372:, which adds methyl residues to the same glutamate residues. If the level of an attractant remains high, the level of phosphorylation of CheA (and, therefore, CheY and CheB) will remain low, the cell will swim smoothly, and the level of methylation of the MCPs will increase (because CheB-P is not present to demethylate). The MCPs no longer respond to the attractant when they are fully methylated; therefore, even though the level of attractant might remain high, the level of CheA-P (and CheB-P) increases and the cell begins to tumble. The MCPs can be demethylated by CheB-P, and, when this happens, the receptors can once again respond to attractants. The situation is the opposite with regard to repellents: fully methylated MCPs respond best to repellents, while least-methylated MCPs respond worst to repellents. This regulation allows the bacterium to 'remember' chemical concentrations from the recent past, a few seconds, and compare them to those it is currently experiencing, thus 'know' whether it is traveling up or down a gradient. that bacteria have to chemical gradients, other mechanisms are involved in increasing the absolute value of the sensitivity on a given background. Well-established examples are the ultra-sensitive response of the motor to the CheY-P signal, and the clustering of chemoreceptors.
180:
868:
878:
699:
283:
396:
573:. Eukaryotic chemotaxis involves detecting a concentration gradient spatially by comparing the asymmetric activation of these receptors at the different ends of the cell. Activation of these receptors results in migration towards chemoattractants, or away from chemorepellants. In mating yeast, which are non-motile, patches of polarity proteins on the cell cortex can relocate in a chemotactic fashion up pheromone gradients.
5862:
347:
1137:
838:
22:
939:). Investigations of the three-dimensional structures of chemokines provided evidence that a characteristic composition of beta-sheets and an alpha helix provides expression of sequences required for interaction with the chemokine receptors. Formation of dimers and their increased biological activity was demonstrated by crystallography of several chemokines, e.g. IL-8.
1186:) pathogens itself represents a significant clinical target. Modification of endogenous chemotactic ability of these microorganisms by pharmaceutical agents can decrease or inhibit the ratio of infections or spreading of infectious diseases. Apart from infections, there are some other diseases wherein impaired chemotaxis is the primary etiological factor, as in
584:(MCPs). This results in their desensitization and allows prokaryotes to "remember" and adapt to a chemical gradient. In contrast, chemotactic memory in eukaryotes can be explained by the Local Excitation Global Inhibition (LEGI) model. LEGI involves the balance between a fast excitation and delayed inhibition which controls downstream signaling such as
544:
1959:
338:, and it is a common form of signal transduction in bacteria. CheY induces tumbling by interacting with the flagellar switch protein FliM, inducing a change from counter-clockwise to clockwise rotation of the flagellum. Change in the rotation state of a single flagellum can disrupt the entire flagella bundle and cause a tumble.
657:
chemoattractant. However, these molecules apparently are activated independently of the motility of the cell. That is, even an immnobilized cell is still able to detect the direction of a chemoattractant. There appear to be mechanisms by which an external chemotactic gradient is sensed and turned into an intracellular Ras and
166:
in the 1950s. In the 1960s and 1970s, the revolution of modern cell biology and biochemistry provided a series of novel techniques that became available to investigate the migratory responder cells and subcellular fractions responsible for chemotactic activity. The availability of this technology led
895:
are di-, tri-, tetrapeptides of bacterial origin, formylated on the N-terminus of the peptide. They are released from bacteria in vivo or after decomposition of the cell, a typical member of this group is the N-formylmethionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (abbreviated fMLF or fMLP). Bacterial fMLF is a key
247:
bacteria will chemotax, or direct their overall motion based on the gradient. If the bacterium senses that it is moving in the correct direction (toward attractant/away from repellent), it will keep swimming in a straight line for a longer time before tumbling; however, if it is moving in the wrong
2088:
of soil microorganisms is a function of their chemotactic sensitivities towards substrate and fellow organisms. The chemotactic behavior of the bacteria was proven to lead to non-trivial population patterns even in the absence of environmental heterogeneities. The presence of structural pore scale
656:
The specific molecule/s that allow a eukaryotic cells detect a gradient of chemoattractant ligands (that is, a sort of the molecular compass that detects the direction of a chemoattractant) seems to change depending on the cell and chemoattractant receptor involved or even the concentration of the
430:
Chemoattractants or chemorepellents bind MCPs at its extracellular domain; an intracellular signaling domain relays the changes in concentration of these chemotactic ligands to downstream proteins like that of CheA which then relays this signal to flagellar motors via phosphorylated CheY (CheY-P).
