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907:. His early journalism is scattered, he wrote relatively few pamphlets, and he published no books in his lifetime, save for a slim volume gathering his 1920 New York trial testimony with that of Isaac Ferguson, who also served as attorney in his case. A small volume of excerpts of speeches was also published by the Communist Party in 1928, shortly after his death. Nor has the CPUSA, despite Ruthenberg's iconic status in party history, published any significant portion of his work in subsequent years. This paucity of available material has been mitigated to some extent in the internet age, with an appreciable slice of his journalism gradually becoming available online. Interested readers are referred to the
691:. Therefore, the ambitious Ruthenberg made an ideal candidate to head the new organization, which was established in Chicago on September 1, 1919, as the Communist Party of America (CPA). While decisive authority on the floor of the convention and on the Central Executive Committee which it elected remained in the hands of the so-called "Russian Federations," Ruthenberg was elected by the Chicago conclave as the first Executive Secretary of the new organization. Ironically, it was his old Ohio party comrade and prison mate, Alfred Wagenknecht, who was elected to head the rival
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thousand or so of workers marched onto the square and took possession of the "Victory" Loan speakers' stand, which had been built over the stone blocks placed on the Public Square for the use of speakers at public meetings... The chairman was about to introduce as the first speaker when an officer and a few soldiers tried to climb to the platform, demanding that the soldier that held the red flag give it up... , without warning, a squad of mounted police dashed into the audience, driving their horses over the assembled workers and clubbing them as they went."
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which other soldiers from the truck and some businessmen joined. During the scuffle one of these businessmen drew a revolver and wildly threatened the workers in the procession. In five minutes, however, the struggle was over. The lieutenant and his supporters were driven back to the sidewalk, the head of the line reformed, and with the red flag still flying, marched on to the Public Square.
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797:. The site was regarded as relatively safe, having previously been used for a secret convention of the United Communist Party in the spring of 1920. This time, however, an informant of the US Department of Justice had managed to win election to the gathering as a delegate and the authorities had been notified.
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congealed. He was a Left Wing-supported candidate for the
Socialist Party's governing National Executive Committee in the party election of 1919, the result of which was overturned by the outgoing NEC ostensibly on the grounds of election fraud carried out by some of the branches associated with the
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Ruthenberg graduated from the parochial
Lutheran school in June 1896. He went to work in a bookstore, attending Berkey and Dyke's Business College in the evenings for a ten-month course in bookkeeping, accounting, and typing. Ruthenberg married Rosaline "Rose" Nickel, also of German descent, in June
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The fulfillment of the
Comintern's demand for unity proved to be no simple task, however, and the history of the next three years are a complex tale of splits, mergers, secret conventions, organized caucuses, and parallel organizations that lies outside of the scope of this presentation. In outline
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The
Supreme Court has decided we must spend a year in jail. The crime for which we are convicted is truth telling. We believe in certain principles; we fought for those principles, and we go to jail ostensibly for inducing a certain Alphones Schue not to register. The charge is merely an excuse....
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When the head of the line was within a block of the Public Square the first trouble occurred. An officer in the uniform of the Red Cross jumped from a "Victory" Loan truck and endeavored to take a red flag which a soldier in uniform was carrying at the head of the procession. A scuffle followed in
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They came down
Superior Ave., which divides the "Square" into northern and southern sections, headed by the mounted squad, followed by auto load after load. The newspapers later reported that 700 men had been concentrated at the Central Station, who now descended upon the marchers.... The first
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to its ranks, while the underground party withered and died, put to bed for good in 1923. Thereafter
Ruthenberg was the sole Executive Secretary of the American Communist Party (still calling itself the Workers Party of America) — a position which he retained for the rest of his life, despite
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still remaining in increasingly bitter opposition. It was not until the end of 1922 — after another merger, split, and merger — that this rift was finally resolved, with the establishment with a new unified
Communist Party of America and its parallel "Legal Political Party," the
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and the
Socialist Party of America sought affiliation with the Comintern as well. The Comintern was adamant about its structure, however, and it sought one and only one centralized organization in each country. Merger between the CPA and CLP was demanded.
