126:
1010:
104:
1030:. Competition can be for access to mates or reproductive resources such as food, or nesting areas. Female-female aggression in ungulates is often overlooked because it is not as extravagant as male antler combat. Female conflicts occur so the winner has first access to the harem male at the start of the mating season before he is exhausted or low on sperm storage.
1051:
Females select for males with larger antlers which indirectly benefits them. Large antler size in males is a sign of health and strength. The visual display is a reliable indicator of mate quality, providing indirect benefits. The females are not directly affected by these characteristics, but they
1042:
is placed on combat using antlers, males with higher roaring rates are also being selected for. During the breeding season males will make calls to attract mates and compete with other males. Like antler size, mating call quality is an indicator of mate potential. Red deer can distinguish the calls
1005:
consist of several males, numerous females and their young offspring 1–3 years in age
Members of this genus have a yearly breeding season where they display sensory exploitation, intrasexual competition, and weaponry. Females will fight for optimal mating opportunities and sexually selection for
1006:
males with larger antler size and/or greater roar quality. The degree of polygyny and female aggregation is dependent on the level of food distribution. Females aggregating in areas with more food leading to larger harems Female distribution influences the level of polygyny.
1305:
Brook, S.M., Donnithorne-Tait, D., Lorenzini, R., Lovari, S., Masseti, M., Pereladova, O., Ahmad, K. & Thakur, M. 2017. Cervus hanglu (amended version of 2017 assessment). The IUCN Red List of
Threatened Species 2017: e.T4261A120733024.
1052:
will produce more viable and fit offspring. Males with large antlers mate and sire more offspring than smaller, younger males. Large antler size is correlated with overall health, fitness and an increase in sperm production and quality.
1270:
Randi, Ettore; Mucci, Nadia; Claro-Hergueta, Françoise; Bonnet, Amélie; Douzery, Emmanuel J. P. (2001). "A mitochondrial DNA control region phylogeny of the
Cervinae: speciation in Cervus and implications for conservation".
666:
should be split into four species based on genetics, morphology and voice, although this may be premature based on the presently available evidence. If split, the potential species are
1479:"Insights into the evolutionary history of Cervus (Cervidae, tribe Cervini) based on Bayesian analysis of mitochondrial marker sequences, with first indications for a new species"
355:. In addition to the species presently placed in this genus, it has included a whole range of other species now commonly placed in other genera. Additionally, the species-level
514:
species. The
Central Asian red deer was considered its own species (including the Yarkand deer, Kashmir stag and Bactrian deer as subspecies) by the IUCN in 2017, and by the
1026:) prior to and during the mating season. Aggression is displayed through nose threats, kicking, and displacements. Elevated aggression has only been observed during the
1513:
Kie, John G.; Johnson, Bruce K.; Noyes, James H.; Williams, Christen L.; Dick, Brian L.; Rhodes, Olin E.; Stussy, Rosemary J.; Bowyer, R. Terry (1 September 2013).
1670:
Pérez-González, Javier; Carranza, Juan; Polo, Vicente (21 July 2010). "Measuring female aggregation in ungulate mating-system research: a red deer case study".
981:
6350:
973:
6402:
498:, which has not been sampled in recent studies. If it is included in the Central Asian red deer, the scientific name of that species is
1562:
de Vos, A.; Brokx, P.; Geist, V. (1967). "A Review of Social
Behavior of the North American Cervids during the Reproductive Period".
6324:
6363:
1717:
1746:
6381:
1364:
1090:
6368:
1709:
6515:
1131:
Pitra, Christian; Fickel, Joerns; Meijaard, Erik; Groves, Colin (2004). "Evolution and phylogeny of old world deer".
6303:
1076:
6464:
1332:
515:
1602:
Bebié, Nicole; McElligott, A.G. (2006). "Female aggression in red deer: Does it indicate competition for mates?".
6407:
6316:
254:
228:
1082:
6482:
6389:
2098:
711:
479:
1515:"Reproduction in North American elk Cervus elaphus: paternity of calves sired by males of mixed age classes"
2887:
6376:
6246:
6233:
1039:
416:
6251:
2167:
1739:
6456:
6469:
6417:
5144:
2089:
2080:
1307:
4931:
1400:
125:
5580:
4973:
2869:
2010:
1631:"Reproductive Behavior in Female Iberian Red Deer: Effects of Aggregation and Dispersion of Food"
5093:
2529:
390:
6510:
6443:
6173:
2631:
2337:
2256:
800:
467:
305:
6355:
6438:
5781:
4811:
3036:
2265:
2149:
1732:
6430:
6272:
6220:
6088:
5854:
5845:
5790:
5415:
5379:
5352:
4760:
4751:
4196:
4187:
2553:
2412:
2355:
2301:
445:
8:
6034:
5736:
5727:
5475:
5343:
5316:
5252:
4913:
4793:
4742:
2421:
2328:
1919:
998:
6121:
6112:
5484:
5424:
5406:
5388:
5334:
5307:
5298:
4922:
4904:
4838:
4531:
4257:
3734:
3725:
3444:
2878:
2346:
2158:
2140:
2019:
1579:
1544:
1454:
1423:
1194:
834:
720:
691:
491:
356:
120:
6425:
6259:
5754:
5745:
5433:
5361:
5289:
5120:
5102:
4955:
3905:
3300:
3291:
3143:
3045:
2824:
2791:
2734:
2604:
2131:
1992:
1687:
1652:
1536:
1459:
1377:
1360:
1288:
1252:
1148:
1096:
1086:
885:
839:
737:
535:
523:
450:
275:
1548:
1198:
6264:
6211:
6148:
5902:
5893:
5772:
5613:
5604:
5397:
5069:
5060:
5008:
4999:
4847:
4820:
4733:
4513:
4121:
3547:
3538:
3528:
3501:
3222:
3091:
2292:
2283:
2274:
2056:
2047:
1983:
1910:
1901:
1679:
1642:
1629:
Sánchez-Prieto, Cristina B.; Carranza, Juan; Pulido, Fernando J. (16 August 2004).
1611:
1571:
1526:
1490:
1449:
1439:
1395:
1280:
1244:
1228:
1186:
1140:
1022:
Female-female competition has been observed within harems in the red deer species (
964:
703:
607:
529:
6505:
5878:
5869:
5817:
5808:
5589:
4446:
4437:
3914:
3510:
2562:
2472:
2310:
2122:
2001:
1974:
1965:
1615:
1444:
1027:
1002:
695:
635:
6394:
1320:
1248:
1144:
521:
Others members of the red deer group, which may represent separate species, are
6311:
6298:
6225:
6078:
6016:
5646:
5637:
5162:
5111:
5032:
5023:
4964:
4802:
4504:
4326:
4317:
3872:
3839:
3821:
3309:
3119:
2994:
2833:
1821:
1793:
773:
598:
574:
112:
6238:
1724:
1284:
1190:
6499:
6196:
5703:
5685:
5571:
5508:
5499:
4558:
4293:
4266:
4037:
3947:
3938:
3923:
3788:
3752:
3707:
3644:
3635:
3152:
3110:
3003:
2969:
2959:
2860:
2842:
2505:
2454:
2364:
1928:
1691:
1656:
1540:
1386:
1292:
1256:
1072:
863:
795:
639:
487:
463:
448:
evidence suggest more species should be recognized. For example, the species
352:
250:
224:
61:
1227:
Ludt, Christian J.; Schroeder, Wolf; Rottmann, Oswald; Kuehn, Ralph (2004).
1100:
6097:
6066:
5956:
5628:
5442:
5370:
5243:
5186:
5177:
4895:
4829:
4591:
4549:
4464:
4275:
3995:
3986:
3848:
3779:
3668:
3659:
3401:
3170:
2851:
2806:
2773:
2544:
2436:
2403:
2319:
1463:
1152:
934:
580:
548:
495:
483:
402:
378:
236:
474:) should be treated as a species. If the Central Asian red deer (from the
6337:
6205:
5718:
5466:
4628:
4582:
4573:
4522:
4474:
4335:
4177:
3770:
3761:
3589:
3383:
3374:
3364:
3258:
3101:
2911:
2902:
2815:
2658:
2580:
2463:
2388:
2379:
1756:
475:
384:
177:
36:
6329:
5325:
5225:
5050:
4642:
4064:
4046:
3797:
3492:
3477:
3468:
3435:
3212:
3018:
2935:
2926:
2701:
2692:
2571:
2496:
2037:
1858:
1583:
544:
81:
46:
1495:
1478:
6342:
6285:
6025:
5946:
5799:
5670:
5661:
5135:
4709:
4700:
4685:
4676:
4540:
4112:
3896:
3830:
3716:
3231:
3027:
2716:
2640:
2520:
2071:
1956:
1946:
1840:
1831:
868:
663:
631:
511:
429:
315:
137:
86:
6167:
5992:
1683:
1647:
1630:
1575:
1009:
6290:
6190:
5934:
5562:
5234:
4946:
4784:
4724:
4389:
4088:
3620:
3565:
3453:
3282:
2758:
2749:
2725:
2613:
2487:
2237:
2113:
1809:
1787:
1775:
1531:
1514:
1428:) hunted by the Tyrolean Iceman into a mitochondrial DNA phylogeny"
778:
671:
619:
615:
565:
441:
421:
396:
295:
244:
197:
157:
76:
71:
56:
51:
41:
6477:
6139:
5974:
5835:
5694:
5084:
4871:
4862:
4775:
4661:
4652:
4624:
4380:
4284:
4248:
4163:
4159:
4130:
4055:
3743:
3616:
3577:
3161:
3078:
2984:
2247:
2197:
1892:
1308:
https://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2017-3.RLTS.T4261A120733024.en
1078:
Mammal
Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference
715:
683:
561:
557:
348:
262:
207:
91:
66:
610:
to northeastern China. This would restrict the "true" red deer (
502:. If it is not included, the scientific name of that species is
351:, although one species occurs in northern Africa and another in
5983:
5552:
5457:
5280:
5270:
4886:
4398:
4238:
4220:
4211:
4097:
4019:
3971:
3962:
3420:
3411:
3346:
3337:
3327:
3249:
2782:
2445:
1781:
1769:
725:
687:
675:
646:
group species are subspecies of the "true" red deer, while the
167:
147:
6277:
1269:
6451:
6007:
5965:
5540:
5210:
5201:
4495:
4422:
4413:
4344:
4073:
4028:
3887:
3812:
3692:
3683:
3194:
3185:
2677:
2668:
1877:
1868:
707:
589:
340:
1628:
103:
5153:
4483:
4371:
4353:
4010:
3863:
3267:
3134:
2950:
2224:
2185:
1483:
Journal of
Zoological Systematics and Evolutionary Research
623:
344:
187:
4621:
1669:
1226:
5763:
4362:
4308:
3240:
2622:
1130:
1043:
of the males in their harem, others and their offspring.
