834:
742:
386:
542:
892:
33:
861:
849:
456:
588:
660:
603:, and contains several of the standard works on biology and zoology of the day. The library clearly served as a research library, and De Geer's entomological works contain several references to books found in his library; however De Geer also purchased works on religion, philosophy and ethics, law, history, linguistics, travelogues, biographies and fiction. Notably, the library also contained a collection of
488:, it was developed by Charles De Geer's great-grandfather Louis De Geer into an early industrial complex. In the 18th century, it was the most important ironworks in Sweden, and at the time of Charles De Geer employed over 3,000 people. Upon the death of Charles' uncle, the estate was however in an economically precarious state. Lövstabruk had been burnt down by Russian troops in July 1719, during the
775:
also corrected Réaumur and its illustrations were considerably more accurate. It remains one of the largest single work on zoology ever produced by a Swede, and is counted among the classics of entomological literature. De Geer, who was an accomplished draughtsman, made all the illustrations (printed using 238 copper plates) himself. A German translation was published in 1776–1782.
580:, whom he had come to know in Uppsala, and several more when Rudbeck's library was sold at an auction after his death in 1741. Among these books were some "marvellous" works on botany and zoology, which contributed to making the library famous, also abroad. He also bought books from booksellers in Sweden, though from 1746 most purchases were made by the Luchtmans bookdealers in
623:. Several are works not known from any other library. Indeed, the purpose of Charles De Geer's library appears to at least to some degree have been intended to raise the status of De Geer as an aristocratic collector. Together with the items in his cabinet of natural history, as a private collection it was probably only surpassed by the collection of Count
516:, making considerable profits. In an instruction he left behind for his successor, De Geer stressed the importance of not putting too much trust in administrators and inspectors, not to fret over details too much, to maintain good relations with the clergy and the crown, and to treat the workers well.
774:
would later develop further. De Geer edited the last volume on his deathbed. He apparently viewed the work as a continuation of the work by Réamur with the same title, considering that he wrote it in French, but it was criticised for simply being an imitation of Réamur's work. However, De Geer's work
630:
The library of
Charles De Geer contains around 8,500 volumes (including some additions by later relatives) and most of them are still in their original setting. Most are in French, but the library also contains books in Swedish, Latin, German, Dutch and a few other languages. Out of the 2,159 books
564:
Charles De Geer was an ardent book collector, and despite his success as an industrialist he is perhaps more remembered for his library, apart from his work as a scientist. He began collecting books already as a boy in
Rijnhuizen. A letter from his father dated 1736, when Charles was 16, depicts "a
451:
left all his real estate as an entailed estate to
Charles De Geer, bypassing two of his older brothers. Charles De Geer did not immediately gain access to the estates, however, due to his young age. Instead, his father assumed the guardianship, while delegating much of the every-day business to his
499:
In the years that followed, Charles' father and elder brother managed to stabilise the economic situation of the estate. In 1738, his father died and
Charles moved from Utrecht to Lövstabruk, as planned, to be introduced to the running of the estate. Formally he was not to assume ownership of the
503:
He was a highly successful businessman, and eventually became one of the richest people in Sweden. He expanded the estate greatly, partly by acquiring woodland which supplied fuel for the ironworks, and partly by acquiring other ironworks to get rid of competition. He also sold some estates his
227:
De Geer was also a book collector. He used his library for his research, but it contained books on many other subjects in several languages. Its sumptuous and rare works, including a collection of music scores, indicate that it was also intended as a way to raise De Geer's social status as an
756:. De Geer paid particular attention to insects which were considered pests or otherwise had some concrete impact related to human activity. His many meticulous observations on the metamorphoses, diet and reproduction of over 1,400 insect species were eventually gathered in his main work,
680:
at the age of 19 (in 1739) – though the reasons of the
Academy for electing De Geer a member was apparently that they hoped he would make a generous donation of money. De Geer never did, but he became an active member of the Academy, contributing with a scientific paper already in 1740.
814:. Linnaeus was a personal friend. Linnaeus apparently made good use of the natural history cabinet of De Geer, which in addition to the insects collected by De Geer himself contained specimens he had acquired from other collectors. Among these were the collections of insects gathered by
2580:
573:. Upon moving to Sweden in 1738, his books and scientific instruments occupied the space of twelve wooden chests. It has been remarked that "this is not the library of a typical adolescent, but a well-considered collection of handbooks, classical literature and scientific works."
407:
He was brought up speaking Dutch. His journal detailing the trip when he moved to settle in Sweden from
Utrecht in 1738 is written in Dutch and so is the first library catalogue he compiled of his collections in Lövstabruk in Sweden, from 1738. The second catalogue, from
760:, published in French in eight volumes between 1752 and 1778. Many species were there described for the first time, though since De Geer was slow to adopt the binary nomenclature of Linnaeus, some were not credited to him. Among the more principal breakthroughs in the
825:, and De Geer's collection is the only private collection, apart from the aforementioned collection of Tessin, which is separately listed as a source by Linnaeus. De Geer however paid little attention to the questions of systematisation which preoccupied Linnaeus.
675:
The interest in natural history and in particular entomology De Geer had displayed from an early age developed into full scientific activity after his return to Sweden. He probably attended lectures in
Uppsala. Moreover, he was elected a member of the
268:
in 1743. He was the first member of the De Geer family to marry a
Swedish woman. She came from an aristocratic family, and through the marriage Charles De Geer came closer to the royal family. Unusually for the time, his wife organised the
607:(today kept in Uppsala) considered to be one of the finest collections of music from the 18th century in Sweden. It contains around 90 albums of printed works and 37 hand-written manuscripts, with music both by famous composers such as
533:
was built in the park in 1759. In 1765, the interior of the main building was also refurbished to designs by Rehn. Furthermore, two pavilions were built next to the main building, one to house the main library and the other the
524:
After Löfstabruk had been burnt down by
Russian troops in 1719, a new main building was built in the 1720s. When Charles De Geer acquired the estate, he enlarged and refurbished it. As an architect he employed court architect
584:, in the Dutch Republic. De Geer's extensive connections with the Dutch book market have been described as a "splendid example of how the globalization of the time impacted small villages far from the large cities."