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1904. The couple had a son named Daniel in 1905, the only child the pair would have. Ruthenberg worked as the bookkeeper and sales manager for the Selmar Hess
Publishing Company in this period, overseeing more than 30 salesmen throughout the Middle West.
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of 1919 was an event of enormous enthusiasm and great fear. A gigantic assembly was planned in
Cleveland, in which four parades of marchers, many waving red flags, would come together in the public square to hear speeches and rally for freedom for
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law, said to have been breached by the Left Wing Section when it published Fraina's Left Wing Manifesto the previous year. The pair were tried and sentenced to five years' confinement in the State Penitentiary on October 29, 1920. The pair sat in
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and the adoption of the 6-hour day and the $ 1 minimum wage. As many as 20,000 people are said to have participated in the march, with 20 to 30,000 more people lining the streets to watch. Ruthenberg later described the events that followed:
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lost the 1926 strike of cloakmakers in New York City in large part because of intra-party factional rivalries, as neither group wanted to take the responsibility for accepting a strike settlement that appeared insufficiently revolutionary .
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as well as the Chicago-based section of the Russian federation, exited the organization (along with a major part of the group's funds) in April 1920 and joined with the Communist Labor Party to form the United Communist Party (UCP) in May.
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ordered the majority Foster faction to surrender control to Ruthenberg's faction; Foster complied. The factional infighting within the CPUSA did not end, however; the communist leadership of the New York locals of the
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The criminal anarchism convictions of Ruthenberg and Ferguson were ultimately overturned by the New York Supreme Court In July 1922, just in time for another round of prosecutions, this time related to ill-fate August
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and was elected there as a member of the faction's governing National Council. Ruthenberg was initially supportive of the tactic of continuing to fight "to win the Socialist Party for the Left Wing" at its forthcoming
509:. In 1917 he made his third run for mayor of Cleveland (receiving 27,000 votes of 100,000 cast), followed by his second run for Congress in 1918. His final fourth and final run for mayor of Cleveland came in 1919.
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Wagenknecht headed this new joint organization with Ruthenberg placed in charge of the party press. This still left a divided Communist movement, however, with the major part of the old CPA, now headed by
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Ruthenberg was a frequent candidate on the ticket of the Socialist Party. His first electoral failure came in 1910, when he ran for Ohio's state treasurer on the Socialist ticket. In 1911 he ran for
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The important fact is that the ruling class feared our message to the workers and tried to silence that message. That fact should make a hundred willing workers take up the work we lay down....
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During much of this complicated dance, Ruthenberg was in jail. In October 1920, Ruthenberg was tried together with his associate Isaac Ferguson in New York for alleged violation of the state's
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The Socialist Party published a monthly membership bulletin for its members from 1905 through 1914. From July 1914 it published party news in a series of official newspapers, called variously
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A riot ensued, pitting the police and their supporters (backed by tanks) against the marchers. Two marchers were killed in the fighting, hundreds injured, and about 150 arrested in this
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Dominated as it was sure to be by the Russian, Lithuanian, Polish, and Latvian language federations, the anglophonic Ruthenberg was a valuable commodity to federation leaders like
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A period of bitter and acrimonious rivalry followed, in which both of the competing American communist organizations sought to win the favor (and financial support) of the
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C. E. Ruthenberg, Alfred Wagenknecht, and Charles Baker cartooned in the potato patch of the Canton Workhouse from a 1917 pamphlet collecting speeches from their trial.
384:. In later years the elder Ruthenberg went into business for himself with a son-in-law, tending bar at a saloon frequented evenings by those who worked on the docks.
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and the apparently hopeless task faced by Wagenknecht & Co., Ruthenberg shifted his support to the Federations and their call for an immediate Communist Party.
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887:. He was cremated and an urn containing his ashes was transported to Moscow and carried in an April 26 Comintern funeral procession where it was placed in the
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827:(now abolished) as the candidate of the Workers Party of America, as the CPUSA's legal organization was then known, on his return to the United States.
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terms, a fight erupted among the leadership of the CPA in 1920 and Ruthenberg, together with a group of his English-speaking adherents such as
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My Friend C.E. Ruthenberg: Testimony of Theodore E. Kretchmar, Collected by Oakley C. Johnson for a Biography of C.E. Ruthenberg, circa 1940.
