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122:; it also prevented the necessity of the armor being softer than an engraving tool. Late in the seventeenth century, etching became used to produce the graduations on measuring instruments; the thinness of lines that etching could produce allowed for the production of more precise and accurate instruments than were possible before. Not long after, it became used to etch trajectory information plates for cannon and
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is the total immersion time. Etch rate varies based on factors such as the concentration and composition of the etchant, the material to be etched, and temperature conditions. Due to its inconstant nature, etch rate is often determined experimentally immediately prior to the etching process. A small
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is the process of applying the maskant material to the surface to ensure that only desired areas are etched. Liquid maskants may be applied via dip-masking, in which the part is dipped into an open tank of maskant and then the maskant dried. Maskant may also be applied by flow coating: liquid maskant
113:
Armor etching, using strong mineral acids, was not developed until the fifteenth century. Etchants mixed from salt, charcoal, and vinegar were applied to plate armor that had been painted with a maskant of linseed-oil paint. The etchant would bite into the unprotected areas, causing the painted areas
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process, scale (oxidation), and any other foreign contaminants. For most metals, this step can be performed by applying a solvent substance to the surface to be etched, washing away foreign contaminants. The material may also be immersed in alkaline cleaners or specialized de-oxidizing solutions. It
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One of the earliest uses of chemical etching to mill commercial parts was in 1927, when the
Swedish company Aktiebolaget Separator patented a method of producing edge filters by chemically milling the gaps in the filters. Later, around the 1940s, it became widely used to machine thin samples of very
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is the preparatory process of ensuring that the surface to be etched is free of contaminants which could negatively impact the quality of the finished part. An improperly cleaned surface could result in poor adhesion of the maskant, causing areas to be etched erroneously, or a non-uniform etch rate
385:
is the process of clearing the part of etchant and maskant. Etchant is generally removed with a wash of clear, cold water. A de-oxidizing bath may also be required in the common case that the etching process left a film of oxide on the surface of the material. Various methods may be used to remove
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The maskant to be used is determined primarily by the chemical used to etch the material, and the material itself. The maskant must adhere to the surface of the material, and it must also be chemically inert enough with regard to the etchant to protect the workpiece. Most modern chemical milling
139:, where a liquid maskant is applied to the entire surface of a material, and the outline of the area to be masked created by exposing it to UV light. Photo-chemical milling was extensively used in the development of photography methods, allowing light to create impressions on metal plates.
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is the removal of maskant on the areas to be etched. For decorative applications, this is often done by hand through the use of a scribing knife, etching needle or similar tool; modern industrial applications may involve an operator scribing with the aid of a template or use
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sample of the material to be cut, of the same material specification, heat-treatment condition, and approximately the same thickness is etched for a certain time; after this time, the depth of the etch is measured and used with the time to calculate the etch rate.
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is the immersion of the part into the chemical bath, and the action of the chemical on the part to be milled. The time spent immersed in the chemical bath determines the depth of the resulting etch; this time is calculated via the formula:
271:; if the adhesion is too strong, the scribing process may be too difficult to perform. If the adhesion is too low, the etching area may be imprecisely defined. Most industrial chemical milling facilities use maskants based upon neoprene
53:
process of using baths of temperature-regulated etching chemicals to remove material to create an object with the desired shape. Other names for chemical etching include photo etching, chemical etching, photo chemical etching and
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fabrication industries. It is also used in the aerospace industry to remove shallow layers of material from large aircraft components, missile skin panels, and extruded parts for airframes. Etching is used widely to manufacture
238:
is common practice in modern industrial chemical etching facilities that the workpiece never be directly handled after this process, as oils from human skin could easily contaminate the surface.
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operators; paper would rarely survive the rigors of combat, but an etched plate could be quite durable. Often such information (normally ranging marks) was etched onto equipment such as
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In 1782, the discovery was made by John
Senebier that certain resins lost their solubility to turpentine when exposed to light; that is, they hardened. This allowed the development of
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the maskant, the most common being hand removal using scraping tools. This is frequently time-consuming and laborious, and for large-scale processes may be automated.
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Organic chemicals such as lactic acid and citric acid have been used to etch metals and create products as early as 400 BCE, when vinegar was used to corrode
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are applied to particles of maskant as it is sprayed onto the surface of the material. The charge causes the particles of maskant to adhere to the surface.