801:
De Geer was, next to
Linnaeus, probably the most important biologist in Sweden during the 18th century. He kept in contact with several other naturalists of his day – apart from with Réamur himself, with Bonnet,
216:, in French in eight volumes between 1752 and 1778. In it, he provided descriptions of the behaviour of over 1,400 insect species. In his writings, De Geer among other things brought the importance of insects as
452:
eldest son (and Charles' older brother) Louis, who lived in Finspång in Sweden. Charles' father worked to secure investments in the Netherlands, where loans were cheaper to get than in Sweden, for the estate.
412:
1750, is written in Swedish, with some remarks in French. After his return to Sweden he appears to have made conscious efforts to learn Swedish and integrate into Swedish society by spending some years in
459:
Lövstabruk manor. Charles De Geer completed the reconstruction of the house, and added the two pavilions by the water. The pavilion to the left in the picture housed his library, the one to the right his
500:
estate until the age of 25, but already in 1741 he took over the management of the estate. He ran it until his death and though supported by skilful staff, he took a strong personal interest in it.
246:
Charles De Geer's father was Jean Jacques (or Jan Jacobus) De Geer, and his mother was Jacquelina Kornelia van Assendelf. His mother was Dutch, and he was a member of the prominent Swedish-Dutch
631:
printed in the Dutch Republic 296 are editions, and in some cases books, not known from any other collection. In 1986, when the entailment of Lövstabruk was ended, the library was acquired by
2587:, the Swedish national platform for the long-term preservation and accessibility of digitised collections and digital cultural heritage material from Swedish cultural heritage institutions.
947:. After his death, his collections of insects and birds were donated by De Geer's widow to the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. They were later incorporated into the collections of the
187:. He was a successful businessman and with time became one of the richest men in Sweden, head of an early industry employing around 3,000 people. He had a successful civic career, became
175:, to distinguish him from other relatives with the same name. Charles De Geer came from a prominent Swedish-Dutch family. Born in Sweden, he spent most of his childhood and youth in the
876:
himself. Pictured here are the preserved wooden boxes with the copper plates containing the final engravings; an example of a preparatory drawing by De Geer with his notes (depicting
278:
906:(i.e., the parliament) between 1751 and 1772. Even so, his interest in politics appears to have been limited and he played no active role in the sessions. He held offices at the
496:, and the losses incurred then had not fully been recovered. The situation was such that the owner at the time considered abandoning it and moving back to the Dutch Republic.
258:
204:
and particularly entomology when he was still young. After his return to Sweden, his interest transformed into a serious scientific pursuit. He was elected a member of the
722:
to the attention of the scientific community through his writings, which Bryk describes as one of his "most notable accomplishments." He also discovered, independently of
833:
360:
2669:
2570:
289:
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343:. His interest in natural sciences began when he was still living in the Dutch Republic. An anecdote claims that his fascination was born when he was given
2704:
1260:
694:
389:
329:
2659:
2495:
Storm, Reinder (2023). "On the road with Charles de Geer: His Journey from Utrecht to Stockholm, 1738". In Sjökvist, Peter; Van Delft, Marieke (eds.).
786:. De Geer sold some via the book traders Luchtmans in Leiden, who also supplied him with books for his library; preserved accounts show that copies of
565:
young man with a childlike fascination for nature and the reference library of an established scientist." Twelve years old he already owned works by
179:. At the age of 18 he moved back to Sweden and would spend the rest of his life there. Upon his return to Sweden, he took over the management of the
560:
and possibly made by him. Charles De Geer bought the book together with several others when the library of Rudbeck was sold at an auction in 1741.
2699:
2605:
2674:
2634:
710:, something De Geer showed was manifestly false. In a speech given to the Academy in 1754, he developed a deeper critique of the idea of
2714:
2664:
2584:
1235:
374:; he kept in contact with Musschenbroek through letters throughout his life. Pieter van Musschenbroek's brother Jan also constructed a
2344:"Notes on the Insect Collection of Charles De Geer, with a revision of his species of Fanniidae, Anthomyiidae and Muscidae (Diptera)"
925:
2639:
782:, asking him to provide any of his students who were interested in entomology with a copy. One such copy was given by Linnaeus to
2694:
2679:
2375:
2265:
Hamberg, Erik (2023). "The Books of Olof Rudbeck Father and Son at Leufstabruk". In Sjökvist, Peter; Van Delft, Marieke (eds.).
635:, to avoid the collection to be sold and dispersed abroad. It thus remains "a kind of time capsule from the 18th century" where
355:, kept pigeons and collected insects and butterflies. Coming from a wealthy family, he was privately tutored by Dutch physicist
753:
2062:
741:
2108:. Acta Bibliothecae R. Universitatis Upsaliensis. Vol. LV. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. pp. 115–127.
385:
2452:
Sjökvist, Peter (2023). "Some Notes on Charles de Geer's Working Library". In Sjökvist, Peter; Van Delft, Marieke (eds.).
2504:. Acta Bibliothecae R. Universitatis Upsaliensis. Vol. LV. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. pp. 43–52.