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Ronald Collins & David Skover, "Curious Concurrence: Justice Brandeis's Vote in Whitney v. California," 2005 Supreme Court Review 333.
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from 1909 to 1919. In addition he was on the Ohio State Executive Committee of the SPA from 1911 to 1916, where he edited the newspapers
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Freed from prison in December 1918, Ruthenberg dove in with both feet to the burgeoning left wing movement rocking the Socialist Party.
538:, Ruthenberg continued to publicly attack the imperialist conflict and America's participation in it. He was charged with violating the
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of the SPA. There he was elected to the Committee on War and Militarism and was one of three primary authors of the aggressively
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Guilty? Of what?: Speeches Before the Jury in Connection with the Trial of C. E. Ruthenberg, Alfred Wagenknecht, Charles Baker.
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A Communist Trial: Extracts from the Testimony of C. E. Ruthenberg and Closing Address to the Jury by Isaac E. Ferguson
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Cover of Ruthenberg's first political pamphlet, published in 1917 by the local Cleveland Socialist Party. According to
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dissenting) against Ruthenberg. But Ruthenberg died shortly before the Court rendered its ruling, rendering the case
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Ruthenberg, Wagenknecht, and Baker served almost 11 months of their sentence and were released on December 8, 1918.
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in 1903. During his time at the university, he would first become involved with anarchist groups. He graduated from
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on April 24, 1922. Ruthenberg was immediately made Executive Secretary of the WPA upon his release on bail, with
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623:. Ruthenberg was charged for incitement to murder in connection with this event but no conviction was obtained.
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The forced merger did not, however, end the rivalries between the two groups. Ruthenberg and his supporter
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in the aftermath of the failed effort to win control of the Socialist Party at its August 1919 Convention.
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451:(1914–1919). Ruthenberg also contributed material to the official organ of the Socialist Party of Ohio,
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As the head of the American Communist Party, Ruthenberg was essentially an administrator rather than a
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organizations, and anti-war groups, building a network of contacts. Ruthenberg was associated with the
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in connection with a speech given at a rally on May 17, 1917. Also charged at the same time were
486:" wing of the SPA, which had little hope for the efficacy of ameliorative reform, seeking instead
364:, the son of Wilhelmina (née Lau) and August Charles Ruthenberg. Ruthenberg's parents were ethnic
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965:—Ruthenberg and Foster trial speeches. Oakley Johnson claims entire edition confiscated or lost.
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The above-ground WPA headed by Ruthenberg grew rapidly, boosted by the addition of the massive
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He was elected to the National Committee of the Socialist Party in 1915 but was defeated by
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1973:
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Robert Minor, "Our 'C. E.': In Memory of C. E. Ruthenberg — July 9, 1882 – March 2, 1927,"
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at the annual meeting for election to the party's governing National Executive Committee.
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in 1882. In America, young "Charlie's" father first worked in America on the docks of the
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From the Third Through the Fourth Convention of the Workers (Communist) Party of America
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Vol. 10 of the "Voices of Revolt" series. New York: International Publishers, 1928.
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A secret conclave had been arranged at the Wolfskeel Resort on the wooded shore of
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U.S. Supreme Court Transcript of Record Ruthenberg v. People of State of Michigan.
1144:"The Session of the Enlarged Executive Committee of the Communist International,"
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to finally unite the CPA with a parallel organization maintained by its dissident
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Ruthenberg died on March 1, 1927, in Chicago after undergoing surgery for acute
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in Chicago, but in the face of federation pressure for immediate formation of a
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politics, and in mid-1908 began calling himself a socialist. Ruthenberg entered
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1917:
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spending much of the 1920s as a leader of a minority faction within the party.
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List of Communist Party USA members who have held office in the United States
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1981:
1949:
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Tim Davenport (ed.). Corvallis, OR: 1000 Flowers Publishing, May 2012; pg. 1.
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on January 15, 1918. Informed of this decision, issued a statement declaring
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by Charles E. Ruthenberg Chicago, Ill. : Workers Party of America, 1923
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in 1914. In 1915 he ran again for mayor of Cleveland and in 1916 he ran for
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2009:
1941:
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948:—Pamphlet edition lost, recovered from first publication as article series.