914:
are intermediate products of the complement cascade. Their synthesis is joined to the three alternative pathways (classical, lectin-dependent, and alternative) of complement activation by a convertase enzyme. The main target cells of these derivatives are neutrophil granulocytes and monocytes as
25:
Capillary tube assay for chemotaxis. Motile prokaryotes sense chemicals in their environment and change their motility accordingly. Absent chemicals, movement is completely random. When an attractant or repellent is present, runs become longer and tumbles become less frequent. The result is net
2199:
that use artificial chemotaxis to navigate autonomously have been designed. Applications include targeted delivery of drugs in the body. More recently, enzyme molecules have also shown positive chemotactic behavior in the gradient of their substrates. The thermodynamically favorable binding of
296:, called methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins (MCPs), which vary in the molecules that they detect. Thousands of MCP receptors are known to be encoded across the bacterial kingdom. These receptors may bind attractants or repellents directly or indirectly through interaction with proteins of
258:
This biased random walk is a result of simply choosing between two methods of random movement; namely tumbling and straight swimming. The helical nature of the individual flagellar filament is critical for this movement to occur. The protein structure that makes up the flagellar filament,
330:, CheA, at a single highly conserved histidine residue. CheA, in turn, transfers phosphoryl groups to conserved aspartate residues in the response regulators CheB and CheY; CheA is a histidine kinase and it does not actively transfer the phosphoryl group, rather, the response regulator
1761:
1360:
Although interactions of the factors listed above make the behavior of the solutions of mathematical models of chemotaxis rather complex, it is possible to describe the basic phenomenon of chemotaxis-driven motion in a straightforward way. Indeed, let us denote with
274:, are monoflagellated and have a single flagellum at one pole of the cell. Their method of chemotaxis is different. Others possess a single flagellum that is kept inside the cell wall. These bacteria move by spinning the whole cell, which is shaped like a corkscrew.
461:
cause MCPs to have lower affinity to chemoattractants which causes increased activity of CheA and CheY-P resulting in tumbles. In this way cells are able to adapt to the immediate chemoattractant concentration and detect further changes to modulate cell motility.
104:. The aberrant chemotaxis of leukocytes and lymphocytes also contribute to inflammatory diseases such as atherosclerosis, asthma, and arthritis. Sub-cellular components, such as the polarity patch generated by mating yeast, may also display chemotactic behavior.
2535:
PlanagumĂ A, Domènech T, Pont M, Calama E, GarcĂa-González V, LĂłpez R, et al. (October 2015). "Combined anti CXC receptors 1 and 2 therapy is a promising anti-inflammatory treatment for respiratory diseases by reducing neutrophil migration and activation".
595:
Levels of receptors, intracellular signalling pathways and the effector mechanisms all represent diverse, eukaryotic-type components. In eukaryotic unicellular cells, amoeboid movement and cilium or the eukaryotic flagellum are the main effectors (e.g.,
689:
and the beat of the 9 + 2 microtubules within cilia. The orchestrated beating of hundreds of cilia is synchronized by a submembranous system built between basal bodies. The details of the signaling pathways are still not totally clear.
240:; in other words, bacteria "forget" the direction in which they are going. By repeatedly evaluating their course, and adjusting if they are moving in the wrong direction, bacteria can direct their random walk motion toward favorable locations.
158:. The significance of chemotaxis in biology and clinical pathology was widely accepted in the 1930s, and the most fundamental definitions underlying the phenomenon were drafted by this time. The most important aspects in quality control of
1059:-eicosatrirenoid acid); they stimulate leukocyte chemotaxis through the oxoeicosanoid receptor 1 with 5-oxoeicosatrienoic acid being as potent as its arachidonic acid-derived analog, 5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid, in stimulating human blood
26:
movement towards or away from the chemical (i.e., up or down the chemical gradient). The net movement can be seen in the beaker, where the bacteria accumulate around the origin of the attractant, and away from the origin of the repellent.
565:
cannot directly detect a concentration gradient. Instead, they employ temporal gradient sensing, where they move over larger distances several times their own width and measure the rate at which perceived chemical concentration changes.
4637:
RodrĂguez-Fernández JL, Criado-GarcĂa O (October 2022). "A meta-analysis indicates that the regulation of cell motility is a non-intrinsic function of chemoattractant receptors that is governed independently of directional sensing".
2203:
Apart from active enzymes, non-reacting molecules also show chemotactic behavior. This has been demonstrated by using dye molecules that move directionally in gradients of polymer solution through favorable hydrophobic interactions.
