230:, the academy was founded as an organ of government. In Paris, there were not many membership openings, to fill positions there were contentious elections. The election process was at least a 6-stage process with rules and regulations that allowed for chosen candidates to canvas other members and for current members to consider postponing certain stages of the process if the need would arise. Elections in the early days of the academy were important activities, and as such made up a large part of the proceedings at the academy, with many meetings being held regarding the election to fill a single vacancy within the academy. That is not to say that discussion of candidates and the election process as a whole was relegated to the meetings. Members that belonged to the vacancy's respective field would continue discussion of potential candidates for the vacancy in private. Being elected into the academy did not necessarily guarantee being a full member, in some cases, one would enter the academy as an associate or correspondent before being appointed as a full member of the academy.
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regime, few objections were raised. Moreover, these nominated members were then completely free to nominate the remaining members of the institute. Members expected to remain such for life, but interference occurred in a few cases where the government suddenly terminated membership for political reasons. The other main interference came when the government refused to accept the result of academy elections. The academies control by the government was apparent in 1803, when
Bonaparte decided on a general reorganization. His principal concern was not the First class but the Second, which included political scientists who were potential critics of his government. Bonaparte abolished the second class completely and, after a few expulsions, redistributed its remaining members, together with those of the Third class, into a new Second class concerned with literature and a new Third class devoted to the fine arts. Still this relationship between the academy and the government was not a one-way affair, as members expected to receive their payment of an honorarium.
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587:, Geological and Medical sciences and their applications. The academy currently has five missions that it pursues. These being the encouraging of the scientific life, promoting the teaching of science, transmitting knowledge between scientific communities, fostering international collaborations, and ensuring a dual role of expertise and advise. The French Academy of Science originally focused its development efforts into creating a true co-development Euro-African program beginning in 1997. Since then they have broadened their scope of action to other regions of the world. The standing committee COPED is in charge of the international development projects undertaken by the French Academy of Science and their associates. The current president of COPED is
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599:. All of which are current members of the French Academy of Science. COPED has hosted several workshops or colloquia in Paris, involving representatives from African academies, universities or research centers, addressing a variety of themes and challenges dealing with African development and covering a large field spectrum. Specifically higher education in sciences, and research practices in basic and applied sciences that deal with various aspects relevant to development (renewable energy, infectious diseases, animal pathologies, food resources, access to safe water, agriculture, urban health, etc.).
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539:: a shift from those with demonstrated scientific ability leading the academy to instead favoring those with seniority. It became known as a sort of "hall of fame" that lost control, real and symbolic, of the professional scientific diversity in France at the time. Another factor was that in the span of five years, 1909 to 1914, funding to science faculties considerably dropped, eventually leading to a financial crisis in France.
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452:, one of the members of the judging committee, studied Fresnel's theory in detail. Being a supporter of the particle-theory of light, he looked for a way to disprove it. Poisson thought that he had found a flaw when he demonstrate that Fresnel's theory predicts that an on-axis bright spot would exist in the shadow of a circular obstacle, where there should be complete darkness according to the particle-theory of light. The
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The most direct involvement of the government in the affairs of the institute came in the initial nomination of members in 1795, but as its members nominated constituted only one third of the membership and most of these had previously been elected as members of the respective academies under the old
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The reform also added new groups not previously recognized, such as Vétéran. Some of these role's member limits were expanded and some roles even removed or combined throughout the course of academy's history. The
Honoraires group establish by this reform in 1699 whose members were directly appointed
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The needed reform came late in the 20th century, in 1987, when the academy decided against the practice and to begin filling vacancies with people with new disciplines. This reform was not only aimed at further diversifying the disciplines under the academy, but also to help combat the internal aging
461:, and who incidentally later became Prime Minister of France, decided to perform the experiment in more detail. He molded a 2-mm metallic disk to a glass plate with wax. To everyone's surprise he succeeded in observing the predicted spot, which convinced most scientists of the wave-nature of light.