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which could result in inaccurate final dimensions. The surface must be kept free from oils, grease, primer coatings, markings and other residue from the
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hard metal; photo-etching from both sides was used to cut sheet metal, foil, and shim stock to create shims, recording heat frets, and other components.
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to automate the process. For parts involving multiple stages of etching, complex templates using colour codes and similar devices may be used.
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58:. It is mostly used on metals, though other materials are increasingly important. It was developed from armor-decorating and printing
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110:. Most modern chemical milling methods involve alkaline etchants; these may have been used as early as the first century CE.
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118:. Etching in this manner allowed armor to be decorated as if with precise engraving, but without the existence of raised
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Chemical milling is normally performed in a series of five steps: cleaning, masking, scribing, etching, and demasking.
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on metal. The process essentially involves bathing the cutting areas in a corrosive chemical known as an
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203:. In addition to the standard, liquid-based techniques, the semiconductor industry commonly uses
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An etched and partially russeted and gilded half armor made of steel, brass, leather, and textiles
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is flowed over the surface of the part. Certain conductive maskants may also be applied by
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Chemical
Milling: The Technology of Cutting Materials by Etching
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Manufacturing process using etching chemicals to remove material
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19:"Industrial etching" redirects here. For other uses, see
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are used to protect specific areas of the material as
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664:Çakir, O.; Yardimeden, A.; Özben, T. (August 2007).
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2% Nital is common etchant for plain carbon steels.
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34:bar that has been etched to reveal the component
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346:is the rate of etching (usually abbreviated to
267:processes use maskants with an adhesion around
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673:Archives of Materials Science and Engineering
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428:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
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448:Learn how and when to remove this message
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354:is the depth of the cut required, and
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991:
275:or isobutylene-isoprene copolymers.
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426:adding citations to reliable sources
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150:
806:Fishlock, David (8 December 1960).
363:is commonly etched at rates around
13:
389:
14:
3978:
217:Video of chemical milling process
3746:Bronze and brass ornamental work
1017:
398:
332:{\displaystyle E={\frac {s}{t}}}
261:
186:Etching has applications in the
154:
2909:Shielded metal (Stick/MMA/SMAW)
2899:Gas tungsten (Heliarc/TIG/GTAW)
905:
146:
62:processes developed during the
2894:Gas metal (Microwire/MIG/GMAW)
1794:Electrical discharge machining
1583:Numerical control (NC and CNC)
1230:Semi-finished casting products
201:Microelectromechanical systems
1:
962:
2874:Atomic hydrogen (Athydo/AHW)
2065:
679:(8): 499–502. Archived from
377:
7:
2856:
1641:List of drill and tap sizes
1055:
973:. Oxford: Clarendon Press.
969:Harris, William T. (1976).
808:"New Ways of Cutting Metal"
603:
278:
224:
10:
3983:
2608:Magnetic switchable device
1957:Magnetic switchable device
615:Etching (microfabrication)
294:
289:computer numerical control
241:
220:Learn more about the video
210:
85:
30:A high-purity (≥99.9998%)
18:
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3196:
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3010:
2932:Electric resistance (ERW)
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1799:Electrochemical machining
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51:subtractive manufacturing
1341:Electrohydraulic forming
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252:electrostatic deposition
21:Etching (disambiguation)
3967:Metallurgical processes
3881:Painting in Hälsingland
2666:Engineer's spirit level
1879:Rotary transfer machine
1864:Photochemical machining
1804:Electron-beam machining
1766:Tool and cutter grinder
1346:Electromagnetic forming
610:Photochemical machining
102:and create the pigment
56:photochemical machining
2381:Oxy-fuel cutting torch
1331:Casting (metalworking)
469:
333:
95:
43:Chemical milling
39:
3126:Tools and terminology
2633:Measuring instruments
1103:Investment (Lost wax)
463:
334:
188:printed circuit board
136:photochemical milling
93:
29:
3901:Pressed flower craft
1993:Machining vibrations
1899:Ultrasonic machining
1381:Progressive stamping
666:"Chemical machining"
513:for stainless steels
422:improve this section
310:
130:daggers or shovels.