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The Workers (Communist) Party: What It Stands For, Why Workers Should Join
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688:
554:. They were tried together in July 1917 and sentenced to one year in the
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was pending in the U.S. Supreme Court. The Court had voted 7–2 (with
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1611:“Charles E. Ruthenberg: The first leader of the Communist Party USA”
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The Day is Coming: Life and Work of Charles E. Ruthenberg, 1882-1927
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The Day is Coming: Life and Work of Charles E. Ruthenberg, 1882–1927
1965:
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864:
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in charge of daily operations of the parallel and underground CPA.
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During this time Ruthenberg traveled to many cities throughout the
432:
1363:
pp. 8–9. Johnson notes that C. E.'s father was "not a churchgoer."
1214:"Organization of the Unorganized and Work in the Trade Unions,"
979:
Why Every Worker Should Be a Communist and Join the Workers Party
781:
373:
336:
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Ruthenberg was an organizer for and, later, secretary of Local
1200:"Many Opportunities for Building the Revolutionary Movement,"
891:, not far from the burial place of his former factional rival
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679:. Nor did Ruthenberg owe any allegiance to the idiosyncratic
184:
Executive Secretary of the Workers Communist Party of America
1546:
C. E. Ruthenberg, "The Cleveland May Day Demonstration," in
702:(Comintern). Adding to the complexity of the situation, the
1261:
An American Testament: A Narrative of Rebels and Romantics.
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Cleveland: Local Cleveland, Socialist Party, Spring 1917.
343:(CPUSA). He is one of four Americans to be buried in the
1151:"The Tasks of the party in the Light of the Comintern,"
1186:"Eugene V. Debs and the Revolutionary Labor Movement,"
2250:
Communist Party v. Subversive Activities Control Board
1137:"Is the Movement Toward Class Political Action Dead?"
1028:"You Will Pay in Blood and Suffering," April 1, 1917.
867:; thus the opinions in the case were never published.
1460:"Our Campaigns - Candidate - Charles Emil Ruthenberg"
1256:
New York: Workers Library Publishers, September 1939.
1172:"Socialist Party Fights Unity of Action of Workers,"
1040:"Greeting to the October Revolution," November 1917.
339:
politician who was the founder and first head of the
58:
Executive Secretary of the Communist Party of America
1583:"Ashes of American Radical Rest in Wall of Kremlin,"
1228:"Reorganization of the Workers (Communist) Party,"
1134:, vol. 4, no. 1 (November 1924), pp. 21–23, 31.
1183:, vol. 5, no. 13 (November 1926), pp. 579–581.
1148:, vol. 5, no. 8 (June 1926), pp. 339–342, 373.
1239:vol. 3, no. ? (February 5, 1927), pp. ?.
1197:vol. 3, no. ? (November 9, 1929), pp. ?,
360:Charles Emil Ruthenberg was born July 9, 1882, in
1323:New York: International Publishers, 1957. Page 7.
2607:Socialist Party of America politicians from Ohio
2578:
2232:Albertson v. Subversive Activities Control Board
1559:Ruthenberg, "The Cleveland May Day Riot," pg. 4.
1141:, vol. 4, no. 2 (December 1924), pp. 77–79.
819:Ruthenberg ran unsuccessfully for a seat in the
408:from 1901 to 1909. Ruthenberg was drawn to more
1275:Speeches and Writings of Charles E. Ruthenberg.
1235:"First Signs of a Downward Trend in Industry,"
1162:, vol. 5, no. 1 (September 1926), pp. 5–9.
1060:"The Bolshevists: Grave-Diggers of Capitalism,"
1034:"This is Not a War for Freedom," May 27, 1917.
396:Ruthenberg's first political attraction was to
335:(July 9, 1882 – March 1, 1927) was an American
1570:I Confess: The Truth About American Communism.
1415:
1413:
1284:Gale Making of Modern Law Print Editions, n.d.
1155:, vol. 5, no. 9 (July 1926), pp. 401–405.
1113:, vol. 2, no. 4 (June 1923), pp. 7–8, 32.
574:
391:
1636:
1426:
1176:vol. 3, no. 207 (September 15, 1926), pg. 6.