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experiments, could not get his study into its own category. Despite
Magendie being one of the leading innovators of his time, it was still a battle for him to become an official member of the academy, a feat he would later accomplish in 1821. He further improved the reverence of the academy when he
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Membership in the academy the exceeded 100 officially-recognised full members only in 1976, 310 years after the academy's inception in 1666. The membership increase came with a large-scale reorganization in 1976. Under this reorganization, 130 resident members, 160 correspondents, and 80 foreign
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The overwhelming majority of members leave the academy posthumously, with a few exceptions of removals, transfers, and resignations. The last member to be removed from the academy was in 1944. Removal from the academy was often for not performing to standards, not performing at all, leaving the
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The
Academic Standing Committees and Working Parties prepare the advice notes, policy statements and the Academic Reports. Some have a statutory remit, such as the Select Committee, the Committee for International Affairs and the Committee for Scientists' Rights, some are created ad hoc by the
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The election process was originally only to replace members from a specific section. For example, if someone whose study was mathematics was either removed or resigned from his position, the following election process nominated only those whose focus was also mathematics in order to fill that
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in Paris. Following this reform, the academy began publishing a volume each year with information on all the work done by its members and obituaries for members who had died. This reform also codified the method by which members of the academy could receive pensions for their work.
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From 1795 until 1914, the first world war, the French
Academy of Science was the most prevalent organization of French science. Almost all the old members of the previously abolished Académie were formally re-elected and retook their ancient seats. Among the exceptions was
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A vacancy opens only upon the death of members, as they serve for life. During elections, half of the vacancies are reserved for people less than 55 years old. This was created as an attempt to encourage younger members to join the academy.
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discipline's vacancy. That led to some periods of time in which no specialists for specific fields of study could be found, which left positions in those fields vacant since they could not be filled with people in other disciplines.
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is not easily observed in every-day situations and so it was only natural for
Poisson to interpret it as an absurd result and that it should disprove Fresnel's theory. However, the head of the committee,
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Stéphane
Schmitt, "Studies on animals and the rise of comparative anatomy at and around the Parisian Royal Academy of Sciences in the eighteenth century," Science in Context 29 (1), 2016, pp. 11â54.
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The
Academy of Sciences traces its origin to Colbert's plan to create a general academy. He chose a small group of scholars who met on 22 December 1666 in the King's library, near the present-day
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695:, awarded annually, in rotation, in the relevant disciplines of each division of the academy, to a French or foreign scholar who has contributed to the development of science in a decisive way.
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Although the academy still exists today, after World War I, the reputation and status of the academy was largely questioned. One factor behind its decline was the development from a
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had made stellar advancements in their selected fields of study, that warranted a possible addition of new fields. However, even someone like
Magendie that had made breakthroughs in
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571:. Its members are elected for life. Currently, there are 150 full members, 300 corresponding members, and 120 foreign associates. They are divided into two scientific groups: the
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1964:"Creation of a new Polish-French scientific prize Marie SkĆodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie | International awards | Bilateral cooperation | Fostering International Collaboration"
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The last two sections are bundled since there were many good candidates fit to be elected for those practices, and the competition was stiff. Some individuals like
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Also in 1795, The academy determined these 10 titles (first 4 in
Division 1 and the others in Division 2) to be their newly accepted branches of scientific study:
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For three centuries women were not allowed as members of the academy. This meant that many women scientists were excluded, including two-time Nobel Prize winner
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Shinn, Terry (1979). "The French Science Faculty System, 1808 to 1914: Institutional Change and Research Potential in Mathematics and the Physical Sciences".
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The academy was originally organized by the royal reform hierarchically into the following groups: Pensionaires, Pupils, Honoraires, and Associés.
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country, or political reasons. In some rare occasions, a member has been elected twice and subsequently removed twice. This is the case for
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1989:"Prix Louis Bachelier de la Fondation Natixis pour la recherche quantitative et de la SMAI â les grands Prix de l'AcadĂ©mie des sciences"
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Crosland, Maurice (April 2007). "The French Academy of Sciences As a Patron of the Medical Sciences in the Early Nineteenth Century".
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of the academy itself. The academy was expected to remain apolitical, and to avoid discussion of religious and social issues.
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491:, and many other deserving women scientists. The first woman admitted as a correspondent member was a student of Curie's,
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Leridon, Henri (2004). "The Demography of a Learned Society: The AcadĂ©mie des Sciences (Institut de France), 1666â2030".