717:
refers to an increase in cellular motility in response to chemicals in the surrounding environment. Unlike chemotaxis, the migration stimulated by chemokinesis lacks directionality, and instead increases environmental scanning
1708:. This general equation applies to both the cell density and the chemo-attractant. Therefore, incorporating a diffusion flux into the total flux term, the interactions between these quantities are governed by a set of coupled
731:
of the chemoattractant is expressed or bound on a surface, in contrast to the classical model of chemotaxis, in which the gradient develops in a soluble fluid. The most common biologically active haptotactic surface is the
896:
component of inflammation has characteristic chemoattractant effects in neutrophil granulocytes and monocytes. The chemotactic factor ligands and receptors related to formyl peptides are summarized in the related article,
1670:
887:
The number of molecules capable of eliciting chemotactic responses is relatively high, and we can distinguish primary and secondary chemotactic molecules. The main groups of the primary ligands are as follows:
1954:{\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\partial C \over {\partial t}}&=f(C)+\nabla \cdot \left\\{\partial \varphi \over {\partial t}}&=g(\varphi ,C)+\nabla \cdot (D_{\varphi }\nabla \varphi )\end{aligned}}}
254:
use temporal sensing to decide whether their situation is improving or not, and in this way, find the location with the highest concentration of attractant, detecting even small differences in concentration.
2103:
A wide range of techniques is available to evaluate chemotactic activity of cells or the chemoattractant and chemorepellent character of ligands. The basic requirements of the measurement are as follows:
2571:
Rana AK, Li Y, Dang Q, Yang F (December 2018). "Monocytes in rheumatoid arthritis: Circulating precursors of macrophages and osteoclasts and, their heterogeneity and plasticity role in RA pathogenesis".
2125:
is still not available, there are several protocols and pieces of equipment that offer good correspondence with the conditions described above. The most commonly used are summarised in the table below:
992:
eicosanoids are arachidonic acid metabolites also formed by ALOX5. Three members of the family form naturally and have prominent chemotactic activity. These, listed in order of decreasing potency, are:
1477:
2982:
669:
filaments. The growing distal end of actin filaments develops connections with the internal surface of the plasma membrane via different sets of peptides and results in the formation of anterior
1766:
851:
in the presence of the ligand. The diverse features of the chemotaxis receptors and ligands allows for the possibility of selecting chemotactic responder cells with a simple chemotaxis assay By
847:
While some chemotaxis receptors are expressed in the surface membrane with long-term characteristics, as they are determined genetically, others have short-term dynamics, as they are assembled
931:
C chemokines) represent structurally related molecules with a special arrangement of disulfide bridges but also their target cell specificity is diverse. CC chemokines act on monocytes (e.g.,
488:, causing movement toward infection sites. Non-acylated methioninyl peptides do not act as chemoattractants to neutrophils and macrophages. Leukocytes also move toward chemoattractants C5a, a
5441:
Kohidai L, Lang O and Csaba G (2003). "Chemotactic-range-fitting of amino acids and its correlations to physicochemical parameters in
Tetrahymena pyriformis - Evolutionary consequences".
1178:
A changed migratory potential of cells has relatively high importance in the development of several clinical symptoms and syndromes. Altered chemotactic activity of extracellular (e.g.,
2733:
2200:
enzymes to their specific substrates is recognized as the origin of enzymatic chemotaxis. Additionally, enzymes in cascades have also shown substrate-driven chemotactic aggregation.
760:
cells. Depending on the chemical character of released substances, necrotaxis can accumulate or repel cells, which underlines the pathophysiological significance of this phenomenon.
4714:
Lin Y, Pal DS, Banerjee P, Banerjee T, Qin G, Deng Y, et al. (July 2024). "Ras suppression potentiates rear actomyosin contractility-driven cell polarization and migration".
3690:"A multi-scale model of Escherichia coli chemotaxis from intracellular signaling pathway to motility and nutrient uptake in nutrient gradient and isotropic fluid environments"
1702:
1402:
1111:
is a non-eicosanoid metabolite of arachidonic acid made by cyclooxygenase 1 or cyclooxygenase 2 that stimulates leukocyte chemotaxis though the leukotriene B4 receptor, BLT2.
2026:
2080:
1584:
1426:
1753:
1379:
5109:
Köhidai L, Csaba G (July 1998). "Chemotaxis and chemotactic selection induced with cytokines (IL-8, RANTES and TNF-alpha) in the unicellular
Tetrahymena pyriformis".
171:
modernized
Pfeffer's capillary assay and represented a significant turning point in understanding the whole process of intracellular signal transduction of bacteria.
2053:
1560:
1540:
1520:
708:
Chemotaxis refers to the directional migration of cells in response to chemical gradients; several variations of chemical-induced migration exist as listed below.