2461:. Acta Bibliothecae R. Universitatis Upsaliensis. Vol. LV. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. pp. 63–70.
2274:. Acta Bibliothecae R. Universitatis Upsaliensis. Vol. LV. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. pp. 71–84.
2526:. Acta Bibliothecae R. Universitatis Upsaliensis. Vol. LV. Uppsala: Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. pp. 9–21.
421:), and soon became fluent in Swedish. In a letter dated less than one year after his arrival in Sweden he addressed the
2684:
2099:(2023). "An Intellectural Lady? Hedvig Ulrica de Geer and her Library". In Sjökvist, Peter; Van Delft, Marieke (eds.).
639:
like playing cards and hand-written notes have been found between the leaves of the books. The library also contains a
283:
2332:
2134:
2029:
1976:"The Library of Leufstabruk: An Eighteenth Century Portal of Cultural Transfer Between Sweden and the Dutch Republic"
948:
677:
422:
205:
480:, rather than an agricultural estate; it forms part of a group of iron works in northern Uppland managed largely by
277:, for which she was later commemorated with a medal. The couple had eight children. Among these his son, also named
101:
2709:
943:, which led to his death on 7 March 1778. He died in Stockholm. He is buried together with his wife in a chapel in
489:
2654:
819:
541:
2199:"'Livres de Musique' in the Leufsta Library: Traces of Transnational Movement in Sheet Music and their Bindings"
576:
Once established in Sweden, he continued acquiring books. De Geer bought several books on natural sciences from
2644:
2287:
Hofberg, Herman; Heurlin, Frithiof; Millqvist, Viktor; Rubenson, Olof, eds. (1906). "De Geer, Carl (Charles)".
263:
915:
891:
481:
251:
188:
32:
2517:
Van Delft, Marieke; Sjökvist, Peter (2023). "Introduction". In Sjökvist, Peter; Van Delft, Marieke (eds.).
860:
2182:
2177:
427:
365:
352:
2609:
840:
735:
632:
229:
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920:
698:, detailing the life cycle of the insect by thorough empirical observation. Earlier scholars, such as
193:
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351:. At the age of sixteen, he organised the garden at the family estate according to the principles of
145:
2518:
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2266:
2100:
818:
in South America. Linnaeus made over 50 references to De Geer's collections in the ground-breaking
577:
557:
356:
2008:"The Leufstabruk Catalogues: Life Narrative, Collector's Rationale and Network of Charles De Geer"
2689:
2649:
929:
114:
2540:
2314:
2041:"Buying books by mail order: A Swedish customer and Dutch booksellers in the eighteenth century"
903:
711:
608:
535:
461:
221:
907:
848:
811:
394:
334:
2172:
2629:
2624:
911:
566:
752:
His main contribution as a scientist was however in species research, in the footsteps of
8:
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1264:
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624:
493:
448:
418:
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90:
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writes in his biography of De Geer. De Geer also brought the importance of insects as
447:, in Sweden. The estate had belonged to an uncle, also named Charles, who through his
2527:
2505:
2483:
2462:
2390:
2328:
2298:
2275:
2221:
2159:
2130:
2109:
2084:
2080:
2058:
2046:
The Bookshop of the World. The Role of the Low Countries in the Book-Trade, 1473-1941
2025:
944:
896:
783:
648:
455:
2425:
2355:
2213:
2050:
2017:
1987:
807:
795:
616:
854:
A page of original drawings by De Geer, complete with his notes, depicting aphids
815:
727:
640:
612:
596:
201:
168:
38:
2010:. In Jagersma, Rindert; Blom, Helwi; Chayes, Evelin; Hansen, Anne-Marie (eds.).
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723:
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325:
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176:
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2054:
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1991:
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2509:
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2394:
2310:
2302:
2279:
2225:
2217:
2113:
2096:
2043:. In Hellinga, Lotte; Duke, Alastair; Harskamp, Jacob; Hermans, Theo (eds.).
933:
779:
714:, supported by a "rich flood of observations and arguments", as entomologist
689:
348:
120:
2359:
2040:
2007:
1975:
440:
184:
2163:
2088:
545:
513:
378:
and other scientific instruments for the young Charles De Geer. He entered
371:
2343:
587:
434:
2297:] (in Swedish). Vol. 1. Stockholm: Bonniers. pp. 225–2256.
703:
604:
570:
509:
485:
344:
270:
238:
in Lövstabruk, in the pavilion De Geer constructed to house the library.
220:
to the attention of the scientific community, and criticised the idea of
2342:
Persson, Per Inge; Michelsen, Verner; Pont, Adrian C. (1 January 1984).
2155:
2044:
2011:
321:
59:
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2072:
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715:
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375:
217:
164:
138:
2429:
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in Swedish and excused himself (according to the article about him in
2577:, the joint catalogue of the Swedish academic and research libraries.
1939:
766:
477:
180:
78:
2543:[The musical collection of Charles De Geer in Leusfta bruk]
2154:] (in Swedish). Vol. 2. Stockholm: Albert Bonnier. p.
591:
Interior of the main room of Charles De Geer's library at Lövstabruk
636:
274:
2520:
A Warm Scent of Books: Private Libraries at Leufstabruk and Beyond
2498:
A Warm Scent of Books: Private Libraries at Leufstabruk and Beyond
2455:
A Warm Scent of Books: Private Libraries at Leufstabruk and Beyond
2268:
A Warm Scent of Books: Private Libraries at Leufstabruk and Beyond
2102:
A Warm Scent of Books: Private Libraries at Leufstabruk and Beyond
1951:
1915:
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of the Academy. One of the first, from 1741, was on a species of
659:
444:
414:
400:
340:
234:
16:
Swedish entomologist, industrialist and civil servant (1720–1778)
2602:, written in 1907 and available in a digitised format via Alvin.
