1197:
1293:, Pakistan, that dates to 4,500 years ago; 12 blades and blade fragments were excavated there. These blades are 12–18 cm (5–7 in) long, 1.2–2.0 cm (0.5–0.8 in) wide, and relatively thin. Archaeological experiments show that these blades were made with a copper indenter and functioned as a potter's tool to trim and shape unfired pottery. Petrographic analysis indicates local pottery manufacturing, but also reveals the existence of a few exotic black-slipped pottery items from the
1320:. These communities had some common traits like painted pottery and use of copper, but they had a distinct ceramic design tradition. Banas culture (2000–1600 BC) had ceramics with red, white, and black design. Kayatha culture (2450–1700 BC) had ceramics painted with brown colored design. Malwa culture (1900–1400 BC) had profusely decorated pottery with red or black colored design. Jorwe culture (1500–900 BC) had ceramics with matte surface and black-on-red design.
995:
1439:
2697:
1091:, Iran. Here, analysis of six archaeological sites determined a marked downward trend in not only material quality, but also in aesthetic variation in the lithic artefacts. Fazeli & Coningham use these results as evidence of the loss of craft specialisation caused by increased use of copper tools.
1692:
Middle
Eastern archaeologists use "Chalcolithic" regularly, whereas the literature of European archaeology generally avoids the use of "Chalcolithic": The term "Copper Age" is preferred for Western Europe, "Eneolithic" for Eastern Europe. "Chalcolithic" is not generally used by British prehistorians,
1094:
The Tehran Plain findings illustrate the effects of the introduction of copper working technologies on the in-place systems of lithic craft specialists and raw materials. Networks of exchange and specialized processing and production that had evolved during the
Neolithic seem to have collapsed by the
1144:
architectural complexes typical of southern
Mesopotamian architecture. Norşuntepe site demonstrates that some form of arsenic alloying was indeed taking place by the 4th millennium BC. Since the slag identified at Norşuntepe contains no arsenic, this means that arsenic in some form was added
854:
meant that either copper or bronze was being used as the chief hard substance for the manufacture of tools and weapons. Ancient writers, who provided the essential cultural references for educated people during the 19th century, used the same name for both copper- and bronze-using ages.
908:, or "bronze–stone" transition. The phrase was never intended to mean that the period was the only one in which both bronze and stone were used. The Copper Age features the use of copper, excluding bronze; moreover, stone continued to be used throughout both the Bronze Age and the
1174:(7,500 years ago). The find in June 2010 extends the known record of copper smelting by about 800 years, and suggests that copper smelting may have been invented in separate parts of Asia and Europe at that time rather than spreading from a single source.
2653:
1767:
737:. It occurred at different periods in different areas, but was absent in some parts of the world, such as Russia, where there was no well-defined Copper Age between the Stone and Bronze Ages. Stone tools were still predominantly used during this period.
893:. He did not include the transitional period in the Bronze Age, but described it separately from the customary stone / bronze / iron system, at the Bronze Age's beginning. He did not, however, present it as a fourth age but chose to retain the
1070:
Copper smelting is also documented at this site at about the same time period (soon after 6000 BC). However, the use of lead seems to precede copper smelting. Early metallurgy is also documented at the nearby site of
1086:
to
Chalcolithic in the Middle East is characterized in archaeological stone tool assemblages by a decline in high quality raw material procurement and use. This dramatic shift is seen throughout the region, including the
1520:
culture. Archaeologists have found remains of copper metallurgy in various cultures from the late fourth to the early third millennia BC. These include the copper-smelting remains and copper artifacts of the
2292:
935:
for
Eneolithic, to avoid the false segmentation. The term chalcolithic is a combination of two words- Chalco+Lithic, derived from the Greek words "khalkos" meaning "copper", and "líthos" meaning "stone".
1416:
from some of these sites have been dated to 6500–1000 BC, making them some of the oldest
Chalcolithic sites in the world. Some archaeologists find artifactual and structural evidence of casting by
1559:, Niger, independent copper smelting developed between 3000 and 2500 BC. The process was not in a developed state, indicating smelting was not foreign. It became mature about 1500 BC.
1224:
has been found at both sites, dating to several centuries after copper-working began there. The Beaker culture appears to have spread copper and bronze technologies in Europe, along with
824:
dated to before 4,000 BC, showed that early tin bronze was more common than previously thought and developed independently in Europe 1,500 years before the first tin bronze alloys in the
221:
2437:
Méry, S.; Anderson, P.; Inizan, M.L.; Lechavallier, M.; Pelegrin, J. (2007). "A pottery workshop with flint tools on blades knapped with copper at
Nausharo (Indus civilisation
1346:
and copper, various types of tools, pieces of fabric woven from Shimul cotton thread, human and various animal skeletons, burnt clay fragments have been found at the site.
2235:
Fazeli, H.; Donahue, R.E.; Coningham, R.A.E. (2002). "Stone tool production, distribution, and use during the Late
Neolithic and Chalcolithic on the Tehran plain, Iran".
2237:
1408:
The evidence of smelting or alloying that has been found in North
America is subject to some dispute and a common assumption by archaeologists is that objects were
2300:
696:
828:. In Britain, the Chalcolithic is a short period between about 2,500 and 2,200 BC, characterized by the first appearance of objects of copper and gold, a new
4331:
2652:
Pompeani, David P.; Steinman, Byron A.; Abbott, Mark B.; Pompeani, Katherine M.; Reardon, William; DePasqual, Seth; Mueller, Robin H. (April 2021).
1766:
Pompeani, David P.; Steinman, Byron A.; Abbott, Mark B.; Pompeani, Katherine M.; Reardon, William; DePasqual, Seth; Mueller, Robin H. (April 2021).
2970:
1985:
4728:
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1845:
2096:
213:
4684:
4193:
1896:
1055:
lead, and accordingly might or might not be evidence of early smelting; a lead bead, found in a GK59 group test square in the 4th level of
927:. After several years, a number of complaints appeared in the literature that "Eneolithic" seemed to the untrained eye to be produced from
202:
4516:
3967:
2137:. Oriental Institute Publications. Vol. 105. Chicago, Illinois: The Oriental Institute of the University of Chicago. p. 542.
1158:
689:
122:
1059:, dated to the 7th millennium BCE, though it is small enough that its human usage is doubtful; a lead bracelet, found in level XII of
931:, "outside the Neolithic", clearly not a definitive characterization of the Copper Age. Around 1900, many writers began to substitute
923:
Subsequently, British scholars used either Evans's "Copper Age" or the term "Eneolithic" (or Æneolithic), a translation of
Chierici's
2654:"On the Timing of the Old Copper Complex in North America: A Comparison of Radiocarbon Dates from Different Archaeological Contexts"
1768:"ON THE TIMING OF THE OLD COPPER COMPLEX IN NORTH AMERICA: A COMPARISON OF RADIOCARBON DATES FROM DIFFERENT ARCHAEOLOGICAL CONTEXTS"
1366:
845:
276:
2913:. Twenty-seventh Annual Meeting of Forest History Association of Wisconsin. Oconto, WI: Forest History Association of Wisconsin.
2874:
2744:
1349:
In March 2018, archaeologists had discovered three carts and copper artifacts including weapons dating to 1800 BC in
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2214:
682:
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1370:
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17:
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1808:
Radivojević, Miljana; Rehren, Thilo; Pernicka, Ernst; Šljivar, Dušan; Brauns, Michael; Borić, Dušan (1 November 2010).
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3000:
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2142:
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2019:
1976:
1750:
1478:
162:
4301:
4188:
2549:"Royal "chariot" burials of Sanauli near Delhi and archaeological correlates of prehistoric Indo-Iranian languages"
1232:, but some archaeologists do not recognise a British Chalcolithic because production and use was on a small scale.
806:
4713:
4104:
3142:
2956:
1870:
Radivojević, Miljana; Rehren, Thilo; Kuzmanović-Cvetković, Julka; Jovanović, Marija; Northover, J. Peter (2015).
1460:
1354:
722:
136:
2174:
Merpert, N. I.; Munchaev, R. M.; Bader, N. O. (1977). "The Investigations of Soviet Expedition in Iraq 1974".
4326:
3856:
3116:
1456:
3184:
1102:) and been replaced by the use of local materials by a primarily household-based production of stone tools.