1991:
5210:"Biosynthesis, biological effects, and receptors of hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids (HETEs) and oxoeicosatetraenoic acids (oxo-ETEs) derived from arachidonic acid"
1733:
1604:
1500:
2678:
2975:
1033:
infections. After leaving nearby blood vessels, these cells recognize chemicals produced by bacteria in a cut or scratch and migrate "toward the smell".
859:
is also used to designate a technique that separates eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells according to their chemotactic responsiveness to selector ligands.
499:
Mechanisms concerning chemorepellents are less known than chemoattractants. Although chemorepellents work to confer an avoidance response in organisms,
5779:
Zhao X, Palacci H, Yadav V, Spiering MM, Gilson MK, Butler PJ, et al. (March 2018). "Substrate-driven chemotactic assembly in an enzyme cascade".
4516:
Kedrin D, van
Rheenen J, Hernandez L, Condeelis J, Segall JE (September 2007). "Cell motility and cytoskeletal regulation in invasion and metastasis".
506:
210:
Clockwise rotation breaks the flagella bundle apart such that each flagellum points in a different direction, causing the bacterium to tumble in place.
3493:"The two-component signaling pathway of bacterial chemotaxis: a molecular view of signal transduction by receptors, kinases, and adaptation enzymes"
4312:
Kutscher B, Devreotes P, Iglesias PA (February 2004). "Local excitation, global inhibition mechanism for gradient sensing: an interactive applet".
1616:
576:
It has also been shown that both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells are capable of chemotactic memory. In prokaryotes, this mechanism involves the
2028:
is the kinetics/source term for the chemo-attractant, and the diffusion coefficients for cell density and the chemo-attractant are respectively
5516:
Gharasoo M, Centler F, Fetzer I, Thullner M (2014). "How the chemotactic characteristics of bacteria can determine their population patterns".
310:
236:
are unable to choose the direction in which they swim, and are unable to swim in a straight line for more than a few seconds due to rotational
2771:"Interactions of the complement system with endotoxic lipopolysaccharide. Generation of a factor chemotactic for polymorphonuclear leukocytes"
5822:
Guha R, Mohajerani F, Collins M, Ghosh S, Sen A, Velegol D (November 2017). "Chemotaxis of
Molecular Dyes in Polymer Gradients in Solution".
3592:
Cluzel P, Surette M, Leibler S (March 2000). "An ultrasensitive bacterial motor revealed by monitoring signaling proteins in single cells".
2744:
561:; however, sensing of chemical gradients is still a crucial step in the process. Due to their small size and other biophysical constraints,
93:
during injury or infection). In addition, it has been recognized that mechanisms that allow chemotaxis in animals can be subverted during
5499:
769:
In general, eukaryotic cells sense the presence of chemotactic stimuli through the use of 7-transmembrane (or serpentine) heterotrimeric
61:
organisms direct their movements according to certain chemicals in their environment. This is important for bacteria to find food (e.g.,
2275:
589:
514:
263:, is conserved among all flagellated bacteria. Vertebrates seem to have taken advantage of this fact by possessing an immune receptor (
179:
6335:
969:, which elicits adhesion, chemotaxis, and aggregation of leukocytes. The chemoattractant action of LTB4 is induced via either of two
543:
5726:
Mohajerani F, Zhao X, Somasundar A, Velegol D, Sen A (October 2018). "A Theory of Enzyme
Chemotaxis: From Experiments to Modeling".
1356:
Other environmental effects possessing direct or indirect influence on the migration (lighting, temperature, magnetic fields, etc.)
207:
Counter-clockwise rotation aligns the flagella into a single rotating bundle, causing the bacterium to swim in a straight line; and
6303:
5691:
Sengupta S, Dey KK, Muddana HS, Tabouillot T, Ibele ME, Butler PJ, et al. (January 2013). "Enzyme molecules as nanomotors".
473:
3414:"A census of membrane-bound and intracellular signal transduction proteins in bacteria: bacterial IQ, extroverts and introverts"
2818:
Adler J, Tso WW (June 1974). ""Decision"-making in bacteria: chemotactic response of
Escherichia coli to conflicting stimuli".
1434:
6148:
6059:
6040:
6021:
5982:
5903:
5493:
5093:
5056:
4014:
3472:
3344:
3108:
1122:
855:, we can determine whether a still-uncharacterized molecule acts via the long- or the short-term receptor pathway. The term
392:
create chemical concentration gradients that organisms, prokaryotic and eukaryotic, move toward or away from, respectively.