2075:(1952). "Charles De Geer (1720–1778)". In Lindroth, Sten (ed.).
1551:
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Charles De Geer made all the illustrations for his main work
734:. In 1748, De Geer was elected a corresponding member of the
731:
644:
1845:
1843:
1401:
1399:
1333:
1063:
902:
In public life, De Geer was present at every session of the
328:
when he was three years old. The family owned the estate of
292:
was like her father also a bibliophile and an intellectual.
2376:"Some reflections on the history of systematic Dipterology"
1767:
940:
880:); and a detail of one of his famously meticulous drawings.
439:
At the age of ten, Charles De Geer inherited the estate of
2600:
The last catalogue drawn up from the library at Lövstabruk
1818:
1816:
1786:
1784:
1782:
1742:
1740:
1679:
1677:
615:, as well as music by contemporary Swedish composers like
1867:
1840:
1628:
1626:
1587:
1541:
1539:
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1498:
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1302:
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Portrait and title page of the first volume of De Geer's
706:, had held that spittlebugs were produced by the spit of
1599:
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1323:
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1319:
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1278:
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315:
2541:"Charles De Geers samling av musikalier i Leufsta bruk"
1903:
1813:
1779:
1737:
1674:
1650:
1563:
1435:
1117:
1034:
1032:
1030:
538:, working library and study of De Geer, respectively.
435:
Return to Sweden and management of Lövstabruk ironworks
1803:
1801:
1799:
1757:
1755:
1727:
1725:
1723:
1721:
1623:
1534:
1471:
1261:"Lövstabruk – ett näst intill orört 1700-talssamhälle"
1216:
1206:
1204:
1202:
1200:
1198:
1044:
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were sold by Luchtmans to established scientists like
1662:
1611:
1447:
1423:
1369:
1314:
1156:
1141:
886:
2341:
2013:
Private Libraries and their Documentation, 1665–1830
1957:
1945:
1921:
1696:
1694:
1692:
1083:
1081:
1027:
595:
Around a quarter of the books in the library are on
1796:
1752:
1718:
1706:
1195:
1171:
529:. Two wings were added to the main building and an
431:"rather unnecessarily") for any spelling mistakes.
212:in 1748. He published his main work on entomology,
2516:
1828:
1689:
1644:
1390:
1078:
228:aristocratic collector. Since 1986 it belongs to
2670:Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
2616:
2170:
1009:
839:Boxes with original copper plates, preserved in
2242:"On the rendering of Charles De Geer's surname"
2196:
2147:Svenska män och kvinnor. Biografisk uppslagsbok
1557:
1528:
1516:
1072:
778:De Geer gave away twelve copies of his work to
758:Mémoires pour servir de l'histoire des insectes
747:Mémoires pour servir de l'histoire des insectes
520:Refurbishment of Lövstabruk and book collecting
320:Charles De Geer was born on 30 January 1720 in
254:, founder of the Swedish branch of the family.
2246:Bulletin of the Brooklyn Entomological Society
2152:Swedish men and women. Biographical dictionary
1228:
918:. Charles De Geer was elevated to the rank of
874:Mémoires pour servir a l'histoire des insectes
464:and working library of entomologic literature.
295:The family name is spelled with a capitalized
214:Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des insectes
102:Mémoires pour servir à l'histoire des insectes
2591:List of binomial names established by De Geer
2476:Slott och herresäten i Sverige : Uppland
2705:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa
2606:Information about the library at Lövstabruk
2482:] (in Swedish). Malmö: Allhems förlag.
303:, and Charles De Geer himself also treated
2418:Mémoires du livre: Studies in Book Culture
2206:Jaarboek voor Nederlandse Boekgeschiedenis
2197:Glimskär, Monika; Backman, Helena (2021).
2005:
1973:
1933:
1897:
1885:
1873:
1861:
1849:
1605:
1593:
1581:
1504:
1492:
1417:
1405:
1308:
1189:
1123:
684:De Geer contributed several papers to the
208:in 1739 and a corresponding member of the
31:
2660:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
2473:
2129:] (in Swedish). Kjuge: Orbis Pictus.
1351:
1339:
1284:
932:in 1761 and Commander Grand Cross of the
2538:
2451:
2408:
2309:
2123:Sveriges zoologiska litteratur 1483–1920
2049:. Leiden/Boston: Brill. pp. 21–47.
2016:. Leiden/Boston: Brill. pp. 21–47.
1909:
1822:
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1222:
1165:
1057:
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890:
866:Detail of one of the drawings by De Geer
740:
658:
586:
540:
454:
384:
307:as an integral part of the family name.
288:, became a politician, and his daughter
163:(30 January 1720 – 7 March 1778) was an
2264:
2239:
2127:Swedish zoological literature 1483–1920
1429:
1111:
939:Soon after turning 50, he was beset by
2700:Knights of the Order of the Polar Star
2617:
2171:Dahlgren, E. W.; Tullgren, A. (1931).