3318:Spinning (textiles)
3236:Friendship bracelet
2962:Friction stir (FSW)
2937:Electron-beam (EBW)
2013:Tool and die making
1701:Cylindrical grinder
1457:Finishing processes
1086:Evaporative-pattern
562:ammonium persulfate
197:integrated circuits
66:as alternatives to
3957:Chemical processes
3059:Heat-affected zone
2987:Oxyacetylene (OAW)
2756:Thread pitch gauge
2721:Optical comparator
2475:Combination square
2272:Metalworking tools
1681:Abrasive machining
922:. December 7, 2013
920:microchemicals.com
913:"Aluminum etching"
533:methylated spirits
470:
466:continuous casting
329:
256:electrical charges
166:. You can help by
114:to be raised into
96:
47:industrial etching
40:
3934:
3933:
3824:Hardstone carving
3772:Balloon modelling
3286:Ribbon embroidery
3139:
3138:
3082:
3081:
2942:Electroslag (ESW)
2889:Flux-cored (FCAW)
2822:
2821:
2236:
2235:
2031:
2030:
1508:
1507:
1420:Joining processes
1351:Explosive forming
1319:Forming processes
1243:
1242:
875:, pp. 37–44.
598:hydrofluoric acid
583:hydrogen peroxide
579:hydrochloric acid
458:
457:
450:
327:
184:
183:
3974:
3906:Qing handicrafts
3711:Chemical milling
3166:
3159:
3152:
3143:
3142:
2972:Laser beam (LBW)
2879:Electrogas (EGW)
2851:
2844:
2837:
2828:
2827:
2696:Machinist square
2505:Needlegun scaler
2500:Machinist square
2313:Water jet cutter
2280:Cutting machines
2265:
2258:
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2241:
2060:
2053:
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1998:Speeds and feeds
1751:Sharpening stone
1726:Grinding machine
1721:Grinding dresser
1588:Stewart platform
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1123:Semi-solid metal
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535:for mild steels.
487:Keller's reagent
482:sodium hydroxide
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106:, also known as
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3916:Straw marquetry
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3173:Decorative arts
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3069:Residual stress
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2924:Other processes
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2914:Submerged (SAW)
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2765:
2661:Engineer's blue
2627:
2560:Machine tooling
2554:
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2432:Hydraulic press
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2152:Pattern welding
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2069:
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1976:
1903:
1770:
1761:Surface grinder
1696:Coated abrasive
1667:
1660:
1631:Drill bit sizes
1626:Drill bit shank
1601:
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1376:Press hardening
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1286:, and finishing
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1205:Casting defects
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645:
641:, p. xiii.
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606:
557:ferric chloride
552:cupric chloride
511:ferric chloride
464:copper made by
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390:Common etchants
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164:needs expansion
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3873:
3868:
3867:
3866:
3856:
3851:
3846:
3844:Leatherworking
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3820:
3819:
3809:
3804:
3799:
3797:Egg decorating
3794:
3789:
3784:
3779:
3774:
3769:
3763:
3761:
3757:
3756:
3754:
3753:
3748:
3743:
3738:
3733:
3728:
3723:
3718:
3713:
3708:
3702:
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3654:
3652:
3646:
3645:
3643:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3627:
3622:
3617:
3612:
3607:
3601:
3599:
3593:
3592:
3590:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3559:
3554:
3549:
3544:
3539:
3533:
3531:
3525:
3524:
3522:
3521:
3516:
3511:
3506:
3501:
3496:
3491:
3486:
3480:
3479:
3478:
3477:
3472:
3467:
3457:
3452:
3447:
3442:
3441:
3440:
3435:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3404:
3403:
3398:
3393:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3357:
3355:
3349:
3348:
3346:
3345:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3310:
3305:
3304:
3303:
3298:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3202:
3200:
3194:
3193:
3191:
3190:
3184:
3181:
3180:
3169:
3168:
3161:
3154:
3146:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3133:
3128:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3103:
3098:
3093:
3087:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3079:
3077:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3064:Photokeratitis
3061:
3055:
3053:
3049:
3048:
3046:
3045:
3040:
3035:
3030:
3025:
3020:
3014:
3012:
3008:
3007:
3005:
3004:
2999:
2994:
2989:
2984:
2982:Magnetic pulse
2979:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2934:
2928:
2926:
2920:
2919:
2917:
2916:
2911:
2906:
2901:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2881:
2876:
2870:
2868:
2862:
2861:
2854:
2853:
2846:
2839:
2831:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2819:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2786:
2781:
2775:
2773:
2771:Smithing tools
2767:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2758:
2753:
2748:
2743:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2686:Go/no go gauge
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2656:Dial indicator
2653:
2648:
2643:
2637:
2635:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2585:
2580:
2575:
2570:
2564:
2562:
2556:
2555:
2553:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2537:
2532:
2527:
2522:
2517:
2512:
2507:
2502:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2455:
2454:
2452:Stamping press
2449:
2444:
2439:
2434:
2429:
2424:
2419:
2413:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2404:
2403:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2373:
2371:Milling cutter
2368:
2363:
2358:
2353:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2327:
2325:
2319:
2318:
2316:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2300:
2295:
2290:
2284:
2282:
2276:
2275:
2268:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2238:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2230:
2225:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2195:
2190:
2184:
2182:
2178:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2149:
2143:
2141:
2137:
2136:
2134:
2133:
2128:
2123:
2118:
2113:
2108:
2103:
2098:
2093:
2088:
2083:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:
2063:
2062:
2055:
2048:
2040:
2033:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2026:
2025:
2020:
2015:
2010:
2005:
2000:
1995:
1990:
1984:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1975:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1913:
1911:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1901:
1896:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1876:
1871:
1866:
1861:
1856:
1854:Milling cutter
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1821:
1816:
1811:
1806:
1801:
1796:
1791:
1786:
1780:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1763:
1758:
1753:
1748:
1743:
1738:
1733:
1731:Grinding wheel
1728:
1723:
1718:
1713:
1708:
1703:
1698:
1693:
1688:
1683:
1678:
1672:
1670:
1662:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1643:
1638:
1633:
1628:
1623:
1618:
1613:
1607:
1605:
1594:
1593:
1591:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1575:
1570:
1565:
1559:
1557:
1553:Computer-aided
1549:
1548:
1540:
1539:
1532:
1525:
1517:
1510:
1509:
1506:
1505:
1503:
1502:
1497:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1480:Mass finishing
1477:
1472:
1467:
1461:
1459:
1453:
1452:
1450:
1449:
1444:
1439:
1434:
1429:
1423:
1421:
1417:
1416:
1414:
1413:
1408:
1403:
1398:
1393:
1388:
1383:
1378:
1373:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1353:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1333:
1328:
1322:
1320:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1312:
1307:
1302:
1296:
1294:
1290:
1289:
1275:
1274:
1267:
1260:
1252:
1245:
1244:
1241:
1240:
1238:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1222:
1217:
1212:
1207:
1201:
1199:
1195:
1194:
1192:
1191:
1186:
1181:
1176:
1171:
1166:
1161:
1156:
1150:
1148:
1144:
1143:
1141:
1140:
1135:
1130:
1125:
1120:
1115:
1110:
1108:Permanent mold
1105:
1100:
1099:
1098:
1093:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1067:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1053:
1052:
1045:
1038:
1030:
1023:
1022:
1015:
1014:
1007:
1000:
992:
986:
985:
979:
964:
961:
958:
957:
945:
933:
904:
892:
877:
865:
853:
841:
829:
791:
779:
767:
755:
743:
731:
716:
697:
643:
630:
629:
627:
624:
623:
622:
620:Electroetching
617:
612:
605:
602:
601:
600:
594:
593:
586:
585:
576:
569:
564:
559:
554:
548:
547:
537:
536:
519:(a mixture of
514:
508:
498:
497:
490:
489:
484:
478:
477:
468:, macro etched
456:
455:
406:
404:
397:
391:
388:
379:
376:
340:
339:
326:
323:
318:
315:
296:
293:
280:
277:
263:
260:
243:
240:
226:
223:
212:
209:
205:plasma etching
182:
181:
161:
159:
148:
145:
87:
84:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3979:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3944:
3942:
3927:
3924:
3922:
3919:
3917:
3914:
3912:
3909:
3907:
3904:
3902:
3899:
3897:
3896:Private press
3894:
3892:
3889:
3887:
3884:
3882:
3879:
3877:
3874:
3872:
3869:
3865:
3862:
3861:
3860:
3857:
3855:
3852:
3850:
3847:
3845:
3842:
3840:
3837:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3818:
3815:
3814:
3813:
3810:
3808:
3807:Faux painting
3805:
3803:
3802:Engraved gems
3800:
3798:
3795:
3793:
3790:
3788:
3785:
3783:
3780:
3778:
3775:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3764:
3762:
3758:
3752:
3749:
3747:
3744:
3742:
3739:
3737:
3734:
3732:
3729:
3727:
3724:
3722:
3719:
3717:
3714:
3712:
3709:
3707:
3704:
3703:
3701:
3699:
3695:
3689:
3688:Stained glass
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3673:Glass etching
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3655:
3653:
3651:
3647:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3631:
3628:
3626:
3623:
3621:
3618:
3616:
3613:
3611:
3608:
3606:
3603:
3602:
3600:
3598:
3594:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3570:
3568:
3565:
3563:
3560:
3558:
3555:
3553:
3550:
3548:
3545:
3543:
3540:
3538:
3535:
3534:
3532:
3530:
3526:
3520:
3517:
3515:
3512:
3510:
3507:
3505:
3502:
3500:
3497:
3495:
3492:
3490:
3487:
3485:
3482:
3481:
3476:
3473:
3471:
3468:
3466:
3463:
3462:
3461:
3458:
3456:
3453:
3451:
3448:
3446:
3443:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3430:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3402:
3399:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3388:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3358:
3356:
3354:
3350:
3344:
3341:
3339:
3336:
3334:
3331:
3329:
3326:
3324:
3321:
3319:
3316:
3314:
3311:
3309:
3306:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3206:Banner-making
3204:
3203:
3201:
3199:
3195:
3189:
3186:
3185:
3182:
3178:
3174:
3167:
3162:
3160:
3155:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3144:
3132:
3129:
3127:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3094:
3092:
3089:
3088:
3085:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3056:
3054:
3052:Related terms
3050:
3044:
3043:Shielding gas
3041:
3039:
3036:
3034:
3031:
3029:
3026:
3024:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3015:
3013:
3009:
3003:
3000:
2998:
2995:
2993:
2990:
2988:
2985:
2983:
2980:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2967:Friction stud
2965:
2963:
2960:
2958:
2955:
2953:
2950:
2948:
2945:
2943:
2940:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2929:
2927:
2925:
2921:
2915:
2912:
2910:
2907:
2905:
2902:
2900:
2897:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2871:
2869:
2867:
2863:
2859:
2852:
2847:
2845:
2840:
2838:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2825:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2768:
2762:
2761:Vernier scale
2759:
2757:
2754:
2752:
2749:
2747:
2746:Surface plate
2744:
2742:
2739:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2706:Marking gauge
2704:
2702:
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2603:Machine taper
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2588:Indexing head
2586:
2584:
2581:
2579:
2576:
2574:
2571:
2569:
2566:
2565:
2563:
2561:
2557:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2536:
2533:
2531:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2521:
2518:
2516:
2513:
2511:
2508:
2506:
2503:
2501:
2498:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2486:
2483:
2481:
2478:
2476:
2473:
2471:
2468:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2459:
2453:
2450:
2448:
2445:
2443:
2440:
2438:
2437:Machine press
2435:
2433:
2430:
2428:
2427:English wheel
2425:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2414:
2412:
2410:Forming tools
2408:
2402:
2399:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2364:
2362:
2359:
2357:
2354:
2352:
2349:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2323:Cutting tools
2320:
2314:
2311:
2309:
2306:
2304:
2301:
2299:
2296:
2294:
2291:
2289:
2286:
2285:
2283:
2281:
2277:
2273:
2266:
2261:
2259:
2254:
2252:
2247:
2246:
2243:
2239:
2229:
2226:
2224:
2221:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2194:
2191:
2189:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2179:
2173:
2170:
2168:
2165:
2163:
2160:
2158:
2155:
2153:
2150:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:
2127:
2124:
2122:
2119:
2117:
2114:
2112:
2109:
2107:
2104:
2102:
2099:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2089:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2078:
2076:
2072:
2068:
2061:
2056:
2054:
2049:
2047:
2042:
2041:
2038:
2034:
2024:
2021:
2019:
2016:
2014:
2011:
2009:
2006:
2004:
2001:
1999:
1996:
1994:
1991:
1989:
1988:Cutting fluid
1986:
1985:
1983:
1979:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1952:Machine taper
1950:
1948:
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1937:Indexing head
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1914:
1912:
1910:
1909:Machine tools
1906:
1900:
1897:
1895:
1892:
1890:
1887:
1885:
1882:
1880:
1877:
1875:
1872:
1870:
1867:
1865:
1862:
1860:
1857:
1855:
1852:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
1820:
1817:
1815:
1812:
1810:
1807:
1805:
1802:
1800:
1797:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1787:
1785:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1764:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1756:Spark testing
1754:
1752:
1749:
1747:
1744:
1742:
1739:
1737:
1734:
1732:
1729:
1727:
1724:
1722:
1719:
1717:
1714:
1712:
1711:Flick grinder
1709:
1707:
1706:Diamond plate
1704:
1702:
1699:
1697:
1694:
1692:
1691:Bench grinder
1689:
1687:
1686:Angle grinder
1684:
1682:
1679:
1677:
1674:
1673:
1671:
1669:
1663:
1657:
1654:
1652:
1649:
1647:
1644:
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1632:
1629:
1627:
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1599:
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1589:
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1584:
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1579:
1576:
1574:
1571:
1569:
1566:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1550:
1546:and computing
1545:
1538:
1533:
1531:
1526:
1524:
1519:
1518:
1515:
1511:
1501:
1498:
1496:
1493:
1491:
1488:
1486:
1483:
1481:
1478:
1476:
1475:Heat treating
1473:
1471:
1468:
1466:
1463:
1462:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1448:
1445:
1443:
1440:
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1187:
1185:
1182:
1180:
1177:
1175:
1172:
1170:
1167:
1165:
1162:
1160:
1159:Cope and drag
1157:
1155:
1152:
1151:
1149:
1145:
1139:
1136:
1134:
1133:Shell molding
1131:
1129:
1126:
1124:
1121:
1119:
1116:
1114:
1111:
1109:
1106:
1104:
1101:
1097:
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1084:
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1079:
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1037:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1013:
1008:
1006:
1001:
999:
994:
993:
990:
982:
980:0-19-859115-2
976:
972:
967:
966:
955:, p. 56.
954:
949:
943:, p. 54.
942:
937:
921:
914:
908:
902:, p. 45.
901:
896:
890:, p. 44.
889:
884:
882:
874:
869:
863:, p. 33.
862:
857:
851:, p. 36.
850:
845:
839:, p. 31.
838:
833:
817:
813:
812:New Scientist
809:
802:
800:
798:
796:
789:, p. 17.
788:
783:
777:, p. 15.
776:
771:
765:, p. 10.
764:
759:
752:
747:
740:
735:
728:
723:
721:
714:, p. 32.
713:
708:
706:
704:
702:
686:on 2015-04-12
682:
678:
674:
667:
660:
658:
656:
654:
652:
650:
648:
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631:
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584:
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491:
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485:
483:
480:
479:
476:
472:
471:
467:
462:
452:
449:
441:
438:February 2013
431:
427:
423:
417:
416:
412:
407:This section
405:
401:
396:
395:
387:
384:
375:
370:
362:
357:
353:
349:
345:
324:
321:
316:
313:
306:
305:
304:
301:
292:
290:
285:
276:
274:
262:Maskant types
259:
257:
253:
248:
239:
236:
231:
222:
221:
218:
208:
206:
202:
198:
193:
192:semiconductor
189:
178:
175:February 2013
169:
165:
162:This section
160:
157:
153:
152:
144:
140:
138:
137:
131:
129:
125:
121:
117:
111:
109:
105:
101:
92:
83:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
52:
48:
44:
37:
33:
28:
22:
3962:Electrolysis
3952:Metalworking
3864:Glass mosaic
3782:Bone carving
3710:
3582:Wood carving
3577:Wood burning
3552:Chip carving
3509:Scrapbooking
3494:Papier-mâché
3460:Papercutting
3413:Iris folding
3401:Photomontage
3396:Papier collé
3361:Altered book
3221:Cross-stitch
3033:Power supply
3023:Filler metal
2977:Laser-hybrid
2904:Plasma (PAW)
2804:Steam hammer
2751:Tape measure
2741:Straightedge
2726:Radius gauge
2701:Marking blue
2691:Height gauge
2671:Feeler gauge
2651:Center gauge
2618:Rotary table
2598:Lathe center
2510:Piercing saw
2495:Hand scraper
2366:Hand scraper
2218:Steam hammer
1967:Rotary table
1947:Lathe center
1834:Machine tool
1666:Grinding and
1411:Tube bending
1366:Hydroforming
1174:Molding sand
1128:Shaw process
1113:Plaster mold
1019:Metalworking
970:
948:
936:
926:December 23,
924:. Retrieved
919:
907:
895:
868:
856:
844:
832:
820:. Retrieved
815:
811:
782:
770:
758:
753:, p. 9.
746:
741:, p. 6.
734:
729:, p. 2.