1353:
Assay systems applied to evaluate chemotaxis (see incubation times, development, and stability of concentration gradients)
3541:
581:
404:
154:
also contributed to the study of the field during 1882 to 1886, with investigations of the process as an initial step of
624:) a large group of cells—considered previously to be fixed into tissues—are also motile in special physiological (e.g.,
535:. These organisms avoid these molecules by producing avoiding reactions to re-orient themselves away from the gradient.
6086:
5552:
5394:"Stimulating properties of 5-oxo-eicosanoids for human monocytes: synergism with monocyte chemotactic protein-1 and -3"
6298:
5892:"Bacterial Chemotaxis Depends on a Two-Component Signaling Pathway Activated by Histidine-Kinase-associated Receptors"
451:
the binding of chemoattractants to MCPs inhibit CheA and therefore CheY-P activity, resulting in smooth runs, but for
6175:
4924:
3576:
2892:
282:
2689:
877:
6538:
1107:
331:
134:, a Caltech lecture regarding chemotaxis propounds that 'erudite description of chemotaxis was only first made by
3997:
Köhidai L (2016). "Chemotaxis as an
Expression of Communication of Tetrahymena". In Witzany G, Nowacki M (eds.).
2732:
Roberts B, Chung E, Yu SH, Li SZ, et al. (Mathematical Method of
Bioengineering Group Presentation) (2012).
2390:"An excitable Ras/PI3K/ERK signaling network controls migration and oncogenic transformation in epithelial cells"
1071:
335:
214:
The directions of rotation are given for an observer outside the cell looking down the flagella toward the cell.
6158:
Miller LD, Russell MH, Alexandre G (2009). "Diversity in bacterial chemotactic responses and niche adaptation".
1237:
1187:
1005:
970:
698:
6328:
6195:"Design and diversity in bacterial chemotaxis: a comparative study in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis"
5596:
4473:
Köhidai L (1999). "Chemotaxis: the proper physiological response to evaluate phylogeny of signal molecules".
1712:
1709:
989:
867:
5480:. Interdisciplinary Applied Mathematics. Vol. 17 (3rd ed.). New York: Springer. pp. 395–417.
4999:"Antagonists of chemoattractants reveal separate receptors for cAMP, folic acid and pterin in Dictyostelium"
681:
of eukaryotic cells can also produce chemotaxis; in this case, it is mainly a Ca-dependent induction of the
167:
to the discovery of C5a, a major chemotactic factor involved in acute inflammation. The pioneering works of
6543:
2999:
Berg HC, Brown DA (October 1972). "Chemotaxis in
Escherichia coli analysed by Three-dimensional Tracking".
230:
with relatively straight swims interrupted by random tumbles that reorient the bacterium. Bacteria such as
100:, and the aberrant change of the overall property of these networks, which control chemotaxis, can lead to
5877:
1125:). The receptor or other mechanism by which this metabolite stimulates chemotaxis has not been elucidated.
995:
270:
As in many instances in biology, there are bacteria that do not follow this rule. Many bacteria, such as
2244:
1096:
943:
569:
Eukaryotic cells are much larger than prokaryotes and have receptors embedded uniformly throughout the
346:
1678:
1384:
1140:
1025:, which like the receptors for leukotriene B4, is a G protein-coupled receptor. Aside from the skin,
661:
gradients, which results in a gradient and the activation of a signaling pathway, culminating in the
168:
135:
6313:
4998:
3657:
6533:
6321:
1996:
1022:
897:
163:
143:
5938:
4432:
2058:
1328:
Migration (e.g., basic differences of bacterial swimming, movement of unicellular eukaryotes with
1151:
909:
790:
446:
130:
Although migration of cells was detected from the early days of the development of microscopy by
2108:
Concentration gradients can develop relatively quickly and persist for a long time in the system
1154:
interactions vary with the concentration of the ligand. Investigations of ligand families (e.g.
222:
The overall movement of a bacterium is the result of alternating tumble and swim phases, called
110:
chemotaxis occurs if the movement is toward a higher concentration of the chemical in question;
5933:
4427:
3652:
2876:
1565:
1407:
1183:
522:
510:
322:
The proteins CheW and CheA bind to the receptor. The absence of receptor activation results in
293:
5472:
5392:
Sozzani S, Zhou D, Locati M, Bernasconi S, Luini W, Mantovani A, et al. (November 1996).
3643:
Sourjik V (December 2004). "Receptor clustering and signal processing in E. coli chemotaxis".
