ecology of cephalopods from different habitats" 4800:

Chung, Wen-Sung; Kurniawan, Nyoman D.; Marshall, N. Justin (2020).

4375: 3858: 3853: 3843: 3620:

orders are related, and whether they should be orders or families.

3589: 3554: 3197: 3039: 2885: 2680: 2424: 2409: 2390: 2095: 1967: 1956: 1813: 1782: 1771: 1738: 1694: 1656:) that is internal in the adult. The same is true of the chitinous 1641: 1637: 1481: 1476: 1452:

can only extract 20% of oxygen from the water. The jet velocity in

1413: 1401: 1204: 1123: 1027: 902: 886: 848: 790:) makes them relatively easy to study compared with other animals. 466: 454: 373: 207: 82: 77: 62: 57: 47: 11340:

Rodhouse, P. G.; Nigmatullin, Ch. M. (1996). "Role as Consumers".

10275:"Genome and transcriptome mechanisms driving cephalopod evolution" 9402: 8940:

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom

7964:. Washington DC: National Council for Science and the Environment. 7461:

Gibson, R. N.; Atkinson, R. J. A.; Gordon, J. D. M., eds. (2006).

6946:

Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom

5931:"Minute Silurian oncocerid nautiloids with unusual color patterns" 3137: 2468:

indicates that limb buds originate from "foot" embryonic tissues.

1859:, although it is reduced in most octopus and absent altogether in 1577: 588: 11430: 11230:

Campbell, Neil A.; Reece, Jane B.; Mitchell, Lawrence G. (1999).

9199:

Gilbert, Daniel L.; Adelman, William J.; Arnold, John M. (1990).

8095:

Cephalopods present and past: new insights and fresh perspectives

6466:

Gilbert, Daniel L.; Adelman, William J.; Arnold, John M. (1990).

5507: 4405: 4350: 4316: 4293: 4277:

drawing of an imagined colossal octopus attacking a ship, by the

3527: 3178: 2786: 2635: 2613: 1947: 1943: 1896: 1661: 1488: 1457: 1427: 1281: 1208: 1200: 1193: 1183: 954: 908: 782:

have been widely used for many years as experimental material in

537: 509: 446: 97: 72: 10049: 7932:

Wilbur, Karl M.; Clarke, M.R.; Trueman, E.R., eds. (1985), "5",

6943: 4311: 11454: 8749:"Deep-sea squid mom carries dazzling pearl-like string of eggs" 7931: 7688: 7134: 6737: 4592: 4506: 4460: 4400: 4328: 4305: 4297: 3623: 1856: 1698: 1464: 1368: 742:

Cephalopods are widely regarded as the most intelligent of the

197: 11253: 11072:(in Finnish). Helsingin kaupungin taidemuseo. pp. 23–28. 11017: 10516: 10472: 9112:. Advances in Marine Biology. Vol. 44. pp. 143–203. 9081: 9079: 6019:. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. pp. 145–161. 2210:

clubs bear approximately 20 irregularly arranged suckers. Two

11761: 11639: 11191: 10339: 5757: 5014: 4802:"Toward an MRI-Based Mesoscale Connectome of the Squid Brain" 4511:, vol. 11. Form and Function, New York: Academic Press, 4233: 4203: 3756:

Paleozoic Ammonoidea (Miller, Furnish and Schindewolf, 1957)

2437: 2288: 1285: 1212: 950: 775: 747: 632: 541: 513: 442: 430: 10959:

Smedley, Edward; Rose, Hugh James; Rose, Henry John (1845).

10002: 9151: 6812: 5528: 5441: 659:

Cephalopods occupy most of the depth of the ocean, from the

11095:

Japanese Erotic Fantasies: Sexual Imagery of the Edo Period

10942:"Caroli Linnaei Systema naturae sistens regna tria naturae" 9289:"On the anatomy and relationships of Recent Monoplacophora" 9076: 8768:

Hoving, H. J.; Laptikhovsky, V. V.; Robison, B. H. (2015).

6897:

Johnson, W.; Soden, P. D.; Trueman, E. R. (February 1972).

4741: 4593:

Wilbur, Karl M.; Clarke, M.R.; Trueman, E.R., eds. (1985),

4564: 4507:

Wilbur, Karl M.; Trueman, E.R.; Clarke, M.R., eds. (1985),

3616:

Other classifications differ, primarily in how the various

2404: 2349:

and eventually jet propulsion in more derived cephalopods.

2160: 2156: 1409: 1397: 1384: 1343: 1293: 736:, burying itself in the sand, leaving only the eyes exposed 540:

of cephalopods have been identified. Two important extinct

417: 411: 396: 390: 355: 349: 343: 9771:

Kröger, B. R.; Servais, T.; Zhang, Y.; Kosnik, M. (2009).

9619:

Kröger, Björn; Vinther, Jakob; Fuchs, Dirk (August 2011).

8688: 8491:

Saunders, W. B; Spinosa, C. (1978). "Sexual dimorphism in

5396: 4681:"Cephalopods Observed at Record-Shattering Oceanic Depths" 821:

Cephalopods have advanced vision, can detect gravity with

405: 361: 10841: 10113: 9958: 9451: 8767: 6497: 5859: 5681:

Encyclopædia Britannica 2006 Ultimate Reference Suite DVD

5615:"Evidence for light perception in a bioluminescent organ" 5397:

Michinomae, M.; Masuda, H.; Seidou, M.; Kito, Y. (1994).

5257:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 17–21. 3690:

Plectronocerida subsequently split off as separate order.

2328:(snails). The similarity of the early shelled cephalopod 1978:) to reduce their overall density and increase buoyancy. 1971: 1823:) have on the order of 90 finger-like appendages, termed 1484: 121:

Extant and extinct cephalopods; clockwise from top-left:

11378: 11259:

Hanlon, Roger; Vecchione, Mike; Allcock, Louise (2018).

10806:

Verhandlungen Naturwissenschaftlichen Vereins in Hamburg

10605:: protein structure, gene organization, and evolution". 9770: 9669:

Fundamentals of Invertebrate Palaeontology: Macrofossils

9329:

Boyle, P.; Rodhouse, P. (2005). "Origin and Evolution".

5679:"Integument (mollusks)". Encyclopædia Britannica. 2009. 4978: 1436:

seen from the front, showing the opening of the hyponome

1015:

Some squids have been shown to detect sound using their

916:

All octopuses and most cephalopods are considered to be

457:. These exclusively marine animals are characterized by 11234:. Menlo Park, California: Addison Wesley Longman, Inc. 10408:

Whalen, Christopher D.; Landman, Neil H. (2022-03-08).

8610: 8332: 8133: 5612: 5284:

Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences

5065:. National Geographic. 20 February 2013. Archived from 4623:

in Chesapeake Bay: effects of selected abiotic factors"

4232:

Another recent system divides all cephalopods into two

2352:

Possible early Cambrian remains have been found in the

11384:

Scientific American: Can a Squid Fly Out of the Water?

11258: 10756:"Peer review in the Russian 'Paleontological Journal'" 9559: 8662:

Hanlon, Roger T.; Messenger, John B. (22 March 2018).

8435: 8256: 8254: 8252: 7390: 7275: 7273: 7271: 7269: 7267: 7265: 4799: 4530: 2460:

in 1928, has increasingly been favoured; for example,

2227:

Ventral and dorsal views of a very advanced paralarva.

905:, as well as locating or identifying potential mates. 652:, is a notable partial exception in that it tolerates 500:. The class now contains two, only distantly related, 11229: 10600: 9913: 8537: 8260: 7532: 6931: 6544:"Jet Propulsion and the Evolution of the Cephalopods" 6537: 6535: 6533: 6061:

Norman, Mark D.; Finn, Julian; Tregenza, Tom (2001).

4531:

Queiroz, K.; Cantino, P. D.; Gauthier, J. A. (2020).

4360:

A battle with an octopus plays a significant role in

3728:

A polyphyletic group now included in the Tarphycerida

1589:, showing the position of the shell inside the mantle 393: 387: 346: 340: 11362:

ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/009/a0150e/a0150e03.pdf

11069:

Forbidden Images: Erotic Art from Japan's Edo Period

10560:

Carlini, D. B.; Reece, K. S.; Graves, J. E. (2000).

10109: 10107: 10105: 9228:"Understanding the process of growth in cephalopods" 9198: 8611:

Squires, Z. E; Norman, M. D; Stuart-Fox, D. (2013).

8118: 7460: 6465: 5343: 5010: 5008: 2728: 663:

to the sea surface, and have also been found in the

414: 408: 402: 364: 358: 352: 11339: 10177: 10175: 10045: 10043: 9110:

Biology of early life stages in cephalopod molluscs

8606: 8604: 8602: 8249: 7601: 7262: 7189: 6896: 6124: 5758:Sylvia Lima de Souza Medeiros; et al. (2021). 5278:Chung, Wen-Sung; Marshall, N. Justin (2016-09-14). 4972: 4616: 1697:, are extinct, but their shells are very common as 1347:

Octopuses swim headfirst, with arms trailing behind

399: 337: 11226:A comprehensive overview of Paleozoic cephalopods. 10559: 10214: 10184:Plant Transposons and Genome Dynamics in Evolution 9618: 9502: 8925: 8923: 8875: 8816: 6530: 6060: 11277:N. Joan Abbott, Roddy Williamson, Linda Maddock. 10658:"Professor Blake and Shell-Growth in Cephalopoda" 10102: 9698:Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 8091: 7464:Oceanography and Marine Biology: An Annual Review 7280:Gosline, John M.; de Mont, M. Edwin (1985). 7012: 5005: 1292:) that move blood through the capillaries of the 1063:shining light downwards to disguise their shadows 11804: 10172: 10040: 9256: 9103: 9101: 9099: 9097: 8599: 7955: 7597: 7595: 7593: 7487: 6733: 6731: 6729: 6727: 6725: 6611: 6342: 6286:. London: Longmans, Green, and Co. p. 114. 6109: 5090:"Fact or Fiction: Can a Squid Fly out of Water?" 4861:. New York: McGraw-Hill Education. p. 669. 1912:Most cephalopods possess a single pair of large 10958: 10803: 9828: 9826: 9766: 9764: 9762: 9760: 9280: 9225: 9147: 9145: 9090:. Princeton University Press. pp. 104–115. 8980: 8920: 8661: 8490: 8304: 7974: 7488:Aldred, R. G.; Nixon, M.; Young, J. Z. (1983). 6760: 6758: 6229: 5524: 5522: 5252: 5248: 5246: 4617:Bartol, I. K.; Mann, R.; Vecchione, M. (2002). 3516:(also known as Decabrachia or Decembranchiata) 1524: 724:An octopus opening a container with a screw cap 477:", referring to their common ability to squirt 11038: 10952: 10466: 9962:Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 9691: 9689: 8538:Arkhipkin, A. I.; Laptikhovsky, V. V. (2010). 8398: 8396: 8394: 8392: 8328: 8326: 8324: 8322: 8320: 8302: 8300: 8298: 8296: 8294: 8292: 8290: 8288: 8286: 8284: 8263:Marine and Freshwater Behaviour and Physiology 8046: 8044: 7886: 7533:Fuchs, D.; Ifrim, C.; Stinnesbeck, W. (2008). 7386: 7384: 7382: 7380: 7288:. Vol. 252, no. 1. pp. 96–103. 7279: 6999: 6764: 6564: 6541: 6461: 6459: 6457: 6030:Cloney, Richard A.; Brocco, Steven L. (1983). 5390: 4939: 4937: 4881: 4712: 4710: 1981: 1693:The largest group of shelled cephalopods, the 675: 11414: 11065: 10835: 10407: 9909: 9907: 9695: 9328: 9094: 9027: 8409:Journal of Northwest Atlantic Fishery Science 7590: 7093: 6853: 6808: 6806: 6804: 6722: 6493: 6491: 6489: 6306:"Nervous control of the heartbeat in octopus" 6230:Hanlon, Roger T.; Messenger, John B. (1999). 6175: 5692: 5344:Mäthger, L.; Roberts, S.; Hanlon, R. (2010). 5277: 5253:Messenger, John B.; Hanlon, Roger T. (1998). 5214: 4708: 4706: 4704: 4702: 4700: 4698: 4696: 4694: 4692: 4690: 4335:included it in the first edition of his 1735 2374:actually being a cephalopod or even mollusk. 11250:Current Classification of Recent Cephalopoda 11028:(11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. 9823: 9757: 9142: 9107: 8016: 8014: 8012: 8010: 8008: 7577: 7433: 6995: 6993: 6755: 6612:Bone, Q.; Brown, E. R.; Travers, G. (1994). 6565:Packard, A.; Trueman, E. R. (October 1974). 6063:"Dynamic mimicry in an Indo–Malayan octopus" 6029: 5519: 5480: 5243: 5109: 5059:"Scientists Unravel Mystery of Flying Squid" 4588: 4586: 4584: 4582: 4502: 4500: 4498: 4496: 4494: 4492: 4490: 4488: 4486: 3624:Suprafamilial classification of the Treatise 3169:Current Classification of Recent Cephalopoda 1375:decreases further as animal size increases; 1065:from any predators that may lurk below. The 10775:"Shell-growth in Cephalopoda (Siphonopoda)" 9869: 9686: 9396: 9355: 9250: 8389: 8317: 8281: 8041: 7634: 7377: 7058: 7056: 7054: 7052: 7050: 7018: 6711:http://tolweb.org/articles/?article_id=4200 6614:"On the respiratory flow in the cuttlefish 6454: 6125:Stuart-Fox, Devi; Moussalli, Adnan (2008). 5503:"Octopus Eyes Are Crazier Than We Imagined" 5153:"Part M, Chapter 4: Physiology of Coleoids" 5105: 5103: 4934: 4198: 3082: ± 24 million years ago 2515:mechanism. The second gene family known as 2291:stage. Instead, the juveniles are known as 1303:, a copper-containing protein, rather than 11421: 11407: 11360:Classification key to modern cephalopods: 11327:Animal camouflage: mechanisms and function 11309:Hanlon, Roger T. & John B. Messenger. 10989: 9939: 9937: 9904: 9508: 9324: 9322: 9320: 9286: 8206: 8127: 7836: 7775:. These Doct. Etat, Université Paris Sud. 6937: 6801: 6767:"The mechanics of locomotion in the squid 6486: 6279: 6112:Animal camouflage: Mechanisms and function 6017:Animal Camouflage: Mechanisms and Function 5928: 5435: 4716: 4687: 3826: 1338: 885:of light. Unlike many other cephalopods, 481:. The study of cephalopods is a branch of 112: 11059: 10995: 10917:Medusa: Solving the Mystery of the Gorgon 10855: 10577: 10449: 10384: 10374: 10316: 10306: 10248: 10155: 10085: 10067: 9806: 9796: 9724: 9595: 9577: 9485: 9428: 9387: 9085: 8852: 8842: 8793: 8724: 8714: 8632: 8555: 8420: 8402: 8372: 8362: 8076: 8005: 7956:Saundry, P.; Cleveland, C., eds. (2011). 7916: 7691:Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology B 7619: 7602:Strugnell, J.; Nishiguchi, M. K. (2007). 7562: 7517: 7344: 7215: 7119: 7062: 6990: 6973: 6830: 6542:Wells, M. J.; O'Dor, R. K. (1991-09-01). 6234:. Cambridge University Press. p. 2. 6152: 6142: 6110:Stevens, M.; Merilaita, S., eds. (2011). 6086: 5999: 5989: 5956: 5946: 5905: 5887: 5877: 5844: 5818: 5781: 5771: 5727: 5717: 5656: 5638: 5556: 5546: 5486: 5418: 5373: 5311: 5210: 5164: 5127: 4996: 4917: 4907: 4833: 4770: 4646: 4579: 4483: 3789:Mesozoic Ammonoidea (Arkel et al., 1957) 3697:Includes orthocerids and pseudorthocerids 3032:tends to be considered an outgroup, with 1019:, but, in general, cephalopods are deaf. 746:and have well developed senses and large 11012: 10710: 10686: 8929: 8333:Rodrigues, M.; Guerra; Troncoso (2010). 7830: 7087: 7047: 6847: 6666: 6660: 6605: 5208: 5206: 5204: 5202: 5200: 5198: 5196: 5194: 5192: 5190: 5100: 4310: 4268: 4202: 3880: 3863: 3852: 3834: 3151: 3136: 3121: 3106: 3091: 2403: 2363:In 2010, some researchers proposed that 2206:Two very young paralarvae. The circular 2189: 2141: 2105: 2030: 2016: 1999: 1985: 1880: 1834: 1426: 1342: 1335:being swapped with K from the seawater. 1026: 907: 858: 842: 11428: 11066:Fritze, Sointu; Suojoki, Saara (2000). 10822: 10772: 10655: 10181: 9934: 9916:South African Journal of Marine Science 9832: 9317: 8050: 7887:Wippich, M. G. E.; Lehmann, J. (2004). 7793: 7770: 7723: 7322: 6379:"How many hearts does an octopus have?" 5796: 5673: 4943: 4775:. In Breidbach, O.; Kutsch, W. (eds.). 4663:"Are there any freshwater cephalopods?" 4533:Phylonyms: A Companion to the PhyloCode 1851:All living cephalopods have a two-part 1470:While most cephalopods float (i.e. are 1164: 945:). It achieves color vision with three 786:; their large diameter (due to lack of 492:Cephalopods became dominant during the 14: 11805: 11111: 11002:. London: The Religious Tract Society. 10969: 10895:Hogan, C. Michael (22 December 2007). 10779:Annals and Magazine of Natural History 10662:Annals and Magazine of Natural History 9943: 9875: 9361: 9263:Lemche, 1957 (Mollusca, Tryblidiacea)" 9257:Lemche, H.; Wingstrand, K. G. (1959). 8187: 8183: 8181: 6190: 6176:Bagnara, J. T.; Hadley, M. E. (1973). 6014: 5929:Manda, Štěpán; Turek, Vojtěch (2009). 5474: 4619:"Distribution of the euryhaline squid 1666:arch-shaped cartilaginous fin supports 11524: 11523: 11402: 11325:Martin Stevens & Sami Merilaita. 11164: 11117: 10975: 10894: 10579:10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a026419 10476:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution 10186:. Wiley-Blackwell. pp. 117–142. 8570: 8212: 8020: 7065:"The forces acting on swimming squid" 6932:Campbell, Reece & Mitchell (1999) 6397:"Why do Octopuses Have Three Hearts?" 6303: 5971: 5693:Ramirez, M. D.; Oakley, T. H (2015). 5215:Boyle, Peter; Rodhouse, Paul (2004). 5187: 5150: 5110:Serb, J. M.; Eernisse, D. J. (2008). 4856: 4721:. New York: Oxford University Press. 4395:were partly inspired by Hugo's book. 3683:Nautiloidea in the restricted sense. 3630:Treatise on Invertebrate Paleontology 3537:: pygmy, bobtail and bottletail squid 3196:: the ancestral cephalopods from the 2481:. Following the full sequencing of a 1275: 11767:F1260A76-FFD7-FF8C-FF43-FD38FB94FB79 11728:4b275167-b1c7-4c1d-b7f1-73d7eb40a34f 11329:. Cambridge University Press, 2011. 11315:. Cambridge University Press, 1996. 10913: 9730: 9665: 9226:Moltschaniwskyj, Natalie A. (2004). 7323:Huffard, Christine L. (2006-10-01). 6345:Cellular and Molecular Life Sciences 5797:Huffard, Christine L. (2006-10-01). 5087: 4717:Nixon, Marion; Young, J. Z. (2003). 4374:), relating to his time in exile on 2526:are small proteins that function as 2130: 1299:Like most molluscs, cephalopods use 11297:The brains and lives of Cephalopods 9612: 9553: 8178: 7096:"Does geometry limit squid growth?" 6819:Integrative and Comparative Biology 6571:The Journal of Experimental Biology 5448:Journal of Comparative Physiology A 4719:The Brains and Lives of Cephalopods 1907: 1351:While most cephalopods can move by 985:within the retinas and skin of the 24: 11185: 10753: 8035:10.1111/j.1469-7998.1995.tb01785.x 7282:"Jet-propelled swimming in squids" 7094:O'Dor, R. K.; Hoar, J. A. (2000). 6472:(illustrated ed.). Springer. 6415:"Where Would We Be Without Blood?" 5218:Cephalopods: ecology and fisheries 4958:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1972.tb00975.x 4857:Raven, Peter; et al. (2003). 4385:Octopussy and The Living Daylights 2043: 1761: 25: 11844: 11823:Extant Cambrian first appearances 11367: 11299:. Oxford University Press, 2003. 11281:. Oxford University Press, 1995. 9835:Journal of the Geological Society 9304:(Link to free full text + plates) 9266:(Link to free full text + plates) 8308: 7294:10.1038/scientificamerican0185-96 6765:Anderson, E.; Demont, M. (2000). 5116:Evolution: Education and Outreach 4882:Tasaki, I.; Takenaka, T. (1963). 4524: 4418:The Dream of the Fisherman's Wife 2436:, out of which some evolved into 2381:led to the disappearance of many 1750:Detail of the tentacular club of 1672:have either a pair of rod-shaped 1138: 1129: 968: 496:period, represented by primitive 461:, a prominent head, and a set of 11158: 11086: 11032: 11006: 10934: 10907: 10888: 10866:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2004.00032.x 10816: 10797: 10766: 10747: 10704: 10680: 10649: 10594: 10553: 10531:10.1111/j.1096-0031.2006.00086.x 10510: 10401: 10333: 10265: 10208: 9996: 9952: 9948:. Tokyo: Tokai University Press. 9753:from the original on 2008-12-16. 9659: 9445: 9389:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2007.00644.x 9219: 9192: 9021: 9007:10.1111/j.1444-2906.2008.01664.x 8974: 8869: 8810: 8761: 8741: 8682: 8655: 8641: 8564: 8531: 8484: 8429: 8112: 8085: 7918:10.1111/j.0031-0239.2004.00408.x 7564:10.1111/j.1475-4983.2008.00797.x 6656:from the original on 2009-03-04. 5747:from the original on 2016-08-09. 5515:from the original on 2023-04-30. 2916: 2889: 2851: 2829: 2792: 2760: 2684: 2663: 2612: 2244: 2235: 2214:are present on each side of the 2146:Egg cases laid by a female squid 2060: 1724: 1715: 1644:(outer layer of the embryo); in 1618: 1596: 1576: 1256: 1237: 711: 702: 587: 578: 558:to the 14 m (45.1 ft) 383: 333: 174: 40: 11394:Deep Sea Dwelling Bristle Worms 11263:. University of Chicago Press. 10566:Molecular Biology and Evolution 7987: 7968: 7949: 7925: 7879: 7865: 7787: 7764: 7717: 7682: 7628: 7571: 7526: 7481: 7454: 7427: 7393:Development Genes and Evolution 7333:Journal of Experimental Biology 7316: 7248: 7183: 7128: 7069:Journal of Experimental Biology 6907:Journal of Experimental Biology 6890: 6775:Journal of Experimental Biology 6703: 6626:Journal of Experimental Biology 6558: 6436: 6407: 6389: 6371: 6336: 6310:Journal of Experimental Biology 6297: 6273: 6248: 6223: 6184: 6169: 6118: 6103: 6054: 6023: 6008: 5965: 5922: 5853: 5807:Journal of Experimental Biology 5790: 5751: 5706:Journal of Experimental Biology 5686: 5606: 5581: 5535:Journal of Experimental Biology 5495: 5407:Journal of Experimental Biology 5337: 5328: 5271: 5144: 5081: 5051: 4875: 4850: 4793: 4764: 4382:'s 1966 short story collection 4323:as an octopus with a long reach 4248:cephalopods of the traditional 2298:Growth in juveniles is usually 1022: 881:also sensitive to the plane of 569: 11165:Smith, S. (26 February 2010). 10607:Journal of Molecular Evolution 9946:Cephalopods – Present and Past 9232:Marine and Freshwater Research 8668:. Cambridge University Press. 8227:10.1086/physzool.52.4.30155937 7635:Warnke, K.; Keupp, H. (2005). 7100:ICES Journal of Marine Science 6288:the common squid or calamary ( 5589:"The cephalopods can hear you" 5088:Jabr, Ferris (2 August 2010). 4750:. Springer. pp. 337–349. 4735: 4673: 4655: 4627:Marine Ecology Progress Series 4610: 4549: 4321:National Reconnaissance Office 4265:Cephalopods in popular culture 4252:that belong to neither clade. 2185: 2114: 2092:lesser Pacific striped octopus 1321: 949:, which are based on the same 13: 1: 10965:. B. Fellowes. pp. 255–. 9740:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 9202:Squid as experimental animals 9118:10.1016/S0065-2881(03)44003-0 8119:Richardson & ... (1977). 7448:10.1016/j.geobios.2003.01.009 7041:10.1016/S0016-6995(06)80360-8 6469:Squid as Experimental Animals 6197:Brain, Behavior and Evolution 6114:. Cambridge University Press. 