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Leridon, Henri (2004). "The Demography of a Learned Society: The AcadĂ©mie des Sciences (Institut de France), 1666â2030".
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Henri, Leridon (2004). "The Demography of a Learned Society: The AcadĂ©mie des Sciences (Institut de France), 1666â2030".
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Leridon, Henri (2004). "The Demography of a Learned Society: The AcadĂ©mie des Sciences (Institut de France), 1666â2030".
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Leridon, Henri (2004). "The Demography of a Learned Society: The AcadĂ©mie des Sciences (Institut de France), 1666â2030".
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Watson, E. (1939). "The Early Days of the Académie des Sciences as Portrayed in the Engravings of Sébastien Le Clerc".
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In 1818 the French Academy of Sciences launched a competition to explain the properties of light. The civil engineer
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Search the Proceedings of the Académie des sciences in the French National Library (search item: Comptes Rendus)
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Moak, David, ed. (2007). "The Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert Collaborative Translation Project".
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was put in place, bringing together the old academies of the sciences, literature and arts, among them the
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Publications of the French Academy of Sciences "Histoire de l'AcadĂ©mie royale des sciences" (1700â1790)
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the other, Division 2, covers the applications of chemical, natural, biological, and medical sciences.
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1798:"Accomplishments of Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat: The first woman member of the French Academy of Sciences"
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dominated technological activities in France. The academy proceedings were published under the name
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The Academic Standing Committee for Scientific and Technological International Relations (CARIST)
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On 20 January 1699, Louis XIV gave the Company its first rules. The academy received the name of
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The Measure of All Things â The Seven-Year Odyssey and Hidden Error that Transformed the World
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was elected a member of the academy and three years later a president in connection with his
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The Academic Standing Committee in charge of the Biennial Report on Science and Technology
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is now a journal series with seven titles. The publications can be found on site of the
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One division, Division 1, covers the applications of mathematics and physical sciences,
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Crosland, Maurice (1978). "The French Academy of Sciences in the Nineteenth Century".
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Crosland, Maurice (1978). "The French Academy of Sciences in the Nineteenth Century".
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Crosland, Maurice (1978). "The French Academy of Sciences in the Nineteenth Century".
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Crosland, Maurice (1978). "The French Academy of Sciences in the Nineteenth Century".
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Marie SkĆodowska-Curie and Pierre Curie Polish-French Science Award, created in 2022.
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Colbert Presenting the Members of the Royal Academy of Sciences to Louis XIV in 1667
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Alter, Peter (June 1995). "Science under Control. The French Academy of Sciences".
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The Anatomy of a Scientific Institution: The Paris Academy of Sciences, 1666â1803
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Each year, the Academy of Sciences distributes about 80 prizes. These include:
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The Academic Standing Committee for the Defense of Scientists' Rights (CODHOS)
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Science and Social Status: The Members of the Academie Des Sciences 1666â1750
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Anatomy of a Scientific Institution: The Paris Academy of Sciences, 1666â1803
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The following are incomplete lists of the officers of the academy. See also
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Encyclopedia of Diderot & d'Alembert - Collaborative Translation Project
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Royal Funding of the Parisian Académie Royale Des Sciences During the 1690s
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Visiting the Royal Academy of Sciences, (SĂ©bastien Leclerc I, France, 1671)
702:, awarded from 1802 through 1970, for outstanding achievement in astronomy
1523:. Ann Arbor: Michigan Publishing, University of Michigan Library: 54â55.
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The Inter-academic Group for Development (GID) â Cf. for further reading
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The Academic Standing Committee for the Science History and Epistemology
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Notes on the Académie des Sciences from the Scholarly Societies project
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The Special Academic Working Party on Material Sciences and Engineering
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Membership in the academy is highly geared towards representing common
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petit for computer science and applied mathematics, awarded since 1977
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Today the academies standing committees and working parties include:
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Machines et inventions approuvées par l'Academie Royale des Sciences
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The Academic Standing Committee for Prospects in Energy Procurement
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193:(President of the academy), it is one of the five Academies of the
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The Academic Standing Committee for Science Education and Training
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The French Committee for International Scientific Unions (COFUSI)
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academy and approved formally by vote in a members-only session.