3285:"Flagellin: a unique microbe-associated molecular pattern and a multi-faceted immunomodulator"
1738:
1364:
965:(also termed 5-lipoxygenase). Their most prominent member with chemotactic factor activity is
73:). In multicellular organisms, chemotaxis is critical to early development (e.g., movement of
6523:
5620:
5073:
1147:
852:
223:
4667:"Actuation of single downstream nodes in growth factor network steers immune cell migration"
1542:
is often not constant, but a decreasing function of the chemo-attractant. For some quantity
6501:
6001:
5788:
5608:
5525:
4781:
4745:
Becker EL (October 1977). "Stimulated neutrophil locomotion: chemokinesis and chemotaxis".
4368:
4266:
4107:
4043:
3851:
3601:
3186:
3008:
2929:
2918:"Asymmetry in the clockwise and counterclockwise rotation of the bacterial flagellar motor"
2827:
2631:
2031:
1545:
1525:
1505:
810:
752:
embodies a special type of chemotaxis when the chemoattractant molecules are released from
733:
226:. As a result, the trajectory of a bacterium swimming in a uniform environment will form a
54:
4825:"Social senses: G-protein-coupled receptor signaling pathways in Dictyostelium discoideum"
4665:
Pal DS, Banerjee T, Lin Y, de Trogoff F, Borleis J, Iglesias PA, et al. (July 2023).
4572:
2269:
1967:
8:
6528:
3369:
Wadhams GH, Armitage JP (December 2004). "Making sense of it all: bacterial chemotaxis".
1607:
1241:
674:
297:
6113:
6078:
6005:
5867:
5792:
5612:
5529:
4785:
4691:
4666:
4372:
4270:
4111:
4047:
3855:
3605:
3190:
3012:
2933:
2831:
2714:
2635:
1350:
Biological characteristics of the ligands (attractant, neutral, and repellent molecules)
837:
334:
takes the phosphoryl group from CheA. This mechanism of signal transduction is called a
151:
6264:
6239:
6122:
6097:
5956:
5921:
5761:
5735:
5673:
5632:
5570:
5423:
5334:
5307:
5283:
5258:
5234:
5209:
5178:
5154:"Ability of polymorphonuclear leukocytes to orient in gradients of chemotactic factors"
5153:
5134:
5029:
4974:
4949:
4889:
4805:
4584:
4541:
4498:
4450:
4415:
4391:
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4337:
4289:
4254:
4227:
4202:
4183:
4128:
4095:
4064:
4031:
3974:
3949:
3925:
3898:
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3517:
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3440:
3413:
3394:
3309:
3284:
3260:
3233:
3150:
3125:
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3032:
2952:
2917:
2898:
2851:
2795:
2770:
2654:
2619:
2597:
2512:
2487:
2463:
2438:
2414:
2389:
2365:
2341:"Cell motility in cancer invasion and metastasis: insights from simple model organisms"
2340:
2316:
2291:
1718:
1589:
1485:
1276:
1267:
800:
431:
CheY-P can then control flagellar rotation influencing the direction of cell motility.
314:
are activated. The Che proteins alter the tumbling frequency, and alter the receptors.
264:
35:
6221:
6194:
6167:
4841:
4824:
4253:
Skoge M, Yue H, Erickstad M, Bae A, Levine H, Groisman A, et al. (October 2014).
4055:
3874:
3839:
3810:
3785:
3758:
3733:
3209:
3174:
2870:
407:(MCP). MCPs in E.coli include Tar, Tsr, Trg and Tap. Chemoattracttants to Trg include
6269:
6226:
6181:
6171:
6144:
6127:
6082:
6055:
6036:
6017:
5978:
5961:
5899:
5839:
5804:
5753:
5708:
5636:
5624:
5574:
5489:
5450:
5415:
5374:
5339:
5288:
5239:
5183:
5126:
5089:
5052:
5021:
5017:
4979:
4930:
4920:
4881:
4877:
4846:
4797:
4754:
4727:
4696:
4647:
4619:
4576:
4533:
4502:
4490:
4455:
4396:
4329:
4294:
4232:
4187:
4175:
4133:
4069:
4010:
3979:
3930:
3879:
3815:
3763:
3670:
3617:
3572:
3522:
3508:
3468:
3445:
3398:
3386:
3340:
3314:
3265:
3214:
3155:
3104:
3081:
3024:
2957:
2888:
2843:
2800:
2659:
2589:
2553:
2517:
2468:
2419:
2388:
Zhan H, Bhattacharya S, Cai H, Iglesias PA, Huang CH, Devreotes PN (September 2020).
2370:
2321:
1303:
818:
633:
605:
489:
453:
115:
5891:
5765:
5677:
5427:
5357:
Yokomizo T (February 2015). "Two distinct leukotriene B4 receptors, BLT1 and BLT2".