5978:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 5935:Acta Palaeontologica Polonica 4476: 4319:mission patch, depicting the 4258: 3305:(extant; 410.5 Ma to present) 2447:There has been debate on the 2150: 2021:A dissected male specimen of 1683:Females of the octopus genus 1371:. The relative efficiency of 1087:Animals that can change color 1076: 851:eye functions similarly to a 11828:Taxa named by Georges Cuvier 9798:10.1371/journal.pone.0007262 9718:10.1016/j.palaeo.2008.12.015 8938:(Cephalopoda: Sepiolidae)". 8934:and a revision of the genus 8844:10.1371/journal.pone.0265292 8716:10.1371/journal.pone.0182261 8621:Journal of Molluscan Studies 8544:Journal of Molluscan Studies 7796:Paläontologische Zeitschrift 7608:Journal of Molluscan Studies 6444:"Why is Octopus Blood Blue?" 6304:Wells, M.J. (1 April 1980). 6144:10.1371/journal.pbio.0060025 5889:10.1371/journal.pone.0037579 4985:Journal of Molluscan Studies 3572:(also known as Vampyropoda) 2563: 2549:development in the fruitfly 2309: 1877:Radula § In cephalopods 1525:Octopus vs. squid locomotion 1001:) and broadclub cuttlefish ( 770:The brain is protected in a 437: 7: 10999:The Ainu and Their Folklore 10920:. Oxford University Press. 10699:Paleontologicheskii Zhurnal 10496:10.1016/j.ympev.2005.03.020 10221:Nature Reviews Neuroscience 9733:"Origin of the Cephalopoda" 7873:Anatomy of the Common Squid 4748:Biocommunication of Animals 4535:. CRC Press. p. 1843. 4434: 3087: 2483:California two-spot octopus 2471: 1982:Reproduction and life cycle 1966:as a result of their using 676:Nervous system and behavior 10: 11849: 11124:. McFarland. p. 203. 10434:10.1038/s41467-022-28333-5 10367:10.1038/s41467-022-29694-7 10299:10.1038/s41467-022-29748-w 9928:10.2989/025776198784126287 9579:10.1186/s12915-022-01284-5 9470:10.1038/s42003-022-04383-9 9421:10.1038/s42003-021-01885-w 9287:Wingstrand, K. G. (1985). 9205:. New York: Plenum Press. 8585:10.1177/009155217500300204 8188:Barnes, Robert D. (1982). 8121:Fossils of the Mason Creek 7981:10.1016/j.cell.2020.09.008 7703:10.1016/j.cbpb.2009.07.011 7580:Bulletin of Marine Science 7467:. CRC Press. p. 288. 7002:Bulletin of Marine Science 6689:10.1016/j.zool.2008.01.003 6548:Bulletin of Marine Science 5773:10.1016/j.isci.2021.102223 4826:10.1016/j.isci.2019.100816 4262: 2572:. Mineralized taxa are in 2528:zinc transcription factors 2313: 1874: 1830: 1765: 1553: 1188:With the exception of the 1177: 1080: 1042: 1010: 832: 679: 670: 431: 11532: 11488: 11437: 11214:10.1134/S0031030108110014 10914:Wilk, Stephen R. (2000). 10825:"Fossil Nautiloidea Page" 10791:10.1080/00222938809460727 10733:10.1134/S0031030106010059 10674:10.1080/00222938809460761 10627:10.1007/s00239-005-0160-x 10192:10.1002/9781118500156.ch7 9982:10.1080/10236240500310096 9898:10.1080/00241160600623749 9339:10.1002/9780470995310.ch3 9108:Von Boletzky, S. (2003). 8960:10.1017/s0025315400038662 8795:10.1016/j.cub.2015.02.018 8517:10.1017/S0094837300006047 8462:10.1007/s00227-014-2437-3 8403:Arkhipkin, A. I. (1992). 8364:10.1007/s10152-010-0217-0 8343:Helgoland Marine Research 8275:10.1080/10236249409378907 7668:10.1007/s10347-005-0054-9 7405:10.1007/s00427-007-0147-2 6966:10.1017/S0025315407058225 6876:10.1007/s00227-001-0772-7 6280:Bickerdyke, John (1895). 5334:Hanlon and Messenger, 68. 5227:10.1002/9780470995310.ch2 5159:. Lawrence, Kansas, USA. 5151:Wells, Martin J. (2011). 5129:10.1007/s12052-008-0084-1 5037:10.1007/s00227-013-2169-9 4771:Budelmann, B. U. (1995). 4408:woodblock prints such as 4244:families. There are also 3666:Not used by Flower, ibid 2931: 2911: 2904: 2882: 2875: 2844: 2821: 2814: 2807: 2782: 2775: 2751: 2744: 2726: 2719: 2712: 2678: 2657: 2650: 2639: 2603: 2596: 2585: 2302:, whilst adult growth is 1870: 1839:The two-part beak of the 1151: 901:as the primary sense for 828: 816: 778:fibers of the cephalopod 441:; "head-feet") such as a 245: 240: 171:Scientific classification 169: 120: 111: 34: 11053:10.1215/10407391-1533520 10996:Batchelor, John (1901). 10069:10.3389/fphys.2018.00700 9855:10.1144/gsjgs.144.1.0001 9672:. Springer. p. 73. 9156:embryonic development". 8573:Community College Review 7999:Tree of Life web project 6419:Illinois Science Council 4349:is a gigantic tentacled 4199:Cladistic classification 4119:482.5 to 211.5 4105:482.5 to 211.5 3467:339.4 to 318.1 3343:418.1 to 260.5 3315:482.5 to 211.5 2379:late Cambrian extinction 2316:Evolution of cephalopods 1660:of squid and octopuses. 1549: 1509:Females of two species, 1051:iridophores, leucophores 154:Clarkeiteuthis conocauda 11279:Cephalopod Neurobiology 11194:Paleontological Journal 11025:Encyclopædia Britannica 10713:Paleontological Journal 10689:Paleontological Journal 10056:Frontiers in Physiology 8156:10.1126/science.1198793 8078:10.1111/1475-4983.00065 8051:Gabbott, S. E. (1999). 7494:Chun, a finned octopod" 7196:The Biological Bulletin 7192:Macrotritopus defilippi 7141:The Biological Bulletin 6787:10.1242/jeb.203.18.2851 6191:Demski, Leo S. (1992). 5972:Turek, Vojtěch (2009). 5640:10.1073/pnas.0904571106 5183:(subscription required) 4998:10.1093/mollus/70.3.297 4451:Cephalopod intelligence 4226: million years ago 3842:, a nautiloid from the 3827:Shevyrev classification 2552:Drosophila melanogaster 2499:tandem gene duplication 1887:Amphioctopus marginatus 1737:A giant squid found in 1628:Sepioteuthis lessoniana 1500:Macrotritopus defilippi 1491:in the body chemistry. 1456:is much slower than in 1339:Locomotion and buoyancy 682:Cephalopod intelligence 642:, but the brief squid, 555:Idiosepius thailandicus 459:bilateral body symmetry 272: † (paraphyletic?) 11354:10.1098/rstb.1996.0090 11232:Biology, fifth edition 11097:. Hotei. p. 161. 10901:The Modern Antiquarian 10823:Engeser, Theo (1997). 10773:Bather, F.A. (1888a). 10656:Bather, F.A. (1888b). 9666:Jain, Sreepat (2016). 9637:10.1002/bies.201100001 9458:Communications Biology 9409:Communications Biology 9362:Kröger, B. R. (2007). 9299:: 7–94. Archived from 9046:10.1006/anbe.2000.1447 9030:Hapalochlaena lunulata 7519:10.1098/rstb.1983.0021 7121:10.1006/jmsc.1999.0502 6079:10.1098/rspb.2001.1708 5366:10.1098/rsbl.2010.0223 5296:10.1098/rspb.2016.1346 4366:Travailleurs de la mer 4324: 4285: 4229: 4210:Vampyronassa rhodanica 4147:479 to 457.5 4082:478.5 to 324 3889: 3878: 3861: 3850: 3497:189.6 to 183 3453:189.6 to 183 3373:388.5 to 252 3294:478.5 to 324 3164: 3149: 3134: 3119: 3104: 2413: 2257:Immature specimens of 2228: 2147: 2125:Hapalochlaena lunulata 2075:Internal fertilization 2071:external fertilization 2036: 2028: 2014: 1997: 1891: 1848: 1517:, have evolved a true 1437: 1383:, as competition with 1348: 1173: 1057:and (in some species) 1040: 937:has been found in the 913: 893:. They have a simple " 873: 856: 810:Sepioteuthis sepioidea 750:(larger than those of 730:Hawaiian bobtail squid 600:A pair of cuttlefish ( 302: † (paraphyletic) 294: † (paraphyletic) 266: † (paraphyletic) 135:Sepioteuthis sepioidea 11749:Paleobiology Database 10977:Dixon, Roland Burrage 10414:Nature Communications 10347:Nature Communications 10279:Nature Communications 10006:Journal of Morphology 9158:Journal of Morphology 8634:10.1093/mollus/eyt025 8557:10.1093/mollus/eyq019 8215:Physiological Zoology 7962:Encyclopedia of Earth 7621:10.1093/mollus/eym038 7081:10.1242/jeb.137.1.421 7063:O'Dor, R. K. (1988). 6639:10.1242/jeb.194.1.153 5991:10.4202/app.2007.0064 5948:10.4202/app.2008.0062 5444:Watasenia scintillans 5401:Watasenia scintillans 5166:10.17161/to.v0i0.4226 4909:10.1073/pnas.50.4.619 4557:"Welcome to CephBase" 4398:Japanese erotic art, 4314: 4272: 4263:Further information: 4206: 3884: 3867: 3856: 3838: 3481:339.4 to 66 3421:: Belemnites and kin 3155: 3140: 3125: 3110: 3095: 3058:as a sister group to 2546:transposable elements 2454:homologous structures 2407: 2193: 2145: 2106:Male–male competition 2080:Japanese flying squid 2034: 2020: 2003: 1996:with eggcase and eggs 1989: 1942:The incorporation of 1884: 1838: 1430: 1346: 1117:disruptive camouflage 1081:Further information: 1043:Further information: 1030: 987:longfin inshore squid 943:Watasenia scintillans 939:sparkling enope squid 911: 871: 846: 694:cephalopod aggression 562:, the largest extant 372:is any member of the 11374:Fish vs. Cephalopods 11312:Cephalopod Behaviour 10897:"Knossos fieldnotes" 8665:Cephalopod Behaviour 8438:Octopus bimaculoides 8190:Invertebrate Zoology 7771:Dauphin, Y. (1983). 7724:Dauphin, Y. (1996). 7208:10.1086/BBLv218n1p15 6919:10.1242/jeb.56.1.155 6583:10.1242/jeb.61.2.411 6322:10.1242/jeb.85.1.111 6232:Cephalopod Behaviour 6048:10.1093/icb/23.3.581 5697:Octopus bimaculoides 5255:Cephalopod Behaviour 4207:Pyritized fossil of 4169:422 to 252 4133:478 to 412 4068:482 to 392 4054:485 to 480 4040:485 to 386 4026:490 to 480 4003:480 to 312 3981:485 to 480 3967:485 to 430 3953:485 to 430 3937:500 to 470 3911:501 to 490 3439:265 to 183 3387:254 to 200 3329:478 to 412 3280:485 to 386 3266:432 to 272 3252:482 to 392 3238:480 to 312 3224:485 to 430 3210:500 to 470 2513:convergent evolution 2495:synaptic specificity 2464:of limb buds in the 2449:embryological origin 2271:Chiroteuthis veranyi 2260:Chiroteuthis veranyi 2065:Cephalopods are not 1564:Gladius (cephalopod) 1515:Haliphron atlanticus 1367:) is greater than a 1165:Convergent evolution 1045:Counter-illumination 1033:broadclub cuttlefish 963:chromatic aberration 131:Caribbean reef squid 11348:(1343): 1003–1022. 11291:Marion Nixon & 11206:2008PalJ...42.1167B 10725:2006PalJ...40...46S 10701:No. 6, 2005, 33–42. 10619:2006JMolE..62..362B 10488:2005MolPE..37..426S 10426:2022NatCo..13.1107W 10359:2022NatCo..13.2172S 10291:2022NatCo..13.2427A 10140:10.1038/nature14668 10132:2015Natur.524..220A 9974:2005MFBP...38..209B 9944:Tanabe, K. (2008). 9890:2006Letha..39..129K 9847:1987JGSoc.144....1H 9789:2009PLoSO...4.7262K 9710:2009PPP...273..174K 9523:2010Natur.465..427B 9380:2007Palgy..50..565K 9261:Neopilina galatheae 8999:2008FisSc..74.1345I 8952:1997JMBUK..77.1109N 8890:1976Natur.261..496M 8835:2023PLoSO..1865292L 8786:2015CBio...25.R322H 8707:2017PLoSO..1282261P 8509:1978Pbio....4..349S 8454:2014MarBi.161.1521M 8355:2011HMR....65..211R 8309:Vidal, Erica A. G. 8148:2011Sci...331...70K 8069:1999Palgy..42..123G 7995:"Cephalopod radula" 7909:2004Palgy..47.1093W 7742:1996MarBi.125..525D 7660:2005Faci...51...60W 7555:2008Palgy..51.1129F 7510:1983RSPTB.301....1A 7492:Cirrothauma murrayi 7286:Scientific American 7112:2000ICJMS..57....8O 7033:1993Geobi..26...49C 7027:(Suppl. 1): 49–61. 6958:2007JMBUK..87.1255G 6868:2002MarBi.140..971E 6681:2009Zool..112....2C 6403:. 29 February 2020. 6073:(1478): 1755–1758. 5879:2012PLoSO...737579J 5631:2009PNAS..106.9836T 5420:10.1242/jeb.193.1.1 5094:Scientific American 5029:2013MarBi.160.1171M 4900:1963PNAS...50..619T 4818:2020iSci...23j0816C 4639:2002MEPS..226..235B 4621:Lolliguncula brevis 4456:Pain in cephalopods 4183:410 to 66 3900:Ellesmeroceratoidea 3871:Ostenoteuthis siroi 3857:Various species of 3840:Gyronaedyceras eryx 3401:215 to 66 3359:479 to 66 2504:Doryteuthis pealeii 2479:genome duplications 2196:Chtenopteryx sicula 2011:Ocythoe tuberculata 1920:is produced in the 1807:Externally shelled 1511:Ocythoe tuberculata 1467:around the mantle. 1433:Nautilus belauensis 1266:Ocythoe tuberculata 1247:Chtenopteryx sicula 1192:and the species of 991:Doryteuthis pealeii 953:, but use distinct 804:Todarodes pacificus 774:cranium. The giant 690:squid giant synapse 645:Lolliguncula brevis 627:There are over 800 471:muscular hydrostats 264:Plectronoceratoidea 10603:Nautilus pompilius 10018:10.1002/jmor.10564 9170:10.1002/jmor.10564 8932:Euprymna tasmanica 8615:Euprymna tasmanica 8023:Journal of Zoology 7851:10.1007/BF01668021 7808:10.1007/bf03022601 7750:10.1007/BF00353265 6832:10.1093/icb/icn043 6716:2010-06-16 at the 6516:10.1007/BF00993999 6357:10.1007/BF01919143 6036:American Zoologist 5719:10.1242/jeb.110908 5548:10.1242/jeb.117945 5460:10.1007/BF00187321 5290:(1838): 20161346. 4946:Biological Reviews 4669:. 16 January 2013. 4648:10.3354/meps226235 4567:on 12 January 2016 4466:List of nautiloids 4410:Katsushika Hokusai 4371:Toilers of the Sea 4325: 4286: 4282:Pierre de Montfort 4230: 3890: 3879: 3862: 3851: 3599:Palaeoteuthomorpha 3523:: Ram's horn squid 3165: 3150: 3135: 3120: 3105: 3101:Nautilus pompilius 3097:Chambered nautilus 2466:chambered nautilus 2414: 2229: 2148: 2067:broadcast spawners 2037: 2029: 2015: 1998: 1892: 1849: 1753:Abraliopsis morisi 1438: 1349: 1276:Circulatory system 1097:within the species 1041: 914: 874: 857: 606:) in shallow water 320: † (disputed) 143:Nautilus pompilius 139:chambered nautilus 11800: 11799: 11736:Open Tree of Life 11526:Taxon identifiers 11517: 11516: 11241:978-0-8053-6566-5 11200:(11): 1167–1284. 11131:978-0-7864-3987-4 11104:978-90-74822-66-4 11079:978-951-8965-54-4 10927:978-0-19-988773-6 10201:978-1-118-50015-6 10126:(7564): 220–224. 9731:Dzik, J. (1981). 9679:978-81-322-3658-0 9517:(7297): 427–428. 9212:978-0-306-43513-3 9127:978-0-12-026144-4 8987:Fisheries Science 8675:978-0-521-89785-3 8337:Sepiola Atlantica 8199:978-0-03-056747-6 8105:978-1-4020-6461-6 7346:10.1242/jeb.02435 7339:(19): 3697–3707. 7327:Abdopus aculeatus 7008:(1): 419–432(14). 6913:(1972): 155–165. 6781:(18): 2851–2863. 6616:Sepia Officinalis 6500:Sepia Officinalis 6479:978-0-306-43513-3 6241:978-0-521-64583-6 6209:10.1159/000113909 5820:10.1242/jeb.02435 5813:(19): 3697–3707. 