1158:"Capitalism Mobilizes Against the Workers,"
841:International Ladies' Garment Workers' Union
610:Suddenly, the police made their appearance:
1410:
1399:
1397:
1218:vol. 3, no. 271 (November 30, 1926), pg. 6.
1211:vol. 3, no. 270 (November 28, 1926), pg. 6.
1204:vol. 3, no. 269 (November 27, 1926), pg. 6.
1018:New York: Workers Library Publishers, 1928.
651:Ruthenberg was a delegate to the June 1919
1643:
1629:
1232:vol. 3, no. 274 (December 3, 1926), pg. 6.
1225:vol. 3, no. 272 (December 1, 1926), pg. 6.
1190:vol. 3, no. 252 (November 6, 1926), pg. 6.
777:1922 Bridgman Convention and its aftermath
42:
1525:vol. 14, no. 3 (March 1935), pp. 217–218.
1277:New York: International Publishers, 1928.
1011:Ruthenberg, Communist Fighter and Leader.
804:were at odds with a rival faction led by
626:
512:Ruthenberg was a delegate to the seminal
69:September, 1919 – April 18, 1920
2465:Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party
1394:
1022:
1003:Voices of Revolt: Charles E. Ruthenberg.
874:
780:
641:Left Wing Section of the Socialist Party
631:Ruthenberg was an early endorser of the
578:
426:
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1332:
14:
2642:Burials at the Kremlin Wall Necropolis
2579:
2416:American Committee for Spanish Freedom
1300:vol. 4, no. 42 (March 3, 1927), pg. 1.
1263:New York: Farrar & Rinehart, 1936.
1165:"Seven Years of the Communist Party,"
1065:, whole no. 53 (Jan. 29, 1919), pg. 4.
914:
879:Plaque on the Kremlin Wall Necropolis
1624:
1572:New York: E.P. Dutton, 1940; pg. 410.
1081:"The Communist Party and Its Tasks,"
1046:"On the Threshold of the New World,"
2667:Ohio politicians convicted of crimes
2647:German-American culture in Cleveland
1221:"The Campaign for the Labor Party,"
745:until finally released on a $ 5,000
195:August 1925 – March 1, 1927
155:December 1921 – August 1925
1075:"Who Are the Murderers?" May 1919.
911:, the URL of which is cited below.
870:
653:Convention of the Left Wing Section
435:less than a dozen copies are known.
24:
2612:Members of the Communist Party USA
1243:
1207:"The Achievements of the Party,"
1109:"The Second Round at St. Joseph,"
825:Ohio's 20th congressional district
658:1919 Emergency National Convention
514:1917 Emergency National Convention
25:
2693:
2657:American political party founders
2602:American people of German descent
1601:C. E. Ruthenberg Internet Archive
1594:
2662:American prisoners and detainees
2537:Relations with African Americans
1053:"Forward, March!" January 1919.
922:Are We Growing Toward Socialism?
704:Socialist Labor Party of America
693:Communist Labor Party of America
2682:Prisoners and detainees of Ohio
2637:Communist Party USA politicians
1575:
1562:
1553:
1540:
1528:
1515:
1490:
1477:
1452:
1270:, March 1935, pp. 217–226.
1193:"Two Supreme Court Decisions,"
1095:"Communism in the Open Again,"
1068:"The Bankruptcy of Democracy,"
536:American entry into World War I
27:American politician (1882–1927)
2627:American people of World War I
2241:Aptheker v. Secretary of State
1439:
1379:
1366:
1353:
1326:
1310:
1287:"Ruthenberg Dies in Chicago,"
1273:Alexander Trachtenberg (ed.),
1179:"What Is the Election About?"
1130:"Progressive, But Not Labor,"
355:
13:
1:
2523:San Francisco Workers' School
2286:Keyishian v. Board of Regents
1116:"Role of the Workers Party,"
971:The Farmer-Labor United Front
821:U.S. House of Representatives
542:, accused of obstructing the
1339:. International Publishers.
1304:
639:and around which the formal
350:
112:May 1920 – May 1921
7:
1521:Robert Minor, "Our C. E.,"
1333:Johnson, Oakley C. (1958).