890:
285:
3613:
1512:
4156:
394:, and until the late 1980s, it included members of
1604:Mammalian Biology – Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde
1477:Lorenzini, Rita; Garofalo, Luisa (November 2015).
1476:
6497:
1561:
958:are known from the early-mid Pliocene of China.
630:) to North America and the Asian regions of the
1754:
1601:
1229:"Mitochondrial DNA phylogeography of red deer (
454:(elk/wapiti) is considered a separate species.
1422:Olivieri, C.; Marota, I.; et al. (2014).
1421:
1401:10.2305/IUCN.UK.2015-2.RLTS.T41788A22155877.en
482:) is recognized as a species, it includes the
1740:
1375:
1071:
1017:
1829:
1747:
1733:
1168:
1166:
1164:
1162:
1033:
657:
494:), but it could possibly also include the
436:) were recognized as species in the genus
102:
6064:
3536:
1646:
1530:
1494:
1453:
1443:
1399:
1222:
1220:
1218:
1216:
1214:
1212:
1210:
1208:
654:groups are subspecies of the elk/wapiti.
457:
5945:
3335:
1008:
376:also included the members of the genera
2236:
1807:
1718:Integrated Taxonomic Information System
1369:
1351:
1349:
1159:
1126:
1124:
1122:
1120:
1118:
1116:
1114:
1112:
1110:
740:study showed the internal phylogeny of
6498:
1954:
1205:
1172:
1067:
1065:
596:would probably include the subspecies
572:would probably include the subspecies
6172:
6171:
6063:
5932:
5931:
5537:
4620:
4155:
3612:
3074:
2220:
1806:
1728:
1597:
1595:
1593:
1508:
1506:
1237:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1179:European Journal of Wildlife Research
1133:Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution
1038:While an emphasis in observations of
6483:83969802-BEF9-4224-9AC5-C62055A12D4E
6457:A191B064-D159-A38D-439A-8CD90DA361C6
6418:e44a0606-2571-4120-a67d-dcb5412b9cf2
6317:f53926d3-5799-4469-acbc-54f6083e2c3e
3372:
1346:
1107:
1046:
1001:mating systems within harems. These
682:of southern Japan (southern Honshu,
466:, some sources have recommended the
2221:
1387:IUCN Red List of Threatened Species
1062:
13:
5538:
3075:
1590:
1503:
14:
6527:
1702:
1173:Groves, Colin (2006). "The genus
949:
670:from northern and central Japan (
1333:American Society of Mammalogists
988:
516:American Society of Mammalogists
124:
34:
2099:Sri Lankan spotted chevrotain (
1663:
1622:
1564:The American Midland Naturalist
1555:
1470:
1415:
1355:Smith and Xie, editors (2008).
606:), and would be found from the
2888:Central American red brocket (
1313:
1299:
1263:
1083:Johns Hopkins University Press
1075:; Reeder, D. M., eds. (2005).
822:East Eurasian clade
761:West Eurasian clade
662:It has been proposed that the
584:(both are perhaps synonyms of
1:
1329:ASM Mammal Diversity Database
1055:
347:that primarily are native to
3595:Large subfamily listed below
3583:Large subfamily listed below
3571:Large subfamily listed below
1616:10.1016/j.mambio.2006.02.008
1445:10.1371/journal.pone.0100136
731:
324:
7:
6516:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus
2090:Yellow-striped chevrotain (
2081:Indian spotted chevrotain (
1424:"Positioning the red deer (
1310:. Retrieved 27 August 2021.
1249:10.1016/j.ympev.2003.10.003
1145:10.1016/j.ympev.2004.07.013
588:), and would be found from
510:) may represent a separate
417:Mammal Species of the World
362:
10:
6532:
698:and other small islands),
409:
6180:
6138:
6110:
6086:
6077:
6073:
6059:
6026:Dromedary/Arabian camel (
6017:Domestic Bactrian camel (
6005:
5954:
5941:
5927:
5891:
5867:
5843:
5834:
5716:
5683:
5659:
5626:
5602:
5581:North Sulawesi babirusa (
5560:
5551:
5547:
5533:
5497:
5455:
5278:
5269:
5223:
5199:
5175:
5133:
5082:
5058:
5049:
5021:
4997:
4990:
4944:
4884:
4860:
4773:
4722:
4698:
4674:
4650:
4641:
4637:
4616:
4571:
4472:
4463:
4435:
4411:
4306:
4246:
4237:
4209:
4185:
4176:
4172:
4151:
4110:
4086:
4008:
3984:
3960:
3936:
3885:
3861:
3810:
3705:
3681:
3657:
3633:
3629:
3608:
3588:
3576:
3564:
3527:
3490:
3466:
3433:
3409:
3400:
3363:
3326:
3280:
3220:
3211:
3183:
3132:
3099:
3090:
3086:
3070:
3016:
2982:
2948:
2924:
2900:
2870:Amazonian brown brocket (
2804:
2771:
2747:
2714:
2690:
2666:
2657:
2593:
2542:
2518:
2485:
2434:
2401:
2377:
2245:
2232:
2216:
2203:Large family listed below
2196:
2191:Large family listed below
2184:
2168:Williamson's mouse-deer (
2111:
2069:
2045:
2036:
1945:
1890:
1866:
1857:
1820:
1816:
1802:
1764:
1285:10.1017/S1367943001001019
1259:– via ResearchGate.
1191:10.1007/s10344-005-0011-5
1018:Female-female competition
931:
882:
860:
853:
831:
824:
792:
770:
763:
755:
674:and northern and central
268:
261:
242:
235:
121:Scientific classification
119:
110:
101:
23:
4267:Domestic water buffalo (
2632:Central Asian red deer (
2257:Bornean yellow muntjac (
556:), and is restricted to
506:, and the Kashmir stag (
414:In the third edition of
367:
5145:Bates' pygmy antelope (
4932:Soemmerring's gazelle (
3037:Yucatan brown brocket (
2266:Hairy-fronted muntjac (
2150:Philippine mouse-deer (
1034:Secondary sexual traits
658:Sika deer species group
359:is in a state of flux.
5855:White-lipped peccary (
5791:Philippine warty pig (
5416:Yellow-backed duiker (
5380:Black-fronted duiker (
5353:White-bellied duiker (
4974:Przewalski's gazelle (
4197:Four-horned antelope (
2995:Peruvian Yungas pudu (
2554:Visayan spotted deer (
2413:European fallow deer (
2356:Northern red muntjac (
2302:Southern red muntjac (
1014:
801:Central Asian red deer
710:, central and eastern
702:of mainland Asia (the
626:, and the elk/wapiti (
602:(perhaps a synonym of
552:(perhaps a synonym of
468:Central Asian red deer
458:Red deer species group
306:Central Asian red deer
6439:Paleobiology Database
6035:Wild Bactrian camel (
5737:Bornean bearded pig (
5728:Palawan bearded pig (
5317:White-legged duiker (
4743:Red-fronted gazelle (
2422:Persian fallow deer (
2338:Roosevelt's muntjac (
2011:Himalayan musk deer (
1920:Reticulated giraffe (
1394:: e.T41788A22155877.
1376:Harris, R.B. (2015).
1177:in eastern Eurasia".