2095:
2038:
1465:
1327:
1296:
1150:
1099:
1038:
2494:
2480:Castles and manors in Sweden: Uppland
1253:
1177:
316:Early childhood in the Dutch Republic
200:De Geer had developed an interest in
2373:
2143:
2071:
1807:
1790:
1761:
1731:
1712:
1683:
1210:
1087:
654:
2635:18th-century Swedish businesspeople
2549:Svensk tidskrift för musikforskning
2120:
1834:
1700:
548:, manuscript illustration from the
504:predecessors had bought, including
417:(though without formally attending
167:, industrialist, civil servant and
13:
2348:Insect Systematics & Evolution
1958:Persson, Michelsen & Pont 1984
1946:Persson, Michelsen & Pont 1984
1922:Persson, Michelsen & Pont 1984
887:Civic career, later life and death
299:as the particle is not strictly a
241:
14:
2726:
2715:Swedish people of Belgian descent
2675:People from Finspång Municipality
2665:Expatriates in the Dutch Republic
2564:
2323:] (in Swedish). Vol. 3:
949:Swedish Museum of Natural History
924:(baron) in 1773. He received two
754:René Antoine Ferchault de Réaumur
678:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
423:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
206:Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
171:. He is sometimes referred to as
2581:Posts related to Charles De Geer
2077:Swedish men of science 1650–1950
859:
847:
832:
191:and was elevated to the rank of
2640:18th-century Swedish zoologists
2290:Svenskt biografiskt handlexikon
895:The tomb of Charles De Geer in
770:into several sub-groups, which
403:, where Charles De Geer grew up
232:, but most of it is still kept
2695:Book and manuscript collectors
2680:Scientists from Utrecht (city)
508:which he sold to the brothers
273:of all their children against
1:
2295:Swedish biographical handbook
1645:Van Delft & Sjökvist 2023
1391:Van Delft & Sjökvist 2023
954:
484:. Tracing its origins to the
409:
146:Author abbrev. (zoology)
2474:Söderberg, Bengt G. (1967).
2411:"The Library of Leufstabruk"
2181:(in Swedish). Vol. 10.
1010:Dahlgren & Tullgren 1931
959:
928:: the rank of Knight of the
490:Russian Pillage of 1719–1721
482:Walloon immigrants to Sweden
324:in Sweden, but moved to the
310:
250:. His great-grandfather was
7:
2321:Swedish history of learning
2240:Guerney, Ashley B. (1956).
2183:National Archives of Sweden
2178:Svenskt biografiskt lexikon
2144:Dahl, Torsten, ed. (1948).
1558:Glimskär & Backman 2021
1529:Glimskär & Backman 2021
1517:Glimskär & Backman 2021
1073:Glimskär & Backman 2021
910:: in 1740 he was appointed
428:Svenskt biografiskt lexikon
353:Joseph Pitton de Tournefort
259:Catharina Charlotta Ribbing
10:
2731:
2610:Uppsala University Library
2327:. Stockholm: PA Norstedt.
1967:
841:Uppsala University Library
736:French Academy of Sciences
633:Uppsala University Library
536:cabinet of natural history
462:cabinet of natural history
230:Uppsala University Library
210:French Academy of Sciences
2685:Utrecht University alumni
2055:10.1163/9789004475182_023
2022:10.1163/9789004542969_003
2006:Alsemgeest, Alex (2023).
1992:10.1163/15700690-12341452
1974:Alsemgeest, Alex (2019).
772:Johan Christian Fabricius
627:at that time, in Sweden.
512:and Abraham Grill of the
468:Lövstabruk (also spelled
370:, and Swedish astronomer
154:
144:
134:
127:
109:
96:
86:
67:
45:
30:
23:
2409:Sjökvist, Peter (2022).
2374:Pont, Adrian C. (1996).
2218:10.5117/JNB2021.003.GLIM
578:Olof Rudbeck the Younger
558:Olof Rudbeck the Younger
361:Christiaan Hendrik Trotz
357:Pieter van Musschenbroek
257:Charles De Geer married
173:Charles the Entomologist
2710:Scientific illustrators
2360:10.1163/187631284X00082
930:Order of the Polar Star
119:Commander Grand Cross,
115:Order of the Polar Star
2655:Swedish arachnologists
2539:Vretblad, Åke (1955).
2316:Svensk lärdomshistoria
2039:Anfält, Tomas (2001).
904:Riksdag of the Estates
899:
749:
712:spontaneous generation
672:
647:, made by globe maker
609:George Frideric Handel
592:
561:
465:
404:
347:and could watch their
222:spontaneous generation
2645:Swedish entomologists
1236:"Lövstabruksamlingen"
894:
812:Carl Alexander Clerck
744:
662:
590:
544:
458:
388:
290:Hedvig Ulrika De Geer
2252:(4 & 5): 127–136
916:Marshal of the Court
764:was the division of
567:Maria Sibylla Merian
189:Marshal of the Court
2121:Dal, Björn (1996).
1936:, pp. 361–363.
1900:, pp. 356–357.
1888:, pp. 355–356.
1864:, pp. 354–355.
1793:, pp. 118–119.
1776:, pp. 277–278.
1686:, pp. 116–117.
1584:, pp. 345–346.
1468:, pp. 263–265.
1342:, pp. 353–355.
1299:, pp. 263–269.
1136:Hofberg et al. 1906
1114:, pp. 127–134.
1102:, pp. 115–125.
665:small tortoiseshell
621:Johan Helmich Roman
1265:Tierp Municipality
900:
750:
700:Isidore of Seville
695:Aphrophora salicis
673:
625:Carl Gustaf Tessin
593:
562:
494:Great Northern War
492:at the end of the
476:) developed as an
466:
449:will and testament
419:Uppsala University
405:
390:Kasteel Rijnhuizen
380:Utrecht University
330:Kasteel Rijnhuizen
301:nobiliary particle
91:Utrecht University
2430:10.7202/1094122ar
2383:Dipterists Digest
2173:"Charles De Geer"
2081:Swedish Institute
2064:978-90-04-47518-2
1948:, pp. 90–91.
1560:, pp. 54–55.
1393:, pp. 14–15.
1366:, pp. 63–64.