1123:"The Revolutionary Party,"
814:International Labor Defense
681:Socialist Party of Michigan
575:1919 Cleveland May Day Riot
558:, a decision upheld by the
392:Socialist years (1908–1918)
141:Executive Secretary of the
10:
2698:
2672:Columbia Law School alumni
2597:Politicians from Cleveland
2558:Young Communist League USA
1254:Debs, Haywood, Ruthenberg.
1088:"The Need for Open Work,"
422:Socialist Party of America
2622:American Comintern people
2565:Young Pioneers of America
2407:
2378:
2346:
2339:
2222:
2001:
1845:
1750:
1667:
1660:
1607:. Retrieved May 14, 2023.
1605:Marxists Internet Archive
909:Marxists Internet Archive
507:United States Congressman
326:
314:
306:
294:
284:
273:
256:
232:
227:
223:
211:
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128:
116:
105:
97:
85:
73:
62:
57:
53:
41:
34:
2632:Deaths from appendicitis
2451:International Publishers
2423:Bill of Rights socialism
2320:Watkins v. United States
1586:Wisconsin State Journal,
1537:Jan. 17, 1918, pp. 1, 3.
1252:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn,
898:
731:Workers Party of America
424:(SPA) in the same year.
420:in 1909, and joined the
341:American Communist Party
301:Workers Party of America
143:Workers Party of America
2677:American male criminals
2493:New York Workers School
2304:Scales v. United States
2268:Dennis v. United States
1385:Theodore E. Kretchmar,
889:Kremlin Wall Necropolis
853:Ruthenberg v. Michigan,
700:Communist International
556:Ohio State Penitentiary
488:revolutionary socialist
445:The Cleveland Socialist
345:Kremlin Wall Necropolis
333:Charles Emil Ruthenberg
278:Kremlin Wall Necropolis
237:Charles Emil Ruthenberg
2444:English-language press
2329:Yates v. United States
2108:Elizabeth Gurley Flynn
2080:Shirley Graham Du Bois
1989:Rossana Cambron &
1856:(1919–1920; 1922–1927)
1548:The Revolutionary Age,
1535:New York Evening Call,
1498:The American Socialist
928:July 20, 2010, at the
880:
795:Central Caucus faction
786:
785:C. E. Ruthenberg, 1922
627:Formation of the CPUSA
621:Cleveland May Day Riot
617:
608:
584:
569:
436:
310:Rosaline "Rose" Nickel
2530:Soviet Negro Republic
2437:Communist Labor Party
2295:Noto v. United States
2073:Benjamin J. Davis Jr.
1886:L. E. Katterfeld
1854:C. E. Ruthenberg
1588:April 27, 1927, p. 4.
1295:"Ruthenberg is Dead,"
1102:"An Open Challenge,"
1023:Articles and leaflets
943:After the War — What?
878:
784:
767:1922 Unity Convention
612:
603:
582:
564:
430:
2486:National conventions
2178:William L. Patterson
1550:May 10, 1919, pg. 4.
1464:www.ourcampaigns.com
1280:U.S. Supreme Court,
669:Alexander Stoklitsky
646:language federations
80:Position established
2652:American communists
2458:Language federation
1653:Communist Party USA
1510:The American Appeal
1506:The Socialist World
1316:Oakley C. Johnson,
1072:, February 1, 1919.
961:The Bridgman Trial.
915:Books and pamphlets
769:of the CPA held at
662:Communist Party USA
633:Left Wing Manifesto
453:The Ohio Socialist.
418:Columbia Law School
414:Columbia University
372:who emigrated from
321:Columbia University
289:Communist Party USA
2551:Yokinen Show Trial
2259:De Jonge v. Oregon
2150:Antoinette Konikow
2122:Dorothy Ray Healey
1862:Alfred Wagenknecht
1485:The Day is Coming,
1447:The Day is Coming,
1434:The Day is Coming,
1421:The Day is Coming,
1405:The Day is Coming,
1374:The Day is Coming,
1361:The Day is Coming,
1030:—Anti-war leaflet.