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Comptes rendus de l'Académie des sciences. Série 1, Mathématique
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Science Under Control: The French Academy of Sciences, 1795â1914
709:, awarded from 1877 through 1970, to honor advances in astronomy
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The Academic Standing Committee for Developing Countries (COPED)
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The Academic Standing Committee for International Affairs (CORI)
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The Academic Standing Committee for Science, Ethics and Society
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The Academic Standing Committee for Terminology and Neologisms
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The reorganization also divided the academy into 2 divisions:
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The Academic Standing Committee for Science and Safety Issues
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A heroic depiction of the activities of the Academy from 1698
1908:"Five basic missions in the Academy's remit | About us"
2053:"Présidents de l'Académie des sciences de 1666 à nos jours"
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for major contributions to mathematical modeling in finance
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in the 17th and 18th centuries, and is one of the earliest
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For a list of the academy's members past and present, see
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The Special Academic Working Party on Scientific Computing
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Today the academy is one of five academies comprising the
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by the King was recognized until its abolishment in 1793.
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The Academic Standing Committee for Science and Metrology
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178:. It was at the forefront of scientific developments in
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1922:"Actions targeted towards development | Overview"
1737:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
1543:"Academy of Sciences | French History & Research"
1494:. Berkeley: University of California Press. pp.
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The Academic Standing Commission for Sealed Deposits
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Category:Officers of the French Academy of Sciences
621:
The Academic Standing Committee for the Environment
56:. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
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775:Category:Members of the French Academy of Sciences
624:The Academic Standing Committee for Space Research
292:abolished all the academies. On 22 August 1795, a
3450:Educational institutions established in the 1660s
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1223:"More about the Academie des Sciences | About us"
639:The Academic Standing La main Ă la pĂąte Committee
3460:Members of the International Council for Science
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174:, to encourage and protect the spirit of French
2175:(includes information on the society journals)
411:; the head of State became its patron. In the
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495:, in 1962. The first female full member was
3465:Members of the International Science Council
3455:Scientific organizations established in 1666
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444:entered the competition by submitting a new
378:and impressed the academy with his hands-on
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1874:Historical Studies in the Physical Sciences
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1785:, Paris: Imprimerie impériale, p. 369
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19:For The National Academy of Medicine, see
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426:Comptes rendus de l'Académie des Sciences
116:Learn how and when to remove this message
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559:in Paris where the academy is housed
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54:adding citations to reliable sources
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2231:International Science Council (ISC)
2168:Complete listing of current members
2042:" is found in Academy publications.
729:the Prix Paul Pascal, for chemistry
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1636:Crosland, Maurice (30 July 2007).
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931:(nominated by king in Jan 1699)
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41:needs additional citations for
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21:Académie Nationale de Médecine
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2192:, the digital library of the
2083:Crosland, Maurice P. (1992),
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1768:, Paris: Imprimerie impériale
1671:The English Historical Review
963:Jean Baptiste Joseph Delambre
942:Jean-Paul Grandjean de Fouchy
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726:, for mathematics and physics
459:Dominique-François-Jean Arago
272:associates could be elected.
718:National Academy of Sciences
504:French populace demographics
65:"French Academy of Sciences"
7:
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1035:Bernard Germain de LacépÚde
472:(1737) where was published
397:Dominique, comte de Cassini
387:produced the widely known "
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1815:10.1016/j.crci.2016.09.005
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2126:Sturdy, David J. (1995),
1529:2027/spo.did2222.0000.874
761:
757:(Tchihatchef; Chikhachev)
680:Medals, awards and prizes
565:
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256:and was installed in the
254:Royal Academy of Sciences
195:
2307:Bosnia & Herzegovina
2163:English-language version
2130:, Boydell & Brewer,
2023:2 September 2011 at the
2014:French wikipedia article
1968:www.academie-sciences.fr
1227:www.academie-sciences.fr
1208:
591:, the vice president is
159:[akademidesjÉÌs]
2038:14 January 2015 at the
1796:Fechete, Ioana (2016).