1012:
993:Members of the genus
642:. Alternatively, the
16:Genus of deer and elk
6312:Fauna Europaea (new)
6122:Pygmy hippopotamus (
5782:Oliver's warty pig (
5407:Red-flanked duiker (
4812:Erlanger's gazelle (
4532:Harnessed bushbuck (
4258:Wild water buffalo (
3735:East Caucasian tur (
3726:West Caucasian tur (
2879:Little red brocket (
2347:Truong Son muntjac (
2159:Vietnam mouse-deer (
2141:Greater mouse-deer (
2020:Siberian musk deer (
1635:Journal of Mammalogy
462:Within the red deer
420:from 2005, only the
5755:Celebes warty pig (
5746:Visayan warty pig (
5362:Red forest duiker (
5094:GĂĽnther's dik-dik (
4956:Mongolian gazelle (
4761:Heuglin's gazelle (
4752:Thomson's gazelle (
3906:Long-tailed goral (
3301:Mountain reedbuck (
3292:Southern reedbuck (
3144:East African oryx (
3046:White-tailed deer (
2825:Small red brocket (
2792:South Andean deer (
2735:Siberian roe deer (
2726:European roe deer (
2563:Philippine sambar (
2530:Père David's deer (
2132:Lesser mouse-deer (
1993:Kashmir musk deer (
1273:Animal Conservation
968:– Ryukyu dwarf deer
5903:Collared peccary (
5773:Flores warty pig (
5614:Giant forest hog (
5476:Maxwell's duiker (
5398:Ruwenzori duiker (
5344:Jentink's duiker (
5253:Sharpe's grysbok (
5009:Tibetan antelope (
4914:Bright's gazelle (
4848:Goitered gazelle (
4821:Mountain gazelle (
4794:Cuvier's gazelle (
4734:Mongalla gazelle (
4122:Pyrenean chamois (
3548:Tibetan antelope (
3502:Black wildebeest (
2329:Reeves's muntjac (
2293:Sumatran muntjac (
2284:Gongshan muntjac (
2057:Water chevrotain (
1984:Alpine musk deer (
1911:Southern giraffe (
1902:Northern giraffe (
1015:
744:to be as follows:
592:to central China.
6493:
6492:
6426:Open Tree of Life
6174:Taxon identifiers
6165:
6164:
6161:
6160:
6157:
6156:
6134:
6133:
6055:
6054:
6051:
6050:
6047:
6046:
5923:
5922:
5919:
5918:
5915:
5914:
5879:Chacoan peccary (
5830:
5829:
5818:Javan warty pig (
5809:Timor warty pig (
5616:H. meinertzhageni
5590:Togian babirusa (
5529:
5528:
5525:
5524:
5521:
5520:
5485:Walter's duiker (
5425:Abbott's duiker (
5389:Ogilby's duiker (
5335:Harvey's duiker (
5299:Brooke's duiker (
5265:
5264:
5045:
5044:
4986:
4985:
4923:Peter's gazelle (
4905:Grant's gazelle (
4839:Speke's gazelle (
4612:
4611:
4608:
4607:
4604:
4603:
4489:
4459:
4458:
4447:African buffalo (
4278:B. depressicornis
4233:
4232:
4147:
4146:
4143:
4142:
3915:Himalayan goral (
3737:C. cylindricornis
3604:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3560:
3559:
3523:
3522:
3511:Blue wildebeest (
3445:Common tsessebe (
3396:
3395:
3359:
3358:
3322:
3321:
3234:K. ellipsiprymnus
3207:
3206:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3061:
3058:
3057:
3006:P. mephistophiles
2962:P. mephistophiles
2653:
2652:
2349:M. truongsonensis
2311:Pu Hoat muntjac (
2212:
2211:
2208:
2207:
2180:
2179:
2123:Java mouse-deer (
2032:
2031:
2002:Black musk deer (
1975:Dwarf musk deer (
1966:Anhui musk deer (
1941:
1940:
1904:G. camelopardalis
1853:
1852:
1672:Wildlife Research
1496:10.1111/jzs.12104
1365:978-0-691-09984-2
1092:978-0-8018-8221-0
1047:Indirect benefits
982:Cervus sivalensis
946:
945:
920:
919:
911:
910:
902:
901:
812:
811:
738:mitochondrial DNA
622:and northwestern
604:C. x. xanthopygus
599:C. x. alashanicus
560:in North Africa,
451:Cervus canadensis
372:Until the 1970s,
332:
331:
231:
6523:
6486:
6485:
6473:
6472:
6460:
6459:
6447:
6446:
6434:
6433:
6421:
6420:
6411:
6410:
6398:
6397:
6395:NBNSYS0000131445
6385:
6384:
6372:
6371:
6359:
6358:
6346:
6345:
6333:
6332:
6320:
6319:
6307:
6306:
6294:
6293:
6281:
6280:
6268:
6267:
6255:
6254:
6242:
6241:
6229:
6228:
6216:
6215:
6214:
6201:
6200:
6199:
6169:
6168:
6084:
6083:
6075:
6074:
6061:
6060:
5952:
5951:
5943:
5942:
5929:
5928:
5841:
5840:
5647:Common warthog (
5638:Desert warthog (
5558:
5557:
5549:
5548:
5535:
5534:
5434:Weyns's duiker (
5308:Peters' duiker (
5290:Aders's duiker (
5276:
5275:
5163:Royal antelope (
5121:Salt's dik-dik (
5112:Silver dik-dik (
5103:Kirk's dik-dik (
5056:
5055:
5033:Saiga antelope (
4995:
4994:
4934:N. soemmerringii
4803:Dorcas gazelle (
4648:
4647:
4639:
4638:
4632:
4618:
4617:
4505:Mountain nyala (
4488:
4487:
4479:
4470:
4469:
4425:P. nghetinhensis
4327:European bison (
4318:American bison (
4244:
4243:
4183:
4182:
4174:
4173:
4167:
4153:
4152:
4029:Domestic sheep (
3873:Himalayan tahr (
3840:Mainland serow (
3822:Japanese serow (
3631:
3630:
3624:
3610:
3609:
3534:
3533:
3407:
3406:
3370:
3369:
3333:
3332:
3310:Bohor reedbuck (
3218:
3217:
3197:A. nasomaculatus
3120:Sable antelope (
3097:
3096:
3088:
3087:
3081:
3072:
3071:
2834:Merida brocket (
2664:
2663:
2605:Thorold's deer (
2457:A. calamianensis
2340:M. rooseveltorum
2286:M. gongshanensis
2243:
2242:
2234:
2233:
2227:
2218:
2217:
2043:
2042:
1952:
1951:
1931:G. tippelskirchi
1864:
1863:
1827:
1826:
1818:
1817:
1804:
1803:
1749:
1742:
1735:
1726:
1725:
1721:
1696:
1695:
1667:
1661:
1660:
1650:
1626:
1620:
1619:
1599:
1588:
1587:
1559:
1553:
1552:
1534:
1519:Wildlife Biology
1510:
1501:
1500:
1498:
1474:
1468:
1467:
1457:
1447:
1419:
1413:
1412:
1410:
1408:
1403:
1373:
1367:
1357:Mammals of China
1353:
1344:
1343:
1341:
1339:
1317:
1311:
1303:
1297:
1296:
1267:
1261:
1260:
1243:(3): 1064–1083.
1224:
1203:
1202:
1170:
1157:
1156:
1128:
1105:
1104:
1081:(3rd ed.).
1069:
1040:sexual selection
965:Cervus astylodon
856:
855:
827:
826:
766:
765:
758:
757:
748:
747:
704:Russian Far East
608:Russian Far East
575:C. w. kansuensis
490:(the two may be
223:
129:
128:
106:
96:
33:
29:Temporal range:
21:
20:
6531:
6530:
6526:
6525:
6524:
6522:
6521:
6520:
6496:
6495:
6494:
6489:
6481:
6476:
6468:
6463:
6455:
6450:
6442:
6437:
6429:
6424:
6416:
6414:
6406:
6401:
6393:
6388:
6380:
6375:
6367:
6362:
6354:
6349:
6341:
6336:
6328:
6323:
6315:
6310:
6302:
6297:
6289:
6284:
6276:
6271:
6263:
6258:
6250:
6245:
6237:
6232:
6224:
6219:
6210:
6209:
6204:
6195:
6194:
6189:
6176:
6166:
6153:
6130:
6106:
6069:
6043:
6001:
5937:
5911:
5887:
5863:
5826:
5793:S. philippensis
5730:S. ahoenobarbus
5712:
5704:Red river hog (
5679:
5655:
5622:
5598:
5572:Buru babirusa (
5543:
5517:
5509:Common duiker (
5493:
5451:
5261:
5219:
5195:
5171:
5129:
5078:
5041:
5017:
4982:
4967:P. picticaudata
4940:
4880:
4856:
4850:G. subgutturosa
4769:
4718:
4694:
4670:
4633:
4622:
4600:
4567:
4559:Cape bushbuck (
4552:T. strepsiceros
4481:
4480:
4478:
4455:
4431:
4407:
4302:
4294:Mountain anoa (
4229:
4223:B. tragocamelus
4205:
4199:T. quadricornis
4168:
4157:
4139:
4106:
4082:
4038:Bighorn sheep (
4004:
3980:
3956:
3948:Mountain goat (
3932:
3924:Chinese goral (
3881:
3857:
3842:C. sumatraensis
3806:
3789:Siberian ibex (
3753:Domestic goat (
3701:
3677:
3653:
3645:Barbary sheep (
3625:
3614:
3596:
3584:
3572:
3556:
3519:
3486:
3462:
3429:
3392:
3355:
3318:
3276:
3203:
3179:
3153:Scimitar oryx (
3128:
3111:Roan antelope (
3082:
3076:
3054:
3012:
3004:Northern pudu (
2978:
2970:Southern pudu (
2960:Northern pudu (
2944:
2920:
2896:
2861:Pygmy brocket (
2843:Dwarf brocket (
2800:
2767:
2743:
2710:
2686:
2649:
2589:
2538:
2514:
2481:
2455:Calamian deer (
2430:
2424:D. mesopotamica
2397:
2373:
2367:M. vuquangensis
2365:Giant muntjac (
2275:Fea's muntjac (
2228:
2222:
2204:
2192:
2176:
2107:
2065:
2028:
1986:M. chrysogaster
1937:
1929:Masai giraffe (
1886:
1849:
1812:
1798:
1760:
1753:
1708:
1705:
1700:
1699:
1684:10.1071/wr09033
1668:
1664:
1648:10.1644/bjk-122
1627:
1623:
1600:
1591:
1576:10.2307/2423349
1560:
1556:
1511:
1504:
1475:
1471:
1420:
1416:
1406:
1404:
1374:
1370:
1354:
1347:
1337:
1335:
1319:
1318:
1314:
1304:
1300:
1268:
1264:
1225:
1206:
1171:
1160:
1129:
1108:
1093:
1070:
1063:
1058:
1049:
1036:
1028:breeding season
1020:
991:
954:The remains of
952:
947:
921:
912:
903:
813:
734:
660:
581:C. w. macneilli
504:C. yarkandensis
460:
412:
370:
365:
257:
248:
222:
123:
97:
95:
94:
89:
84:
79:
74:
69:
64:
59:
54:
49:
44:
39:
32:Pliocene–Recent
31:
30:
27:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6529:
6519:
6518:
6513:
6508:
6491:
6490:
6488:
6487:
6474:
6461:
6448:
6435:
6422:
6412:
6399:
6386:
6373:
6360:
6347:
6334:
6321:
6308:
6299:Fauna Europaea
6295:
6282:
6269:
6256:
6243:
6230:
6217:
6202:
6186:
6184:
6178:
6177:
6163:
6162:
6159:
6158:
6155:
6154:
6152:
6151:
6144:
6142:
6136:
6135:
6132:
6131:
6129:
6128:
6124:C. liberiensis
6118:
6116:
6108:
6107:
6105:
6104:
6098:Hippopotamus (
6094:
6092:
6081:
6079:Hippopotamidae
6071:
6070:
6057:
6056:
6053:
6052:
6049:
6048:
6045:
6044:
6042:
6041:
6032:
6028:C. dromedarius
6023:
6013:
6011:
6003:
6002:
6000:
5999:
5990:
5981:
5972:
5962:
5960:
5949:
5939:
5938:
5925:
5924:
5921:
5920:
5917:
5916:
5913:
5912:
5910:
5909:
5899:
5897:
5889:
5888:
5886:
5885:
5875:
5873:
5865:
5864:
5862:
5861:
5851:
5849:
5838:
5832:
5831:
5828:
5827:
5825:
5824:
5815:
5811:S. timoriensis
5806:
5797:
5788:
5779:
5770:
5764:Domestic pig (
5761:
5752:
5743:
5734:
5724:
5722:
5714:
5713:
5711:
5710:
5701:
5691:
5689:
5681:
5680:
5678:
5677:
5667:
5665:
5657:
5656:
5654:
5653:
5644:
5640:P. aethiopicus
5634:
5632:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5610:
5608:
5600:
5599:
5597:
5596:
5592:B. togeanensis
5587:
5578:
5568:
5566:
5555:
5545:
5544:
5531:
5530:
5527:
5526:
5523:
5522:
5519:
5518:
5516:
5515:
5505:
5503:
5495:
5494:
5492:
5491:
5482:
5473:
5463:
5461:
5453:
5452:
5450:
5449:
5443:Zebra duiker (
5440:
5431:
5422:
5418:C. silvicultor
5413:
5404:
5395:
5386:
5377:
5371:Black duiker (
5368:
5359:
5355:C. leucogaster
5350:
5341:
5332:
5323:
5314:
5305:
5296:
5286:
5284:
5273:
5267:
5266:
5263:
5262:
5260:
5259:
5250:
5244:Cape grysbok (
5241:
5231:
5229:
5221:
5220:
5218:
5217:
5207:
5205:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5193:
5187:Klipspringer (
5183:
5181:
5173:
5172:
5170:
5169:
5160:
5151:
5141:
5139:
5131:
5130:
5128:
5127:
5118:
5114:M. piacentinii
5109:
5100:
5090:
5088:
5080:
5079:
5077:
5076:
5066:
5064:
5053:
5047:
5046:
5043:
5042:
5040:
5039:
5029:
5027:
5019:
5018:
5016:
5015:
5005:
5003:
4992:
4988:
4987:
4984:
4983:
4981:
4980:
4976:P. przewalskii
4971:
4962:
4952:
4950:
4942:
4941:
4939:
4938:
4929:
4920:
4911:
4902:
4896:Dama gazelle (
4892:
4890:
4882:
4881:
4879:
4878:
4868:
4866:
4858:
4857:
4855:
4854:
4845:
4836:
4830:Rhim gazelle (
4827:
4818:
4809:
4800:
4791:
4781:
4779:
4771:
4770:
4768:
4767:
4758:
4749:
4740:
4730:
4728:
4720:
4719:
4717:
4716:
4706:
4704:
4696:
4695:
4693:
4692:
4688:A. marsupialis
4682:
4680:
4672:
4671:
4669:
4668:
4658:
4656:
4645:
4635:
4634:
4614:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4606:
4605:
4602:
4601:
4599:
4598:
4592:Common eland (
4589:
4579:
4577:
4569:
4568:
4566:
4565:
4556:
4550:Greater kudu (
4547:
4538:
4529:
4520:
4511:
4502:
4492:
4490:
4467:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4453:
4443:
4441:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4419:
4417:
4409:
4408:
4406:
4405:
4396:
4387:
4378:
4369:
4363:Domestic yak (
4360:
4351:
4342:
4333:
4324:
4314:
4312:
4304:
4303:
4301:
4300:
4291:
4287:B. mindorensis
4282:
4276:Lowland anoa (
4273:
4264:
4254:
4252:
4241:
4235:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4228:
4227:
4217:
4215:
4207:
4206:
4204:
4203:
4193:
4191:
4180:
4170:
4169:
4149:
4148:
4145:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4128:
4118:
4116:
4108:
4107:
4105:
4104:
4094:
4092:
4084:
4083:
4081:
4080:
4071:
4062:
4053:
4044:
4035:
4026:
4016:
4014:
4006:
4005:
4003:
4002:
3996:Nilgiri tahr (
3992:
3990:
3982:
3981:
3979:
3978:
3968:
3966:
3958:
3957:
3955:
3954:
3944:
3942:
3934:
3933:
3931:
3930:
3921:
3912:
3903:
3893:
3891:
3883:
3882:
3880:
3879:
3869:
3867:
3859:
3858:
3856:
3855:
3849:Taiwan serow (
3846:
3837:
3828:
3818:
3816:
3808:
3807:
3805:
3804:
3795:
3786:
3780:Iberian ibex (
3777:
3768:
3759:
3750:
3741:
3732:
3723:
3713:
3711:
3703:
3702:
3700:
3699:
3689:
3687:
3679:
3678:
3676:
3675:
3669:Arabian tahr (
3665:
3663:
3655:
3654:
3652:
3651:
3641:
3639:
3627:
3626:
3606:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3598:
3597:
3594:
3592:
3586:
3585:
3582:
3580:
3574:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3554:
3544:
3542:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3521:
3520:
3518:
3517:
3508:
3498:
3496:
3488:
3487:
3485:
3484:
3474:
3472:
3464:
3463:
3461:
3460:
3451:
3441:
3439:
3431:
3430:
3428:
3427:
3417:
3415:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3390:
3380:
3378:
3367:
3361:
3360:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3353:
3343:
3341:
3330:
3324:
3323:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3307:
3303:R. fulvorufula
3298:
3288:
3286:
3278:
3277:
3275:
3274:
3265:
3256:
3247:
3238:
3228:
3226:
3215:
3209:
3208:
3205:
3204:
3202:
3201:
3191:
3189:
3181:
3180:
3178:
3177:
3171:Arabian oryx (
3168:
3159:
3150:
3140:
3138:
3130:
3129:
3127:
3126:
3117:
3107:
3105:
3094:
3084:
3083:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3063:
3060:
3059:
3056:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3048:O. virginianus
3043:
3034:
3024:
3022:
3014:
3013:
3011:
3010:
3001:
2991:
2989:
2980:
2979:
2977:
2976:
2967:
2956:
2954:
2946:
2945:
2943:
2942:
2932:
2930:
2922:
2921:
2919:
2918:
2914:O. bezoarticus
2908:
2906:
2898:
2897:
2895:
2894:
2885:
2876:
2867:
2858:
2854:M. gouazoubira
2852:Gray brocket (
2849:
2840:
2831:
2822:
2812:
2810:
2802:
2801:
2799:
2798:
2789:
2779:
2777:
2769:
2768:
2766:
2765:
2755:
2753:
2745:
2744:
2742:
2741:
2732:
2722:
2720:
2712:
2711:
2709:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2688:
2687:
2685:
2684:
2674:
2672:
2661:
2655:
2654:
2651:
2650:
2648:
2647:
2638:
2629:
2620:
2611:
2607:C. albirostris
2601:
2599:
2591:
2590:
2588:
2587:
2578:
2569:
2560:
2550:
2548:
2540:
2539:
2537:
2536:
2526:
2524:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2512:
2503:
2493:
2491:
2483:
2482:
2480:
2479:
2470:
2461:
2452:
2442:
2440:
2432:
2431:
2429:
2428:
2419:
2409:
2407:
2399:
2398:
2396:
2395:
2391:E. cephalophus
2385:
2383:
2375:
2374:
2372:
2371:
2362:
2353:
2344:
2335:
2326:
2320:Leaf muntjac (
2317:
2313:M. puhoatensis
2308:
2299:
2290:
2281:
2272:
2263:
2253:
2251:
2240:
2230:
2229:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2209:
2206:
2205:
2202:
2200:
2194:
2193:
2190:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2170:T. williamsoni
2165:
2156:
2147:
2138:
2129:
2119:
2117:
2109:
2108:
2106:
2105:
2096:
2087:
2077:
2075:
2067:
2066:
2064:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2040:
2034:
2033:
2030:
2029:
2027:
2026:
2022:M. moschiferus
2017:
2013:M. leucogaster
2008:
1999:
1990:
1981:
1977:M. berezovskii
1972:
1962:
1960:
1949:
1943:
1942:
1939:
1938:
1936:
1935:
1926:
1917:
1908:
1898:
1896:
1888:
1887:
1885:
1884:
1874:
1872:
1861:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1850:
1848:
1847:
1837:
1835:
1824:
1822:Antilocapridae
1814:
1813:
1800:
1799:
1797:
1796:
1794:Laurasiatheria
1790:
1784:
1778:
1772:
1765:
1762:
1761:
1752:
1751:
1744:
1737:
1729:
1723:
1722:
1704:
1703:External links
1701:
1698:
1697:
1678:(4): 301–310.