945:Uppsala Cathedral
897:Uppsala Cathedral
663:A depiction of a
655:Scientific career
645:terrestrial globe
197:(baron) in 1773.
158:
157:
129:Scientific career
2722:
2571:Works by De Geer
2560:
2558:
2556:
2546:
2535:
2525:
2513:
2503:
2491:
2470:
2460:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2415:
2405:
2403:
2401:
2380:
2370:
2368:
2366:
2338:
2306:
2283:
2273:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2236:
2234:
2232:
2203:
2193:
2191:
2189:
2167:
2140:
2117:
2107:
2092:
2068:
2035:
2002:
2000:
1998:
1961:
1955:
1949:
1943:
1937:
1931:
1925:
1919:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1883:
1877:
1871:
1865:
1859:
1853:
1847:
1838:
1832:
1826:
1820:
1811:
1805:
1794:
1788:
1777:
1771:
1765:
1759:
1750:
1744:
1735:
1729:
1716:
1710:
1704:
1698:
1687:
1681:
1672:
1666:
1660:
1654:
1648:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1621:
1615:
1609:
1603:
1597:
1591:
1585:
1579:
1573:
1567:
1561:
1555:
1549:
1543:
1532:
1526:
1520:
1514:
1508:
1502:
1496:
1490:
1484:
1478:
1469:
1463:
1457:
1451:
1445:
1439:
1433:
1427:
1421:
1415:
1409:
1403:
1394:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1367:
1361:
1355:
1349:
1343:
1337:
1331:
1325:
1312:
1306:
1300:
1294:
1288:
1282:
1276:
1275:
1273:
1271:
1257:
1251:
1250:
1248:
1246:
1232:
1226:
1220:
1214:
1208:
1193:
1187:
1181:
1175:
1169:
1163:
1154:
1148:
1139:
1133:
1127:
1121:
1115:
1109:
1103:
1097:
1091:
1085:
1076:
1070:
1061:
1055:
1042:
1036:
1025:
1019:
1013:
1007:
863:
851:
836:
820:10th edition of
808:Abraham Trembley
796:Eduard Sandifort
617:Francesco Uttini
411:
398:
369:
359:, law professor
338:
287:
267:
150:de Geer, De Geer
74:
55:
53:
35:
21:
20:
2730:
2729:
2725:
2724:
2723:
2721:
2720:
2719:
2615:
2614:
2567:
2554:
2552:
2544:
2523:
2501:
2458:
2442:
2440:
2413:
2399:
2397:
2378:
2364:
2362:
2335:
2271:
2255:
2253:
2230:
2228:
2201:
2187:
2185:
2137:
2105:
2065:
2032:
1996:
1994:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1956:
1952:
1944:
1940:
1934:Alsemgeest 2019
1932:
1928:
1920:
1916:
1908:
1904:
1898:Alsemgeest 2019
1896:
1892:
1886:Alsemgeest 2019
1884:
1880:
1874:Alsemgeest 2019
1872:
1868:
1862:Alsemgeest 2019
1860:
1856:
1850:Alsemgeest 2019
1848:
1841:
1833:
1829:
1821:
1814:
1806:
1797:
1789:
1780:
1772:
1768:
1760:
1753:
1745:
1738:
1730:
1719:
1711:
1707:
1699:
1690:
1682:
1675:
1667:
1663:
1659:, pp. 4–5.
1655:
1651:
1643:
1639:
1631:
1624:
1616:
1612:
1606:Alsemgeest 2023
1604:
1600:
1594:Alsemgeest 2019
1592:
1588:
1582:Alsemgeest 2019
1580:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1556:
1552:
1544:
1535:
1527:
1523:
1515:
1511:
1505:Alsemgeest 2019
1503:
1499:
1493:Alsemgeest 2019
1491:
1487:
1479:
1472:
1464:
1460:
1452:
1448:
1444:, pp. 8–9.
1440:
1436:
1428:
1424:
1418:Alsemgeest 2019
1416:
1412:
1406:Alsemgeest 2019
1404:
1397:
1389:
1385:
1377:
1370:
1362:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1338:
1334:
1326:
1315:
1309:Alsemgeest 2019
1307:
1303:
1295:
1291:
1283:
1279:
1269:
1267:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1244:
1242:
1234:
1233:
1229:
1221:
1217:
1209:
1196:
1190:Alsemgeest 2023
1188:
1184:
1176:
1172:
1164:
1157:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1124:Alsemgeest 2023
1122:
1118:
1110:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1064:
1056:
1045:
1037:
1028:
1024:, pp. 2–3.
1020:
1016:
1008:
967:
962:
957:
889:
884:
883:
882:
881:
869:
868:
867:
864:
856:
855:
852:
844:
843:
837:
822:Systema Naturae
816:Daniel Rolander
728:parthenogenesis
657:
613:Antonio Vivaldi
597:natural history
522:
437:
392:
363:
332:
318:
313:
281:
279:Charles De Geer
261:
244:
242:Family and name
202:natural history
161:Charles De Geer
118:
87:Alma mater
82:
76:
72:
63:
57:
56:30 January 1720
51:
49:
41:
39:Gustaf Lundberg
26:
25:Charles De Geer
17:
12:
11:
5:
2728:
2718:
2717:
2712:
2707:
2702:
2697:
2692:
2690:De Geer family
2687:
2682:
2677:
2672:
2667:
2662:
2657:
2652:
2650:Hymenopterists
2647:
2642:
2637:
2632:
2627:
2613:
2612:
2603:
2597:
2593:, provided by
2588:
2578:
2566:
2565:External links
2563:
2562:
2561:
2536:
2514:
2492:
2471:
2449:
2406:
2371:
2339:
2333:
2311:Lindroth, Sten
2307:
2284:
2262:
2237:
2194:
2168:
2141:
2135:
2118:
2097:Burman, Carina
2093:
2069:
2063:
2036:
2030:
2003:
1986:(4): 332–367.