5801:Abdopus aculeatus 5712:(10): 1513–1520. 5625:(24): 9836–9841. 5541:(10): 1596–1602. 5348:Sepia officinalis 5264:978-0-521-64583-6 5236:978-0-632-06048-1 4786:978-3-7643-5076-5 4757:978-94-007-7413-1 4728:978-0-19-852761-9 4542:978-1-138-33293-5 4471:List of ammonites 3893:Class Cephalopoda 3577:Trachyteuthididae 3175:Class Cephalopoda 3131:Sepiola atlantica 3116:Sepia officinalis 3112:Common cuttlefish 3025: 3024: 3016: 3015: 3007: 3006: 2998: 2997: 2989: 2988: 2980: 2979: 2971: 2970: 2962: 2961: 2953: 2952: 2944: 2943: 2864: 2863: 2697: 2696: 2625: 2624: 2366:Nectocaris pteryx 2358:chimerical fossil 2131:Sexual dimorphism 1976:ammonium chloride 1918:nitrogenous waste 1609:Sepia officinalis 1583:Cross section of 1472:neutrally buoyant 1365:Froude efficiency 1196:belonging to the 1157:stealth hunting. 1105:active camouflage 1083:Animal coloration 999:Sepia officinalis 995:common cuttlefish 869: 734:Euprymna scolopes 619:Davidson Seamount 603:Sepia officinalis 524:, represented by 508:, which includes 326: 325: 236: 163:Sepia officinalis 159:common cuttlefish 27:Class of mollusks 16:(Redirected from 11840: 11793: 11792: 11780: 11779: 11770: 11769: 11757: 11756: 11744: 11743: 11731: 11730: 11721: 11720: 11708: 11707: 11695: 11694: 11682: 11681: 11669: 11668: 11656: 11655: 11643: 11642: 11630: 11629: 11617: 11616: 11604: 11603: 11594: 11593: 11581: 11580: 11568: 11567: 11566: 11553: 11552: 11551: 11521: 11520: 11509:Archinacelloidea 11423: 11416: 11409: 11400: 11399: 11357: 11274: 11245: 11225: 11179: 11178: 11176: 11174: 11162: 11156: 11155: 11149: 11145: 11143: 11135: 11115: 11109: 11108: 11090: 11084: 11083: 11063: 11057: 11056: 11036: 11030: 11029: 11021: 11010: 11004: 11003: 10993: 10987: 10986: 10973: 10967: 10966: 10956: 10950: 10949: 10938: 10932: 10931: 10911: 10905: 10904: 10892: 10886: 10885: 10859: 10839: 10833: 10832: 10827:. Archived from 10820: 10814: 10813: 10801: 10795: 10794: 10770: 10764: 10763: 10758:. Archived from 10751: 10745: 10744: 10708: 10702: 10697:Translated from 10696: 10684: 10678: 10677: 10653: 10647: 10646: 10598: 10592: 10591: 10581: 10572:(9): 1353–1370. 10557: 10551: 10550: 10514: 10508: 10507: 10470: 10464: 10463: 10453: 10405: 10399: 10398: 10388: 10378: 10337: 10331: 10330: 10320: 10310: 10269: 10263: 10262: 10252: 10212: 10206: 10205: 10179: 10170: 10169: 10159: 10111: 10100: 10099: 10089: 10071: 10047: 10038: 10037: 10000: 9994: 9993: 9956: 9950: 9949: 9941: 9932: 9931: 9911: 9902: 9901: 9873: 9867: 9866: 9830: 9821: 9820: 9810: 9800: 9768: 9755: 9754: 9752: 9737: 9728: 9722: 9721: 9704:(1–2): 174–201. 9693: 9684: 9683: 9663: 9657: 9656: 9616: 9610: 9609: 9599: 9581: 9557: 9551: 9550: 9506: 9500: 9499: 9489: 9449: 9443: 9442: 9432: 9400: 9394: 9393: 9391: 9359: 9353: 9352: 9326: 9315: 9314: 9312: 9311: 9305: 9284: 9278: 9277: 9267: 9259:"The anatomy of 9254: 9248: 9247: 9223: 9217: 9216: 9196: 9190: 9189: 9149: 9140: 9139: 9105: 9092: 9091: 9083: 9074: 9073: 9034:Animal Behaviour 9025: 9019: 9018: 8993:(6): 1345–1347. 8978: 8972: 8971: 8946:(4): 1109–1137. 8927: 8918: 8917: 8898:10.1038/261496a0 8873: 8867: 8866: 8856: 8846: 8814: 8808: 8807: 8797: 8765: 8759: 8758: 8745: 8739: 8738: 8728: 8718: 8686: 8680: 8679: 8659: 8653: 8652: 8645: 8639: 8638: 8636: 8608: 8597: 8596: 8568: 8562: 8561: 8559: 8535: 8529: 8528: 8488: 8482: 8481: 8448:(7): 1521–1530. 8433: 8427: 8426: 8424: 8422:10.2960/j.v12.a7 8400: 8387: 8386: 8376: 8366: 8330: 8315: 8314: 8306: 8279: 8278: 8258: 8247: 8246: 8210: 8204: 8203: 8185: 8176: 8175: 8131: 8125: 8124: 8116: 8110: 8109: 8089: 8083: 8082: 8080: 8048: 8039: 8038: 8018: 8003: 8002: 7991: 7985: 7984: 7972: 7966: 7965: 7953: 7947: 7946: 7929: 7923: 7922: 7920: 7903:(5): 1093–1107. 7883: 7877: 7876: 7869: 7863: 7862: 7834: 7828: 7827: 7791: 7785: 7784: 7768: 7762: 7761: 7721: 7715: 7714: 7686: 7680: 7679: 7645: 7632: 7626: 7625: 7623: 7599: 7588: 7587: 7575: 7569: 7568: 7566: 7549:(5): 1129–1139. 7530: 7524: 7523: 7521: 7485: 7479: 7478: 7458: 7452: 7451: 7431: 7425: 7424: 7388: 7375: 7374: 7348: 7320: 7314: 7313: 7277: 7260: 7259: 7252: 7246: 7245: 7219: 7187: 7181: 7180: 7132: 7126: 7125: 7123: 7091: 7085: 7084: 7060: 7045: 7044: 7016: 7010: 7009: 6997: 6988: 6987: 6977: 6952:(5): 1255–1256. 6941: 6935: 6929: 6923: 6922: 6894: 6888: 6887: 6851: 6845: 6844: 6834: 6810: 6799: 6798: 6762: 6753: 6752: 6735: 6720: 6707: 6701: 6700: 6664: 6658: 6657: 6655: 6622: 6609: 6603: 6602: 6562: 6556: 6555: 6539: 6528: 6527: 6495: 6484: 6483: 6463: 6452: 6451: 6440: 6434: 6433: 6431: 6430: 6421:. Archived from 6411: 6405: 6404: 6393: 6387: 6386: 6375: 6369: 6368: 6340: 6334: 6333: 6301: 6295: 6294: 6277: 6271: 6270: 6268: 6266: 6252: 6246: 6245: 6227: 6221: 6220: 6203:(2–3): 141–156. 6188: 6182: 6181: 6180:. Prentice-Hall. 6173: 6167: 6166: 6156: 6146: 6122: 6116: 6115: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6090: 6058: 6052: 6051: 6027: 6021: 6020: 6012: 6006: 6005: 6003: 5993: 5969: 5963: 5962: 5960: 5950: 5926: 5920: 5919: 5909: 5891: 5881: 5857: 5851: 5850: 5848: 5822: 5794: 5788: 5787: 5785: 5775: 5755: 5749: 5748: 5746: 5731: 5721: 5703: 5690: 5684: 5677: 5671: 5670: 5660: 5642: 5610: 5604: 5603: 5601: 5600: 5585: 5579: 5578: 5560: 5550: 5526: 5517: 5516: 5499: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5478: 5472: 5471: 5439: 5433: 5432: 5422: 5394: 5388: 5387: 5377: 5341: 5335: 5332: 5326: 5325: 5315: 5275: 5269: 5268: 5250: 5241: 5240: 5212: 5185: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5178: 5169:. Archived from 5168: 5148: 5142: 5141: 5131: 5107: 5098: 5097: 5085: 5079: 5078: 5076: 5074: 5069:on 5 August 2019 5055: 5049: 5048: 5023:(5): 1171–1175. 5012: 5003: 5002: 5000: 4976: 4970: 4969: 4941: 4932: 4931: 4921: 4911: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4837: 4797: 4791: 4790: 4768: 4762: 4761: 4744:Octopus vulgaris 4739: 4733: 4732: 4714: 4685: 4684: 4677: 4671: 4670: 4659: 4653: 4652: 4650: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4590: 4577: 4576: 4574: 4572: 4563:. Archived from 4553: 4547: 4546: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4504: 4426:tentacle erotica 4341:. In a Hawaiian 4227: 4186: 4172: 4150: 4136: 4122: 4108: 4085: 4071: 4057: 4043: 4029: 4016:(490.0 Ma- Rec) 4006: 3992:Actinoceratoidea 3984: 3970: 3956: 3940: 3920:Protactinocerida 3914: 3664:Actinoceratoidea 3500: 3484: 3470: 3456: 3442: 3404: 3390: 3376: 3362: 3346: 3332: 3318: 3297: 3283: 3269: 3261:Pseudorthocerida 3255: 3241: 3227: 3213: 3161:Octopus vulgaris 3127:Atlantic bobtail 3083: 2920: 2907: 2906: 2893: 2878: 2877: 2855: 2833: 2828:(bobtail squid) 2817: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2796: 2778: 2777: 2764: 2747: 2746: 2730: 2722: 2721: 2715: 2714: 2688: 2667: 2662:(vampire squid) 2653: 2652: 2642: 2641: 2616: 2599: 2598: 2588: 2587: 2580: 2579: 2540: 2525: 2354:Avalon Peninsula 2248: 2239: 1926:branchial hearts 1908:Excretory system 1728: 1719: 1622: 1600: 1580: 1422:Reynolds numbers 1313: 1290:branchial hearts 1260: 1241: 1225:Inking behaviors 870: 715: 706: 686:squid giant axon 621:at 2,422 m depth 591: 582: 548:(ammonites) and 440: 434: 433: 424: 423: 420: 419: 416: 413: 410: 407: 404: 401: 398: 395: 392: 389: 371: 370: 367: 366: 363: 360: 357: 354: 351: 348: 345: 342: 339: 231: 179: 178: 127:Octopus vulgaris 116: 102: 38:Temporal range: 32: 31: 21: 11848: 11847: 11843: 11842: 11841: 11839: 11838: 11837: 11818:Marine molluscs 11803: 11802: 11801: 11796: 11788: 11783: 11775: 11773: 11765: 11760: 11752: 11747: 11739: 11734: 11726: 11724: 11716: 11711: 11703: 11698: 11690: 11685: 11677: 11672: 11664: 11659: 11651: 11646: 11638: 11633: 11625: 11620: 11612: 11607: 11599: 11597: 11589: 11584: 11576: 11571: 11562: 11561: 11556: 11547: 11546: 11541: 11528: 11518: 11513: 11489:Extinct classes 11484: 11433: 11427: 11370: 11271: 11242: 11188: 11186:Further reading 11183: 11182: 11172: 11170: 11163: 11159: 11147: 11146: 11137: 11136: 11132: 11116: 11112: 11105: 11091: 11087: 11080: 11064: 11060: 11037: 11033: 11019:"Octopus" 11011: 11007: 10994: 10990: 10974: 10970: 10957: 10953: 10940: 10939: 10935: 10928: 10912: 10908: 10893: 10889: 10857:10.1.1.693.2026 10840: 10836: 10821: 10817: 10802: 10798: 10771: 10767: 10752: 10748: 10709: 10705: 10685: 10681: 10654: 10650: 10599: 10595: 10558: 10554: 10515: 10511: 10471: 10467: 10406: 10402: 10338: 10334: 10270: 10266: 10233:10.1038/nrn3730 10213: 10209: 10202: 10180: 10173: 10112: 10103: 10048: 10041: 10001: 9997: 9957: 9953: 9942: 9935: 9912: 9905: 9874: 9870: 9831: 9824: 9769: 9758: 9750: 9735: 9729: 9725: 9694: 9687: 9680: 9664: 9660: 9617: 9613: 9558: 9554: 9531:10.1038/465427a 9507: 9503: 9450: 9446: 9401: 9397: 9360: 9356: 9349: 9327: 9318: 9309: 9307: 9303: 9293:Galathea Report 9285: 9281: 9270:Galathea Report 9265: 9255: 9251: 9244:10.1071/MF03147 9224: 9220: 9213: 9197: 9193: 9150: 9143: 9128: 9106: 9095: 9084: 9077: 9026: 9022: 8983:Loligo bleekeri 8979: 8975: 8928: 8921: 8884:(5560): 496–7. 8874: 8870: 8829:(4): e0265292. 8815: 8811: 8774:Current Biology 8766: 8762: 8747: 8746: 8742: 8701:(8): e0182261. 8687: 8683: 8676: 8660: 8656: 8647: 8646: 8642: 8609: 8600: 8569: 8565: 8536: 8532: 8489: 8485: 8434: 8430: 8401: 8390: 8331: 8318: 8307: 8282: 8259: 8250: 8211: 8207: 8200: 8186: 8179: 8142:(6013): 70–72. 8132: 8128: 8117: 8113: 8106: 8090: 8086: 8049: 8042: 8019: 8006: 7993: 7992: 7988: 7973: 7969: 7954: 7950: 7944: 7930: 7926: 7884: 7880: 7871: 7870: 7866: 7835: 7831: 7792: 7788: 7769: 7765: 7722: 7718: 7687: 7683: 7643: 7633: 7629: 7600: 7591: 7576: 7572: 7531: 7527: 7486: 7482: 7475: 7459: 7455: 7432: 7428: 7389: 7378: 7325:"Locomotion by 7321: 7317: 7278: 7263: 7254: 7253: 7249: 7188: 7184: 7153:10.2307/1542720 7133: 7129: 7092: 7088: 7061: 7048: 7017: 7013: 6998: 6991: 6942: 6938: 6930: 6926: 6901:Loligo vulgaris 6895: 6891: 6852: 6848: 6811: 6802: 6763: 6756: 6750: 6736: 6723: 6718:Wayback Machine 6708: 6704: 6665: 6661: 6653: 6620: 6610: 6606: 6563: 6559: 6554:(1–2): 419–432. 6540: 6531: 6496: 6487: 6480: 6464: 6455: 6442: 6441: 6437: 6428: 6426: 6413: 6412: 6408: 6395: 6394: 6390: 6377: 6376: 6372: 6351:(10): 971–972. 6341: 6337: 6302: 6298: 6290:Loligo vulgaris 6278: 6274: 6264: 6262: 6260:Merriam-Webster 6254: 6253: 6249: 6242: 6228: 6224: 6189: 6185: 6174: 6170: 6123: 6119: 6108: 6104: 6059: 6055: 6028: 6024: 6013: 6009: 5970: 5966: 5927: 5923: 5858: 5854: 5799:"Locomotion by 5795: 5791: 5756: 5752: 5744: 5701: 5691: 5687: 5678: 5674: 5611: 5607: 5598: 5596: 5587: 5586: 5582: 5527: 5520: 5501: 5500: 5496: 5479: 5475: 5440: 5436: 5395: 5391: 5354:Biology Letters 5342: 5338: 5333: 5329: 5276: 5272: 5265: 5251: 5244: 5237: 5213: 5188: 5182: 5176: 5174: 5157:Treatise Online 5149: 5145: 5108: 5101: 5086: 5082: 5072: 5070: 5057: 5056: 5052: 5013: 5006: 4977: 4973: 4942: 4935: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4855: 4851: 4798: 4794: 4787: 4769: 4765: 4758: 4740: 4736: 4729: 4715: 4688: 4679: 4678: 4674: 4661: 4660: 4656: 4615: 4611: 4605: 4591: 4580: 4570: 4568: 4555: 4554: 4550: 4543: 4529: 4525: 4519: 4505: 4484: 4479: 4441:Cephalopod size 4437: 4420:), in which an 4388:, and the 1983 4338:Systema Naturae 4302:Greek mythology 4267: 4261: 4250:Ellesmerocerida 4222: 4219:Lower Callovian 4201: 4181: 4167: 4145: 4131: 4117: 4103: 4100:Orthoceratoidea 4080: 4066: 4052: 4038: 4024: 4001: 3979: 3965: 3951: 3935: 3932:Ellesmerocerida 3909: 3906:Plectronocerida 3876:Ostenoteuthidae 3829: 3726:Barrandeocerida 3688:Ellesmerocerida 3626: 3585:: Vampire squid 3583:Vampyromorphida 3557:: coastal squid 3550:: neritic squid 3495: 3479: 3465: 3451: 3448:Phragmoteuthida 3437: 3414:(410.0 Ma-Rec) 3399: 3385: 3371: 3357: 3341: 3327: 3313: 3292: 3278: 3264: 3250: 3236: 3222: 3208: 3205:Ellesmerocerida 3194:Plectronocerida 3146:Loligo vulgaris 3090: 3078: 3073:diverging from 3026: 3017: 3008: 2999: 2990: 2981: 2972: 2963: 2954: 2945: 2865: 2698: 2660:Vampyromorphida 2626: 2566: 2539: 2535: 2531: 2524: 2520: 2516: 2474: 2347:Plectronocerida 2322:monoplacophoran 2318: 2312: 2278: 2277: 2276: 2275: 2264: 2251: 2250: 2249: 2241: 2240: 2188: 2153: 2137:blanket octopus 2133: 2117: 2108: 2063: 2046: 2044:Sexual maturity 1984: 1910: 1879: 1873: 1833: 1774: 1768:Cephalopod limb 1766:Main articles: 1764: 1762:Head appendages 1759: 1758: 1757: 1756: 1746: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1721: 1720: 1635: 1634: 1633: 1632: 1631: 1623: 1614: 1613: 1612: 1601: 1592: 1591: 1590: 1586:Spirula spirula 1581: 1570: 1552: 1527: 1341: 1334: 1324: 1317: 1312: 1308: 1288:(also known as 1278: 1273: 1272: 1271: 1270: 1269: 1261: 1252: 1251: 1250: 1242: 1186: 1178:Main articles: 1176: 1167: 1154: 1141: 1132: 1089: 1079: 1071:Bioluminescence 1067:bioluminescence 1047: 1037:Sepia latimanus 1025: 1013: 1004:Sepia latimanus 971: 859: 841: 833:Main articles: 831: 819: 784:neurophysiology 740: 739: 738: 737: 725: 718: 717: 716: 708: 707: 696: 678: 673: 625: 624: 623: 622: 607: 594: 593: 592: 584: 583: 572: 386: 382: 336: 332: 292:Orthoceratoidea 270:Multiceratoidea 230: 173: 107: 101: 100: 95: 90: 85: 80: 75: 70: 65: 60: 55: 50: 45: 39: 36: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 11846: 11836: 11835: 11830: 11825: 11820: 11815: 11798: 11797: 11795: 11794: 11781: 11771: 11758: 11745: 11732: 11722: 11709: 11696: 11683: 11670: 11657: 11644: 11631: 11618: 11605: 11595: 11582: 11569: 11554: 11538: 11536: 11530: 11529: 11515: 11514: 11512: 11511: 11505: 11503:Helcionelloida 11499: 11492: 11490: 11486: 11485: 11483: 11482: 11477: 11472: 11467: 11462: 11460:Monoplacophora 11457: 11455:Polyplacophora 11452: 11447: 11441: 11439: 11438:Extant classes 11435: 11434: 11426: 11425: 11418: 11411: 11403: 11397: 11396: 11391: 11386: 11381: 11376: 11369: 11368:External links 11366: 11365: 11364: 11358: 11337: 11323: 11307: 11289: 11275: 11270:978-0226459561 11269: 11256: 11246: 11240: 11227: 11187: 11184: 11181: 11180: 11169:. iMediaEthics 11157: 11130: 11110: 11103: 11085: 11078: 11058: 11031: 11016:, ed. (1911). 