4321:
3861:
3334:
1063:
I, dated to the 6th millennium BC; a small cone-shaped piece of lead, found in the "Burnt House" in TT6 at
3010:
2344:
The Horse, the Wheel and Language: How Bronze-Age riders from the Eurasian steppes shaped the modern world
3287:
2128:
Braidwood, Linda S.; Braidwood, Robert J.; Howe, Bruce; Reed, Charles A.; Watson, Patty Jo, eds. (1983).
1546:
65:
1035:
Possible early examples of lead smelting, supported by the extreme rarity of native lead, include: lead
862:
in the 1870s, when, on the basis of the significant number of large copper objects unearthed within the
4589:
4390:
2849:
2742:(September 2012). "Jiangzhai: Social and economic organization of a Middle Neolithic Chinese village".
1993:
1393:
mined and fabricated copper as tools, weapons, and personal ornaments in an area centered in the upper
1385:
The term "Chalcolithic" is also applied to American civilizations that already used copper and copper
882:
333:
301:
1809:
154:
4395:
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1550:
1241:
581:
1209:
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3221:
2935:
2828:. 50th International Conference of Eastern Studies. Tokyo, Japan: The Tôhô Gakkai. pp. 28–66.
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thousands of years before Europeans immigrated. Besides cultures in the Andes and Mesoamerica, the
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3748:
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977:
4701:
4611:
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4789:
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4269:
4160:
4148:
3844:
3585:
3424:
3061:
2995:
2979:
1413:
1305:
1301:
744:(hammering) of near pure copper ores, as exhibited by the likes of North American Great Lakes
625:
491:
357:
234:
2202:
760:, has the world's oldest securely dated evidence of copper smelting at high temperature, from
561:
4825:
4528:
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4338:
4031:
3957:
3731:
3726:
3664:
3603:
3540:
3488:
3481:
3027:
2940:
1422:
1256:
1252:
during 4300–3300 BC of the Chalcolithic period suggest considerable mobility and trade.
326:
3913:
2911:
A brief introduction to the Old Copper Complex of the western Great Lakes: 4000-1000 BC
2182:(1). Baghdad: The State Organization of Antiquities, Ministry of Culture and Arts: 84, 103.
885:
recognized that use of copper often preceded the use of bronze, and distinguished between a
249:
4794:
4745:
4740:
4723:
4718:
4696:
4486:
4200:
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3327:
3126:
3069:
2665:
2593:
2101:. New Aspects of Archaeology. New York: McGraw-Hill / Thames and Hudson. pp. 217–218.
1821:
1375:
1225:
1177:
Knowledge of the use of copper was far more widespread than the metal itself. The European
916:
simply names the Stone Age as the point from which the transition began and is not another
643:
463:
3297:
2273:
Reconstructing the Arsenical Copper Production Process in Early Bronze Age Southwest Asia.
150:
8:
4784:
4449:
4254:
4087:
3620:
3493:
3374:
3349:
2739:
2410:
2393:
1969:
Is There a British Chalcolithic?: People, place, and polity in the later third millennium
1498:
1327:
1154:
939:
But "chalcolithic" could also mislead: For readers unfamiliar with the Italian language,
797:
638:
183:
145:
114:
2669:
2597:
2580:
Cooke, Colin A.; Abbott, Mark B.; Wolfe, Alexander P.; Kittleson, John L. (1 May 2007).
2058:. Smithsonian Institution Press (USA) and Edinburgh University Press (GB). p. 125.
1825:
1082:
contains evidence of copper mining in 7000–5000 BC. The process of transition from
850:
The multiple names result from multiple definitions of the period. Originally, the term
170:
166:
158:
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4638:
4540:
4353:
3535:
3265:
3231:
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1716:
1497:
In the 5th millennium BC copper artifacts start to appear in East Asia, such as in the
1418:
1394:
1390:
1178:
745:
612:
445:
229:
2582:"A millennium of metallurgy recorded by lake sediments from Morococha, Peruvian Andes"
1182:
1067:, dated to the Halaf period or slightly later than the Yarim Tepe bracelet; and more.
1040:
4777:
4767:
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4706:
4363:
4281:
3575:
3560:
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3525:
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2611:
2502:
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2471:
The Pearson Indian History Manual for the UPSC Civil Services Preliminary Examination
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2015:
1972:
1949:
1837:
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1323:
1217:
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985:
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206:
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4679:
4422:
4205:
4005:
3925:
3881:
3681:
3503:
3354:
3314:
2753:
2719:
Neiburger, E.J. (1987). "Did Midwest pre-Columbia Indians cast metal? A new look".
2673:
2601:
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2405:
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1939:
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1011:
901:
894:
863:
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528:
257:
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4220:
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in 1991 and whose remains have been dated to about 3300 BC, was found with a
127:
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4623:
4385:
4313:
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4114:
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556:
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84:
80:
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2501:. Vol. 8: South and Southwest Asia. Springer Science & Business Media.
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used stone axes modeled on copper axes, even with moulding carved in the stone.
1125:
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4689:
4511:
4476:
4407:
4296:
4168:
3876:
3461:
3451:
3272:
3253:
2394:"Crafts and technologies of the Chalcolithic people of South Asia: An overview"
2272:
2163:– via Institute for the Study of Ancient Cultures, University of Chicago.
1944:
1927:
1671:
1643:
1300:
In India, Chalcolithic culture flourished in mainly four farming communities –
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450:
76:
72:
2757:
2522:
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1891:
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1833:
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4358:
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4109:
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4046:
3758:
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3598:
3339:
3282:
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3101:
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3074:
2685:
2615:
2152:
1953:
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1791:
1317:
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1221:
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576:
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131:
88:
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3364:
3344:
3196:
3174:
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2814:
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1530:
1409:
1294:
1245:
1213:
1201:
1141:
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999:
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617:
500:
436:
190:
4616:
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2114:
2012:
Ancient Mesopotamian Materials and Industries: The Archaeological Evidence
1505:, but those metal artifacts were not widely used during this early stage.
4606:
4596:
4552:
4547:
4499:
4437:
4400:
4373:
4274:
4244:
4119:
4041:
3962:
3950:
3711:
3696:
3686:
3657:
3615:
3530:
3498:
3446:
3379:
3216:
3091:
2948:
2565:
1335:
1290:
963:
are used synonymously to mean Evans's original definition of Copper Age.
107:
2606:
2581:
1967:
Allen, Michael J.; Gardiner, Julie; Sheridan, Alison, eds. (2012).
1872:"Tainted ores and the rise of tin bronzes in Eurasia, c. 6500 years ago"
1679:
994:
4750:
4643:
4601:
4417:
4380:
4343:
4239:
3826:
3738:
3565:
3466:
3439:
3359:
3157:
3111:
3022:
2990:
2677:
2258:
1783:
1573:
1463: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
1331:
1167:, Serbia contains the oldest securely dated evidence of copper-making,
1060:
1007:
867:
851:
734:
630:
510:
478:
406:
371:
311:
292:
103:
1326:(2000–1600 BC) is a Chalcolithic site in the eastern part of the
1140:
had been recovered throughout these sites. This was in the context of
1075:, which seems to be dated even earlier, and completely lacks pottery.
4658:
4427:
4412:
4010:
3995:
3920:
3903:
3821:
3706:
3647:
3637:
3632:
3555:
3434:
3322:
3248:
3015:
3005:
2892:
The Tale of the Axe: How the Neolithic revolution transformed Britain
1693:
who disagree as to whether it is appropriate in the British context.
1533:
valley had already learned how to make copper artifacts by the later
1513:
1402:
1339:
1282:
fashioned tools with local copper ore between 7000 and 3300 BC.
1271:
1164:
1083:
1048:
948:
878:– should be further divided with the introduction of the Copper Age.
871:
858:
The concept of the Copper Age was put forward by Hungarian scientist
825:
730:
486:
413:
95:
52:
47:
2854:
The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons and Ornaments of Great Britain
2773:
The Formation of Chinese Civilization: An archaeological perspective
2250:
1438:
904:, perhaps following the lead of Evans, renamed it in Italian as the
782:
the Copper Age covered about the same period, beginning in the late
4432:
4368:
4215:
4173:
3908:
3816:
3691:
3513:
3476:
3456:
1810:"On the origins of extractive metallurgy: New evidence from Europe"
1509:
1398:
1286:
1279:
1275:
1263:
1044:
1025:
909:
875:
817:
669:
548:
394:
316:
225:
2790:. Charlottesville, VA: University of Virginia. pp. 136, 137.