5138:
5033:
4893:
4588:
4559:
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4545:
4357:"Cells navigate with a local-excitation, global-inhibition-biased excitable network"
3786:"Repellent response functions of the Trg and Tap chemoreceptors of Escherichia coli"
2902:
2601:
2114:
Migration of cells is free toward and away on the axis of the concentration gradient
6421:
6259:
6251:
6216:
6206:
6163:
6117:
6109:
6074:
6009:
5951:
5943:
5831:
5796:
5745:
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5663:
5616:
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5533:
5481:
5405:
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5329:
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5173:
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5013:
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4611:
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4445:
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4341:
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4222:
4214:
4167:
4123:
4115:
4059:
4051:
4002:
3969:
3961:
3920:
3910:
3897:
Kuruvilla H, Schmidt B, Song S, Bhajjan M, Merical M, Alley C, et al. (2016).
3869:
3859:
3805:
3797:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3701:
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3629:
3609:
3512:
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2649:
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2507:
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2409:
2401:
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2352:
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2214:
2122:
2098:
1284:
1271:
1179:
1092:
1088:
1083:
958:
477:
388:
substances possessing chemotaxis-inducer effect in motile cells. These chemotactic
385:
327:
250:
232:
195:
159:
90:
5537:
5274:
3801:
3613:
2839:
1324:
Several mathematical models of chemotaxis were developed depending on the type of
65:) by swimming toward the highest concentration of food molecules, or to flee from
6211:
5410:
5393:
5225:
4682:
4615:
3569:
An Introductory Text to Bioengineering (Advanced Series in Biomechanics - Vol. 4)
3103:(Expanded, rev. ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press. pp. 83–94.
2620:"Chemotactic movement of a polarity site enables yeast cells to find their mates"
2585:
2405:
2085:
1280:
1251:
1163:
905:
323:
301:
139:
5749:
5085:
4158:
Vladimirov N, Sourjik V (November 2009). "Chemotaxis: how bacteria use memory".
4006:
3706:
3689:
1079:
which stimulates leukocyte chemotaxis through the leukotriene B4 receptor, BLT2.
395:
6455:
4916:
4723:
4361:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
4259:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3844:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
3179:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2922:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2624:
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
2549:
2503:
2454:
1428:
that is generated by the chemotaxis is linked to the above gradient by the law:
1167:
966:
662:
597:
101:
45:) is the movement of an organism or entity in response to a chemical stimulus.
5668:
5651:
5565:
4529:
3965:
3950:"Responses of the ciliates Tetrahymena and Paramecium to external ATP and GTP"
3666:
3545:
3234:"Bacterial Flagellar Filament: A Supramolecular Multifunctional Nanostructure"
3141:
3067:
2292:"Neutrophil migration in infection and wound repair: going forward in reverse"
509:, within 10 minutes of exposure; however, exposure to chemorepellents such as
6517:
5628:
4602:
Shellard A, Mayor R (July 2016). "Chemotaxis during neural crest migration".
2264:
1259:
1100:
936:
641:
609:
585:
570:
114:
chemotaxis if the movement is in the opposite direction. Chemically prompted
78:
58:
4965:
4381:
4325:
4279:
4218:
2942:
2875:. Biological and Medical Physics, Biomedical Engineering. Springer. p.
2644:
1665:{\displaystyle {\partial \rho \over {\partial t}}+\nabla \cdot {\bf {J}}=S}
6450:
6273:
6255:
6230:
6185:
6131:
5965:
5843:
5808:
5757:
5712:
5454:
5378:
5343:
5292:
5243:
5122:
4983:
4934:
4885:
4772:
Carter SB (January 1967). "Haptotaxis and the mechanism of cell motility".
4731:
4700:
4651:
4623:
4580:
4537:
4494:
4459:
4400:
4333:
4298:
4236:
4179:
4137:
3983:
3934:
3915:
3864:
3767:
3674:
3621:
3449:
3430:
3390:
3318:
3269:
3199:
3159:
3085:
2961:
2663:
2593:
2557:
2521:
2472:
2423:
2374:
2325:
2234:
1215:
1159:
978:
949:
806:
741:
713:
155:
119:
46:
5419:
5214:
Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - Molecular and Cell Biology of Lipids
5130:
5025:
4850:
4801:
3883:
3819:
3526:
3218:
3028:
2847:
2804:
2786:
1404:
as its gradient. Then the chemotactic cellular flow (also called current)
6491:
6486:
5835:
5324:
5187:
5169:
4758:
4073:
3250:
2239:
1224:
1155:
1026:
1014:
1010:
822:
682:
645:
613:
601:
577:
500:
440:
369:
357:
227:
131:
5370:
4203:"Mechanistic insights into actin-driven polarity site movement in yeast"
4171:
3300:
2488:"Importance of the leukotriene B4-BLT1 and LTB4-BLT2 pathways in asthma"
2356:
2307:
2089:
heterogeneities has an extra impact on the emerging bacterial patterns.