1188:French Geodesic Mission
981:LĂ©once Ălie de Beaumont
714:Richard Lounsbery Award
518:Government interference
435:French National Library
228:its British counterpart
2104:Stroup, Alice (1987),
1779:Fresnel, A.J. (1868),
1762:Fresnel, A.J. (1868),
1009:1975â1996 Paul Germain
923:Jean-Baptiste Du Hamel
911:Jean-Baptiste Du Hamel
560:
476:
288:On 8 August 1793, the
249:
221:BibliothĂšque Nationale
216:
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1802:Comptes Rendus Chimie
1638:"Academy of Sciences"
1114:Chemistry and Biology
955:Mathematical Sciences
898:Permanent secretaries
818:Ătienne-Ămile Baulieu
734:Louis Bachelier Prize
724:Prix Jacques Herbrand
550:
497:Yvonne Choquet-Bruhat
467:
442:Augustin-Jean Fresnel
244:
212:
184:Academies of Sciences
172:Jean-Baptiste Colbert
170:at the suggestion of
166:, founded in 1666 by
154:Académie des sciences
133:
2112:, Diane Publishing,
1808:(11â12): 1382â1387.
1731:Hahn, Roger (1971).
1488:Hahn, Roger (1971).
1193:History of the metre
1152:Catherine Bréchignac
1101:Philippe van Tieghem
946:Aug 1777 â Aug 1793
940:Sep 1743 â Jul 1776
934:Jan 1741 â Aug 1743
927:Jan 1697 â Dec 1740
921:Jan 1670 â Jan 1697
915:Apr 1668 â Dec 1669
909:Dec 1666 â Apr 1668
512:Marie-Adolphe Carnot
450:Siméon Denis Poisson
446:wave theory of light
189:Currently headed by
50:improve this article
2059:on 12 November 2014
1782:OEuvres Completes 1
1765:OEuvres Completes 1
1688:Alder, Ken (2002),
1089:Albert de Lapparent
1059:Jean-Baptiste Dumas
1047:Pierre-Louis Dulong
739:the Prix Michel Mon
716:, jointly with the
409:Institute of France
405:Egyptian expedition
290:National Convention
176:scientific research
3440:Institut de France
2410:Dominican Republic
1995:on 26 October 2014
1547:www.britannica.com
1448:10.1007/BF01102182
1413:10.1007/BF01102182
1378:10.1007/BF01102182
1343:10.1007/BF01102182
1252:Institut de France
1146:Jean-François Bach
1083:Marcelin Berthelot
794:Napoleon Bonaparte
567:Institut de France
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485:IrĂšne Joliot-Curie
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300:Académie française
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1140:Nicole Le Douarin
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429:(1835â1965). The
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3034:associations
2938:Vatican City
2800:South Africa
2765:Saudi Arabia
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1226:
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1165:Publications
1020:Odile Macchi
999:Ămile Picard
917:Jean Gallois
783:
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755:Tchihatcheff
683:
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589:Pierre Auger
573:Mathematical
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48:Please help
43:verification
40:
2844:Switzerland
2839:Switzerland
2728:Philippines
2681:New Zealand
2676:Netherlands
2557:South Korea
2552:North Korea
2420:El Salvador
2159:(in French)
2063:12 February
1973:6 September
1880:: 271â332.
1552:6 September
1280:: 556â587.
1232:6 September
1128:Alfred Jost
1065:Jules Jamin
1018:Currently:
1012:Currently:
543:Present use
533:meritocracy
481:Marie Curie
380:vivisection
347:Agriculture
312:Mathematics
3424:Categories
3250:Affiliated
3032:Unions and
2933:Uzbekistan
2854:Tajikistan
2780:Seychelles
2661:Mozambique
2651:Montenegro
2604:Madagascar
2599:Luxembourg
2542:Kazakhstan
2385:Costa Rica
2282:Bangladesh
2277:Azerbaijan
2076:References
1831:Population
1642:britannica
1610:Population
1588:Population
1569:Population
1471:Population
1158:Ilan Marek
1156:currently
1150:currently
1144:2006â2011
1138:2001â2006
1132:1991â2001
1126:1986â1991
1120:1948â1986
1105:1914â1948
1099:1908â1914
1081:1889â1907
1075:1887â1889
1069:1886â1887
1063:1884â1886
1057:1868â1884
1051:1833â1868
1045:1832â1833
1039:1803â1832
1033:1795â1803
1003:1942â1975
997:1917â1942
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985:1874â1900
979:1853â1874
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967:1822â1830
961:1801â1822
890:1788â1791
879:Treasurers
870:2021â2022
864:2019â2020
858:2017â2018
852:2015â2016
846:2013â2014
840:2011â2012
834:2009â2010
828:2007â2008
822:2005â2006
816:2003â2004
810:2001â2002
780:Presidents
707:Valz Prize
585:Biological
376:Physiology
337:Mineralogy
76:newspapers
2943:Venezuela
2817:Sri Lanka
2785:Singapore
2619:Mauritius
2594:Lithuania
2497:Indonesia
2470:Guatemala
2267:Australia
2257:Argentina
1999:13 August
1456:143905211
1421:143905211
1386:143905211
1351:143905211
1337:: 78â79.