2361:
2293:"Ancient axe find suggests Copper Age began earlier than believed"
4494:
4286:
4232:
4178:
4000:
3806:
3716:
3570:
3471:
3429:
3292:
3211:
3164:
3152:
1971:. Prehistoric Society Research Papers. Vol. 4. Oxbow books.
1350:
1255:
The term "Chalcolithic" has also been used in the context of the
1137:
829:
2160:
2106:
2073:
2029:
1807:
4562:
4099:
4077:
3930:
3866:
3811:
3201:
3179:
3147:
3121:
2918:
Possehl, Gregory L. (1996). "Mehrgarh". In Fagan, Brian (ed.).
1657:
1529:
at the Yuanwozhen site. This indicates that inhabitants of the
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1267:
1129:
1113:
1029:
821:
802:
757:
726:
660:
239:
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and lasting for about a millennium before it gave rise to the
4628:
4348:
4082:
4036:
3898:
3753:
3701:
3277:
3243:
2641:. Madison, WI: University of Wisconsin Press. pp. 75–77.
1675:
1661:
1647:
1517:
1386:
1343:
1056:
1052:
296:
1628:
1228:
languages. In Britain, copper was used between the 25th and
4574:
4535:
4015:
3871:
3801:
3721:
3593:
3106:
2176:
Sumer: A Journal of Archaeology & History in Arab World
1616:
1526:
1249:
1133:
1036:
1017:
866:, he suggested that the previous threefold division of the
429:
2127:
1803:
1801:
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is the only site where copper artifacts were found in the
3886:
3652:
3610:
2579:
2238:
Iran: Journal of the British Institute of Persian Studies
1631:
1625:
1607:
1425:
peoples to be demonstrated in the archaeological record.
1342:, painted Koshi ware, pottery, various ornaments made of
1021:
2856:. London, UK: Longmans, Green, and Company. p. 197.
2474:(2nd ed.). New Delhi, IN: Pearson Education India.
2230:
2228:
2226:
2209:. Vol. 1. John Wiley & Sons. pp. 302–303.
2840:
Bogucki, Peter (2007). "Copper Age of Eastern Europe".
2771:
Chang, Kwang-Chih; Xu, Pingfang; Lu, Liancheng (2005).
2207:
A Companion to the Archaeology of the Ancient Near East
1798:
836:
people, heralding the end of the local late Neolithic.
2234:
2223:
1966:
1865:
1863:
1634:
1613:
1604:
1601:
2495:
Peregrine, Peter N.; Ember, Melvin (31 March 2003).
2173:
1622:
1610:
1208:
Examples of Chalcolithic cultures in Europe include
2636:
2418:
2373:
1619:
1353:village of Uttar Pradesh. The artifacts belongs to
2785:
1860:
752:cultures. The archaeological site of Belovode, on
2319:
2307:
2282:Ph.D. Thesis. University College London. pp.75-77
4817:
2392:Shinde, Vasant; Deshpande, Shweta Sinha (2015).
2737:
2718:
2391:
1734:
1508:Copper manufacturing gradually appeared in the
1266:, the earliest Indus civilization site, copper
1128:, around 4200 BC. According to Boscher (2016),
725:characterized by the increasing use of smelted
2515:
2494:
2131:Prehistoric Archeology Along the Zagros Flanks
1200:A painting of a Copper Age walled settlement,
222:Periodisation of the Indus Valley civilisation
2964:
2861:Hogan, C. Michael (2007). Burnham, A. (ed.).
1928:"The 'Copper Age' – a history of the concept"
1921:
1919:
1917:
1028:, since it can be easily obtained by heating
690:
334:
1493:History of metallurgy in China § Copper
2844:. London, UK: Sandcastle Books. p. 66.
1289:site was a pottery workshop in province of
771:occurred between the late 5th and the late
2978:
2971:
2957:
2933:
2637:Birmingham, R.A.; Eisenberg, L.E. (2000).
1914:
1159:Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe
748:, from around 6,500 BC, through the later
697:
683:
341:
327:
123:Metallurgy during the Copper Age in Europe
2605:
2564:
2409:
2098:Çatal Hüyük: A Neolithic Town in Anatolia
1943:
1890:
1479:Learn how and when to remove this message
1360:
2201:Potts, Daniel T., ed. (15 August 2012).
2094:
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2014:. Oxford University Press. p. 294.
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2379:
2337:
1741:Pearsall, Judy (1998). "Chalcolithic".
1367:Metallurgy in pre-Columbian Mesoamerica
1047:, though they might be made of galena,
846:List of archaeological periods (Levant)
801:from 2013 reporting the discovery of a
740:The Chalcolithic covers both the early
14:
4818:
2922:. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
2908:
2745:Journal of Anthropological Archaeology
2586:Environmental Science & Technology
2523:"The Excavations at Pandu Rajar Dhibi"
2009:
1925:
4142:
3781:
3047:
2952:
2889:
2860:
2848:
2721:Central States Archaeological Journal
2700:from the original on 11 February 2023
2467:
2367:
2325:
2313:
2299:. ANI. 9 October 2008. Archived from
2200:
2196:
2194:
2192:
2049:
2047:
2005:
2003:
1902:from the original on 19 November 2018
1848:from the original on 25 December 2015
1540:
1330:. It is located on the south bank of
978:Ancient Near East § Chalcolithic
816:, as well as 14 other artefacts from
4143:
2775:. Yale University Press. p. 66.
2398:Indian Journal of History of Science
1743:The New Oxford Dictionary of English
1711:
1709:
1461:adding citations to reliable sources
1432:
767:. The transition from Copper Age to
2894:. London, UK: Thames & Hudson.
2877:from the original on 1 October 2017
2010:Moorey, Peter Roger Stuart (1994).
1371:Metallurgy in pre-Columbian America
24:
2835:from the original on 21 June 2006.
2189:
2044:
2000:
951:despite the use of copper. Today,
25:
4847:
4095:Megalithic architectural elements
2934:Henrickson, Elizabeth F. (1991).
2927:
2443:Journal of Archaeological Science
2056:Early Metal Mining and Production
1926:Pearce, Mark (1 September 2019).
1814:Journal of Archaeological Science
1706:
1240:Ceramic similarities between the
3782:
1745:. Clarendon Press. p. 301.
1597:
1437:
1378:in South America appear to have
4714:Evolutionary origin of religion
2920:Oxford Companion to Archaeology
2807:
2779:
2764:
2731:
2712:
2645:
2630:
2573:
2540:
2488:
2461:
2430:
2385:
2331:
2285:
2265:
2167:
2121:
2088:
1448:needs additional citations for
1274:were found. The inhabitants of
1010:may have occurred first in the
947:age, paradoxically part of the
832:culture and the immigration of
2842:The Atlas of World Archaeology
2411:10.16943/ijhs/2015/v50i1/48111
2347:. Princeton University Press.
1960:
1759:
1686:
1586:
1355:Ochre Coloured Pottery culture
839:
27:Prehistoric period, Copper Age
13:
1:
4327:Art of the Middle Paleolithic
3857:British megalith architecture
2553:Studia Orientalia Electronica
2370:, pp. 363, 423, note 15.
1700:
1235:
1168:
1096:
810:
761:
4322:Art of the Upper Paleolithic
3862:Nordic megalith architecture
2936:"Chalcolithic era in Persia"
1512:period (5000–3000 BC).
1428:
998:Chalcolithic copper mine in
971:
7:
2819:"Study of the Indus script"
2788:The Civilizations of Africa
2786:Ehret, Christopher (2002).
1932:Journal of World Prehistory
1562:
1547:Copper metallurgy in Africa
1132:or natural draft furnaces,
807:Pločnik archaeological site
10:
4852:
4470:British Isles and Brittany
4391:Gwion Gwion rock paintings
2639:Indian Mounds of Wisconsin
2498:Encyclopedia of Prehistory
2054:Craddock, Paul T. (1995).
1945:10.1007/s10963-019-09134-z
1662:
1648:
1544:
1490:
1364:
1152:
975:
966:
943:seemed to suggest another
843:
302:Domestication of the horse
163:Gumelniţa–Karanovo culture
137:Cucuteni–Trypillia culture
4672:
4485:
4312:
4159:
4155:
4138:
4024:
3988:
3837:
3794:
3790:
3777:
3584:
3415:
3388:
3313:
3239:
3230:
3135:
3060:
3056:
3048:
3043:
2986:
2758:10.1016/j.jaa.2012.01.007
2455:10.1016/j.jas.2006.10.002
2219:– via Google Books.