1969:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1950:
1938:
1926:
1914:
1912:, p. 277.
1902:
1890:
1878:
1876:, p. 357.
1866:
1854:
1852:, p. 354.
1839:
1827:
1825:, p. 278.
1812:
1810:, p. 119.
1795:
1778:
1766:
1764:, p. 118.
1751:
1749:, p. 279.
1736:
1734:, p. 120.
1717:
1715:, p. 117.
1705:
1688:
1673:
1661:
1649:
1637:
1622:
1610:
1598:
1596:, p. 353.
1586:
1574:
1572:, p. 157.
1562:
1550:
1533:
1521:
1509:
1507:, p. 343.
1497:
1495:, p. 346.
1485:
1470:
1458:
1446:
1434:
1422:
1420:, p. 340.
1410:
1408:, p. 338.
1395:
1383:
1368:
1356:
1354:, p. 355.
1352:Söderberg 1967
1344:
1340:Söderberg 1967
1332:
1330:, p. 269.
1313:
1311:, p. 336.
1301:
1289:
1287:, p. 350.
1285:Söderberg 1967
1277:
1263:(in Swedish).
1252:
1240:Nationalmuseum
1238:(in Swedish).
1227:
1215:
1213:, p. 222.
1194:
1182:
1170:
1155:
1153:, p. 266.
1140:
1138:, p. 226.
1128:
1116:
1104:
1092:
1077:
1062:
1060:, p. 275.
1043:
1041:, p. 265.
1026:
1014:
1012:, p. 482.
964:
963:
961:
958:
956:
953:
914:, and in 1760
888:
885:
871:
870:
865:
858:
857:
853:
846:
845:
838:
831:
830:
829:
828:
827:
804:Pierre Lyonnet
784:Peter Forsskål
724:Charles Bonnet
669:Aglais urticae
656:
653:
649:Anders Åkerman
605:musical scores
527:Jean Eric Rehn
521:
518:
436:
433:
326:Dutch Republic
317:
314:
312:
309:
248:De Geer family
243:
240:
177:Dutch Republic
169:book collector
156:
155:
152:
151:
148:
142:
141:
136:
132:
131:
125:
124:
111:
107:
106:
98:
97:Known for
94:
93:
88:
84:
83:
77:
75:(aged 58)
69:
65:
64:
58:
47:
43:
42:
36:
28:
27:
24:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2727:
2716:
2713:
2711:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2698:
2696:
2693:
2691:
2688:
2686:
2683:
2681:
2678:
2676:
2673:
2671:
2668:
2666:
2663:
2661:
2658:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2646:
2643:
2641:
2638:
2636:
2633:
2631:
2628:
2626:
2623:
2622:
2620:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2592:
2589:
2586:
2582:
2579:
2576:
2572:
2569:
2568:
2550:
2542:
2537:
2533:
2529:
2522:
2521:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2500:
2499:
2493:
2489:
2485:
2481:
2477:
2472:
2468:
2464:
2457:
2456:
2450:
2439:
2435:
2431:
2427:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2407:
2396:
2392:
2388:
2384:
2377:
2372:
2361:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2345:
2340:
2336:
2334:91-1-783382-5
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2312:
2308:
2304:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2291:
2285:
2281:
2277:
2270:
2269:
2263:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2238:
2227:
2223:
2219:
2215:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2195:
2184:
2180:
2179:
2174:
2169:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2136:9789197288606
2132:
2128:
2124:
2119:
2115:
2111:
2104:
2103:
2098:
2094:
2090:
2086:
2082:
2079:. Stockholm:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2048:
2047:
2042:
2037:
2033:
2031:9789004542969
2027:
2023:
2019:
2015:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1993:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1972:
1971:
1960:, p. 90.
1959:
1954:
1947:
1942:
1935:
1930:
1924:, p. 89.
1923:
1918:
1911:
1910:Lindroth 1978
1906:
1899:
1894:
1887:
1882:
1875:
1870:
1863:
1858:
1851:
1846:
1844:
1837:, p. 53.
1836:
1831:
1824:
1823:Lindroth 1978
1819:
1817:
1809:
1804:
1802:
1800:
1792:
1787:
1785:
1783:
1775:
1774:Lindroth 1978
1770:
1763:
1758:
1756:
1748:
1747:Lindroth 1978
1743:
1741:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1724:
1722:
1714:
1709:
1703:, p. 51.
1702:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1685:
1680:
1678:
1670:
1669:Sjökvist 2022
1665:
1658:
1657:Sjökvist 2022
1653:
1647:, p. 37.
1646:
1641:
1635:, p. 14.
1634:
1633:Sjökvist 2022
1629:
1627:
1619:
1618:Sjökvist 2022
1614:
1608:, p. 21.
1607:
1602:
1595:
1590:
1583:
1578:
1571:
1570:Vretblad 1955
1566:
1559:
1554:
1548:, p. 17.
1547:
1546:Sjökvist 2022
1542:
1540:
1538:
1531:, p. 45.
1530:
1525:
1519:, p. 41.
1518:
1513:
1506:
1501:
1494:
1489:
1483:, p. 10.
1482:
1481:Sjökvist 2022
1477:
1475:
1467:
1462:
1455:
1454:Sjökvist 2022
1450:
1443:
1442:Sjökvist 2022
1438:
1432:, p. 72.