1294:143371098
753:the Prix
499:in 1979.
332:Chemistry
322:Astronomy
317:Mechanics
246:Louis XIV
168:Louis XIV
152:(French:
3003:CODESRIA
2958:Zimbabwe
2864:Thailand
2859:Tanzania
2795:Slovenia
2745:Portugal
2713:Pakistan
2646:Mongolia
2614:Malaysia
2475:Honduras
2435:Ethiopia
2430:Eswatini
2380:Colombia
2346:Cameroon
2336:Bulgaria
2319:Botswana
2238:National
2036:Archived
2021:Archived
2018:Monpetit
2016:; both "
1894:27757392
1177:See also
784:Source:
581:Chemical
577:Physical
361:Medicine
3252:members
2988:AASSREC
2976:members
2948:Vietnam
2928:Uruguay
2901:Ukraine
2889:TĂBÄ°TAK
2874:Tunisia
2770:Senegal
2750:Romania
2686:Nigeria
2666:Namibia
2656:Morocco
2636:Moldova
2629:COMECSO
2589:Lesotho
2584:Lebanon
2527:Jamaica
2512:Ireland
2480:Hungary
2455:Germany
2450:Georgia
2440:Finland
2425:Estonia
2405:Denmark
2302:Bolivia
2292:Belgium
2287:Belarus
2272:Austria
2262:Armenia
2247:Albania
2240:members
2190:Gallica
2027:" and "
1739:187-189
1436:Minerva
1401:Minerva
1366:Minerva
1331:Minerva
1257:4 March
903:General
884:?â1788
527:Decline
365:Surgery
356:Zoology
352:Anatomy
327:Physics
205:History
162:) is a
90:scholar
3379:IUVSTA
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3196:IUPHAR
3191:IUPESM
3151:IUHPST
3131:IUFoST
3018:OSSREA
3008:FLACSO
2998:CLACSO
2953:Zambia
2896:Uganda
2879:Turkey
2849:Taiwan
2834:Sweden
2775:Serbia
2760:Rwanda
2755:Russia
2740:Poland
2718:Panama
2696:Norway
2641:Monaco
2624:Mexico
2609:Malawi
2579:Latvia
2537:Jordan
2517:Israel
2465:Greece
2445:France
2351:Canada
2329:ANPOCS
2324:Brazil
2252:Angola
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3221:IUTAM
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3186:IUPAP
3181:IUPAC
3176:IUPAB
3161:IUMRS
3136:IUFRO
3116:IUBMB
3111:ISPRS
3086:INQUA
3051:IASSA
2822:Sudan
2812:Spain
2671:Nepal
2562:KSSRC
2547:Kenya
2532:Japan
2522:Italy
2490:ICSSR
2485:India
2460:Ghana
2415:Egypt
2368:China
2363:Chile
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2033:petit
1890:JSTOR
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1647:7 May
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1452:S2CID
1417:S2CID
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1209:Notes
1093:1908
1087:1907
804:1952
798:1906
792:1800
137:, by
97:JSTOR
83:books
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3394:SSRC
3374:ISDE
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3349:IFIP
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3304:IAAP
3289:ECPR
3284:EADI
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2502:Iran
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2373:CASS
2132:ISBN
2114:ISBN
2089:ISBN
2065:2015
2001:2014
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