1892:10.1017/S0003598X0004984X
1834:10.1016/j.jas.2010.06.012
1551:Iron metallurgy in Africa
1242:Indus Valley civilisation
1148:
2738:Peterson, Christian E.;
2271:Loïc C. Boscher (2016),
2095:Mellaart, James (1967).
1579:
1120:) at two ancient sites,
1112:was produced in eastern
1100: 4500–3500 BC
1020:may have been the first
39:Eneolithic, Aeneolithic,
4702:Evolutionary musicology
4105:Oldest extant buildings
4032:Archaeological features
3551:Prepared-core technique
1525:(4700–2900) and copper
1185:, who was found in the
1039:, found on Level IX of
887:transitional Copper Age
795:A study in the journal
155:Decea Mureşului culture
4664:Unchambered long cairn
4512:Mound Builders culture
3845:Neolithic architecture
2980:Prehistoric technology
2547:Parpola, Asko (2020).
2468:Singh, Vipul (2008) .
2203:"Northern Mesopotamia"
1380:independently invented
1361:Pre-Columbian Americas
1210:Vila Nova de São Pedro
1205:
1163:A copper axe found at
1003:
1002:, Negev Desert, Israel
626:Post-classical history
492:Cradle of civilization
4339:List of Stone Age art
3541:Microblade technology
3489:Langdale axe industry
3087:Ard / plough
2909:Pleger, T.C. (2002).
2890:Miles, David (2016).
2871:The Megalithic Portal
1674:"); Eneolithic, from
1555:In the region of the
1257:South Asian Stone Age
1199:
1095:Middle Chalcolithic (
997:
723:archaeological period
4746:Prehistoric medicine
4741:Prehistoric counting
4724:Prehistoric religion
4719:Paleolithic religion
4697:Behavioral modernity
4054:Causewayed enclosure
3946:Abri de la Madeleine
3070:Neolithic Revolution
2941:Encyclopædia Iranica
2566:10.23993/store.98032
2527:indianculture.gov.in
1457:improve this article
1376:Andean civilizations
769:Bronze Age in Europe
765: 5,000 BC
464:Behavioral modernity
4785:Prehistoric warfare
3531:Magdalenian culture
3494:Levallois technique
3425:Earliest toolmaking
2670:2021Radcb..63..513P
2598:2007EnST...41.3469C
2303:on 14 October 2008.
2278:14 May 2023 at the
1990:Oxbow books website
1826:2010JArSc..37.2775R
1328:Indian subcontinent
1172: 5500 BC
1155:Chalcolithic Europe
543:Bronze Age collapse
184:Monte Claro culture
18:Chalcolithic period
4736:Origin of language
4729:Spiritual drug use
4639:Rectangular dolmen
4541:Dartmoor kistvaens
4354:Carved stone balls
4066:Circular enclosure
4025:Other architecture
3968:Alp pile dwellings
3556:Solutrean industry
3467:Gravettian culture
3117:Secondary products
2944:(online ed.).
2678:10.1017/RDC.2021.7
1885:(338): 1030–1045.
1784:10.1017/RDC.2021.7
1541:Sub-Saharan Africa
1395:Great Lakes region
1391:Old Copper complex
1206:
1179:Battle Axe culture
1041:Chatal/Çatal Hüyük
1004:
746:Old Copper complex
729:. It followed the
446:Middle Paleolithic
235:Ahar–Banas culture
230:Hakra Ware culture
104:Ghassulian culture
4813:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4805:
4804:
4758:Prehistoric music
4707:music archaeology
4364:Cup and ring mark
4189:Clothing/textiles
4134:
4133:
4130:
4129:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3768:
3576:Yubetsu technique
3561:Striking platform
3526:Lithic technology
3411:
3410:
3396:Game drive system
3315:Projectile points
3207:Mortar and pestle
2901:978-0-500-05186-3
2607:10.1021/es062930+
2592:(10): 3469–3474.
2508:978-0-306-46262-7
2481:978-81-317-1753-0
2354:978-0-691-14818-2
2216:978-1-4443-6077-6
1820:(11): 2775–2787.
1503:Hongshan cultures
1489:
1488:
1481:
1382:copper smelting.
1324:Pandu Rajar Dhibi
1230:22nd centuries BC
1220:. Pottery of the
1218:Iberian Peninsula
1006:The emergence of
990:4th millennium BC
986:5th millennium BC
982:6th millennium BC
895:tripartite system
891:Bronze Age proper
785:5th millennium BC
780:Ancient Near East
774:3rd millennium BC
733:and preceded the
713:(also called the
707:
706:
459:Upper Paleolithic
421:Lower Paleolithic
351:
350:
207:Afanasevo culture
176:Remedello culture
151:Cernavodă culture
68:(2600 BC–1600 AD)
16:(Redirected from
4843:
4773:Divje Babe flute
4680:Archaeoastronomy
4423:Petrosomatoglyph
4157:
4156:
4140:
4139:
3989:Water management
3792:
3791:
3779:
3778:
3682:Denticulate tool
3504:Lithic reduction
3237:
3236:
3058:
3057:
3045:
3044:
2973:
2966:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2923:
2914:
2905:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2857:
2845:
2836:
2834:
2823:
2802:
2801:
2783:
2777:
2776:
2768:
2762:
2761:
2735:
2729:
2728:
2716:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2634:
2628:
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2609:
2577:
2571:
2570:
2568:
2544:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2533:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2492:
2486:
2485:
2465:
2459:
2458:
2449:(7): 1098–1116.
2440:
2434:
2428:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2389:
2383:
2377:
2371:
2365:
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2311:
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2136:
2125:
2119:
2118:
2092:
2086:
2085:
2051:
2042:
2041:
2007:
1998:
1997:
1992:. Archived from
1982:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1947:
1923:
1912:
1911:
1909:
1907:
1901:
1894:
1876:
1867:
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1757:
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1636:
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1630:
1627:
1624:
1621:
1618:
1615:
1612:
1609:
1606:
1603:
1596:
1590:
1569:Arsenical bronze
1523:Hongshan culture
1484:
1477:
1473:
1470:
1464:
1441:
1433:
1231:
1173:
1170:
1118:Malatya Province
1106:Arsenical copper
1101:
1098:
1073:Tell Maghzaliyah
1012:Fertile Crescent
902:Gaetano Chierici
864:Carpathian Basin
815:
812:
790:Early Bronze Age
787:
777:
766:
763:
699:
692:
685:
674:
673:
667:
659:
613:Earliest records
598:Recorded history
399:
398:
392:
381:
374:
353:
352:
343:
336:
329:
258:Anarta tradition
226:Bhirrana culture
171:Coțofeni culture
167:Petreşti culture
159:Gorneşti culture
32:
31:
21:
4851:
4850:
4846:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4840:
4836:Historical eras
4816:
4815:
4814:
4801:
4668:
4654:Stone box grave
4624:Megalithic tomb
4529:Cotswold-Severn
4481:
4386:Guardian stones
4314:Prehistoric art
4308:
4151:
4126:
4115:Timber trackway
4020:
3984:
3980:Wattle and daub
3833:
3812:Standing stones
3786:
3765:
3580:
3407:
3384:
3309:
3226:
3136:Food processing
3131:
3080:New World crops
3052:
3039:
2982:
2977:
2930:
2902:
2880:
2878:
2832:
2821:
2810:
2805:
2798:
2784:
2780:
2769:
2765:
2740:Shelach, Gideon
2736:
2732:
2717:
2713:
2703:
2701:
2650:
2646:
2635:
2631:
2578:
2574:
2545:
2541:
2531:
2529:
2521:
2520:
2516:
2509:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2466:
2462:
2438:
2435:
2431:
2423:
2419:
2390:
2386:
2378:
2374:
2366:
2362:
2355:
2336:
2332:
2324:
2320:
2312:
2308:
2291:
2290:
2286:
2280:Wayback Machine
2270:
2266:
2251:10.2307/4300616
2233:
2224:
2217:
2199:
2190:
2172:
2168:
2145:
2134:
2126:
2122:
2093:
2089:
2066:
2052:
2045:
2022:
2008:
2001:
1996:on 21 May 2013.