1431:
1426:
1419:
1414:
1407:
1402:
1400:
1392:
1387:
1380:
1379:Sjökvist 2022
1375:
1373:
1365:
1364:Sjökvist 2023
1360:
1353:
1348:
1341:
1336:
1329:
1324:
1322:
1320:
1318:
1310:
1305:
1298:
1293:
1286:
1281:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1241:
1237:
1231:
1225:, p. 63.
1224:
1223:Sjökvist 2023
1219:
1212:
1207:
1205:
1203:
1201:
1199:
1192:, p. 28.
1191:
1186:
1180:, p. 43.
1179:
1174:
1167:
1166:Sjökvist 2022
1162:
1160:
1152:
1147:
1145:
1137:
1132:
1126:, p. 25.
1125:
1120:
1113:
1108:
1101:
1096:
1090:, p. 56.
1089:
1084:
1082:
1075:, p. 44.
1074:
1069:
1067:
1059:
1058:Lindroth 1978
1054:
1052:
1050:
1048:
1040:
1035:
1033:
1031:
1023:
1022:Sjökvist 2022
1018:
1011:
1006:
1004:
1002:
1000:
998:
996:
994:
992:
990:
988:
986:
984:
982:
980:
978:
976:
974:
972:
970:
965:
952:
950:
946:
942:
937:
935:
934:Order of Vasa
931:
927:
923:
922:
917:
913:
909:
905:
898:
893:
879:
875:
862:
850:
842:
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780:Carl Linnaeus
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48:
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2553:. Retrieved
2548:
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2441:. Retrieved
2421:
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2398:. Retrieved
2386:
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2363:. Retrieved
2354:(1): 89–95.
2351:
2347:
2325:Frihetstiden
2324:
2320:
2315:
2294:
2289:
2267:
2254:. Retrieved
2249:
2245:
2229:. Retrieved
2212:(1): 41–61.
2209:
2205:
2186:. Retrieved
2176:
2151:
2146:
2126:
2122:
2101:
2076:
2045:
2012:
1995:. Retrieved
1983:
1979:
1953:
1941:
1929:
1917:
1905:
1893:
1881:
1869:
1857:
1830:
1769:
1708:
1671:, p. 8.
1664:
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1620:, p. 2.
1613:
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1565:
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1456:, p. 9.
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1430:Hamberg 2023
1425:
1413:
1386:
1381:, p. 6.
1359:
1347:
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1280:
1268:. Retrieved
1255:
1243:. Retrieved
1230:
1218:
1185:
1173:
1168:, p. 3.
1131:
1119:
1112:Guerney 1956
1107:
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938:
926:royal orders
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372:Olof Hiorter
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165:entomologist
160:
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128:
100:
73:(1778-03-07)
71:7 March 1778
37:Portrait by
18:
2630:1778 deaths
2625:1720 births
2424:(1): 1–29.
2073:Bryk, Felix
1466:Anfält 2001
1328:Anfält 2001
1297:Anfält 2001
1151:Anfält 2001
1100:Burman 2023
1039:Anfält 2001
912:Chamberlain
908:Royal Court
720:pollinators
704:Middle Ages
571:Jan Goedart
506:Österbybruk
486:Middle Ages
470:Leufstabruk
393: [
364: [
333: [
282: [
271:inoculation
262: [
218:pollinators
2619:Categories
2595:AnimalBase
2488:1348652503
1178:Storm 2023
955:References
792:Job Baster
716:Felix Bryk
690:spittlebug
601:entomology
599:, notably
554:Fogelboken
474:Löfstabruk
441:Lövstabruk
376:microscope
185:Lövstabruk
139:Entomology
52:1720-01-30
2551:: 156–160
2532:0346-7465
2510:0346-7465
2467:0346-7465
2438:1920-602X
2395:0953-7260
2303:474064019
2280:0346-7465
2226:1381-0065
2114:0346-7465
1980:Quaerendo
1808:Bryk 1952
1791:Bryk 1952
1762:Bryk 1952
1732:Bryk 1952
1713:Bryk 1952
1684:Bryk 1952
1211:Dahl 1948
1088:Pont 1996
960:Citations
936:in 1772.
767:hemiptera
641:celestial
478:ironworks
382:in 1738.
345:silkworms
311:Biography
181:ironworks
105:, 8 vols.
79:Stockholm
2555:11 April
2443:10 April
2313:(1978).
2231:10 April
1835:Dal 1996
1701:Dal 1996
921:friherre
788:Mémoires
762:Mémoires
637:ephemera
399:outside
339:outside
322:Finspång
275:smallpox
194:friherre
113:Knight,
81:, Sweden
62:, Sweden
60:Finspång
2608:, from
2400:3 April
2365:4 April
2256:4 April
2188:4 April
2164:4629338
2089:2843087
1997:4 April
1968:Sources
1270:4 April
1245:4 April
708:cuckoos
702:in the
445:Uppland
415:Uppsala
401:Utrecht
341:Utrecht
235:in situ
2575:LIBRIS
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2087:
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878:aphids
732:aphids
726:, the
643:and a
582:Leiden
531:aviary
135:Fields
123:(1772)
117:(1761)
110:Awards
2585:Alvin
2545:(PDF)
2524:(PDF)
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2459:(PDF)
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2528:ISSN
2506:ISSN
2484:OCLC
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2402:2024
2391:ISSN
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2329:ISBN
2299:OCLC
2276:ISSN
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2233:2024
2222:ISSN
2190:2024
2160:OCLC
2131:ISBN
2110:ISSN
2085:OCLC
2059:ISBN
2026:ISBN
1999:2024
1272:2024
1247:2024
941:gout
810:and
794:and
619:and
611:and
569:and
68:Died
46:Born
2583:in
2573:in
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