881:
787:
771:Bridgman, Michigan
758:Finnish Federation
738:criminal anarchism
585:
560:U.S. Supreme Court
548:Alfred Wagenknecht
495:mayor of Cleveland
464:American Northeast
437:
406:mayor of Cleveland
206:Party name changed
178:Party name changed
48:Ruthenberg in 1910
18:Charles Ruthenberg
2617:American Marxists
2574:
2573:
2500:Non-English press
2472:Lincoln Battalion
2403:
2402:
2199:Charles E. Taylor
2136:Oakley C. Johnson
2017:William Albertson
2002:Prominent members
1958:William Z. Foster
1934:William Z. Foster
1904:(1922; 1927–1929)
1894:William Weinstone
1841:
1840:
1751:Vice Presidential
1712:Charlene Mitchell
1676:William Z. Foster
1613:by C. J. Atkins.
1568:Benjamin Gitlow,
1508:(1920–1925), and
1169:, September 1926.
1078:
1056:
1050:, April 27, 1918.
1043:
1037:
1036:—Anti-war speech.
1031:
966:
949:
806:William Z. Foster
673:Nicholas Hourwich
521:St. Louis program
410:radical left-wing
330:
329:
267:Chicago, Illinois
16:(Redirected from
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1014:Introduction by
964:
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871:Death and legacy
743:Dannemora Prison
499:Governor of Ohio
490:transformation.
447:(1911–1913) and
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1246:
1244:Further reading
1181:Workers Monthly
1167:Workers Monthly
1160:Workers Monthly
1153:Workers Monthly
1146:Workers Monthly
1139:Workers Monthly
1132:Workers Monthly
1127:, January 1924.
1025:
946:December 1918.
930:Wayback Machine
917:
901:
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849:First Amendment
847:In 1926–27 his
834:representative
810:James P. Cannon
779:
637:Louis C. Fraina
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525:Morris Hillquit
441:Cuyahoga County
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1595:External links
1593:
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1581:United Press,
1574:
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1523:The Communist,
1514:
1502:The Eye-Opener
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1092:, August 1921.
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1070:Socialist News
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1063:Ohio Socialist
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1048:Socialist News
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816:organization.
812:, who led the
778:
775:
713:Isaac Ferguson
677:Joseph Stilson
628:
625:
594:Eugene V. Debs
576:
573:
518:antimilitarist
497:, in 1912 for
470:, speaking to
457:Arthur LeSueur
449:Socialist News
398:Tom L. Johnson
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1108:
1106:, March 1923.
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1104:The Liberator
1101:
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1097:The Liberator
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1090:The Communist
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1083:The Communist
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279:
276:
274:Resting place
272:
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260:March 1, 1927
259:
255:
251:
235:
231:
226:
222:
219:
218:Jay Lovestone
216:
210:
205:
204:
198:
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187:
182:
177:
176:
170:
167:
166:Charles Dirba
164:
158:
152:
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144:
139:
136:
133:
127:
124:
121:
115:
109:
104:
101:
100:The Communist
96:
93:
92:Charles Dirba
90:
84:
81:
78:
72:
66:
61:
56:
52:
45:
40:
33:
30:
19:
2506:
2327:
2318:
2302:
2293:
2284:
2275:
2266:
2257:
2248:
2239:
2230:
2192:Tupac Shakur
2185:Paul Robeson
2164:Steve Nelson
2038:John Bernard
2010:Bernard Ades
1942:Earl Browder
1926:Abram Jakira
1853:
1823:Angela Davis
1807:Jarvis Tyner
1696:Earl Browder
1668:Presidential
1614:
1585:
1577:
1569:
1564:
1555:
1547:
1542:
1534:
1530:
1522:
1517:
1512:(1926–1927).
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1492:
1484:
1479:
1467:. Retrieved
1463:
1454:
1446:
1441:
1433:
1428:
1420:
1404:
1387:
1381:
1373:
1368:
1360:
1355:
1335:
1328:
1317:
1312:
1297:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1253:
1236:
1229:
1222:
1215:
1208:
1201:
1194:
1187:
1180:
1173:
1166:
1159:
1152:
1145:
1138:
1131:
1124:
1120:, July 1923.
1117:
1111:Labor Herald
1110:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1085:, July 1921.