11014:Chisholm, Hugh 11005: 10988: 10968: 10951: 10933: 10926: 10906: 10887: 10850:(5): 454–486. 10834: 10831:on 2006-09-25. 10815: 10796: 10785:(4): 298–310. 10765: 10762:on 2009-08-31. 10746: 10703: 10679: 10668:(6): 421–426. 10648: 10613:(3): 362–374. 10593: 10552: 10509: 10482:(2): 426–441. 10465: 10400: 10332: 10264: 10227:(8): 497–506. 10207: 10200: 10171: 10101: 10039: 9995: 9968:(3): 209–221. 9951: 9933: 9922:(1): 393–420. 9903: 9884:(2): 129–139. 9868: 9822: 9756: 9746:(2): 161–191. 9723: 9685: 9678: 9658: 9631:(8): 602–613. 9611: 9552: 9501: 9444: 9395: 9374:(3): 565–572. 9354: 9347: 9333:. p. 36. 9316: 9279: 9249: 9238:(4): 379–386. 9218: 9211: 9191: 9141: 9126: 9093: 9075: 9020: 8973: 8919: 8868: 8809: 8760: 8757:. 8 July 2022. 8740: 8681: 8674: 8654: 8651:. 9 July 2022. 8640: 8627:(3): 263–269. 8598: 8563: 8550:(3): 299–300. 8530: 8503:(3): 349–358. 8483: 8442:Marine Biology 8428: 8388: 8349:(2): 211–216. 8316: 8280: 8269:(1–3): 53–60. 8248: 8221:(4): 461–469. 8205: 8198: 8177: 8126: 8111: 8104: 8084: 8063:(1): 123–148. 8040: 8004: 7986: 7967: 7948: 7942: 7924: 7885:Nixon 1988 in 7878: 7864: 7845:(6): 313–316. 7829: 7802:(1): 113–122. 7786: 7763: 7736:(3): 525–529. 7730:Marine Biology 7716: 7697:(3): 351–371. 7681: 7654:(1–4): 60–65. 7627: 7614:(4): 399–410. 7589: 7570: 7525: 7504:(1103): 1–54. 7480: 7474:978-1420006391 7473: 7453: 7426: 7399:(5): 353–362. 7376: 7315: 7261: 7247: 7182: 7147:(2): 262–278. 7127: 7086: 7046: 7011: 6989: 6936: 6934:, p. 612. 6924: 6889: 6862:(5): 971–979. 6856:Marine Biology 6846: 6825:(6): 720–733. 6800: 6754: 6748: 6721: 6702: 6659: 6633:(1): 153–165. 6604: 6577:(2): 411–419. 6557: 6529: 6510:(3): 193–207. 6504:Zoomorphologie 6485: 6478: 6453: 6435: 6406: 6388: 6370: 6335: 6296: 6272: 6247: 6240: 6222: 6183: 6168: 6117: 6102: 6053: 6042:(3): 581–592. 6022: 6007: 5984:(3): 491–502. 5964: 5941:(3): 503–512. 5921: 5852: 5789: 5750: 5685: 5672: 5605: 5580: 5518: 5511:. 2016-07-06. 5494: 5488:10.1101/017756 5473: 5434: 5389: 5360:(5): 600–603. 5336: 5327: 5270: 5263: 5242: 5235: 5186: 5143: 5122:(4): 439–447. 5099: 5080: 5050: 5017:Marine Biology 5004: 4991:(3): 297–299. 4971: 4952:(2): 241–307. 4933: 4894:(4): 619–626. 4874: 4867: 4849: 4792: 4785: 4763: 4756: 4734: 4727: 4686: 4672: 4654: 4609: 4603: 4578: 4548: 4541: 4523: 4517: 4481: 4480: 4478: 4475: 4474: 4473: 4468: 4463: 4458: 4453: 4448: 4446:Cephalopod eye 4443: 4436: 4433: 4412:'s 1814 print 4260: 4257: 4238:Neocephalopoda 4215:vampyromorphid 4200: 4197: 4196: 4195: 4194:(410.0 Ma-rec) 4188: 4174: 4160: 4159: 4158: 4152: 4138: 4124: 4096: 4095: 4094: 4093:(410.5 Ma-Rec) 4087: 4073: 4059: 4045: 4031: 4021:Basslerocerida 4010: 4009: 4008: 3988: 3987: 3986: 3972: 3948:Endoceratoidea 3944: 3943: 3942: 3928: 3922: 3916: 3828: 3825: 3820: 3819: 3818: 3817: 3811: 3805: 3803:Phylloceratina 3799: 3787: 3786: 3785: 3784: 3778: 3772: 3766: 3754: 3753: 3752: 3751: 3738: 3737: 3736: 3735: 3729: 3722: 3716: 3710: 3704: 3698: 3691: 3676: 3675: 3674: 3673: 3659: 3658: 3657: 3656: 3650: 3641:Endoceratoidea 3625: 3622: 3614: 3613: 3612: 3611: 3610: 3609: 3608: 3607: 3595: 3594: 3593: 3586: 3579: 3570:Octopodiformes 3566: 3565: 3564: 3558: 3551: 3544: 3538: 3531: 3524: 3514:Decapodiformes 3504: 3503: 3502: 3491:Belemnoteuthis 3486: 3472: 3458: 3444: 3430: 3408: 3407: 3406: 3392: 3378: 3350: 3349: 3348: 3334: 3320: 3306: 3299: 3285: 3271: 3257: 3243: 3229: 3215: 3201: 3157:Common octopus 3142:European squid 3089: 3086: 3035:Vampyroteuthis 3023: 3022: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3013: 3010: 3009: 3005: 3004: 3001: 3000: 2996: 2995: 2992: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2983: 2982: 2978: 2977: 2974: 2973: 2969: 2968: 2965: 2964: 2960: 2959: 2956: 2955: 2951: 2950: 2947: 2946: 2942: 2941: 2938: 2937: 2930: 2927: 2926: 2923: 2922: 2910: 2905: 2903: 2900: 2899: 2896: 2895: 2881: 2876: 2874: 2871: 2870: 2867: 2866: 2862: 2861: 2858: 2857: 2843: 2840: 2839: 2836: 2835: 2820: 2815: 2813: 2808: 2806: 2803: 2802: 2799: 2798: 2781: 2776: 2774: 2771: 2770: 2767: 2766: 2750: 2745: 2743: 2740: 2739: 2736: 2735: 2725: 2720: 2718: 2713: 2711: 2708:Decapodiformes 2704: 2703: 2700: 2699: 2695: 2694: 2691: 2690: 2677: 2674: 2673: 2670: 2669: 2656: 2651: 2649: 2646:Octopodiformes 2640: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2628: 2627: 2623: 2622: 2619: 2618: 2602: 2597: 2595: 2586: 2584: 2578: 2565: 2562: 2537: 2533: 2522: 2518: 2491:Protocadherins 2473: 2470: 2331:Plectronoceras 2314:Main article: 2311: 2308: 2253: 2252: 2243: 2242: 2234: 2233: 2232: 2231: 2230: 2212:chromatophores 2187: 2184: 2173:Monoplacophora 2152: 2149: 2132: 2129: 2116: 2113: 2107: 2104: 2062: 2059: 2045: 2042: 2004:Detail of the 1993:Argonauta argo 1983: 1980: 1924:cavity of the 1909: 1906: 1872: 1869: 1855:; most have a 1832: 1829: 1763: 1760: 1733: 1732: 1723: 1722: 1714: 1713: 1712: 1711: 1710: 1664:octopods have 1624: 1617: 1616: 1615: 1602: 1595: 1594: 1593: 1582: 1575: 1574: 1573: 1572: 1571: 1551: 1548: 1526: 1523: 1504:Bothus lunatus 1373:jet propulsion 1340: 1337: 1332: 1323: 1320: 1315: 1310: 1284:have two gill 1277: 1274: 1262: 1255: 1254: 1253: 1243: 1236: 1235: 1234: 1233: 1232: 1180:Cephalopod ink 1175: 1172: 1166: 1163: 1153: 1150: 1140: 1139:Adaptive value 1137: 1131: 1130:Chromatophores 1128: 1109:chromatophores 1078: 1075: 1055:chromatophores 1024: 1021: 1012: 1009: 970: 969:Photoreception 967: 947:photoreceptors 878:common octopus 853:pinhole camera 847:The primitive 835:Cephalopod eye 830: 827: 818: 815: 756:nervous system 720: 719: 710: 709: 701: 700: 699: 698: 697: 677: 674: 672: 669: 661:abyssal plains 654:brackish water 650:Chesapeake Bay 596: 595: 586: 585: 577: 576: 575: 574: 573: 571: 568: 560:colossal squid 324: 323: 322: 321: 314: 309: 303: 297: 296: 295: 289: 286:Endoceratoidea 283: 273: 267: 243: 242: 238: 237: 225: 221: 220: 215: 211: 210: 205: 201: 200: 195: 191: 190: 185: 181: 180: 167: 166: 148:Orthosphynctes 123:common octopus 118: 117: 109: 108: 96: 91: 86: 81: 76: 71: 66: 61: 56: 51: 46: 41: 37: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 11845: 11834: 11831: 11829: 11826: 11824: 11821: 11819: 11816: 11814: 11811: 11810: 11808: 11791: 11786: 11782: 11778: 11772: 11768: 11763: 11759: 11755: 11750: 11746: 11742: 11737: 11733: 11729: 11723: 11719: 11714: 11710: 11706: 11701: 11697: 11693: 11688: 11684: 11680: 11675: 11671: 11667: 11662: 11658: 11654: 11649: 11645: 11641: 11636: 11632: 11628: 11623: 11619: 11615: 11610: 11606: 11602: 11596: 11592: 11587: 11583: 11579: 11574: 11570: 11565: 11559: 11555: 11550: 11544: 11540: 11539: 11537: 11535: 11531: 11527: 11522: 11510: 11506: 11504: 11500: 11498: 11497:Rostroconchia 11494: 11493: 11491: 11487: 11481: 11478: 11476: 11473: 11471: 11468: 11466: 11463: 11461: 11458: 11456: 11453: 11451: 11450:Solenogastres 11448: 11446: 11443: 11442: 11440: 11436: 11432: 11424: 11419: 11417: 11412: 11410: 11405: 11404: 11401: 11395: 11392: 11390: 11387: 11385: 11382: 11380: 11377: 11375: 11372: 11371: 11363: 11359: 11355: 11351: 11347: 11343: 11338: 11336: 11335:0-521-19911-5 11332: 11328: 11324: 11322: 11321:0-521-42083-0 11318: 11314: 11313: 11308: 11306: 11305:0-19-852761-6 11302: 11298: 11294: 11293:John Z. Young 11290: 11288: 11287:0-19-854790-0 11284: 11280: 11276: 11272: 11266: 11262: 11257: 11255: 11251: 11247: 11243: 11237: 11233: 11228: 11223: 11219: 11215: 11211: 11207: 11203: 11199: 11195: 11190: 11189: 11168: 11161: 11153: 11141: 11133: 11127: 11123: 11122: 11114: 11106: 11100: 11096: 11089: 11081: 11075: 11071: 11070: 11062: 11054: 11050: 11046: 11042: 11035: 11027: 11026: 11020: 11015: 11009: 11001: 11000: 10992: 10984: 10983: 10978: 10972: 10964: 10963: 10955: 10947: 10943: 10937: 10929: 10923: 10919: 10918: 10910: 10902: 10898: 10891: 10883: 10879: 10875: 10871: 10867: 10863: 10858: 10853: 10849: 10845: 10838: 10830: 10826: 10819: 10811: 10807: 10800: 10792: 10788: 10784: 10780: 10776: 10769: 10761: 10757: 10750: 10742: 10738: 10734: 10730: 10726: 10722: 10718: 10714: 10707: 10700: 10695:(6): 606–614. 10694: 10690: 10683: 10675: 10671: 10667: 10663: 10659: 10652: 10644: 10640: 10636: 10632: 10628: 10624: 10620: 10616: 10612: 10608: 10604: 10597: 10589: 10585: 10580: 10575: 10571: 10567: 10563: 10556: 10548: 10544: 10540: 10536: 10532: 10528: 10524: 10520: 10513: 10505: 10501: 10497: 10493: 10489: 10485: 10481: 10477: 10469: 10461: 10457: 10452: 10447: 10443: 10439: 10435: 10431: 10427: 10423: 10419: 10415: 10411: 10404: 10396: 10392: 10387: 10382: 10377: 10372: 10368: 10364: 10360: 10356: 10352: 10348: 10344: 10336: 10328: 10324: 10319: 10314: 10309: 10304: 10300: 10296: 10292: 10288: 10284: 10280: 10276: 10268: 10260: 10256: 10251: 10246: 10242: 10238: 10234: 10230: 10226: 10222: 10218: 10211: 10203: 10197: 10193: 10189: 10185: 10178: 10176: 10167: 10163: 10158: 10153: 10149: 10145: 10141: 10137: 10133: 10129: 10125: 10121: 10117: 10110: 10108: 10106: 10097: 10093: 10088: 10083: 10079: 10075: 10070: 10065: 10061: 10057: 10053: 10046: 10044: 10035: 10031: 10027: 10023: 10019: 10015: 10011: 10007: 9999: 9991: 9987: 9983: 9979: 9975: 9971: 9967: 9963: 9955: 9947: 9940: 9938: 9929: 9925: 9921: 9917: 9910: 9908: 9899: 9895: 9891: 9887: 9883: 9879: 9872: 9864: 9860: 9856: 9852: 9848: 9844: 9840: 9836: 9829: 9827: 9818: 9814: 9809: 9804: 9799: 9794: 9790: 9786: 9782: 9778: 9774: 9767: 9765: 9763: 9761: 9749: 9745: 9741: 9734: 9727: 9719: 9715: 9711: 9707: 9703: 9699: 9692: 9690: 9681: 9675: 9671: 9670: 9662: 9654: 9650: 9646: 9642: 9638: 9634: 9630: 9626: 9622: 9615: 9607: 9603: 9598: 9593: 9589: 9585: 9580: 9575: 9571: 9567: 9563: 9556: 9548: 9544: 9540: 9536: 9532: 9528: 9524: 9520: 9516: 9512: 9505: 9497: 9493: 9488: 9483: 9479: 9475: 9471: 9467: 9463: 9459: 9455: 9448: 9440: 9436: 9431: 9426: 9422: 9418: 9414: 9410: 9406: 9399: 9390: 9385: 9381: 9377: 9373: 9369: 9368:Palaeontology 9365: 9358: 9350: 9348:9780470995310 9344: 9340: 9336: 9332: 9325: 9323: 9321: 9306:on 2016-03-03 9302: 9298: 9294: 9290: 9283: 9275: 9271: 9264: 9262: 9253: 9245: 9241: 9237: 9233: 9229: 9222: 9214: 9208: 9204: 9203: 9195: 9187: 9183: 9179: 9175: 9171: 9167: 9163: 9159: 9155: 9148: 9146: 9137: 9133: 9129: 9123: 9119: 9115: 9111: 9104: 9102: 9100: 9098: 9089: 9082: 9080: 9071: 9067: 9063: 9059: 9055: 9051: 9047: 9043: 9039: 9035: 9031: 9024: 9016: 9012: 9008: 9004: 9000: 8996: 8992: 8988: 8984: 8977: 8969: 8965: 8961: 8957: 8953: 8949: 8945: 8941: 8937: 8933: 8926: 8924: 8915: 8911: 8907: 8903: 8899: 8895: 8891: 8887: 8883: 8879: 8872: 8864: 8860: 8855: 8850: 8845: 8840: 8836: 8832: 8828: 8824: 8820: 8813: 8805: 8801: 8796: 8791: 8787: 8783: 8780:(8): R322-3. 8779: 8775: 8771: 8764: 8756: 8755: 8750: 8744: 8736: 8732: 8727: 8722: 8717: 8712: 8708: 8704: 8700: 8696: 8692: 8685: 8677: 8671: 8667: 8666: 8658: 8650: 8644: 8635: 8630: 8626: 8622: 8618: 8616: 8607: 8605: 8603: 8594: 8590: 8586: 8582: 8578: 8574: 8567: 8558: 8553: 8549: 8545: 8541: 8534: 8526: 8522: 8518: 8514: 8510: 8506: 8502: 8498: 8495:from Palau". 8494: 8487: 8479: 8475: 8471: 8467: 8463: 8459: 8455: 8451: 8447: 8443: 8439: 8432: 8423: 8418: 8414: 8410: 8406: 8399: 8397: 8395: 8393: 8384: 8380: 8375: 8370: 8365: 8360: 8356: 8352: 8348: 8344: 8340: 8338: 8329: 8327: 8325: 8323: 8321: 8312: 8305: 8303: 8301: 8299: 8297: 8295: 8293: 8291: 8289: 8287: 8285: 8276: 8272: 8268: 8264: 8257: 8255: 8253: 8244: 8240: 8236: 8232: 8228: 8224: 8220: 8216: 8209: 8201: 8195: 8191: 8184: 8182: 8173: 8169: 8165: 8161: 8157: 8153: 8149: 8145: 8141: 8137: 8130: 8122: 8115: 8107: 8101: 8097: 8096: 8088: 8079: 8074: 8070: 8066: 8062: 8058: 8057:Palaeontology 8054: 8047: 8045: 8036: 8032: 8028: 8024: 8017: 8015: 8013: 8011: 8009: 8000: 7996: 7990: 7982: 7978: 7971: 7963: 7959: 7952: 7945: 7943:0-12-728702-7 7939: 7935: 7928: 7919: 7914: 7910: 7906: 7902: 7898: 7897:Palaeontology 7894: 7892: 7891:Allocrioceras 7882: 7874: 7868: 7860: 7856: 7852: 7848: 7844: 7840: 7839:Zoomorphology 7833: 7825: 7821: 7817: 7813: 7809: 7805: 7801: 7797: 7790: 7782: 7778: 7774: 7767: 7759: 7755: 7751: 7747: 7743: 7739: 7735: 7731: 7727: 7720: 7712: 7708: 7704: 7700: 7696: 7692: 7685: 7677: 7673: 7669: 7665: 7661: 7657: 7653: 7649: 7642: 7640: 7631: 7622: 7617: 7613: 7609: 7605: 7598: 7596: 7594: 7585: 7581: 7574: 7565: 7560: 7556: 7552: 7548: 7544: 7543:Palaeontology 7540: 7538: 7529: 7520: 7515: 7511: 7507: 7503: 7499: 7495: 7493: 7484: 7476: 7470: 7466: 7465: 7457: 7449: 7445: 7441: 7437: 7430: 7422: 7418: 7414: 7410: 7406: 7402: 7398: 7394: 7387: 7385: 7383: 7381: 7372: 7368: 7364: 7360: 7356: 7352: 7347: 7342: 7338: 7334: 7330: 7328: 7319: 7311: 7307: 7303: 7299: 7295: 7291: 7287: 7283: 7276: 7274: 7272: 7270: 7268: 7266: 7257: 7251: 7243: 7239: 7235: 7231: 7227: 7223: 7218: 7213: 7209: 7205: 7201: 7197: 7193: 7186: 7178: 7174: 7170: 7166: 7162: 7158: 7154: 7150: 7146: 7142: 7138: 7131: 7122: 7117: 7113: 7109: 7105: 7101: 7097: 7090: 7082: 7078: 7074: 7070: 7066: 7059: 7057: 7055: 7053: 7051: 7042: 7038: 7034: 7030: 7026: 7022: 7015: 7007: 7003: 6996: 6994: 6985: 6981: 6976: 6971: 6967: 6963: 6959: 6955: 6951: 6947: 6940: 6933: 6928: 6920: 6916: 6912: 6908: 6904: 6902: 6893: 6885: 6881: 6877: 6873: 6869: 6865: 6861: 6857: 6850: 6842: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6824: 6820: 6816: 6809: 6807: 6805: 6796: 6792: 6788: 6784: 6780: 6776: 6772: 6770: 6769:Loligo pealei 6761: 6759: 6751: 6749:0-12-728702-7 6745: 6741: 6734: 6732: 6730: 6728: 6726: 6719: 6715: 6712: 6706: 6698: 6694: 6690: 6686: 6682: 6678: 6674: 6670: 6663: 6652: 6648: 6644: 6640: 6636: 6632: 6628: 6627: 6619: 6617: 6608: 6600: 6596: 6592: 6588: 6584: 6580: 6576: 6572: 6568: 6561: 6553: 6549: 6545: 6538: 6536: 6534: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6513: 6509: 6505: 6501: 6494: 6492: 6490: 6481: 6475: 6471: 6470: 6462: 6460: 6458: 6449: 6445: 6439: 6425:on 2023-04-25 6424: 6420: 6416: 6410: 6402: 6398: 6392: 6384: 6383:New Scientist 6380: 6374: 6366: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6346: 6339: 6331: 6327: 6323: 6319: 6316:(1): 111–28. 