1984:
1979:
1965:
1961:
1924:
1915:
1905:
1903:
1899:
1874:
1868:
1861:
1851:
1849:
1806:
1799:
1764:
1760:
1753:
1739:
1735:
1725:
1723:
1715:
1714:
1707:
1703:
1698:
1697:
1691:
1687:
1600:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1587:
1582:
1565:
1553:
1545:Main articles:
1543:
1495:
1485:
1474:
1468:
1465:
1454:
1442:
1431:
1373:
1365:Main articles:
1363:
1278:in present-day
1248:, and northern
1238:
1229:
1183:Ötzi the Iceman
1171:
1161:
1153:Main articles:
1151:
1099:
992:
974:
969:
868:Prehistoric Age
848:
842:
814: 4,650 BC
813:
783:
772:
764:
754:Rudnik mountain
750:copper smelting
703:
665:
664:
663:
657:
652:
651:
648:
622:
605:Ancient history
600:
590:
589:
586:
538:
483:
474:Epipalaeolithic
442:
409:
390:
389:
388:
379:
369:
368:
347:
314:
305:
304:
300:
290:
282:
281:
250:Savalda Culture
85:C-Group culture
81:A-Group culture
62:
50:
40:
38:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4849:
4839:
4838:
4833:
4828:
4811:
4810:
4807:
4806:
4803:
4802:
4800:
4799:
4798:
4797:
4787:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4770:
4765:
4763:Alligator drum
4755:
4754:
4753:
4743:
4738:
4733:
4732:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4711:
4710:
4709:
4699:
4694:
4693:
4692:
4690:lunar calendar
4687:
4676:
4674:
4673:Other cultural
4670:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4661:
4656:
4651:
4646:
4641:
4636:
4631:
4626:
4621:
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4604:
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4519:
4509:
4508:
4507:
4502:
4491:
4489:
4483:
4482:
4480:
4479:
4477:Venus figurine
4474:
4473:
4472:
4467:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4446:
4445:
4440:
4430:
4425:
4420:
4415:
4410:
4408:Megalithic art
4405:
4404:
4403:
4398:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4377:
4376:
4366:
4361:
4359:Cave paintings
4356:
4351:
4346:
4341:
4336:
4335:
4334:
4324:
4318:
4316:
4310:
4309:
4307:
4306:
4305:
4304:
4299:
4289:
4284:
4279:
4278:
4277:
4272:
4267:
4262:
4257:
4252:
4242:
4237:
4236:
4235:
4225:
4224:
4223:
4218:
4208:
4203:
4198:
4197:
4196:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4171:
4165:
4163:
4161:Material goods
4153:
4152:
4136:
4135:
4132:
4131:
4128:
4127:
4125:
4124:
4123:
4122:
4112:
4107:
4102:
4097:
4092:
4091:
4090:
4080:
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4073:
4063:
4062:
4061:
4051:
4050:
4049:
4039:
4034:
4028:
4026:
4022:
4021:
4019:
4018:
4013:
4008:
4003:
3998:
3992:
3990:
3986:
3985:
3983:
3982:
3977:
3972:
3971:
3970:
3960:
3955:
3954:
3953:
3948:
3943:
3933:
3928:
3923:
3918:
3917:
3916:
3906:
3901:
3896:
3895:
3894:
3884:
3879:
3877:Cliff dwelling
3874:
3869:
3864:
3859:
3854:
3853:
3852:
3841:
3839:
3835:
3834:
3832:
3831:
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3699:
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3662:
3661:
3660:
3655:
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3640:
3635:
3630:
3629:
3628:
3618:
3613:
3608:
3607:
3606:
3596:
3590:
3588:
3582:
3581:
3579:
3578:
3573:
3568:
3563:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3485:
3484:
3474:
3469:
3464:
3462:Fire hardening
3459:
3454:
3452:Clovis culture
3449:
3444:
3443:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3421:
3419:
3413:
3412:
3409:
3408:
3406:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3392:
3390:
3386:
3385:
3383:
3382:
3377:
3375:Manis Mastodon
3372:
3367:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3347:
3342:
3337:
3332:
3331:
3330:
3319:
3317:
3311:
3310:
3308:
3307:
3306:
3305:
3300:
3295:
3290:
3285:
3275:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3258:
3257:
3256:
3254:throwing stick
3246:
3240:
3234:
3228:
3227:
3225:
3224:
3219:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
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3187:
3177:
3172:
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3161:
3160:
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3145:
3139:
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3133:
3132:
3130:
3129:
3124:
3119:
3114:
3109:
3104:
3099:
3094:
3089:
3084:
3083:
3082:
3077:
3066:
3064:
3054:
3053:
3041:
3040:
3038:
3037:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3020:
3019:
3018:
3013:
3008:
3003:
2998:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2976:
2975:
2968:
2961:
2953:
2947:
2946:
2929:
2928:External links
2926:
2925:
2924:
2915:
2906:
2900:
2887:
2858:
2846:
2837:
2809:
2806:
2804:
2803:
2796:
2778:
2763:
2752:(3): 241–422.
2730:
2711:
2664:(2): 513–531.
2644:
2629:
2572:
2539:
2514:
2507:
2487:
2480:
2460:
2429:
2425:Possehl (1996)
2417:
2384:
2380:Parpola (2005)
2372:
2360:
2353:
2330:
2318:
2306:
2297:Thaindian News
2284:
2264:
2222:
2215:
2188:
2166:
2143:
2120:
2087:
2064:
2043:
2020:
1999:
1977:
1959:
1938:(3): 229–250.
1913:
1859:
1797:
1778:(2): 513–531.
1758:
1751:
1733:
1721:British Museum
1717:"Chalcolithic"
1704:
1702:
1699:
1696:
1695:
1685:
1592:Chalcolithic (
1584:
1583:
1581:
1578:
1577:
1576:
1571:
1564:
1561:
1542:
1539:
1491:Main article:
1487:
1486:
1445:
1443:
1436:
1430:
1427:
1362:
1359:
1237:
1234:
1191:Mondsee copper
1150:
1147:
973:
970:
968:
965:
860:Ferenc Pulszky
841:
838:
834:Beaker culture
805:foil from the
705:
704:
702:
701:
694:
687:
679:
676:
675:
670:Holocene epoch
654:
653:
650:
649:
647:
646:
641:
635:
633:
631:Modern history
628:
623:
621:
620:
615:
609:
607:
601:
596:
595:
592:
591:
588:
587:
585:
584:
579:
574:
572:Southeast Asia
569:
564:
559:
553:
551:
546:
539:
537:
536:
531:
526:
521:
515:
513:
508:
503:
497:
496:
495:
494:
489:
482:
481:
476:
470:
468:
467:
466:
461:
456:
448:
443:
441:
440:
433:
425:
423:
416:
410:
405:
404:
401:
400:
395:Pliocene epoch
376:
375:
362:
361:
349:
348:
346:
345:
338:
331:
323:
320:
319:
307:
306:
291:
289:Related topics
288:
287:
284:
283:
279:(6500–1000 BC)
272:(5000–2900 BC)
266:
265:
260:
247:
240:Kaytha culture
237:
232:
216:(4300–1800 BC)
210:
209:
193:(3700–1700 BC)
187:
186:
173:
148:
139:
134:
125:
117:(5500–2200 BC)
111:
110:
98:(6000–3500 BC)
92:
91:
77:Gerzeh culture
73:Naqada culture
63:
60:
59:
56:
55:
43:
42:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4848:
4837:
4834:
4832:
4829:
4827:
4824:
4823:
4821:
4796:
4793:
4792:
4791:
4788:
4786:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4774:
4771:
4769:
4766:
4764:
4761:
4760:
4759:
4756:
4752:
4749:
4748:
4747:
4744:
4742:
4739:
4737:
4734:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4716:
4715:
4712:
4708:
4705:
4704:
4703:
4700:
4698:
4695:
4691:
4688:
4686:
4683:
4682:
4681:
4678:
4677:
4675:
4671:
4665:
4662:
4660:
4657:
4655:
4652:
4650:
4649:Simple dolmen
4647:
4645:
4642:
4640:
4637:
4635:
4634:Passage grave
4632:
4630:
4627:
4625:
4622:
4618:
4615:
4613:
4610:
4609:
4608:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4598:
4595:
4591:
4588:
4586:
4583:
4582:
4581:
4580:Gallery grave
4578:
4576:
4573:
4569:
4566:
4565:
4564:
4561:
4559:
4556:
4554:
4551:
4549:
4546:
4542:
4539:
4538:
4537:
4534:
4530:
4527:
4526:
4525:
4522:
4518:
4515:
4514:
4513:
4510:
4506:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4497:
4496:
4495:Burial mounds
4493:
4492:
4490:
4488:
4484:
4478:
4475:
4471:
4468:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4461:
4458:
4456:
4455:Statue menhir
4453:
4451:
4448:
4444:
4443:Stone carving
4441:
4439:
4436:
4435:
4434:
4431:
4429:
4426:
4424:
4421:
4419:
4416:
4414:
4411:
4409:
4406:
4402:
4399:
4397:
4394:
4393:
4392:
4389:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4379:
4375:
4372:
4371:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4355:
4352:
4350:
4347:
4345:
4342:
4340:
4337:
4333:
4330:
4329:
4328:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4319:
4317:
4315:
4311:
4303:
4300:
4298:
4295:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4288:
4285:
4283:
4282:Sewing needle
4280:
4276:
4273:
4271:
4268:
4266:
4263:
4261:
4258:
4256:
4253:
4251:
4248:
4247:
4246:
4243:
4241:
4238:
4234:
4231:
4230:
4229:
4226:
4222:
4219:
4217:
4214:
4213:
4212:
4209:
4207:
4204:
4202:
4199:
4195:
4192:
4191:
4190:
4187:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4170:
4167:
4166:
4164:
4162:
4158:
4154:
4150:
4146:
4141:
4137:
4121:
4118:
4117:
4116:
4113:
4111:
4110:Timber circle
4108:
4106:
4103:
4101:
4098:
4096:
4093:
4089:
4086:
4085:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4072:
4069:
4068:
4067:
4064:
4060:
4059:Tor enclosure
4057:
4056:
4055:
4052:
4048:
4047:fulacht fiadh
4045:
4044:
4043:
4040:
4038:
4035:
4033:
4030:
4029:
4027:
4023:
4017:
4014:
4012:
4009:
4007:
4004:
4002:
3999:
3997:
3994:
3993:
3991:
3987:
3981:
3978:
3976:
3973:
3969:
3966:
3965:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3944:
3942:
3939:
3938:
3937:
3934:
3932:
3929:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3915:
3912:
3911:
3910:
3907:
3905:
3902:
3900:
3897:
3893:
3890:
3889:
3888:
3885:
3883:
3880:
3878:
3875:
3873:
3870:
3868:
3865:
3863:
3860:
3858:
3855:
3851:
3848:
3847:
3846:
3843:
3842:
3840:
3836:
3828:
3825:
3823:
3820:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3805:
3803:
3800:
3799:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3780:
3776:
3760:
3757:
3756:
3755:
3752:
3750:
3747:
3745:
3742:
3740:
3737:
3733:
3730:
3729:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3650:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3627:
3624:
3623:
3622:
3619:
3617:
3614:
3612:
3609:
3605:
3602:
3601:
3600:
3597:
3595:
3592:
3591:
3589:
3587:
3583:
3577:
3574:
3572:
3569:
3567:
3564:
3562:
3559:
3557:
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3506:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3483:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3475:
3473:
3470:
3468:
3465:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3455:
3453:
3450:
3448:
3445:
3441:
3438:
3436:
3433:
3431:
3428:
3427:
3426:
3423:
3422:
3420:
3418:
3414:
3402:
3399:
3398:
3397:
3394:
3393:
3391:
3387:
3381:
3378:
3376:
3373:
3371:
3368:
3366:
3363:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3346:
3343:
3341:
3338:
3336:
3333:
3329:
3326:
3325:
3324:
3321:
3320:
3318:
3316:
3312:
3304:
3301:
3299:
3296:
3294:
3291:
3289:
3286:
3284:
3283:spear-thrower
3281:
3280:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3267:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3261:Bow and arrow
3259:
3255:
3252:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3245:
3242:
3241:
3238:
3235:
3233:
3229:
3223:
3220:
3218:
3215:
3213:
3210:
3208:
3205:
3203:
3200:
3198:
3195:
3191:
3188:
3186:
3183:
3182:
3181:
3178:
3176:
3173:
3171:
3170:Grinding slab
3168:
3166:
3163:
3159:
3156:
3155:
3154:
3151:
3149:
3146:
3144:
3141:
3140:
3138:
3134:
3128:
3125:
3123:
3120:
3118:
3115:
3113:
3110:
3108:
3105:
3103:
3102:Domestication
3100:
3098:
3097:Digging stick
3095:
3093:
3090:
3088:
3085:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3075:Founder crops
3073:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3063:
3059:
3055:
3051:
3046:
3042:
3036:
3033:
3029:
3026:
3025:
3024:
3021:
3017:
3016:New Stone Age
3014:
3012:
3009:
3007:
3004:
3002:
2999:
2997:
2994:
2993:
2992:
2989:
2988:
2985:
2981:
2974:
2969:
2967:
2962:
2960:
2955:
2954:
2951:
2943:
2942:
2937:
2932:
2931:
2921:
2916:
2912:
2907:
2903:
2897:
2893:
2888:
2876:
2872:
2868:
2866:
2859:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2838:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2816:
2815:Parpola, Asko
2812:
2811:
2799:
2797:0-8139-2085-X
2793:
2789:
2782:
2774:
2767:
2759:
2755:
2751:
2747:
2746:
2741:
2734:
2726:
2722:
2715:
2699:
2695:
2691:
2687:
2683:
2679:
2675:
2671:
2667:
2663:
2659:
2655:
2648:
2640:
2633:
2625:
2621:
2617:
2613:
2608:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2576:
2567:
2562:
2558:
2554:
2550:
2543:
2528:
2524:
2518:
2510:
2504:
2500:
2499:
2491:
2483:
2477:
2473:
2472:
2464:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2433:
2426:
2421:
2412:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2388:
2381:
2376:
2369:
2364:
2356:
2350:
2346:
2345:
2340:
2339:Anthony, D.W.
2334:
2327:
2322:
2315:
2310:
2302:
2298:
2294:
2288:
2281:
2277:
2274:
2268:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2239:
2231:
2229:
2227:
2218:
2212:
2208:
2204:
2197:
2195:
2193:
2185:
2181:
2177:
2170:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2146:
2144:0-918986-36-2
2140:
2133:
2132:
2124:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2099:
2091:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2065:1-56098-535-6
2061:
2057:
2050:
2048:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2021:0-19-814921-2
2017:
2013:
2006:
2004:
1995:
1991:
1987:
1980:
1978:9781842174968
1974:
1970:
1963:
1955:
1951:
1946:
1941:
1937:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1920:
1918:
1898:
1893:
1888:
1884:
1880:
1873:
1866:
1864:
1847:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1819:
1815:
1811:
1804:
1802:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1773:
1769:
1762:
1754:
1752:0-19-861263-X
1748:
1744:
1737:
1722:
1718:
1712:
1710:
1705:
1689:
1682:
1681:
1677:
1673:
1669:
1659:
1655:
1645:
1639:
1589:
1585:
1575:
1572:
1570:
1567:
1566:
1560:
1558:
1557:Aïr Mountains
1552:
1548:
1538:
1536:
1532:
1528:
1524:
1519:
1515:
1511:
1506:
1504:
1500:
1494:
1483:
1480:
1472:
1462:
1458:
1452:
1451:
1446:This section
1444:
1440:
1435:
1434:
1426:
1424:
1423:Mississippian
1420:
1415:
1411:
1406:
1404:
1400:
1397:(present-day
1396:
1392:
1388:
1383:
1381:
1377:
1372:
1368:
1358:
1356:
1352:
1347:
1345:
1341:
1337:
1333:
1329:
1325:
1321:
1319:
1315:
1311:
1307:
1303:
1298:
1296:
1292:
1288:
1283:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1260:
1258:
1253:
1251:
1247:
1243:
1233:
1227:
1226:Indo-European
1223:
1222:Beaker people
1219:
1215:
1211:
1203:
1198:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1175:
1166:
1160:
1156:
1146:
1143:
1139:
1135:
1131:
1127:
1123:
1119:
1115:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1092:
1090:
1085:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1068:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1033:
1031:
1027:
1023:
1019:
1015:
1013:
1009:
1001:
996:
991:
987:
983:
979:
964:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
942:
937:
934:
930:
926:
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
898:
896:
892:
888:
884:
879:
877:
874:, Bronze and
873:
869:
865:
861:
856:
853:
847:
837:
835:
831:
827:
823:
819:
808:
804:
800:
799:
793:
791:
786:
781:
775:
770:
759:
755:
751:
747:
743:
738:
736:
732:
728:
724:
720:
716:
712:
700:
695:
693:
688:
686:
681:
680:
678:
677:
671:
662:
656:
655:
645:
642:
640:
637:
636:
634:
632:
629:
627:
624:
619:
616:
614:
611:
610:
608:
606:
603:
602:
599:
594:
593:
583:
580:
578:
575:
573:
570:
568:
565:
563:
560:
558:
555:
554:
552:
550:
547:
545:
544:
540:
535:
532:
530:
527:
525:
522:
520:
517:
516:
514:
512:
509:
507:
504:
502:
499:
498:
493:
490:
488:
485:
484:
480:
477:
475:
472:
471:
469:
465:
462:
460:
457:
455:
454:
449:
447:
444:
439:
438:
434:
432:
431:
427:
426:
424:
422:
419:
418:
417:
415:
412:
411:
408:
403:
402:
396:
387:
386:
378:
377:
373:
367:
366:Human history
364:
363:
359:
355:
354:
344:
339:
337:
332:
330:
325:
324:
322:
321:
318:
313:
309:
308:
303:
298:
294:
286:
285:
280:
278:
274:
273:
271:
264:
261:
259:
255:
254:Jorwe culture
251:
248:
245:
244:Malwa culture
241:
238:
236:
233:
231:
227:
223:
220:
219:
218:
217:
215:
208:
204:
200:
199:Botai culture
197:
196:
195:
194:
192:
185:
181:
180:Gaudo culture
177:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
149:
147:
143:
142:Yamna culture
140:
138:
135:
133:
132:Varna culture
129:
128:Vinča culture
126:
124:
121:
120:
119:
118:
116:
109:
105:
102:
101:
100:
99:
97:
90:
89:Kerma culture
86:
82:
78:
74:
71:
70:
69:
67:
58:
57:
54:
49:
45:
44:
41:or Copper Age
37:
34:
33:
30:
19:
4826:Chalcolithic
4590:wedge-shaped
4575:Funeral pyre
4568:Great dolmen
4524:Chamber tomb
4505:Round barrow
4460:Stone circle
4332:Blombos Cave
4260:Grooved ware
4184:Chalcolithic
4183:
4088:Thornborough
4006:Flush toilet
3941:Blombos Cave
3936:Rock shelter
3892:Quiggly hole
3784:Architecture
3759:illustration
3401:Buffalo jump
3222:Storage pits
3185:Aşıklı Höyük
3175:Ground stone
3011:Subdivisions
2939:
2919:
2910:
2891:
2879:. Retrieved
2870:
2865:Los Silillos
2864:
2853:
2841:
2826:Transactions
2825:
2808:Bibliography
2787:
2781:
2772:
2766:
2749:
2743:
2733:
2724:
2720:
2714:
2702:. Retrieved
2661:
2657:
2647:
2638:
2632:
2589:
2585:
2575:
2556:
2552:
2542:
2530:. Retrieved
2526:
2517:
2497:
2490:
2470:
2463:
2446:
2442:
2439:ca. 2500 BC)
2432:
2420:
2404:(1): 42–54.
2401:
2397:
2387:
2375:
2368:Miles (2016)
2363:
2343:
2333:
2326:Hogan (2007)
2321:
2314:Evans (1897)
2309:
2301:the original
2296:
2287:
2267:
2242:
2236:
2206:
2183:
2179:
2175:
2169:
2130:
2123:
2097:
2090:
2055:
2011:
1994:the original
1989:
1986:"Abstracted"
1968:
1962:
1935:
1931:
1904:. Retrieved
1882:
1878:
1850:. Retrieved
1817:
1813:
1775:
1771:
1761:
1742:
1736:
1724:. Retrieved
1720:
1688:
1678:
1667:
1653:
1588:
1554:
1531:Yellow River
1507:
1496:
1475:
1469:October 2018
1466:
1455:Please help
1450:verification
1447:
1412:into shape.
1407:
1384:
1374:
1348:
1322:
1299:
1295:Indus Valley
1284:
1261:
1254:
1246:Turkmenistan
1239:
1214:Los Millares
1207:
1202:Los Millares
1176:
1162:
1145:separately.
1142:Ubaid period
1126:Değirmentepe
1104:
1093:
1089:Tehran Plain
1080:Timna Valley
1077:
1069:
1034:
1024:that humans
1016:
1005:
1000:Timna Valley
961:Chalcolithic
960:
956:
952:
944:
941:chalcolithic
940:
938:
933:Chalcolithic
932:
928:
924:
922:
917:
913:
905:
899:
890:
886:
880:
857:
849:
796:
794:
742:Cold working
739:
718:
714:
711:Chalcolithic
710:
708:
666:
644:Contemporary
618:Protohistory
541:
505:
501:Protohistory
453:Homo sapiens
452:
437:Homo erectus
435:
428:
391:
384:
275:
268:
267:
263:Ajay culture
212:
211:
203:BMAC culture
191:Central Asia
189:
188:
113:
112:
94:
93:
64:
36:Chalcolithic
35:
29:
4612:unchambered
4607:Long barrow
4597:Grave goods
4553:Court cairn
4548:Clava cairn
4500:Bowl barrow
4438:Rock cupule
4381:Golden hats
4374:Hill figure
4275:Unstan ware
4255:Cord-marked
4120:Sweet Track
4042:Burnt mound
3963:Stilt house
3951:Sibudu Cave
3744:Tally stick
3712:Quern-stone
3697:Hammerstone
3687:Fire plough
3658:Pesse canoe
3616:Bannerstone
3586:Other tools
3499:Lithic core
3447:Aurignacian
3335:Bare Island
3217:Quern-stone
2850:Evans, John
2727:(2): 60–74.
2704:11 February
2658:Radiocarbon
1852:6 September
1772:Radiocarbon
1683:"of copper"
1419:Hopewellian
1410:cold-worked
1336:West Bengal
1291:Balochistan
1244:, southern
1187:Ötztal Alps
1136:, ore, and
1043:in central
929:e-neolithic
925:eneo-litica
912:. The part
906:eneo-litica
840:Terminology
582:West Africa
277:Mesoamerica
146:Corded Ware
108:Uruk period
4820:Categories
4751:trepanning
4644:Ring cairn
4602:Jar burial
4585:transepted
4517:U.S. sites
4418:Petroglyph
4344:Bird stone
4302:wine press
3975:Stone roof
3958:Roundhouse
3850:long house
3827:Stonehenge
3795:Ceremonial
3739:Stone tool
3566:Tool stone
3536:Metallurgy
3440:Mousterian
3417:Toolmaking
3355:Cumberland
3328:Transverse
3298:Schöningen
3190:Qesem cave
3158:Earth oven
3112:Irrigation
3023:Technology
2991:Prehistory
1701:References
1574:Proto-city
1332:Ajay River
1272:arrowheads
1236:South Asia
1122:Norşuntepe
1065:Arpachiyah
1061:Yarim Tepe
1008:metallurgy
976:See also:
957:Eneolithic
953:Copper Age
883:John Evans
852:Bronze Age
844:See also:
803:tin bronze
735:Bronze Age
719:Eneolithic
715:Copper Age
567:South Asia
529:South Asia
511:Bronze Age
506:Copper Age
479:Mesolithic
407:Prehistory
372:prehistory
312:Bronze Age
293:Metallurgy
214:South Asia
4795:symbolism
4659:Tor cairn
4617:Grønsalen
4558:Cremation
4450:Sculpture
4428:Pictogram
4413:Petroform
4233:amber use
4201:Cosmetics
4011:Reservoir
3996:Check dam
3926:Pueblitos
3921:Pit-house
3904:Longhouse
3838:Dwellings
3707:Microlith
3638:Bow drill
3633:Bone tool
3626:prismatic
3435:Acheulean
3350:Cresswell
3323:Arrowhead
3249:Boomerang
3165:Granaries
3127:Terracing
3006:Stone Age
2694:233029733
2686:0033-8222
2616:0013-936X
2153:0069-3367
1954:1573-7802
1879:Antiquity
1842:0305-4403
1792:0033-8222
1726:12 August
1595:English:
1514:Jiangzhai
1499:Jiangzhai
1429:East Asia
1414:Artifacts
1403:Wisconsin
1340:Blackware
1165:Prokuplje
1084:Neolithic
1049:cerussite
972:Near East
949:Stone Age
900:In 1884,
881:In 1881,
876:Iron Ages
826:Near East
809:dated to
798:Antiquity
731:Neolithic
721:) was an
577:East Asia
562:Near East
534:East Asia
524:Near East
487:Neolithic
414:Stone Age
96:West Asia
61:By region
53:Neolithic
48:Stone Age
4433:Rock art
4396:painting
4369:Geoglyph
4194:timeline
4174:Beadwork
3914:Mehrgarh
3909:Mudbrick
3817:megalith
3692:Fire-saw
3514:debitage
3509:analysis
3477:Hand axe
3457:Cupstone
3035:Glossary
2996:Timeline
2875:Archived
2852:(1897).