688:. Retrieved
681:the original
676:
672:
634:
538:
506:nitric acids
502:hydrochloric
444:
435:
420:Please help
408:
382:
381:
355:
351:
347:
343:
341:
299:
298:
283:
282:
265:
246:
245:
229:
228:
214:
185:
172:
168:adding to it
163:
147:Applications
141:
134:
132:
112:
97:
75:
71:
46:
42:
41:
36:crystallites
3891:Pietra dura
3854:Micromosaic
3787:Doll making
3741:Silversmith
3658:Cameo glass
3615:Earthenware
3587:Woodturning
3499:Pop-up book
3484:Papermaking
3371:Calligraphy
3366:Bookbinding
3296:Rug hooking
3266:Needlepoint
3246:Lace-making
3211:Canvas work
3096:Fabrication
3074:Weldability
2866:Arc welding
2814:Trip hammer
2809:Swage block
2794:Hardy tools
2711:Marking out
2681:Gauge block
2568:Angle plate
2530:Tap and die
2447:Screw press
2442:Punch press
2396:Tipped tool
2351:Countersink
2346:Counterbore
2228:Trip hammer
2223:Swage block
2208:Hardy tools
2116:Silversmith
2111:Pewtersmith
2091:Coppersmith
1981:Terminology
1917:Angle plate
1844:Metal lathe
1736:Jig grinder
1646:Tap and die
1555:engineering
1470:Galvanizing
1310:Sheet metal
1300:Fabrication
1284:fabrication
1198:Terminology
1071:Centrifugal
953:Harris 1976
941:Harris 1976
900:Harris 1976
888:Harris 1976
873:Harris 1976
861:Harris 1976
849:Harris 1976
837:Harris 1976
822:13 February
818:(212): 1535
787:Harris 1976
775:Harris 1976
763:Harris 1976
751:Harris 1976
739:Harris 1976
727:Harris 1976
712:Harris 1976
690:13 February
639:Harris 1976
573:nitric acid
521:nitric acid
235:marking out
64:Renaissance
3941:Categories
3926:Wall decal
3849:Miniatures
3767:Assemblage
3635:Terracotta
3610:Bone china
3489:Paper toys
3455:Papercraft
3381:Cast paper
3376:Cardmaking
3323:String art
3313:Shoemaking
3301:Rug making
3271:Needlework
3226:Embroidery
3216:Crocheting
3177:handicraft
3116:Metallurgy
2997:Ultrasonic
2992:Spot (RSW)
2947:Exothermic
2716:Micrometer
2641:Bore gauge
2462:Hand tools
2157:Planishing
2131:Whitesmith
2086:Bladesmith
2081:Blacksmith
1859:Pantograph
1651:Tap wrench
1485:Patination
1305:Piece work
1147:Components
1076:Continuous
963:References
373:0.46 cm/h.
365:0.178 cm/h
273:elastomers
108:white lead
3921:Taxidermy
3911:Scrimshaw
3886:Pargeting
3812:Grotesque
3792:Dollhouse
3736:Goldsmith
3731:Jewellery
3721:Engraving
3678:Glassware
3663:Chip work
3630:Stoneware
3620:Porcelain
3572:Marquetry
3547:Carpentry
3542:Cabinetry
3519:Wallpaper
3445:Embossing
3438:Moneygami
3391:Decoupage
3276:Patchwork
3261:Millinery
3111:Machining
3106:Jewellery
3018:Electrode
3011:Equipment
2545:Workbench
2480:Drift pin
2303:Miter saw
2140:Processes
2106:Locksmith
2096:Goldsmith
2023:Workpiece
2018:Tramp oil
2008:Tolerance
1839:Machining
1829:Jig borer
1814:Engraving
1789:Broaching
1776:Machining
1656:Threading
1621:Drill bit
1603:threading
1544:Machining
1500:Polishing
1465:Anodizing
1442:Soldering
1356:Extrusion
1096:Lost foam
1091:Full mold
1064:Processes
475:aluminium
409:does not
383:Demasking
378:Demasking
369:magnesium
361:Aluminium
348:etch rate
124:artillery
68:engraving
32:aluminium
3876:Ornament
3839:Lapidary
3834:Lath art
3817:Gargoyle
3777:Beadwork
3751:Ironwork
3567:Intarsia
3562:Fretwork
3557:Ébéniste
3537:Bentwood