6315: 6311: 6307: 6300: 6293: 6291: 6285: 6284: 6276: 6261: 6257: 6251: 6243: 6237: 6233: 6226: 6218: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6187: 6179: 6172: 6164: 6160: 6155: 6150: 6145: 6140: 6136: 6132: 6128: 6121: 6113: 6106: 6098: 6094: 6089: 6084: 6080: 6076: 6072: 6068: 6064: 6057: 6049: 6045: 6041: 6037: 6033: 6026: 6018: 6011: 6002: 5997: 5992: 5987: 5983: 5979: 5975: 5968: 5959: 5954: 5949: 5944: 5940: 5936: 5932: 5925: 5917: 5913: 5908: 5903: 5899: 5895: 5890: 5885: 5880: 5875: 5872:(5): e37579. 5871: 5867: 5863: 5856: 5847: 5842: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5826: 5821: 5816: 5812: 5808: 5804: 5802: 5793: 5784: 5779: 5774: 5769: 5765: 5761: 5754: 5743: 5739: 5735: 5730: 5725: 5720: 5715: 5711: 5707: 5700: 5698: 5689: 5682: 5676: 5668: 5664: 5659: 5654: 5650: 5646: 5641: 5636: 5632: 5628: 5624: 5620: 5616: 5609: 5594: 5590: 5584: 5576: 5572: 5568: 5564: 5559: 5554: 5549: 5544: 5540: 5536: 5532: 5525: 5523: 5514: 5510: 5509: 5504: 5498: 5489: 5484: 5477: 5469: 5465: 5461: 5457: 5453: 5449: 5445: 5438: 5430: 5426: 5421: 5416: 5412: 5408: 5404: 5402: 5393: 5385: 5381: 5376: 5371: 5367: 5363: 5359: 5355: 5351: 5349: 5340: 5331: 5323: 5319: 5314: 5309: 5305: 5301: 5297: 5293: 5289: 5285: 5281: 5274: 5266: 5260: 5256: 5249: 5247: 5238: 5232: 5228: 5224: 5221:. Blackwell. 5220: 5219: 5211: 5209: 5207: 5205: 5203: 5201: 5199: 5197: 5195: 5193: 5191: 5173:on 2016-08-22 5172: 5167: 5162: 5158: 5154: 5147: 5139: 5135: 5130: 5125: 5121: 5117: 5113: 5106: 5104: 5095: 5091: 5084: 5068: 5064: 5060: 5054: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5030: 5026: 5022: 5018: 5011: 5009: 4999: 4994: 4990: 4986: 4982: 4975: 4967: 4963: 4959: 4955: 4951: 4947: 4940: 4938: 4929: 4925: 4920: 4915: 4910: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4878: 4870: 4868:9780073383071 4864: 4860: 4853: 4845: 4841: 4836: 4831: 4827: 4823: 4819: 4815: 4812:(1): 100816. 4811: 4807: 4803: 4796: 4788: 4782: 4778: 4774: 4767: 4759: 4753: 4749: 4745: 4738: 4730: 4724: 4720: 4713: 4711: 4709: 4707: 4705: 4703: 4701: 4699: 4697: 4695: 4693: 4691: 4682: 4676: 4668: 4664: 4658: 4649: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4628: 4624: 4622: 4613: 4606: 4604:0-12-728702-7 4600: 4596: 4589: 4587: 4585: 4583: 4566: 4562: 4558: 4552: 4544: 4538: 4534: 4527: 4520: 4518:0-12-728702-7 4514: 4510: 4503: 4501: 4499: 4497: 4495: 4493: 4491: 4489: 4487: 4482: 4472: 4469: 4467: 4464: 4462: 4459: 4457: 4454: 4452: 4449: 4447: 4444: 4442: 4439: 4438: 4432: 4429: 4427: 4423: 4419: 4415: 4411: 4407: 4403: 4402: 4396: 4394: 4392: 4387: 4386: 4381: 4377: 4373: 4372: 4367: 4363: 4358: 4356: 4352: 4348: 4344: 4343:creation myth 4340: 4339: 4334: 4330: 4322: 4318: 4313: 4309: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4295: 4291: 4283: 4280: 4276: 4271: 4266: 4256: 4253: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4225: 4220: 4216: 4212: 4211: 4205: 4193: 4189: 4184: 4179: 4175: 4170: 4165: 4161: 4157: 4156:Bajkalocerida 4153: 4148: 4143: 4142:Dissidocerida 4139: 4134: 4129: 4125: 4120: 4115: 4111: 4110: 4106: 4101: 4097: 4092: 4088: 4083: 4078: 4074: 4069: 4064: 4060: 4055: 4050: 4046: 4041: 4036: 4032: 4027: 4022: 4018: 4017: 4015: 4011: 4004: 3999: 3995: 3994: 3993: 3989: 3982: 3977: 3973: 3968: 3963: 3959: 3958: 3954: 3949: 3945: 3938: 3933: 3929: 3927: 3923: 3921: 3917: 3912: 3907: 3903: 3902: 3901: 3897: 3896: 3895: 3894: 3888: 3885:A fossilised 3883: 3877: 3873: 3872: 3866: 3860: 3855: 3849: 3845: 3841: 3837: 3833: 3824: 3816: 3812: 3810: 3806: 3804: 3800: 3798: 3794: 3793: 3792: 3791: 3790: 3783: 3782:Prolecanitina 3779: 3777: 3773: 3771: 3767: 3765: 3761: 3760: 3759: 3758: 3757: 3750: 3746: 3745: 3744: 3740: 3739: 3734: 3730: 3727: 3723: 3721: 3717: 3715: 3711: 3709: 3705: 3703: 3699: 3696: 3692: 3689: 3685: 3684: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3668: 3667: 3665: 3661: 3660: 3655: 3651: 3649: 3645: 3644: 3642: 3638: 3637: 3636: 3633: 3631: 3621: 3619: 3606: 3602: 3601: 3600: 3597:Superorder † 3596: 3591: 3587: 3584: 3580: 3578: 3574: 3573: 3571: 3567: 3563: 3562:Bathyteuthida 3559: 3556: 3552: 3549: 3545: 3543: 3539: 3536: 3532: 3529: 3525: 3522: 3518: 3517: 3515: 3511: 3510: 3509: 3505: 3498: 3493: 3492: 3487: 3482: 3477: 3473: 3468: 3463: 3459: 3454: 3449: 3445: 3440: 3435: 3431: 3429: 3428: 3423: 3422: 3420: 3416: 3415: 3413: 3409: 3402: 3397: 3393: 3388: 3383: 3379: 3374: 3369: 3365: 3364: 3360: 3356:: Ammonites ( 3355: 3351: 3344: 3339: 3335: 3330: 3325: 3321: 3316: 3311: 3307: 3304: 3300: 3295: 3290: 3286: 3281: 3276: 3272: 3267: 3262: 3258: 3253: 3248: 3244: 3239: 3234: 3230: 3225: 3220: 3216: 3211: 3206: 3202: 3199: 3195: 3191: 3190: 3188: 3184: 3183: 3182: 3180: 3177:(† indicates 3176: 3172: 3170: 3162: 3158: 3154: 3147: 3143: 3139: 3132: 3128: 3124: 3117: 3113: 3109: 3102: 3098: 3094: 3085: 3081: 3076: 3072: 3067: 3065: 3061: 3057: 3053: 3049: 3045: 3041: 3037: 3036: 3031: 3021: 3020: 3012: 3011: 3003: 3002: 2994: 2993: 2985: 2984: 2976: 2975: 2967: 2966: 2958: 2957: 2949: 2948: 2940: 2939: 2936: 2935: 2929: 2928: 2925: 2924: 2921: 2919: 2915: 2914:Bathyteuthida 2909: 2908: 2902: 2901: 2898: 2897: 2894: 2892: 2888: 2887: 2880: 2879: 2873: 2872: 2869: 2868: 2860: 2859: 2856: 2854: 2850: 2849: 2842: 2841: 2838: 2837: 2834: 2832: 2827: 2826: 2819: 2818: 2812: 2811: 2805: 2804: 2801: 2800: 2797: 2795: 2791:(cuttlefish) 2790: 2789: 2788: 2780: 2779: 2773: 2772: 2769: 2768: 2765: 2763: 2759: 2758: 2757: 2749: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2738: 2737: 2734: 2733: 2724: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2710: 2709: 2706: 2705: 2702: 2701: 2693: 2692: 2689: 2687: 2682: 2676: 2675: 2672: 2671: 2668: 2666: 2661: 2655: 2654: 2648: 2647: 2644: 2643: 2637: 2634: 2633: 2630: 2629: 2621: 2620: 2617: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2609: 2601: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2590: 2589: 2582: 2581: 2577: 2575: 2571: 2561: 2557: 2554: 2553: 2547: 2542: 2529: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2505: 2500: 2496: 2492: 2486: 2484: 2480: 2469: 2467: 2463: 2459: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2443: 2439: 2435: 2432:evolved into 2431: 2426: 2421: 2419: 2411: 2406: 2402: 2400: 2394: 2392: 2388: 2384: 2380: 2375: 2373: 2368: 2367: 2361: 2359: 2355: 2350: 2348: 2344: 2343: 2337: 2333: 2332: 2327: 2323: 2317: 2307: 2305: 2301: 2296: 2294: 2290: 2285: 2282: 2273: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2261: 2256: 2247: 2238: 2226: 2221: 2217: 2213: 2209: 2205: 2201: 2198: 2197: 2192: 2183: 2181: 2176: 2174: 2170: 2165: 2162: 2158: 2144: 2140: 2138: 2128: 2126: 2121: 2112: 2103: 2101: 2097: 2093: 2089: 2088:vampire squid 2085: 2081: 2076: 2072: 2068: 2061:Fertilization 2058: 2056: 2055:spermatophore 2052: 2041: 2033: 2026: 2025: 2024:Onykia ingens 2019: 2013: 2012: 2007: 2002: 1995: 1994: 1988: 1979: 1977: 1973: 1969: 1965: 1964: 1959: 1958: 1953: 1952:ammonium ions 1949: 1945: 1940: 1938: 1934: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1915: 1905: 1901: 1899: 1898: 1890:eating a crab 1889: 1888: 1883: 1878: 1868: 1864: 1862: 1858: 1854: 1846: 1842: 1837: 1828: 1826: 1822: 1821: 1816: 1815: 1810: 1805: 1801: 1797: 1795: 1794: 1789: 1785: 1784: 1779: 1773: 1769: 1755: 1754: 1749: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1727: 1718: 1709: 1707: 1706:Mollusc shell 1702: 1700: 1696: 1691: 1688: 1687: 1681: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1651: 1647: 1643: 1639: 1630: 1629: 1621: 1611: 1610: 1605: 1599: 1588: 1587: 1579: 1569: 1568:Mollusc shell 1565: 1561: 1557: 1556:Cirrate shell 1547: 1543: 1539: 1535: 1531: 1522: 1520: 1516: 1512: 1507: 1505: 1501: 1496: 1492: 1490: 1486: 1483: 1479: 1478: 1473: 1468: 1466: 1461: 1459: 1455: 1451: 1447: 1443: 1435: 1434: 1429: 1425: 1423: 1417: 1415: 1411: 1407: 1406:mantle cavity 1403: 1399: 1394: 1390: 1386: 1382: 1381:Paleozoic era 1378: 1374: 1370: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1354: 1345: 1336: 1328: 1319: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1295: 1291: 1287: 1283: 1268: 1267: 1259: 1249: 1248: 1240: 1231: 1228: 1226: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1210: 1206: 1202: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1185: 1181: 1171: 1162: 1158: 1149: 1145: 1136: 1127: 1125: 1120: 1118: 1112: 1110: 1106: 1102: 1098: 1094: 1088: 1084: 1074: 1072: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1046: 1038: 1034: 1029: 1020: 1018: 1008: 1006: 1005: 1000: 996: 992: 988: 984: 980: 976: 966: 964: 959: 956: 952: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 923: 919: 910: 906: 904: 900: 896: 892: 888: 884: 879: 854: 850: 845: 840: 836: 826: 824: 814: 812: 811: 806: 805: 798: 796: 791: 789: 785: 781: 777: 773: 772:cartilaginous 768: 765: 761: 757: 753: 749: 745: 744:invertebrates 735: 731: 728: 723: 714: 705: 695: 691: 687: 683: 668: 666: 662: 657: 655: 651: 647: 646: 641: 636: 634: 630: 620: 616: 615: 610: 605: 604: 599: 590: 581: 567: 565: 561: 557: 556: 551: 547: 543: 539: 535: 534: 529: 528: 523: 519: 515: 511: 507: 503: 499: 495: 490: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 468: 464: 460: 456: 452: 448: 444: 439: 428: 422: 381: 378: 375: 369: 331: 319: 318:Paracoleoidea 315: 313: 310: 307: 304: 301: 298: 293: 290: 287: 284: 282: 281: 280:sensu stricto 277: 274: 271: 268: 265: 262: 261: 259: 255: 254: 250: 247: 246: 244: 239: 234: 229: 226: 223: 222: 219: 216: 213: 212: 209: 206: 203: 202: 199: 196: 193: 192: 189: 186: 183: 182: 177: 172: 168: 164: 160: 156: 155: 150: 149: 144: 140: 136: 132: 128: 124: 119: 115: 110: 105: 104:Late Cambrian 99: 94: 89: 84: 79: 74: 69: 64: 59: 54: 49: 44: 33: 30: 19: 11533: 11469: 11445:Caudofoveata 11345: 11341: 11326: 11310: 11296: 11278: 11260: 11249: 11231: 11197: 11193: 11171:. Retrieved 11160: 11120: 11113: 11094: 11088: 11068: 11061: 11047:(2): 32–61. 11044: 11040: 11034: 11023: 11008: 10998: 10991: 10981: 10971: 10961: 10954: 10945: 10936: 10916: 10909: 10900: 10890: 10847: 10843: 10837: 10829:the original 10818: 10809: 10805: 10799: 10782: 10778: 10768: 10760:the original 10749: 10719:(1): 46–54. 10716: 10712: 10706: 10698: 10692: 10688: 10682: 10665: 10661: 10651: 10610: 10606: 10602: 10596: 10569: 10565: 10555: 10525:(1): 89–96. 10522: 10518: 10512: 10479: 10475: 10468: 10417: 10413: 10403: 10350: 10346: 10335: 10282: 10278: 10267: 10224: 10220: 10210: 10183: 10123: 10119: 10059: 10055: 10009: 10005: 9998: 9965: 9961: 9954: 9945: 9919: 9915: 9881: 9877: 9871: 9838: 9834: 9783:(9): e7262. 9780: 9776: 9743: 9739: 9726: 9701: 9697: 9668: 9661: 9628: 9624: 9614: 9569: 9565: 9555: 9514: 9510: 9504: 9461: 9457: 9447: 9412: 9408: 9398: 9371: 9367: 9357: 9330: 9308:. Retrieved 9301:the original 9296: 9292: 9282: 9273: 9269: 9260: 9252: 9235: 9231: 9221: 9201: 9194: 9161: 9157: 9153: 9109: 9087: 9040:(1): 27–33. 9037: 9033: 9029: 9023: 8990: 8986: 8982: 8976: 8943: 8939: 8935: 8931: 8881: 8877: 8871: 8826: 8822: 8812: 8777: 8773: 8763: 8754:Live Science 8752: 8743: 8698: 8694: 8684: 8664: 8657: 8643: 8624: 8620: 8614: 8579:(2): 19–25. 8576: 8572: 8566: 8547: 8543: 8533: 8500: 8497:Paleobiology 8496: 8492: 8486: 8445: 8441: 8437: 8431: 8412: 8408: 8346: 8342: 8336: 8310: 8266: 8262: 8218: 8214: 8208: 8189: 8139: 8135: 8129: 8120: 8114: 8098:. Springer. 8094: 8087: 8060: 8056: 8026: 8022: 7998: 7989: 7970: 7961: 7958:"Celtic Sea" 7951: 7934:The Mollusca 7933: 7927: 7900: 7896: 7890: 7881: 7872: 7867: 7842: 7838: 7832: 7799: 7795: 7789: 7772: 7766: 7733: 7729: 7719: 7694: 7690: 7684: 7651: 7647: 7638: 7630: 7611: 7607: 7583: 7579: 7573: 7546: 7542: 7537:Palaeoctopus 7536: 7528: 7501: 7497: 7491: 7483: 7463: 7456: 7439: 7435: 7429: 7396: 7392: 7336: 7332: 7326: 7318: 7285: 7250: 7202:(1): 15–24. 