1662:
1641:(4): 761–767.
1621:
1610:(6): 347–355.
1589:
1570:(2): 390–417.
1554:
1532:10.2981/12-051
1525:(3): 302–310.
1502:
1489:(4): 340–349.
1469:
1438:(7): e100136.
1426:Cervus elaphus
1414:
1368:
1345:
1312:
1298:
1262:
1231:Cervus elaphus
1204:
1158:
1139:(3): 880–895.
1106:
1091:
1060:
1059:
1057:
1054:
1048:
1045:
1035:
1032:
1024:Cervus elaphus
1019:
1016:
990:
987:
986:
985:
977:
969:
951:
950:Fossil species
948:
944:
943:
940:
939:
930:
927:
926:
923:
922:
918:
917:
914:
913:
909:
908:
905:
904:
900:
899:
896:
895:
881:
878:
877:
874:
873:
859:
854:
852:
849:
848:
845:
844:
840:Thorold's deer
835:C. albirostris
830:
825:
823:
819:
818:
815:
814:
810:
809:
806:
805:
791:
788:
787:
784:
783:
769:
764:
762:
756:
754:
746:
733:
730:
659:
656:
652:C. xanthopygus
594:C. xanthopygus
586:C. w. wallichi
549:C. c. barbarus
536:C. xanthopygus
459:
456:
411:
408:
369:
366:
364:
361:
330:
329:
328:
327:
320:
319:
309:
299:
289:
279:
276:Thorold's deer
272:C. albirostris
266:
265:
259:
258:
249:
245:Cervus elaphus
240:
239:
233:
232:
215:
211:
210:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
145:
141:
140:
135:
131:
130:
117:
116:
113:Cervus elaphus
108:
107:
99:
98:
90:
85:
80:
75:
70:
65:
60:
55:
50:
45:
40:
35:
28:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6528:
6517:
6514:
6512:
6511:Mammal genera
6509:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6501:
6484:
6479:
6475:
6471:
6466:
6462:
6458:
6453:
6449:
6445:
6440:
6436:
6432:
6427:
6423:
6419:
6413:
6409:
6404:
6400:
6396:
6391:
6387:
6383:
6378:
6374:
6370:
6365:
6361:
6357:
6352:
6348:
6344:
6339:
6335:
6331:
6326:
6322:
6318:
6313:
6309:
6305:
6300:
6296:
6292:
6287:
6283:
6279:
6274:
6270:
6266:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6248:
6244:
6240:
6235:
6231:
6227:
6222:
6218:
6213:
6207:
6203:
6198:
6192:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6183:
6179:
6175:
6170:
6150:
6146:
6145:
6143:
6141:
6137:
6127:
6125:
6120:
6119:
6117:
6115:
6114:
6109:
6103:
6101:
6096:
6095:
6093:
6091:
6090:
6085:
6082:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6068:
6062:
6058:
6040:
6038:
6033:
6031:
6029:
6024:
6022:
6020:
6019:C. bactrianus
6015:
6014:
6012:
6010:
6009:
6004:
5998:
5996:
5991:
5989:
5987:
5982:
5980:
5978:
5973:
5971:
5969:
5964:
5963:
5961:
5959:
5958:
5953:
5950:
5948:
5944:
5940:
5936:
5930:
5926:
5908:
5906:
5901:
5900:
5898:
5896:
5895:
5890:
5884:
5882:
5877:
5876:
5874:
5872:
5871:
5866:
5860:
5858:
5853:
5852:
5850:
5848:
5847:
5842:
5839:
5837:
5833:
5823:
5821:
5820:S. verrucosus
5816:
5814:
5812:
5807:
5805:
5803:
5798:
5796:
5794:
5789:
5787:
5785:
5780:
5778:
5776:
5771:
5769:
5767:
5766:S. domesticus
5762:
5760:
5758:
5757:S. celebensis
5753:
5751:
5749:
5744:
5742:
5740:
5735:
5733:
5731:
5726:
5725:
5723:
5721:
5720:
5715:
5709:
5707:
5702:
5700:
5698:
5693:
5692:
5690:
5688:
5687:
5686:Potamochoerus
5682:
5676:
5674:
5669:
5668:
5666:
5664:
5663:
5658:
5652:
5650:
5645:
5643:
5641:
5636:
5635:
5633:
5631:
5630:
5625:
5619:
5617:
5612:
5611:
5609:
5607:
5606:
5601:
5595:
5593:
5588:
5586:
5584:
5583:B. celebensis
5579:
5577:
5575:
5570:
5569:
5567:
5565:
5564:
5559:
5556:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5536:
5532:
5514:
5512:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5502:
5501:
5496:
5490:
5488:
5483:
5481:
5479:
5474:
5472:
5470:
5467:Blue duiker (
5465:
5464:
5462:
5460:
5459:
5454:
5448:
5446:
5441:
5439:
5437:
5432:
5430:
5428:
5423:
5421:
5419:
5414:
5412:
5410:
5405:
5403:
5401:
5396:
5394:
5392:
5387:
5385:
5383:
5382:C. nigrifrons
5378:
5376:
5374:
5369:
5367:
5365:
5364:C. natalensis
5360:
5358:
5356:
5351:
5349:
5347:
5342:
5340:
5338:
5333:
5331:
5329:
5324:
5322:
5320:
5315:
5313:
5311:
5310:C. callipygus
5306:
5304:
5302:
5297:
5295:
5293:
5288:
5287:
5285:
5283:
5282:
5277:
5274:
5272:
5268:
5258:
5256:
5251:
5249:
5247:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5237:R. campestris
5233:
5232:
5230:
5228:
5227:
5222:
5216:
5214:
5209:
5208:
5206:
5204:
5203:
5198:
5192:
5190:
5189:O. oreotragus
5185:
5184:
5182:
5180:
5179:
5174:
5168:
5166:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5152:
5150:
5148:
5143:
5142:
5140:
5138:
5137:
5132:
5126:
5124:
5119:
5117:
5115:
5110:
5108:
5106:
5101:
5099:
5097:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5087:
5086:
5081:
5075:
5073:
5068:
5067:
5065:
5063:
5062:
5057:
5054:
5052:
5048:
5038:
5036:
5031:
5030:
5028:
5026:
5025:
5020:
5014:
5012:
5007:
5006:
5004:
5002:
5001:
4996:
4993:
4989:
4979:
4977:
4972:
4970:
4968:
4963:
4961:
4959:
4954:
4953:
4951:
4949:
4948:
4943:
4937:
4935:
4930:
4928:
4926:
4921:
4919:
4917:
4912:
4910:
4908:
4903:
4901:
4899:
4894:
4893:
4891:
4889:
4888:
4883:
4877:
4875:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4865:
4864:
4859:
4853:
4851:
4846:
4844:
4842:
4837:
4835:
4833:
4832:G. leptoceros
4828:
4826:
4824:
4819:
4817:
4815:
4810:
4808:
4806:
4801:
4799:
4797:
4792:
4790:
4788:
4783:
4782:
4780:
4778:
4777:
4772:
4766:
4764:
4759:
4757:
4755:
4750:
4748:
4746:
4741:
4739:
4737:
4736:E. albonotata
4732:
4731:
4729:
4727:
4726:
4721:
4715:
4713:
4712:A. cervicapra
4708:
4707:
4705:
4703:
4702:
4697:
4691:
4689:
4684:
4683:
4681:
4679:
4678:
4673:
4667:
4665:
4660:
4659:
4657:
4655:
4654:
4649:
4646:
4644:
4640:
4636:
4630:
4626:
4619:
4615:
4597:
4595:
4590:
4588:
4586:
4583:Giant eland (
4581:
4580:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4570:
4564:
4562:
4561:T. sylvaticus
4557:
4555:
4553:
4548:
4546:
4544:
4539:
4537:
4535:
4530:
4528:
4526:
4523:Lesser kudu (
4521:
4519:
4517:
4512:
4510:
4508:
4503:
4501:
4499:
4494:
4493:
4491:
4485:
4477:
4476:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4462:
4452:
4450:
4445:
4444:
4442:
4440:
4439:
4434:
4428:
4426:
4421:
4420:
4418:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4404:
4402:
4397:
4395:
4393:
4388:
4386:
4384:
4379:
4377:
4375:
4370:
4368:
4366:
4361:
4359:
4357:
4352:
4350:
4348:
4343:
4341:
4339:
4338:B. domesticus
4336:Bali cattle (
4334:
4332:
4330:
4325:
4323:
4321:
4316:
4315:
4313:
4311:
4310:
4305:
4299:
4297:
4292:
4290:
4288:
4283:
4281:
4279:
4274:
4272:
4270:
4265:
4263:
4261:
4256:
4255:
4253:
4251:
4250:
4245:
4242:
4240:
4236:
4226:
4224:
4219:
4218:
4216:
4214:
4213:
4208:
4202:
4200:
4195:
4194:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4165:
4161:
4154:
4150:
4136:
4134:
4129:
4127:
4125:
4120:
4119:
4117:
4115:
4114:
4109:
4103:
4101:
4096:
4095:
4093:
4091:
4090:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4072:
4070:
4068:
4063:
4061:
4059:
4054:
4052:
4050:
4045:
4043:
4041:
4040:O. canadensis
4036:
4034:
4032:
4027:
4025:
4023:
4018:
4017:
4015:
4013:
4012:
4007:
4001:
3999:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3989:
3988:
3987:Nilgiritragus
3983:
3977:
3975:
3970:
3969:
3967:
3965:
3964:
3959:
3953:
3951:
3950:O. americanus
3946:
3945:
3943:
3941:
3940:
3935:
3929:
3927:
3922:
3920:
3918:
3913:
3911:
3909:
3904:
3902:
3900:
3895:
3894:
3892:
3890:
3889:
3884:
3878:
3876:
3875:H. jemlahicus
3871:
3870:
3868:
3866:
3865:
3860:
3854:
3852:
3847:
3845:
3843:
3838:
3836:
3834:
3829:
3827:
3825:
3820:
3819:
3817:
3815:
3814:
3809:
3803:
3801:
3796:
3794:
3792:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3778:
3776:
3774:
3771:Nubian ibex (
3769:
3767:
3765:
3762:Alpine ibex (
3760:
3758:
3756:
3751:
3749:
3747:
3742:
3740:
3738:
3733:
3731:
3729:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3715:
3714:
3712:
3710:
3709:
3704:
3698:
3696:
3691:
3690:
3688:
3686:
3685:
3680:
3674:
3672:
3667:
3666:
3664:
3662:
3661:
3656:
3650:
3648:
3643:
3642:
3640:
3638:
3637:
3632:
3628:
3622:
3618:
3611:
3607:
3593:
3591:
3587:
3581:
3579:
3575:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3553:
3551:
3546:
3545:
3543:
3541:
3540:
3535:
3532:
3530:
3529:Pantholopinae
3526:
3516:
3514:
3509:
3507:
3505:
3500:
3499:
3497:
3495:
3494:
3489:
3483:
3481:
3480:A. buselaphus
3476:
3475:
3473:
3471:
3470:
3465:
3459:
3457:
3452:
3450:
3448:
3443:
3442:
3440:
3438:
3437:
3432:
3426:
3424:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3414:
3413:
3408:
3405:
3403:
3399:
3389:
3387:
3384:Grey rhebok (
3382:
3381:
3379:
3377:
3376:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3362:
3352:
3350:
3345:
3344:
3342:
3340:
3339:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3328:Aepycerotinae
3325:
3315:
3313:
3308:
3306:
3304:
3299:
3297:
3295:
3290:
3289:
3287:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3273:
3271:
3266:
3264:
3262:
3259:Nile lechwe (
3257:
3255:
3253:
3248:
3246:
3244:
3239:
3237:
3235:
3230:
3229:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3216:
3214:
3210:
3200:
3198:
3193:
3192:
3190:
3188:
3187:
3182:
3176:
3174:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3160:
3158:
3156:
3151:
3149:
3147:
3142:
3141:
3139:
3137:
3136:
3131:
3125:
3123:
3118:
3116:
3114:
3109:
3108:
3106:
3104:
3103:
3098:
3095:
3093:
3092:Hippotraginae
3089:
3085:
3080:
3073:
3069:
3051:
3049:
3044:
3042:
3040:
3035:
3033:
3031:
3026:
3025:
3023:
3021:
3020:
3015:
3009:
3007:
3002:
3000:
2998:
2993:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2986:
2981:
2975:
2973:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2952:
2947:
2941:
2939:
2938:B. dichotomus
2934:
2933:
2931:
2929:
2928:
2923:
2917:
2915:
2912:Pampas deer (
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2904:
2899:
2893:
2891:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2877:
2875:
2873:
2872:M. nemorivaga
2868:
2866:
2864:
2859:
2857:
2855:
2850:
2848:
2846:
2841:
2839:
2837:
2832:
2830:
2828:
2823:
2821:
2819:
2816:Red brocket (
2814:
2813:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2797:
2795:
2790:
2788:
2786:
2785:H. antisensis
2781:
2780:
2778:
2776:
2775:
2770:
2764:
2762:
2757:
2756:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2746:
2740:
2738:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2707:
2705:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2695:
2694:
2689:
2683:
2681:
2676:
2675:
2673:
2671:
2670:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2656:
2646:
2644:
2639:
2637:
2635:
2630:
2628:
2626:
2625:C. canadensis
2621:
2619:
2617:
2612:
2610:
2608:
2603:
2602:
2600:
2598:
2597:
2592:
2586:
2584:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2574:R. timorensis
2570:
2568:
2566:
2561:
2559:
2557:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2546:
2541:
2535:
2533:
2532:E. davidianus
2528:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2522:
2517:
2511:
2509:
2504:
2502:
2500:
2499:R. duvaucelii
2495:
2494:
2492:
2490:
2489:
2484:
2478:
2476:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2464:Bawean deer (
2462:
2460:
2458:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2438:
2433:
2427:
2425:
2420:
2418:
2416:
2411:
2410:
2408:
2406:
2405:
2400:
2394:
2392:
2389:Tufted deer (
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2381:
2376:
2370:
2368:
2363:
2361:
2359:
2354:
2352:
2350:
2345:
2343:
2341:
2336:
2334:
2332:
2327:
2325:
2323:
2322:M. putaoensis
2318:
2316:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2305:
2300:
2298:
2296:
2291:
2289:
2287:
2282:
2280:
2278:
2273:
2271:
2269:
2268:M. crinifrons
2264:
2262:
2260:
2255:
2254:
2252:
2250:
2249:
2244:
2241:
2239:
2235:
2231:
2226:
2219:
2215:
2201:
2199:
2195:
2189:
2187:
2183:
2173:
2171:
2166:
2164:
2162:
2161:T. versicolor
2157:
2155:
2153:
2148:
2146:
2144:
2139:
2137:
2135:
2130:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2120:
2118:
2116:
2115:
2110:
2104:
2102:
2097:
2095:
2093:
2088:
2086:
2084:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2068:
2062:
2060:
2055:
2054:
2052:
2050:
2049:
2044:
2041:
2039:
2035:
2025:
2023:
2018:
2016:
2014:
2009:
2007:
2005:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1991:
1989:
1987:
1982:
1980:
1978:
1973:
1971:
1969:
1968:M. anhuiensis
1964:
1963:
1961:
1959:
1958:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1944:
1934:
1932:
1927:
1925:
1923:
1922:G. reticulata
1918:
1916:
1914:
1909:
1907:
1905:
1900:
1899:
1897:
1895:
1894:
1889:
1883:
1881:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1856:
1846:
1844:
1839:
1838:
1836:
1834:
1833:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1791:
1789:
1785:
1783:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1771:
1767:
1766:
1763:
1758:
1750:
1745:
1743:
1738:
1736:
1731:
1730:
1727:
1719:
1715:
1713:
1707:
1706:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1666:
1658:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1625:
1617:
1613:
1609:
1605:
1598:
1596:
1594:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1565:
1558:
1550:
1546:
1542:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1509:
1507:
1497:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1473:
1465:
1461:
1456:
1451:
1446:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1427:
1418:
1402:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1380:Cervus nippon
1372:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1352:
1350:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1324:
1323:Cervus hanglu
1316:
1309:
1302:
1294:
1290:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1274:
1266:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1246:
1242:
1238:
1234:
1232:
1223:
1221:
1219:
1217:
1215:
1213:
1211:
1209:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1176:
1169:
1167:
1165:
1163:
1154:
1150:
1146:
1142:
1138:
1134:
1127:
1125:
1123:
1121:
1119:
1117:
1115:
1113:
1111:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1079:
1074:
1073:Wilson, D. E.