3514:Stamping
3504:Quilling
3450:Marbling
3433:Kirigami
3423:Kamikiri
3328:Tapestry
3281:Quilting
3241:Knitting
3121:Smithing
2957:Friction
2799:Pritchel
2736:Sine bar
2401:Tool bit
2356:End mill
2293:Cold saw
2213:Pritchel
2126:Tinsmith
2101:Gunsmith
2067:Smithing
1809:End mill
1716:Grinding
1676:Abrasive
1636:Drilling
1611:Die head
1598:Drilling
1437:Riveting
1432:Crimping
1401:Spinning
1386:Punching
1371:Stamping
604:See also
529:methanol
284:Scribing
279:Scribing
269:350 g cm
254:, where
230:Cleaning
225:Cleaning
128:stiletto
76:maskants
3947:Etching
3871:Netsuke
3726:Etching
3706:Andiron
3625:Pottery
3605:Azulejo
3597:Ceramic
3465:Chinese
3428:Origami
3418:Jianzhi
3386:Collage
3343:Weaving
3338:Tie-dye
3333:Tatting
3256:Macrame
3231:Felting
3198:Textile
3188:History
3131:Welding
3101:Forming
3091:Casting
2858:Welding
2646:Caliper
2623:Wiggler
2613:Mandrel
2583:Fixture
2525:Scriber
2485:Hacksaw
2376:Nibbler
2288:Bandsaw
2172:Swaging
2167:Sinking
2162:Raising
2147:Forging
1972:Wiggler
1962:Mandrel
1932:Fixture
1894:Turning
1889:Skiving
1849:Milling
1824:Hobbing
1746:Sanding
1741:Lapping
1668:lapping
1495:Plating
1490:Peening
1447:Welding
1427:Brazing
1406:Swaging
1396:Sinking
1391:Rolling
1361:Forging
1336:Drawing
1326:Coining
1293:General
1280:Forming
1220:Foundry
1179:Pattern
1057:Casting
571:25-50%
567:ammonia
525:ethanol
430:removed
415:sources
300:Etching
295:Etching
247:Masking
242:Masking
211:Process
86:History
80:resists
72:etchant
60:etching
49:is the
3859:Mosaic
3716:Enamel
3683:Mirror
3475:Slavic
3470:Jewish
3308:Sewing
3291:Carpet
3028:Helmet
2789:Fuller
2578:Collet
2550:Wrench
2515:Pliers
2490:Hammer
2391:Shears
2386:Reamer
2341:Chisel
2331:Broach
2308:Plasma
2203:Hammer
2198:Fuller
2121:Tinker
2074:Smiths
1927:Collet
1884:Shaper
1874:Reamer
1869:Planer
1819:Facing
1784:Boring
1578:G-code
977:
591:silica
545:copper
495:steels
371:about
367:, and
342:where
116:relief
104:ceruse
3760:Other
3698:Metal
3650:Glass
3408:Decal
3353:Paper
3251:Lucet
3038:Robot
3002:Upset
2952:Forge
2884:Flash
2784:Forge
2779:Anvil
2731:Ruler
2676:Gauge
2573:Chuck
2535:Tongs
2520:Punch
2470:Clamp
2417:Brake
2298:Laser
2193:Forge
2188:Anvil
2181:Tools
2003:Swarf
1922:Chuck
1616:Drill
1225:Ingot
1215:Dross
1210:Draft
1189:Sprue
1184:Riser
1169:Flask
1154:Chill
916:(PDF)
684:(PDF)
669:(PDF)
626:Notes
531:, or
517:Nital
120:burrs
3829:Inro
3640:Tile
3529:Wood
3175:and
2540:Vise
2361:File
2336:Burr
1563:2.5D
1235:Slag
1164:Core
1138:Spin
1118:Sand
975:ISBN
928:2023
824:2013
692:2013
589:For
581:and
543:For
523:and
504:and
493:For
473:For
413:any
411:cite
199:and
190:and
100:lead
2593:Jig
2422:Die
1942:Jig
1600:and
1573:CAM
1568:CAD
1081:Die
424:by
350:),
170:.
45:or
3943::
1282:,
918:.
880:^
814:.
810:.
794:^
719:^
700:^
677:28
675:.
671:.
646:^
527:,
207:.
82:.
3165:e
3158:t
3151:v
2850:e
2843:t
2836:v
2264:e
2257:t
2250:v
2059:e
2052:t
2045:v
1536:e
1529:t
1522:v
1271:e
1264:t
1257:v
1049:e
1042:t
1035:v
1011:e
1004:t
997:v
983:.
930:.
826:.
816:8
694:.
575:.
451:)
445:(
440:)
436:(
432:.
418:.
356:t
352:s
344:E
325:t
322:s
317:=
314:E
177:)
173:(
38:.
23:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