7199: 7195: 7191: 7185: 7144: 7140: 7130: 7103: 7099: 7089: 7072: 7068: 7024: 7020: 7014: 7005: 7001: 6949: 6945: 6939: 6927: 6910: 6906: 6900: 6892: 6859: 6855: 6849: 6822: 6818: 6778: 6774: 6768: 6740:The Mollusca 6739: 6705: 6672: 6668: 6662: 6630: 6624: 6615: 6607: 6574: 6570: 6560: 6551: 6547: 6507: 6503: 6499: 6468: 6447: 6438: 6427:. Retrieved 6423:the original 6418: 6409: 6400: 6391: 6382: 6373: 6348: 6344: 6338: 6313: 6309: 6299: 6289: 6287: 6282: 6275: 6263:. Retrieved 6259: 6250: 6231: 6225: 6200: 6196: 6186: 6177: 6171: 6134: 6131:PLOS Biology 6130: 6120: 6111: 6105: 6070: 6066: 6056: 6039: 6035: 6025: 6016: 6010: 5981: 5977: 5967: 5938: 5934: 5924: 5869: 5865: 5855: 5810: 5806: 5800: 5792: 5763: 5753: 5709: 5705: 5696: 5688: 5675: 5622: 5618: 5608: 5597:. Retrieved 5595:. 2009-06-15 5592: 5583: 5538: 5534: 5506: 5497: 5476: 5451: 5447: 5443: 5437: 5410: 5406: 5400: 5392: 5357: 5353: 5347: 5339: 5330: 5287: 5283: 5273: 5254: 5217: 5175:. Retrieved 5171:the original 5156: 5146: 5119: 5115: 5093: 5083: 5071:. Retrieved 5067:the original 5062: 5053: 5020: 5016: 4988: 4984: 4974: 4949: 4945: 4891: 4887: 4877: 4858: 4852: 4809: 4805: 4795: 4779:. Springer. 4776: 4766: 4747: 4743: 4737: 4718: 4675: 4666: 4657: 4630: 4626: 4620: 4612: 4595:The Mollusca 4594: 4569:. Retrieved 4565:the original 4560: 4551: 4532: 4526: 4509:The Mollusca 4508: 4430: 4413: 4399: 4397: 4390: 4383: 4369: 4365: 4359: 4336: 4326: 4290:Minoan Crete 4287: 4279:malacologist 4254: 4231: 4208: 4164:Bactritoidea 4035:Tarphycerida 3998:Actinocerida 3976:Intejocerida 3892: 3891: 3874:from family 3869: 3868:Holotype of 3839: 3830: 3821: 3809:Lytoceratina 3788: 3755: 3743:Bactritoidea 3720:Tarphycerida 3671:Actinocerida 3654:Intejocerida 3634: 3629: 3627: 3615: 3530:: cuttlefish 3508:Neocoleoidea 3489: 3434:Aulacocerida 3425: 3275:Tarphycerida 3233:Actinocerida 3174: 3173: 3166: 3160: 3145: 3130: 3115: 3100: 3074: 3070: 3068: 3063: 3059: 3055: 3051: 3047: 3043: 3033: 3029: 3027: 2932: 2912: 2884: 2883: 2846: 2845: 2823: 2822: 2785: 2784: 2783: 2754: 2753: 2752: 2727: 2679: 2658: 2606: 2605: 2604: 2583:Cephalopoda 2573: 2567: 2558: 2550: 2543: 2502: 2487: 2475: 2462:fate mapping 2446: 2422: 2415: 2399:thrombolites 2395: 2376: 2371: 2364: 2362: 2351: 2342:Knightoconus 2340: 2329: 2319: 2297: 2286: 2283: 2279: 2269: 2265: 2258: 2254: 2224: 2219: 2203: 2194: 2179: 2177: 2166: 2154: 2134: 2124: 2118: 2109: 2098:, which are 2064: 2047: 2038: 2022: 2009: 2006:hectocotylus 1991: 1961: 1955: 1941: 1936: 1935: 1911: 1902: 1895: 1893: 1885: 1865: 1860: 1850: 1845:Architeuthis 1844: 1824: 1820:Allonautilus 1818: 1812: 1806: 1802: 1798: 1791: 1781: 1775: 1751: 1747: 1743:Newfoundland 1734: 1703: 1692: 1684: 1682: 1677: 1649: 1636: 1626: 1607: 1584: 1544: 1540: 1536: 1532: 1528: 1519:swim bladder 1514: 1510: 1508: 1503: 1499: 1497: 1493: 1475: 1469: 1462: 1453: 1449: 1445: 1444:does today. 1441: 1439: 1431: 1418: 1400:or avoiding 1350: 1329: 1325: 1298: 1279: 1264: 1245: 1229: 1187: 1168: 1159: 1155: 1146: 1142: 1133: 1121: 1113: 1090: 1048: 1036: 1023:Use of light 1014: 1002: 998: 990: 983:retinochrome 972: 960: 942: 935:color vision 922:camouflaging 915: 883:polarization 875: 820: 808: 802: 799: 792: 769: 741: 733: 726: 721: 658: 643: 637: 626: 617:sp.) on the 614:Benthoctopus 612: 611:An octopus ( 608: 601: 597: 570:Distribution 564:invertebrate 553: 533:Allonautilus 531: 525: 504:subclasses: 491: 474: 438:kephalópodes 379: 329: 327: 300:Bactritoidea 278: 258:paraphyletic 251: 227: 162: 152: 146: 142: 134: 126: 29: 11813:Cephalopods 11674:iNaturalist 11591:Cephalopoda 11578:Cephalopoda 11564:Cephalopoda 11558:Wikispecies 11534:Cephalopoda 11470:Cephalopoda 11429:Classes of 11148:|work= 11041:Differences 10754:Kroger, B. 10420:(1): 1107. 10353:(1): 2172. 10285:(1): 2427. 10012:(1): 1–17. 9841:(1): 1–15. 9566:BMC Biology 9331:Cephalopods 9164:(1): 1–17. 8374:10261/44487 7442:: 117–118. 7106:(1): 8–14. 7075:: 421–442. 6975:10261/27009 6675:(1): 2–15. 6401:Science ABC 6283:Sea Fishing 5558:11603/13387 5413:(1): 1–12. 5063:Ocean Views 4667:ABC Science 4633:: 235–247. 4414:Tako to ama 4404:, includes 4380:Ian Fleming 4362:Victor Hugo 4347:Akkorokamui 4176:Subclass † 4162:Subclass † 4114:Orthocerida 4098:Subclass † 4063:Discosorida 4014:Nautiloidea 3990:Subclass † 3946:Subclass † 3926:Yanhecerida 3898:Subclass † 3813:Suborder † 3807:Suborder † 3801:Suborder † 3795:Suborder † 3780:Suborder † 3776:Goniatitina 3774:Suborder † 3768:Suborder † 3764:Anarcestina 3762:Suborder † 3741:Subclass † 3714:Discosorida 3695:Orthocerida 3681:Nautiloidea 3662:Subclass † 3639:Subclass † 3605:Boletzkyida 3568:Superorder 3512:Superorder 3476:Belemnitida 3419:Belemnoidea 3368:Goniatitida 3352:Subclass † 3310:Orthocerida 3247:Discosorida 3187:Nautiloidea 2732:Belemnoidea 2186:Development 2171:and extant 2120:Mate choice 2115:Mate choice 2100:iteroparous 2084:semelparous 1922:pericardial 1916:. Filtered 1841:giant squid 1788:giant squid 1625:Gladius of 1322:Respiration 1263:Viscera of 1244:Viscera of 1221:pseudomorph 1217:smokescreen 1059:photophores 993:), and the 975:transcripts 931:leucophores 927:iridophores 918:color blind 839:mollusc eye 797:with fish. 788:myelination 764:ectothermic 760:endothermic 648:, found in 640:fresh water 550:Belemnoidea 522:Nautiloidea 432:κεφαλόποδες 380:Cephalopoda 276:Nautiloidea 249:Nautiloidea 241:Subclasses 228:Cephalopoda 214:Subphylum: 35:Cephalopoda 18:Cephalopods 11833:Conchifera 11807:Categories 11480:Scaphopoda 11465:Gastropoda 10946:google.com 10844:Cladistics 10812:: 187–220. 10519:Cladistics 10376:1912/29187 10308:1912/29234 9415:(1): 388. 9310:2009-03-23 7586:: 107–112. 6429:2022-07-07 6265:1 February 6137:(1): e25. 5599:2010-04-28 5177:2013-05-10 4571:29 January 4477:References 4391:James Bond 4357:folklore. 4259:In culture 4246:stem group 4242:orthocerid 4178:Ammonoidea 4128:Ascocerida 4077:Oncocerida 3962:Endocerida 3815:Ammonitina 3797:Ceratitina 3770:Clymeniina 3749:Bactritida 3708:Oncocerida 3702:Ascocerida 3648:Endocerida 3542:Idiosepida 3462:Hematitida 3396:Ammonitida 3382:Ceratitida 3354:Ammonoidea 3338:Bactritida 3324:Ascocerida 3289:Oncocerida 3219:Endocerida 2848:Idiosepida 2683:(octopus) 2592:Nautiloids 2509:speciation 2458:Adolf Naef 2442:cuttlefish 2434:belemnites 2430:nautiloids 2418:Bactritida 2383:Radiodonts 2372:Nectocaris 2326:gastropods 2300:allometric 2293:paralarvae 2208:tentacular 2200:paralarvae 2169:gastropods 2151:Embryology 1875:See also: 1654:cuttlebone 1646:cuttlefish 1638:Nautiluses 1604:Cuttlebone 1560:Cuttlebone 1554:See also: 1487:replacing 1377:paralarvae 1305:hemoglobin 1301:hemocyanin 1190:Nautilidae 1093:signalling 1077:Coloration 1017:statocysts 887:nautiluses 823:statocysts 752:gastropods 680:See also: 665:hadal zone 546:Ammonoidea 518:cuttlefish 498:nautiloids 494:Ordovician 487:teuthology 483:malacology 451:cuttlefish 330:cephalopod 306:Ammonoidea 253:sensu lato 218:Conchifera 106:– present; 11150:ignored ( 11140:cite book 10852:CiteSeerX 10442:2041-1723 10241:1471-003X 10148:0028-0836 10078:1664-042X 9863:128629737 9625:BioEssays 9588:1741-7007 9572:(1): 88. 9547:205055896 9478:2399-3642 9464:(1): 32. 9054:0003-3472 8593:145374345 8470:0025-3162 8415:: 63–74. 8172:206530342 8029:: 73–81. 7824:126900936 7816:0031-0220 7781:972899981 7355:0022-0949 7302:0036-8733 7226:0006-3185 7217:1912/4811 7161:1939-8697 6709:See also 6591:0022-0949 6256:"inkfish" 5898:1932-6203 5829:0022-0949 5649:0027-8424 5304:0962-8452 4422:ama diver 4217:from the 4192:Coleoidea 4190:Subclass 4091:Nautilida 4049:Lituitida 4012:Subclass 3887:belemnite 3859:ammonites 3848:Wisconsin 3733:Nautilida 3679:Subclass 3592:: octopus 3575:Family † 3548:Oegopsida 3535:Sepiolida 3521:Spirulida 3427:Jeletzkya 3417:Cohort † 3412:Coleoidea 3410:Subclass 3303:Nautilida 3185:Subclass 3064:Metasepia 3052:Metasepia 2934:Oegopsida 2825:Sepiolida 2756:Spirulida 2608:Nautilida 2570:cladogram 2564:Phylogeny 2387:Paleozoic 2336:siphuncle 2310:Evolution 2304:isometric 2268:A mature 1930:vena cava 1914:nephridia 1825:tentacles 1809:nautilids 1783:tentacles 1695:ammonites 1686:Argonauta 1670:Incirrina 1402:predators 1393:tentacles 1357:propeller 1205:predators 979:rhodopsin 977:encoding 899:olfaction 510:octopuses 506:Coleoidea 485:known as 467:tentacles 374:molluscan 312:Coleoidea 194:Kingdom: 188:Eukaryota 11598:BioLib: 11543:Wikidata 11475:Bivalvia 11431:Molluscs 11222:83608661 10979:(1916). 10882:85975284 10874:34892953 10741:84616115 10635:16501879 10588:10958852 10547:84743000 10539:34892892 10504:15935706 10460:35260548 10395:35449136 10327:35508532 10259:25005482 10166:26268193 10096:29962956 10034:13109195 10026:17654542 9990:33835096 9817:19789709 9777:PLOS ONE 9748:Archived 9645:21681989 9606:35421982 9539:20505713 9496:36635404 9439:33758350 9186:13109195 9178:17654542 9154:Nautilus 9136:12846042 9070:32899443 9062:10924200 9015:43094931 8968:85748957 8936:Euprymna 8863:37043461 8854:10096297 8823:PLOS ONE 8804:25898098 8735:28767686 8695:PLOS ONE 8525:85899974 8493:Nautilus 8478:85256742 8383:41577834 8243:87142440 8235:30155937 8164:21212354 7859:34858474 7758:83400480 7711:19665573 7676:85026080 7421:22241391 7413:17394016 7371:26862414 7363:16985187 7310:24967551 7242:12935620 7234:20203250 7177:28581868 6984:85770435 6884:84822175 6841:21669828 6795:10952883 6714:Archived 6697:18722759 6651:Archived 6524:20214206 6365:33290596 6163:18232740 6097:11522192 6001:55851070 5958:54043278 5916:22649542 5866:PLOS ONE 5846:26862414 5837:16985187 5764:iScience 5742:Archived 5738:25994633 5667:19509343 5593:BBC News 5575:25431963 5567:25994635 5513:Archived 5468:25707481 5384:20392722 5322:27629028 5073:5 August 5045:84388744 4966:85088231 4928:14077488 4844:31972515 4806:iScience 4561:CephBase 4435:See also 4376:Guernsey 4364:'s book 4333:Linnaeus 4273:Pen and 4154:Order † 4140:Order † 4126:Order † 4112:Order † 4075:Order † 4061:Order † 4047:Order † 4033:Order † 4019:Order † 3996:Order † 3974:Order † 3960:Order † 3930:Order † 3924:Order † 3918:Order † 3904:Order † 3844:Devonian 3747:Order † 3724:Order † 3718:Order † 3712:Order † 3706:Order † 3700:Order † 3693:Order † 3686:Order † 3669:Order † 3652:Order † 3646:Order † 3603:Order † 3590:Octopoda 3555:Myopsida 3488:Genus † 3474:Order † 3460:Order † 3446:Order † 3432:Order † 3424:Genus † 3394:Order † 3380:Order † 3366:Order † 3336:Order † 3322:Order † 3308:Order † 3287:Order † 3273:Order † 3259:Order † 3245:Order † 3231:Order † 3217:Order † 3203:Order † 3198:Cambrian 3192:Order † 3181:groups) 3088:Taxonomy 3071:Nautilus 3040:polytomy 3030:Nautilus 2886:Myopsida 2681:Octopoda 2636:Coleoids 2472:Genetics 2425:nautilus 2410:ammonoid 2391:Mesozoic 2096:nautilus 2094:and the 1968:nitrogen 1957:Nautilus 1937:Nautilus 1814:Nautilus 1778:coleoids 1772:tentacle 1739:Logy Bay 1642:ectoderm 1482:chloride 1477:Nautilus 1458:coleoids 1454:Nautilus 1450:Nautilus 1446:Nautilus 1442:Nautilus 1414:hyponome 1361:waterjet 1359:-driven 1282:Coleoids 1198:suborder 1124:Silurian 1099:and for 903:foraging 849:nautilus 795:shoaling 544:are the 527:Nautilus 455:nautilus 208:Mollusca 204:Phylum: 198:Animalia 184:Domain: 11549:Q128257 11202:Bibcode 10982:Oceanic 10721:Bibcode 10643:4389953 10615:Bibcode 10484:Bibcode 10451:8904582 10422:Bibcode 10386:9023564 10355:Bibcode 10318:9068888 10287:Bibcode 10250:4443810 10157:4795812 10128:Bibcode 10087:6014164 10062:: 700. 9970:Bibcode 9886:Bibcode 9878:Lethaia 9843:Bibcode 9808:2749442 9785:Bibcode 9706:Bibcode 9653:2767810 9597:9008929 9519:Bibcode 9487:9837193 9430:7987959 9376:Bibcode 9276:: 9–73. 8995:Bibcode 8948:Bibcode 8914:8693207 8886:Bibcode 8831:Bibcode 8782:Bibcode 8726:5540507 8703:Bibcode 8505:Bibcode 8450:Bibcode 8351:Bibcode 8144:Bibcode 8136:Science 8065:Bibcode 7905:Bibcode 7875:. 1912. 7738:Bibcode 7656:Bibcode 7639:Spirula 7551:Bibcode 7535:"A new 7506:Bibcode 7436:Geobios 7169:1542720 7108:Bibcode 7029:Bibcode 7021:Geobios 6954:Bibcode 6864:Bibcode 6677:Bibcode 6669:Zoology 6647:9317534 6599:4443736 6448:Wilstar 6330:7373208 6217:1422807 6154:2214820 6088:1088805 5907:3359305 5874:Bibcode 5783:8101055 5729:4448664 5658:2700988 5627:Bibcode 5508:Gizmodo 5483:bioRxiv 5429:9317205 5375:2936158 5313:5031660 5138:2881223 5025:Bibcode 4896:Bibcode 4859:Biology 4835:6974791 4814:Bibcode 4635:Bibcode 4406:ukiyo-e 4351:monster 4317:NROL-39 4294:Knossos 3618:decapod 3528:Sepiida 3506:Cohort 3179:extinct 3075:Octopus 3056:Spirula 3044:Spirula 2787:Sepiida 2220:Centre: 1990:Female 1948:protein 1944:ammonia 1897:Spirula 1861:Spirula 1831:Feeding 1699:fossils 1678:Spirula 1674:stylets 1662:Cirrate 1658:gladius 1489:sulfate 1408:to the 1209:melanin 1201:Cirrina 1194:octopus 1184:ink sac 1101:warning 1011:Hearing 955:retinal 895:pinhole 754:). The 671:Biology 538:species 475:inkfish 447:octopus 429:plural 308: † 288: † 224:Class: 11777:513159 11774:uBio: 11725:NZOR: 11653:1CEPHC 11333: 11319: 11303: 11285: 11267: 11238: 11220: 11173:31 May 11128: 11101: 11076: 10924: 10880: 10872: 10854: 10739: 10641: 10633: 10586: 10545: 10537: 10502: 10458: 10448: 10440: 10393: 10383: 10325: 10315: 10257: 10247: 10239: 10198: 10164: 10154: 10146: 10120:Nature 10094: 10084: 10076: 10032: 10024: 9988: 9861: 9815: 9805: 9676: 9651: 9643: 9604: 9594: 9586: 9545: 9537: 9511:Nature 9494: 9484: 9476: 9437: 9427: 9345: 9209: 9184: 9176: 9134: 9124: 9068: 9060: 9052: 9013: 8966: 8912: 8906:945466 8904: 8878:Nature 8861: 8851: 8802: 8733: 8723: 8672: 8591: 8523: 8476: 8468: 8381: 8241: 8233: 8196: 8170: 8162: 8102: 7940: 7857: 7822: 7814: 7779: 7756: 7709: 7674: 7648:Facies 7471: 7419: 7411: 7369: 7361: 7353: 7308: 7300: 7240: 7232: 7224: 7175: 7167: 7159: 6982: 6882: 6839: 6793: 6746: 6695: 6645: 6597: 6589: 6522: 6502:L.)". 