1068:
1066:
1061:
1053:
1044:
1041:
1031:
1029:
1025:
1011:
1007:
1004:
1000:
996:
989:Mating system
984:
983:
978:
976:
975:
970:
967:
966:
961:
960:
959:
957:
942:
941:
938:
937:
936:
929:
928:
925:
924:
916:
915:
907:
906:
898:
897:
894:
892:
888:
887:
886:C. canadensis
880:
879:
876:
875:
872:
870:
866:
865:
858:
857:
851:
850:
847:
846:
843:
841:
837:
836:
829:
828:
821:
820:
817:
816:
808:
807:
804:
802:
798:
797:
790:
789:
786:
785:
782:
780:
776:
775:
768:
767:
760:
759:
753:
750:
749:
745:
743:
739:
729:
727:
723:
722:
717:
714:and northern
713:
709:
705:
701:
700:C. hortulorum
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
655:
653:
649:
645:
641:
640:Great Khingan
637:
633:
629:
628:C. canadensis
625:
621:
617:
614:) to Europe,
613:
609:
605:
601:
600:
595:
591:
587:
583:
582:
577:
576:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
550:
546:
543:includes the
542:
541:C. corsicanus
538:
537:
532:
531:
526:
525:
524:C. corsicanus
519:
517:
513:
509:
505:
501:
497:
493:
489:
488:Bactrian deer
485:
481:
477:
473:
472:Cervus hanglu
469:
465:
464:species group
455:
453:
452:
447:
446:morphological
443:
439:
435:
431:
427:
423:
419:
418:
407:
405:
404:
399:
398:
393:
392:
387:
386:
381:
380:
375:
360:
358:
354:
353:North America
350:
346:
342:
338:
337:
326:
322:
321:
317:
313:
310:
307:
303:
300:
297:
293:
290:
287:
283:
282:C. canadensis
280:
277:
273:
270:
269:
267:
264:
260:
256:
252:
247:
246:
241:
238:
234:
230:
226:
221:
220:
216:
213:
212:
209:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
176:
173:
172:
169:
166:
163:
162:
159:
156:
153:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
132:
127:
122:
118:
115:
114:
109:
105:
100:
93:
88:
83:
78:
73:
68:
63:
58:
53:
48:
43:
38:
26:
22:
19:
6181:
6123:
6111:
6100:H. amphibius
6099:
6089:Hippopotamus
6087:
6067:Whippomorpha
6036:
6027:
6018:
6006:
5994:
5985:
5976:
5967:
5955:
5904:
5892:
5880:
5868:
5856:
5844:
5819:
5810:
5801:
5792:
5783:
5774:
5765:
5756:
5748:S. cebifrons
5747:
5738:
5729:
5717:
5705:
5696:
5684:
5672:
5660:
5649:P. africanus
5648:
5639:
5629:Phacochoerus
5627:
5615:
5603:
5591:
5582:
5574:B. babyrussa
5573:
5561:
5510:
5498:
5486:
5478:P. maxwellii
5477:
5469:P. monticola
5468:
5456:
5444:
5435:
5426:
5417:
5409:C. rufilatus
5408:
5399:
5390:
5381:
5372:
5363:
5354:
5345:
5336:
5327:
5326:Bay duiker (
5319:C. crusalbum
5318:
5309:
5300:
5291:
5279:
5271:Cephalophini
5254:
5246:R. melanotis
5245:
5236:
5224:
5212:
5200:
5188:
5176:
5164:
5156:N. moschatus
5155:
5146:
5134:
5122:
5113:
5104:
5096:M. guentheri
5095:
5083:
5072:D. megalotis
5071:
5059:
5034:
5022:
5011:P. hodgsonii
5010:
4998:
4975:
4966:
4958:P. gutturosa
4957:
4945:
4933:
4924:
4915:
4906:
4897:
4885:
4873:
4861:
4849:
4840:
4831:
4822:
4814:G. erlangeri
4813:
4804:
4795:
4787:G. bennettii
4786:
4774:
4762:
4754:E. thomsonii
4753:
4745:E. rufifrons
4744:
4735:
4723:
4711:
4699:
4687:
4675:
4663:
4651:
4593:
4585:T. derbianus
4584:
4572:
4560:
4551:
4542:
4533:
4524:
4516:T. eurycerus
4515:
4506:
4497:
4473:
4465:Tragelaphini
4448:
4436:
4424:
4412:
4400:
4391:
4383:B. javanicus
4382:
4373:
4365:B. grunniens
4364:
4355:
4347:B. frontalis
4346:
4337:
4328:
4319:
4307:
4295:
4286:
4277:
4268:
4259:
4247:
4222:
4210:
4198:
4186:
4133:R. rupicapra
4132:
4124:R. pyrenaica
4123:
4111:
4099:
4087:
4075:
4066:
4065:Snow sheep (
4057:
4048:
4047:Dall sheep (
4039:
4030:
4021:
4009:
3998:N. hylocrius
3997:
3985:
3974:O. moschatus
3973:
3961:
3949:
3937:
3925:
3916:
3907:
3898:
3886:
3874:
3862:
3850:
3841:
3832:
3823:
3811:
3799:
3798:Walia ibex (
3790:
3782:C. pyrenaica
3781:
3772:
3763:
3754:
3746:C. falconeri
3745:
3736:
3727:
3718:
3706:
3695:B. taxicolor
3694:
3682:
3670:
3658:
3646:
3634:
3550:P. hodgsonii
3549:
3537:
3512:
3503:
3493:Connochaetes
3491:
3479:
3478:Hartebeest (
3467:
3455:
3446:
3434:
3422:
3410:
3402:Alcelaphinae
3386:P. capreolus
3385:
3373:
3348:
3336:
3311:
3302:
3294:R. arundinum
3293:
3281:
3269:
3261:K. megaceros
3260:
3251:
3242:
3233:
3221:
3196:
3184:
3172:
3163:
3154:
3145:
3133:
3121:
3112:
3100:
3047:
3038:
3029:
3017:
3005:
2996:
2983:
2971:
2961:
2949:
2937:
2936:Marsh deer (
2925:
2913:
2901:
2889:
2880:
2871:
2862:
2853:
2844:
2835:
2826:
2818:M. americana
2817:
2805:
2793:
2784:
2774:Hippocamelus
2772:
2760:
2748:
2736:
2728:C. capreolus
2727:
2715:
2703:
2702:Water deer (
2691:
2679:
2667:
2642:
2633:
2624:
2615:
2606:
2595:
2594:
2582:
2573:
2565:R. mariannus
2564:
2555:
2543:
2531:
2519:
2507:
2506:Eld's deer (
2498:
2497:Barasingha (
2486:
2474:
2465:
2456:
2447:
2435:
2423:
2414:
2402:
2390:
2378:
2366:
2358:M. vaginalis
2357:
2348:
2339:
2330:
2321:
2312:
2303:
2294:
2285:
2276:
2267:
2259:M. atherodes
2258:
2246:
2169:
2160:
2152:T. nigricans
2151:
2142:
2133:
2125:T. javanicus
2124:
2112:
2100:
2091:
2082:
2070:
2059:H. aquaticus
2058:
2046:
2021:
2012:
2003:
1994:
1985:
1976:
1967:
1955:
1930:
1921:
1912:
1903:
1891:
1880:O. johnstoni
1879:
1867:
1843:A. americana
1842:
1830:
1792:Superorder:
1786:Infraclass:
1757:Artiodactyla
1711:
1675:
1671:
1665:
1638:
1634:
1624:
1607:
1603:
1567:
1563:
1557:
1522:
1518:
1486:
1482:
1472:
1435:
1431:
1425:
1417:
1405:. Retrieved
1391:
1385:
1379:
1371:
1356:
1336:. Retrieved
1328:
1322:
1315:
1301:
1276:
1272:
1265:
1240:
1236:
1230:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1136:
1132:
1077:
1050:
1037:
1023:
1021:
994:
992:
980:
974:Cervus grayi
972:
963:
955:
953:
933:
932:
884:
883:
862:
861:
833:
832:
794:
793:
772:
771:
751:
741:
735:
721:C. taiouanus
719:
699:
679:
668:C. yesoensis
667:
661:
651:
648:C. wallichii
647:
643:
627:
611:
603:
597:
593:
585:
579:
573:
569:
553:
547:
540:
534:
528:
522:
520:
507:
503:
499:
496:Kashmir stag
484:Yarkand deer
471:
461:
449:
437:
433:
425:
415:
413:
401:
395:
389:
383:
377:
373:
371:
335:
334:
333:
311:
301:
291:
281:
271:
243:
237:Type species
218:
217:
178:Artiodactyla
111:
24:
18:
6338:iNaturalist
6206:Wikispecies
5977:L. guanicoe
5836:Tayassuidae
5800:Wild boar (
5739:S. barbatus
5697:P. larvatus
5673:P. salvania
5671:Pygmy hog (
5605:Hylochoerus
5458:Philantomba
5346:C. jentinki
5328:C. dorsalis
5281:Cephalophus
5165:N. pygmaeus
5123:M. saltiana
5061:Dorcatragus
5035:S. tatarica
4925:N. petersii
4863:Litocranius
4763:E. tilonura
4710:Blackbuck (
4686:Springbok (
4629:Antilopinae
4627:(subfamily
4574:Taurotragus
4541:Sitatunga (
4534:T. scriptus
4525:T. imberbis
4482:(including
4475:Tragelaphus
4296:B. quarlesi
4178:Boselaphini
4162:(subfamily
4067:O. nivicola
3908:N. caudatus
3897:Red goral (
3888:Naemorhedus
3851:C. swinhoei
3831:Red serow (
3813:Capricornis
3791:C. sibirica
3728:C. caucasia
3719:C. aegagrus
3717:Wild goat (
3671:A. jayakari
3660:Arabitragus
3619:(subfamily
3590:Antilopinae
3513:C. taurinus
3456:D. pygargus
3349:A. melampus
3270:K. vardonii
3232:Waterbuck (
3173:O. leucoryx
3102:Hippotragus
3030:O. hemionus
3028:Mule deer (
2927:Blastocerus
2836:M. bricenii
2794:H. bisulcus
2761:R. tarandus
2737:C. pygargus
2659:Capreolinae
2641:Sika deer (
2583:R. unicolor
2572:Rusa deer (
2475:A. porcinus
2295:M. montanus
2092:M. kathygre
1841:Pronghorn (
1832:Antilocapra
1407:12 November
1279:(1): 1–11.