1082:
1069:
1062:
1047:
1010:
1002:
994:
986:
978:
970:
960:
953:
942:
935:
921:
905:theoretician
902:
882:
852:
846:
836:Sergei Gusev
829:
818:
799:
788:
763:
755:
751:Abram Jakira
735:
722:
709:
697:
666:
650:
630:
618:
613:
609:
604:
586:
570:
565:
533:
529:Algernon Lee
511:
492:
461:
452:
448:
444:
438:
402:Single Taxer
395:
386:
382:longshoreman
359:
332:
331:
297:affiliations
262:(1927-03-01)
247:July 9, 1882
213:Succeeded by
190:
173:Succeeded by
150:
130:Succeeded by
123:Louis Fraina
107:
99:
87:Succeeded by
79:
64:
29:
2592:1927 deaths
2587:1882 births
2066:Anne Burlak
2031:Max Bedacht
1984:(2014–2019)
1976:(2000–2014)
1968:(1959–2000)
1960:(1945–1957)
1952:(1945–1959)
1944:(1934–1945)
1936:(1929–1934)
1928:(1922–1923)
1920:(1921–1922)
1912:(1921–1922)
1896:(1921–1922)
1880:(late 1920)
1872:(1920–1921)
1864:(1919–1921)
963:Late 1923.
885:peritonitis
689:Dennis Batt
635:written by
503:U.S. Senate
482:so-called "
476:trade union
404:and reform
356:Early years
201:Preceded by
161:Preceded by
118:Preceded by
75:Preceded by
2581:Categories
2544:Ware Group
2430:Browderism
2223:Litigation
2087:Bella Dodd
1423:pp. 16–17.
859:joined by
598:Tom Mooney
316:Alma mater
243:1882-07-09
98:Editor of
1483:Johnson,
1445:Johnson,
1432:Johnson,
1419:Johnson,
1403:Johnson,
1372:Johnson,
1359:Johnson,
1305:Footnotes
1077:—Leaflet.
1055:—Leaflet.
1042:—Leaflet.
893:John Reed
832:Comintern
830:In 1925,
683:, led by
370:Lutherans
351:Biography
191:In office
151:In office
135:Max Cohen
108:In office
65:In office
2362:Maryland
1991:Joe Sims
1974:Sam Webb
1966:Gus Hall
1724:Gus Hall
1661:Nominees
1469:June 16,
926:Archived
857:Brandeis
644:party's
480:far left
474:groups,
433:WorldCat
280:, Moscow
2387:Alabama
2379:Defunct
2355:Georgia
2347:Current
1846:Leaders
1449:pg. 21.
1436:pg. 18.
1407:pg. 14.
1376:pg. 13.
998:(1925).
990:(1925).
973:(1924).
957:(1920).
938:(1917).
733:(WPA).
589:May Day
468:Midwest
374:Prussia
366:Germans
337:Marxist
2394:Hawaii
1888:(1921)
1487:pg. 25
1343:
861:Holmes
851:case,
675:, and
534:After
501:, for
307:Spouse
269:, U.S.
252:, U.S.
2369:Texas
899:Works
823:from
544:draft
472:labor
380:as a
1831:1984
1827:1980
1815:1976
1811:1972
1799:1968
1787:1940
1783:1936
1779:1932
1767:1928
1763:1924
1740:1984
1736:1980
1732:1976
1728:1972
1716:1968
1704:1940
1700:1936
1688:1932
1684:1928
1680:1924
1471:2021
1341:ISBN
865:moot
747:bond
715:and
687:and
596:and
550:and
527:and
466:and
400:, a
368:and
257:Died
233:Born
1603:at
2583::
1829:;
1813:;
1785:;
1781:;
1765:;
1738:;
1734:;
1730:;
1702:;
1686:;
1682:;
1462:.
1412:^
1396:^
895:.
773:.
671:,
648:.
531:.
347:.
1833:)
1825:(
1817:)
1809:(
1801:)
1797:(
1789:)
1777:(
1769:)
1761:(
1742:)
1726:(
1718:)
1714:(
1706:)
1698:(
1690:)
1678:(
1644:e
1637:t
1630:v
1473:.
1349:.
1321:.
245:)
241:(
20:)
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