2830:Archived
2817:(2005).
2698:Archived
2624:17547165
2341:(2007).
2276:Archived
2245:: 1–14.
2161:81-85896
2107:67-14150
2082:32769136
2074:94-61412
2038:29255664
2030:93-40752
1897:Archived
1846:Archived
1563:See also
1537:period.
1535:Yangshao
1510:Yangshao
1399:Michigan
1287:Nausharo
1280:Pakistan
1276:Mehrgarh
1264:Bhirrana
1053:metallic
1045:Anatolia
910:Iron Age
889:and the
818:Bulgaria
549:Iron Age
358:a series
356:Part of
317:Iron Age
4790:Symbols
4401:pigment
4287:Weaving
4250:Cardium
4245:Pottery
4240:Mirrors
4228:Jewelry
4169:Baskets
4149:culture
4001:Cistern
3807:Pyramid
3749:Weapons
3727:Scraper
3717:Racloir
3677:Cleaver
3665:Chopper
3571:Uniface
3482:Grooves
3472:Hafting
3430:Oldowan
3389:Systems
3340:Cascade
3303:woomera
3293:harpoon
3266:history
3232:Hunting
3212:Pottery
3153:Cooking
3062:Farming
3028:history
3001:Outline
2666:Bibcode
2594:Bibcode
2559:: 176.
2259:4300616
2184:PL. XII
1906:11 June
1822:Bibcode
1654:khalkós
1642:; from
1351:Sanauli
1310:Kayatha
1268:bangles
1216:on the
1204:, Spain
1138:pigment
1130:hearths
1026:smelted
967:Regions
945:-lithic
918:-lithic
914:-litica
830:ceramic
778:In the
383:before
4831:Copper
4768:flutes
4563:Dolmen
4487:Burial
4297:winery
4270:Linear
4100:Midden
4078:Cursus
4071:Goseck
3931:Pueblo
3882:Dugout
3867:Burdei
3546:Mining
3370:Lamoka
3365:Folsom
3345:Clovis
3202:Metate
3180:Hearth
3148:Basket
3122:Sickle
2898:
2881:3 June
2794:
2692:
2684:
2622:
2614:
2532:3 July
2505:
2478:
2351:
2257:
2213:
2180:XXXIII
2159:
2151:
2141:
2115:306918
2113:
2105:
2080:
2072:
2062:
2036:
2028:
2018:
1975:
1952:
1840:
1790:
1749:
1680:aeneus
1668:líthos
1666:
1660:" and
1658:copper
1652:
1649:χαλκός
1387:alloys
1316:, and
1149:Europe
1114:Turkey
1110:bronze
1030:galena
988:, and
959:, and
870:– the
822:Serbia
758:Serbia
727:copper
661:Future
557:Europe
519:Europe
451:Early
115:Europe
66:Africa
4685:sites
4629:Mummy
4349:Cairn
4265:Jōmon
4216:shoes
4211:Hides
4083:Henge
4037:Broch
3899:Jacal
3754:Wheel
3702:Knife
3648:Canoe
3643:Burin
3621:Blade
3519:flake
3380:Plano
3288:baton
3278:Spear
3244:Arrow
3197:Manos
3050:Tools
2833:(PDF)
2822:(PDF)
2690:S2CID
2255:JSTOR
2135:(PDF)
1900:(PDF)
1875:(PDF)
1676:Latin
1672:stone
1663:λίθος
1644:Greek
1580:Notes
1518:Banpo
1344:pearl
1318:Jorwe
1314:Malwa
1306:Banas
1193:axe.
1057:Jarmo
1051:, or
1037:beads
920:age.
872:Stone
639:Early
297:Wheel
270:China
4778:gudi
4536:Cist
4465:list
4292:Wine
4221:Ötzi
4206:Glue
4179:Beds
4147:and
4145:Arts
4016:Well
3872:Cave
3802:Kiva
3732:side
3722:Rope
3670:tool
3604:bone
3594:Adze
3360:Eden
3273:Nets
3143:Fire
3107:Goad
3092:Celt
2896:ISBN
2883:2008
2792:ISBN
2706:2023
2682:ISSN
2620:PMID
2612:ISSN
2534:2023
2503:ISBN
2476:ISBN
2349:ISBN
2211:ISBN
2157:LCCN
2149:ISSN
2139:ISBN
2111:OCLC
2103:LCCN
2078:OCLC
2070:LCCN
2060:ISBN
2034:OCLC
2026:LCCN
2016:ISBN
1973:ISBN
1950:ISSN
1908:2019
1854:2022
1838:ISSN
1788:ISSN
1747:ISBN
1728:2023
1549:and
1527:slag
1501:and
1421:and
1401:and
1369:and
1302:Ahar
1285:The
1270:and
1250:Iran
1212:and
1157:and
1134:slag
1124:and
1078:The
1018:Lead
820:and
717:and
709:The
430:Homo
385:Homo
370:and
3887:Hut
3822:row
3653:Oar
3611:Axe
3599:Awl
2754:doi
2674:doi
2602:doi
2561:doi
2451:doi
2441:".
2406:doi
2247:doi
1940:doi
1887:doi
1830:doi
1780:doi
1670:, "
1656:, "
1459:by
1405:).
1334:in
1304:or
1262:In
1108:or
1022:ore
756:in
4822::
2938:.
2873:.
2869:.
2824:.
2750:31
2748:.
2725:34
2723:.
2696:.
2688:.
2680:.
2672:.
2662:63
2660:.
2656:.
2618:.
2610:.
2600:.
2590:41
2588:.
2584:.
2555:.
2551:.
2525:.
2447:34
2445:.
2402:50
2400:.
2396:.
2295:.
2253:.
2243:40
2241:.
2225:^
2205:.
2191:^
2178:.
2155:.
2147:.
2109:.
2076:.
2068:.
2046:^
2032:.
2024:.
2002:^
1988:.
1983:—
1948:.
1936:32
1934:.
1930:.
1916:^
1895:.
1883:87
1881:.
1877:.
1862:^
1844:.
1836:.
1828:.
1818:37
1816:.
1812:.
1800:^
1786:.
1776:63
1774:.
1770:.
1719:.
1708:^
1646::
1357:.
1338:.
1312:,
1308:,
1297:.
1259:.
1169:c.
1097:c.
1032:.
1014:.
984:,
980:,
955:,
897:.
811:c.
792:.
762:c.
360:on
315:↓
310:↓
295:,
256:,
252:,
242:,
228:,
224:,
205:,
201:,
182:,
178:,
169:,
165:,
161:,
157:,
153:,
144:,
130:,
106:,
87:,
83:,
79:,
75:,
51:↑
46:↑
2972:e
2965:t
2958:v
2904:.
2885:.
2867:"
2863:"
2800:.
2760:.
2756::
2708:.
2676::
2668::
2626:.
2604::
2596::
2569:.
2563::
2557:8
2536:.
2511:.
2484:.
2457:.
2453::
2427:.
2414:.
2408::
2382:.
2357:.
2328:.
2316:.
2261:.
2249::
2117:.
2084:.
2040:.
1981:.
1956:.
1942::
1910:.
1889::
1856:.
1832::
1824::
1794:.
1782::
1755:.
1730:.
1638:/
1635:k
1632:ɪ
1629:θ
1626:ɪ
1623:l
1620:ˈ
1617:ə
1614:k
1611:l
1608:æ
1605:k
1602:ˌ
1599:/
1482:)
1476:(
1471:)
1467:(
1453:.
1116:(
776:.
698:e
691:t
684:v
672:)
668:(
658:↓
397:)
393:(
380:↑
342:e
335:t
328:v
299:,
246:,
20:)
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