570:C. wallichi
530:C. wallichi
478:to western
476:Caspian Sea
194:Subfamily:
6500:Categories
6113:Choeropsis
5995:L. vicugna
5881:C. wagneri
5784:S. oliveri
5775:S. heureni
5511:S. grimmia
5500:Sylvicapra
5487:P. walteri
5400:C. rubidis
5391:C. ogilbyi
5337:C. harveyi
5301:C. brookei
5255:R. sharpei
5235:Steenbok (
5226:Raphicerus
5178:Oreotragus
5051:Neotragini
5000:Pantholops
4916:N. notatus
4874:L. walleri
4823:G. gazella
4796:G. cuvieri
4785:Chinkara (
4677:Antidorcas
4664:A. clarkei
4653:Ammodorcas
4643:Antilopini
4543:T. spekeii
4507:T. buxtoni
4498:T. angasii
4390:Wild yak (
4374:B. indicus
4329:B. bonasus
4269:B. bubalis
4212:Boselaphus
4188:Tetracerus
4058:O. gmelini
3926:N. griseus
3899:N. baileyi
3864:Hemitragus
3833:C. rubidus
3824:C. crispus
3773:C. nubiana
3636:Ammotragus
3539:Pantholops
3469:Alcelaphus
3454:Bontebok (
3447:D. lunatus
3436:Damaliscus
3423:B. hunteri
3312:R. redunca
3213:Reduncinae
3164:O. gazella
3113:H. equinus
3039:O. pandora
3019:Odocoileus
2903:Ozotoceros
2759:Reindeer (
2704:H. inermis
2693:Hydropotes
2616:C. elaphus
2614:Red deer (
2556:R. alfredi
2473:Hog deer (
2331:M. reevesi
2304:M. muntjak
2134:T. kanchil
2101:M. meminna
2048:Hyemoschus
2038:Tragulidae
1995:M. cupreus
1913:G. giraffa
1859:Giraffidae
1810:Ruminantia
1056:References
999:polygynous
774:C. elaphus
612:C. elaphus
554:corsicanus
545:subspecies
492:synonymous
426:C. elaphus
292:C. elaphus
6065:Suborder
5975:Guanaco (
5947:Camelidae
5933:Suborder
5905:D. tajacu
5894:Dicotyles
5870:Catagonus
5857:T. pecari
5802:S. scrofa
5706:P. porcus
5695:Bushpig (
5563:Babyrousa
5539:Suborder
5436:C. weynsi
5427:C. spadix
5292:C. adersi
5213:O. ourebi
5147:N. batesi
5136:Neotragus
5105:M. kirkii
4907:N. granti
4872:Gerenuk (
4841:G. spekei
4805:G. dorcas
4662:Dibatag (
4449:S. caffer
4414:Pseudoryx
4401:B. taurus
4381:Banteng (
4356:B. gaurus
4285:Tamaraw (
4131:Chamois (
4113:Rupicapra
4100:P. nayaur
4076:O. vignei
4056:Mouflon (
3755:C. hircus
3744:Markhor (
3647:A. lervia
3412:Beatragus
3338:Aepyceros
3162:Gemsbok (
3155:O. dammah
2997:P. carlae
2890:M. temama
2881:M. rufina
2845:M. chunyi
2827:M. bororo
2717:Capreolus
2643:C. nippon
2634:C. hanglu
2521:Elaphurus
2466:A. kuhlii
2380:Elaphodus
2248:Muntiacus
2083:M. indica
2072:Moschiola
2004:M. fuscus
1947:Moschidae
1808:Suborder
1768:Kingdom:
1692:1448-5494
1657:0022-2372
1541:0909-6396
1338:27 August
1293:1367-9430
1257:1055-7903
1185:: 14–22.
869:Sika deer
864:C. nippon
796:C. hanglu
732:Phylogeny
680:C. nippon
664:sika deer
632:Tian Shan
539:. If so,
518:in 2021.
512:monotypic
508:C. hanglu
500:C. hanglu
434:C. nippon
430:sika deer
391:Elaphurus
323:Also see
316:sika deer
312:C. nippon
302:C. hanglu
144:Kingdom:
138:Eukaryota
6382:14200351
6191:Wikidata
6037:C. ferus
5993:Vicuña (
5986:L. pacos
5984:Alpaca (
5968:L. glama
5935:Tylopoda
5445:C. zebra
5373:C. niger
4947:Procapra
4725:Eudorcas
4701:Antilope
4438:Syncerus
4399:Cattle (
4392:B. mutus
4320:B. bison
4260:B. arnee
4221:Nilgai (
4098:Bharal (
4089:Pseudois
4049:O. dalli
4031:O. aries
4022:O. ammon
4020:Argali (
3972:Muskox (
3939:Oreamnos
3917:N. goral
3800:C. walie
3684:Budorcas
3621:Caprinae
3566:Caprinae
3421:Hirola (
3365:Peleinae
3347:Impala (
3252:K. leche
3250:Lechwe (
3146:O. beisa
3122:H. niger
2783:Taruca (
2750:Rangifer
2680:A. alces
2581:Sambar (
2508:R. eldii
2488:Rucervus
2446:Chital (
2238:Cervinae
2225:Cervidae
2186:Cervidae
2114:Tragulus
1788:Eutheria
1782:Mammalia
1776:Chordata
1774:Phylum:
1770:Animalia
1549:86031761
1464:24988290
1432:PLOS ONE
1199:33193408
1153:15522810
1101:62265494
1013:Red deer
779:Red deer
696:Tsushima
672:Hokkaido
644:barbarus
620:Caucasus
616:Anatolia
566:Sardinia
422:red deer
397:Rucervus
363:Taxonomy
357:taxonomy
296:red deer
251:Linnaeus
225:Linnaeus
198:Cervinae
188:Cervidae
184:Family:
168:Mammalia
158:Chordata
154:Phylum:
148:Animalia
134:Domain:
6478:ZooBank
6356:1280855
6330:2440948
6197:Q644255
6149:Cetacea
6140:Cetacea
6008:Camelus
5966:Llama (
5846:Tayassu
5662:Porcula
5211:Oribi (
5202:Ourebia
5085:Madoqua
5070:Beira (
4991:Saigini
4898:N. dama
4776:Gazella
4625:Bovidae
4623:Family
4594:T. oryx
4514:Bongo (
4496:Nyala (
4423:Saola (
4345:Gayal (
4249:Bubalus
4164:Bovinae
4160:Bovidae
4158:Family
4074:Urial (
3764:C. ibex
3693:Takin (
3617:Bovidae
3615:Family
3578:Bovinae
3504:C. gnou
3283:Redunca
3195:Addax (
3079:Bovidae
3077:Family
2985:Pudella
2972:P. pudu
2863:M. nana
2678:Moose (
2448:A. axis
2415:D. dama
2277:M. feae
2223:Family
2198:Bovidae
2143:T. napu
1957:Moschus
1893:Giraffa
1878:Okapi (
1780:Class:
1759:species
1755:Extant
1584:2423349
1455:4079593
1331:. 1.5.
736:A 2014
718:), and
716:Vietnam
692:Okinawa
684:Shikoku
562:Corsica
558:Maghreb
442:Genetic
410:Species
349:Eurasia
263:Species
214:Genus:
208:Cervini
204:Tribe:
174:Order:
164:Class:
6506:Cervus
6470:993631
6431:460519
6415:NZOR:
6369:180694
6304:305253
6291:1CERVG
6239:Cervus
6226:Cervus
6212:Cervus
6182:Cervus
5553:Suidae
5154:Suni (
4887:Nanger
4372:Zebu (
4354:Gaur (
4239:Bovini
3963:Ovibos
3268:Puku (
3243:K. kob
2807:Mazama
2596:Cervus
1869:Okapia
1712:Cervus
1690:
1655:
1582:
1547:
1539:
1462:
1452:
1363:
1291:
1255:
1197:
1175:Cervus
1151:
1099:
1089:
1003:harems
995:Cervus
956:Cervus
752:Cervus
742:Cervus
726:Taiwan
688:Kyushu
676:Honshu
638:, and
618:, the
438:Cervus
428:) and
388:, and
374:Cervus
336:Cervus
219:Cervus
25:Cervus
6465:WoRMS
6452:Plazi
6444:42666
6351:IRMNG
6343:42205
6278:34545
6265:62K9X
5541:Suina
5024:Saiga
4965:Goa (
4484:kudus
3708:Capra
3375:Pelea
3241:Kob (
3223:Kobus
3186:Addax
2669:Alces
2623:Elk (
1580:JSTOR
1545:S2CID
1195:S2CID
997:have
712:China
708:Korea
636:Altai
590:Tibet
480:China
368:Genus
341:genus
339:is a
6408:9859
6403:NCBI
6364:ITIS
6325:GBIF
6286:EPPO
6252:7452
6247:BOLD
6147:see
5957:Lama
4011:Ovis
3135:Oryx
2951:Pudu
2545:Rusa
2437:Axis
2404:Dama
1688:ISSN
1653:ISSN
1537:ISSN
1460:PMID
1409:2021
1392:2015
1361:ISBN
1340:2021
1289:ISSN
1253:ISSN
1149:PMID
1097:OCLC
1087:ISBN
935:Rusa
650:and
624:Iran
578:and
564:and
533:and
486:and
444:and
403:Rusa
400:and
385:Dama
379:Axis
345:deer
325:text
255:1758
229:1758
37:Preęž’
6390:NBN
6377:MSW
6273:EoL
6260:CoL
6234:AFD
6221:ADW
5719:Sus
4309:Bos
1680:doi
1643:doi
1612:doi
1572:doi
1527:doi
1491:doi
1450:PMC
1440:doi
1396:doi
1281:doi
1245:doi
1187:doi
1141:doi
891:Elk
724:of
678:),
343:of
286:elk
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