6476: 6363: 6328: 6238: 6215: 6161: 6151: 6095: 6085: 5998: 5955: 5914: 5904: 5896: 5843: 5835: 5827: 5780: 5736: 5726: 5665: 5655: 5647: 5573: 5565: 5485: 5466: 5427: 5382: 5372: 5320: 5310: 5302: 5261: 5233: 5136: 5043: 4964: 4926: 4919:221236 4916: 4865: 4842: 4832: 4783: 4754: 4725: 4601: 4539: 4515: 4461:Kraken 4401:shunga 4329:Kraken 4306:Medusa 4298:Gorgon 4284:, 1801 4234:clades 4089:Order 3731:Order 3588:Order 3581:Order 3560:Order 3553:Order 3546:Order 3540:Order 3533:Order 3526:Order 3519:Order 3301:Order 3200:Period 3050:, and 2393:seas. 2289:larval 2266:Right: 2225:Right: 2216:mantle 2090:, the 2051:spadix 1871:Radula 1857:radula 1748:Right: 1566:, and 1465:muscle 1369:rocket 1363:(i.e. 1286:hearts 1152:Origin 1095:(both 829:Vision 817:Senses 780:mantle 748:brains 727:Right: 692:, and 629:extant 609:Right: 520:; and 516:, and 502:extant 235:, 1797 233:Cuvier 157:, and 11790:11707 11785:WoRMS 11762:Plazi 11754:12315 11705:82326 11687:IRMNG 11679:47459 11627:8ZXFW 11601:15054 11218:S2CID 10878:S2CID 10781:. 6. 10737:S2CID 10664:. 6. 10639:S2CID 10543:S2CID 10030:S2CID 9986:S2CID 9859:S2CID 9751:(PDF) 9736:(PDF) 9649:S2CID 9543:S2CID 9182:S2CID 9066:S2CID 9011:S2CID 8964:S2CID 8910:S2CID 8589:S2CID 8521:S2CID 8474:S2CID 8379:S2CID 8239:S2CID 8231:JSTOR 8168:S2CID 7855:S2CID 7820:S2CID 7754:S2CID 7672:S2CID 7644:(PDF) 7417:S2CID 7367:S2CID 7306:JSTOR 7238:S2CID 7165:JSTOR 6980:S2CID 6880:S2CID 6654:(PDF) 6621:(PDF) 6520:S2CID 6361:S2CID 5996:S2CID 5953:S2CID 5841:S2CID 5745:(PDF) 5702:(PDF) 5571:S2CID 5464:S2CID 5454:(6). 5134:S2CID 5041:S2CID 4962:S2CID 4353:from 4224:165.3 3060:Sepia 3048:Sepia 2438:squid 2255:Left: 2204:Left: 2180:Sepia 1963:Sepia 1735:Left: 1650:Sepia 1550:Shell 1410:gills 1314:or CO 1294:gills 1213:mucus 1103:) or 1031:This 951:opsin 776:nerve 722:Left: 598:Left: 514:squid 453:, or 443:squid 427:Greek 377:class 11741:7368 11718:6605 11713:NCBI 11700:ITIS 11692:1476 11661:GBIF 11648:EPPO 11640:2312 11609:BOLD 11331:ISBN 11317:ISBN 11301:ISBN 11283:ISBN 11265:ISBN 11236:ISBN 11175:2017 11152:help 11126:ISBN 11099:ISBN 11074:ISBN 10922:ISBN 10870:PMID 10631:PMID 10584:PMID 10535:PMID 10500:PMID 10456:PMID 10438:ISSN 10391:PMID 10323:PMID 10255:PMID 10237:ISSN 10196:ISBN 10162:PMID 10144:ISSN 10092:PMID 10074:ISSN 10022:PMID 9813:PMID 9674:ISBN 9641:PMID 9602:PMID 9584:ISSN 9535:PMID 9492:PMID 9474:ISSN 9435:PMID 9343:ISBN 9207:ISBN 9174:PMID 9132:PMID 9122:ISBN 9058:PMID 9050:ISSN 8902:PMID 8859:PMID 8800:PMID 8731:PMID 8670:ISBN 8466:ISSN 8194:ISBN 8160:PMID 8100:ISBN 7938:ISBN 7812:ISSN 7777:OCLC 7707:PMID 7469:ISBN 7409:PMID 7359:PMID 7351:ISSN 7298:ISSN 7230:PMID 7222:ISSN 7173:PMID 7157:ISSN 6837:PMID 6791:PMID 6744:ISBN 6693:PMID 6643:PMID 6595:PMID 6587:ISSN 6474:ISBN 6326:PMID 6267:2018 6236:ISBN 6213:PMID 6159:PMID 6093:PMID 5912:PMID 5894:ISSN 5833:PMID 5825:ISSN 5734:PMID 5663:PMID 5645:ISSN 5563:PMID 5425:PMID 5380:PMID 5318:PMID 5300:ISSN 5259:ISBN 5231:ISBN 5075:2019 4924:PMID 4863:ISBN 4840:PMID 4781:ISBN 4752:ISBN 4723:ISBN 4599:ISBN 4573:2016 4537:ISBN 4513:ISBN 4393:film 4355:Ainu 4327:The 4315:The 4275:wash 4213:, a 3062:and 2576:. 2574:bold 2440:and 2389:and 2161:yolk 2157:ovum 1974:(as 1972:ions 1960:and 1853:beak 1817:and 1793:arms 1770:and 1513:and 1498:The 1485:ions 1398:prey 1391:and 1389:fins 1385:fish 1182:and 1085:and 981:and 929:and 891:lens 837:and 762:and 633:taxa 542:taxa 530:and 463:arms 43:PreꞒ 11666:136 11635:EoL 11622:CoL 11586:AFD 11573:ADW 11350:doi 11346:351 11210:doi 11049:doi 10862:doi 10787:doi 10729:doi 10670:doi 10623:doi 10574:doi 10527:doi 10492:doi 10446:PMC 10430:doi 10381:PMC 10371:hdl 10363:doi 10313:PMC 10303:hdl 10295:doi 10245:PMC 10229:doi 10188:doi 10152:PMC 10136:doi 10124:524 10082:PMC 10064:doi 10014:doi 10010:269 9978:doi 9924:doi 9894:doi 9851:doi 9839:144 9803:PMC 9793:doi 9714:doi 9702:273 9633:doi 9592:PMC 9574:doi 9527:doi 9515:465 9482:PMC 9466:doi 9425:PMC 9417:doi 9384:doi 9335:doi 9240:doi 9166:doi 9162:269 9114:doi 9042:doi 9032:". 9003:doi 8985:". 8956:doi 8894:doi 8882:261 8849:PMC 8839:doi 8790:doi 8721:PMC 8711:doi 8629:doi 8581:doi 8552:doi 8513:doi 8458:doi 8446:161 8440:". 8417:doi 8369:hdl 8359:doi 8271:doi 8223:doi 8152:doi 8140:331 8073:doi 8031:doi 8027:236 7977:doi 7913:doi 7847:doi 7843:110 7804:doi 7746:doi 7734:125 7699:doi 7695:154 7664:doi 7616:doi 7559:doi 7514:doi 7502:301 7444:doi 7401:doi 7397:217 7341:doi 7337:209 7290:doi 7212:hdl 7204:doi 7200:218 7194:". 7149:doi 7145:192 7116:doi 7077:doi 7073:137 7037:doi 6970:hdl 6962:doi 6915:doi 6872:doi 6860:140 6827:doi 6783:doi 6779:203 6685:doi 6673:112 6635:doi 6631:194 6579:doi 6512:doi 6353:doi 6318:doi 6205:doi 6149:PMC 6139:doi 6083:PMC 6075:doi 6071:268 6044:doi 5986:doi 5943:doi 5902:PMC 5884:doi 5815:doi 5811:209 5778:PMC 5768:doi 5724:PMC 5714:doi 5710:218 5653:PMC 5635:doi 5623:106 5553:hdl 5543:doi 5539:218 5456:doi 5452:166 5446:". 5415:doi 5411:193 5370:PMC 5362:doi 5308:PMC 5292:doi 5288:283 5223:doi 5161:doi 5124:doi 5033:doi 5021:160 4993:doi 4954:doi 4914:PMC 4904:doi 4830:PMC 4822:doi 4643:doi 4631:226 4378:. 4300:of 4292:at 3846:of 3080:415 3077:at 2408:An 2008:of 1847:sp. 1606:of 1353:jet 1174:Ink 479:ink 465:or 145:), 137:), 129:), 11809:: 11787:: 11764:: 11751:: 11738:: 11715:: 11702:: 11689:: 11676:: 11663:: 11650:: 11637:: 11624:: 11614:24 11611:: 11588:: 11575:: 11560:: 11545:: 11344:. 11295:. 11252:. 11216:. 11208:. 11198:42 11196:. 11144:: 11142:}} 11138:{{ 11045:23 11043:. 11022:. 10944:. 10899:. 10876:. 10868:. 10860:. 10848:20 10846:. 10810:29 10808:. 10777:. 10735:. 10727:. 10717:40 10715:. 10693:39 10691:. 10660:. 10637:. 10629:. 10621:. 10611:62 10609:. 10582:. 10570:17 10568:. 10564:. 10541:. 10533:. 10523:22 10521:. 10498:. 10490:. 10480:37 10478:. 10454:. 10444:. 10436:. 10428:. 10418:13 10416:. 10412:. 10389:. 10379:. 10369:. 10361:. 10351:13 10349:. 10345:. 10321:. 10311:. 10301:. 10293:. 10283:13 10281:. 10277:. 10253:. 10243:. 10235:. 10225:15 10223:. 10219:. 10194:. 10174:^ 10160:. 10150:. 10142:. 10134:. 10122:. 10118:. 10104:^ 10090:. 10080:. 10072:. 10058:. 10054:. 10042:^ 10028:. 10020:. 10008:. 9984:. 9976:. 9966:38 9964:. 9936:^ 9920:20 9918:. 9906:^ 9892:. 9882:39 9880:. 9857:. 9849:. 9837:. 9825:^ 9811:. 9801:. 9791:. 9779:. 9775:. 9759:^ 9744:26 9742:. 9738:. 9712:. 9700:. 9688:^ 9647:. 9639:. 9629:33 9627:. 9623:. 9600:. 9590:. 9582:. 9570:20 9568:. 9564:. 9541:. 9533:. 9525:. 9513:. 9490:. 9480:. 9472:. 9460:. 9456:. 9433:. 9423:. 9411:. 9407:. 9382:. 9372:50 9370:. 9366:. 9341:. 9319:^ 9297:16 9295:. 9291:. 9272:. 9268:. 9236:55 9234:. 9230:. 9180:. 9172:. 9160:. 9144:^ 9130:. 9120:. 9096:^ 9078:^ 9064:. 9056:. 9048:. 9038:60 9036:. 9009:. 9001:. 8991:74 8989:. 8962:. 8954:. 8944:77 8942:. 8922:^ 8908:. 8900:. 8892:. 8880:. 8857:. 8847:. 8837:. 8827:18 8825:. 8821:. 8798:. 8788:. 8778:25 8776:. 8772:. 8751:. 8729:. 8719:. 8709:. 8699:12 8697:. 8693:. 8625:79 8623:. 8619:. 8601:^ 8587:. 8575:. 8548:76 8546:. 8542:. 8519:. 8511:. 8499:. 8472:. 8464:. 8456:. 8444:. 8413:12 8411:. 8407:. 8391:^ 8377:. 8367:. 8357:. 8347:65 8345:. 8341:. 8319:^ 8283:^ 8267:25 8265:. 8251:^ 8237:. 8229:. 8219:52 8217:. 8180:^ 8166:. 8158:. 8150:. 8138:. 8071:. 8061:42 8059:. 8055:. 8043:^ 8025:. 8007:^ 7997:. 7960:. 7911:. 7901:47 7899:. 7895:. 7853:. 7841:. 7818:. 7810:. 7800:75 7798:. 7752:. 7744:. 7732:. 7728:. 7705:. 7693:. 7670:. 7662:. 7652:51 7650:. 7646:. 7612:73 7610:. 7606:. 7592:^ 7584:49 7582:. 7557:. 7547:51 7545:. 7541:. 7512:. 7500:. 7496:. 7440:37 7438:. 7415:. 7407:. 7395:. 7379:^ 7365:. 7357:. 7349:. 7335:. 7331:. 7304:. 7296:. 7284:. 7264:^ 7236:. 7228:. 7220:. 7210:. 7198:. 7171:. 7163:. 7155:. 7143:. 7139:. 7114:. 7104:57 7102:. 7098:. 7071:. 7067:. 7049:^ 7035:. 7025:26 7023:. 7006:49 7004:. 6992:^ 6978:. 6968:. 6960:. 6950:87 6948:. 6911:56 6909:. 6905:. 6878:. 6870:. 6858:. 6835:. 6823:48 6821:. 6817:. 6803:^ 6789:. 6777:. 6773:. 6757:^ 6724:^ 6691:. 6683:. 6671:. 6649:. 6641:. 6629:. 6623:. 6593:. 6585:. 6575:61 6573:. 6569:. 6552:49 6550:. 6546:. 6532:^ 6518:. 6508:93 6506:. 6488:^ 6456:^ 6446:. 6417:. 6399:. 6381:. 6359:. 6349:48 6347:. 6324:. 6314:85 6312:. 6308:. 6258:. 6211:. 6201:40 6199:. 6195:. 6157:. 6147:. 6133:. 6129:. 6091:. 6081:. 6069:. 6065:. 6040:23 6038:. 6034:. 5994:. 5982:54 5980:. 5976:. 5951:. 5939:54 5937:. 5933:. 5910:. 5900:. 5892:. 5882:. 5868:. 5864:. 5839:. 5831:. 5823:. 5809:. 5805:. 5776:. 5766:. 5762:. 5740:. 5732:. 5722:. 5708:. 5704:. 5661:. 5651:. 5643:. 5633:. 5621:. 5617:. 5591:. 5569:. 5561:. 5551:. 5537:. 5533:. 5521:^ 5505:. 5462:. 5450:. 5423:. 5409:. 5405:. 5378:. 5368:. 5356:. 5352:. 5316:. 5306:. 5298:. 5286:. 5282:. 5245:^ 5229:. 5189:^ 5155:. 5132:. 5118:. 5114:. 5102:^ 5092:. 5061:. 5039:. 5031:. 5019:. 5007:^ 4989:70 4987:. 4983:. 4960:. 4950:47 4948:. 4936:^ 4922:. 4912:. 4902:. 4892:50 4890:. 4886:. 4838:. 4828:. 4820:. 4810:23 4808:. 4804:. 4689:^ 4665:. 4641:. 4629:. 4625:. 4581:^ 4559:. 4485:^ 4428:. 4185:Ma 4171:Ma 4149:Ma 4135:Ma 4121:Ma 4109:) 4107:Ma 4084:Ma 4070:Ma 4056:Ma 4042:Ma 4028:Ma 4005:Ma 3983:Ma 3969:Ma 3957:) 3955:Ma 3939:Ma 3913:Ma 3499:Ma 3483:Ma 3469:Ma 3455:Ma 3441:Ma 3403:Ma 3389:Ma 3375:Ma 3363:) 3361:Ma 3345:Ma 3331:Ma 3317:Ma 3296:Ma 3282:Ma 3268:Ma 3254:Ma 3240:Ma 3226:Ma 3212:Ma 3084:. 3046:, 2530:. 2360:. 2306:. 2218:. 2202:. 2175:. 2073:. 1843:, 1741:, 1701:. 1562:, 1558:, 1521:. 1331:NH 1227:. 1053:, 732:, 688:, 684:, 566:. 512:, 489:. 449:, 445:, 435:, 328:A 260:) 165:) 151:, 93:Pg 11507:† 11501:† 11495:† 11422:e 11415:t 11408:v 11356:. 11352:: 11273:. 11244:. 11224:. 11212:: 11204:: 11177:. 11154:) 11134:. 11107:. 11082:. 11055:. 11051:: 10948:. 10930:. 10903:. 10884:. 10864:: 10793:. 10789:: 10783:1 10743:. 10731:: 10723:: 10676:. 10672:: 10666:1 10645:. 10625:: 10617:: 10590:. 10576:: 10549:. 10529:: 10506:. 10494:: 10486:: 10462:. 10432:: 10424:: 10397:. 10373:: 10365:: 10357:: 10329:. 10305:: 10297:: 10289:: 10261:. 10231:: 10204:. 10190:: 10168:. 10138:: 10130:: 10098:. 10066:: 10060:9 10036:. 10016:: 9992:. 9980:: 9972:: 9930:. 9926:: 9900:. 9896:: 9888:: 9865:. 9853:: 9845:: 9819:. 9795:: 9787:: 9781:4 9720:. 9716:: 9708:: 9682:. 9655:. 9635:: 9608:. 9576:: 9549:. 9529:: 9521:: 9498:. 9468:: 9462:6 9441:. 9419:: 9413:4 9392:. 9386:: 9378:: 9351:. 9337:: 9313:. 9274:3 9246:. 9242:: 9215:. 9188:. 9168:: 9138:. 9116:: 9072:. 9044:: 9017:. 9005:: 8997:: 8970:. 8958:: 8950:: 8916:. 8896:: 8888:: 8865:. 8841:: 8833:: 8806:. 8792:: 8784:: 8737:. 8713:: 8705:: 8678:. 8637:. 8631:: 8617:" 8595:. 8583:: 8577:3 8560:. 8554:: 8527:. 8515:: 8507:: 8501:4 8480:. 8460:: 8452:: 8425:. 8419:: 8385:. 8371:: 8361:: 8353:: 8339:" 8313:. 8277:. 8273:: 8245:. 8225:: 8202:. 8174:. 8154:: 8146:: 8123:. 8108:. 8081:. 8075:: 8067:: 8037:. 8033:: 8001:. 7983:. 7979:: 7921:. 7915:: 7907:: 7889:" 7861:. 7849:: 7826:. 7806:: 7783:. 7760:. 7748:: 7740:: 7713:. 7701:: 7678:. 7666:: 7658:: 7637:" 7624:. 7618:: 7567:. 7561:: 7553:: 7522:. 7516:: 7508:: 7490:" 7477:. 7450:. 7446:: 7423:. 7403:: 7373:. 7343:: 7312:. 7292:: 7258:. 7244:. 7214:: 7206:: 7179:. 7151:: 7124:. 7118:: 7110:: 7083:. 7079:: 7043:. 7039:: 7031:: 6986:. 6972:: 6964:: 6956:: 6921:. 6917:: 6903:" 6886:. 6874:: 6866:: 6843:. 6829:: 6797:. 6785:: 6699:. 6687:: 6679:: 6637:: 6618:" 6601:. 6581:: 6526:. 6514:: 6482:. 6450:. 6432:. 6385:. 6367:. 6355:: 6332:. 6320:: 6269:. 6244:. 6219:. 6207:: 6165:. 6141:: 6135:6 6099:. 6077:: 6050:. 6046:: 6004:. 5988:: 5961:. 5945:: 5918:. 5886:: 5876:: 5870:7 5849:. 5817:: 5786:. 5770:: 5716:: 5699:" 5683:. 5669:. 5637:: 5629:: 5602:. 5577:. 5555:: 5545:: 5491:. 5470:. 5458:: 5431:. 5417:: 5403:" 5386:. 5364:: 5358:6 5350:" 5324:. 5294:: 5267:. 5239:. 5225:: 5180:. 5163:: 5140:. 5126:: 5120:1 5096:. 5077:. 5047:. 5035:: 5027:: 5001:. 4995:: 4968:. 4956:: 4930:. 4906:: 4898:: 4871:. 4846:. 4824:: 4816:: 4789:. 4760:. 4731:. 4683:. 4651:. 4645:: 4637:: 4575:. 4545:. 4416:( 4368:( 4228:) 4221:( 4187:) 4180:( 4173:) 4166:( 4151:) 4144:( 4137:) 4130:( 4123:) 4116:( 4102:( 4086:) 4079:( 4072:) 4065:( 4058:) 4051:( 4044:) 4037:( 4030:) 4023:( 4007:) 4000:( 3985:) 3978:( 3971:) 3964:( 3950:( 3941:) 3934:( 3915:) 3908:( 3501:) 3494:( 3485:) 3478:( 3471:) 3464:( 3457:) 3450:( 3443:) 3436:( 3405:) 3398:( 3391:) 3384:( 3377:) 3370:( 3347:) 3340:( 3333:) 3326:( 3319:) 3312:( 3298:) 3291:( 3284:) 3277:( 3270:) 3263:( 3256:) 3249:( 3242:) 3235:( 3228:) 3221:( 3214:) 3207:( 3163:) 3159:( 3148:) 3144:( 3133:) 3129:( 3118:) 3114:( 3103:) 3099:( 2729:† 2538:2 2536:H 2534:2 2532:C 2523:2 2521:H 2519:2 2517:C 1811:( 1648:( 1333:4 1316:2 1311:2 1309:O 1035:( 997:( 989:( 941:( 855:. 469:( 425:( 421:/ 418:ə 415:d 412:ə 409:p 406:ɒ 403:l 400:ˈ 397:ə 394:f 391:ɛ 388:s 385:/ 368:/ 365:d 362:ɒ 359:p 356:ə 353:l 350:ə 347:f 344:ɛ 341:s 338:ˈ 335:/ 316:? 256:( 161:( 141:( 133:( 125:( 98:N 88:K 83:J 78:T 73:P 68:C 63:D 58:S 53:O 48:Ꞓ 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Index