1190:, where giant intracellular vesicles inhibit normal migration of cells.
465:
Chemoattractants in eukaryotes are well characterized for immune cells.
6479:
6462:
6428:
5947:
5800:
4486:
4441:
2229:
1705:
1298:
1064:
1060:
954:
919:
796:
785:(smelling). The main classes of chemotaxis receptors are triggered by:
778:
748:
723:
686:
670:
637:
629:
621:
554:
531:
518:
485:
481:
97:
86:
6013:
5704:
4907:
Antunes G, Simoes de Souza FM (2016). "Olfactory receptor signaling".
4119:
2279:. Vol. 6 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 77.
773:-coupled receptors, a class representing a significant portion of the
6474:
6407:
6402:
6358:
6343:
4793:
3020:
2224:
1344:
1333:
1263:
1255:
1044:
1030:
1018:
924:
782:
770:
757:
625:
420:
412:
381:
361:
260:
237:
200:
6293:
3571:. Singapore: World Scientific Publishing Co. Pte. Ltd. p. 418.
3382:
1381:
the spatially non-uniform concentration of the chemo-attractant and
1009:. This family of agonists stimulates chemotactic responses in human
612:
also move to where they need to be. Besides immune competent cells (
403:
Effects of chemoattractants are elicited via chemoreceptors such as
16:
Movement of an organism or entity in response to a chemical stimulus
6443:
6395:
6383:
6308:
5740:
5485:
4909:
G Protein-Coupled Receptors - Signaling, Trafficking and Regulation
4515:
3734:"Diversity in chemotaxis mechanisms among the bacteria and archaea"
2884:
1307:
1294:
753:
728:
617:
493:
368:
side of the receptor; it works antagonistically with CheR, a methyl
244:
190:
50:
6288:
6033:
Living at micro scale : the unexpected physics of being small
3465:
Cognitive Biology: Dealing with Information from Bacteria to Minds
1099:. It elicits chemotactic responses in eosinophils, basophils, and
6433:
5977:(Expanded, rev. ed.). Princeton, NJ: Princeton Univ. Press.
3899:"Netrin-1 Peptide Is a Chemorepellent in Tetrahymena thermophila"
2268:
2219:
1337:
982:
935:), and CXC chemokines are neutrophil granulocyte-specific (e.g.,
826:
737:
469:
365:
305:
147:
62:
4864:
Montell C (November 1999). "Visual transduction in Drosophila".
4636:
3491:
Falke JJ, Bass RB, Butler SL, Chervitz SA, Danielson MA (1997).
2679:"How Cells Decide Where to Go: The Case of Bacterial Chemotaxis"
6363:
5725:
5259:"The eosinophil chemoattractant 5-oxo-ETE and the OXE receptor"
3840:"N-formylmethionyl peptides as chemoattractants for leucocytes"
2289:
2117:
Detected responses are the results of active migration of cells
1118:
1076:
932:
774:
740:
is responsible for induction of transendothelial migration and
678:
466:
424:
416:
408:
389:
174:
94:
89:) as well as in normal function and health (e.g., migration of
82:
70:
66:
817:
However, induction of a wide set of membrane receptors (e.g.,
777:. Some members of this gene superfamily are used in eyesight (
300:. The signals from these receptors are transmitted across the
21:
6467:
6345:
5515:
5440:
5074:"Chemotaxis as an Expression of Communication of Tetrahymena"
4355:
Xiong Y, Huang CH, Iglesias PA, Devreotes PN (October 2010).
1329:
1311:
1121:; it has weak chemotactic activity for human monocytes (sees
962:
666:
651:
74:
41:
6098:"Bacterial chemotaxis: the early years of molecular studies"
5690:
5597:"Olfactory Sensing and Navigation in Turbulent Environments"
548:
Difference of gradient sensing in prokaryotes and eukaryotes
6373:
5391:
4911:. Methods in Cell Biology. Vol. 132. pp. 127–45.
4354:
3896:
2618:
Ghose D, Jacobs K, Ramirez S, Elston T, Lew D (June 2021).
2534:
2387:
1220:
1136:
974:
658:
640:). Chemotaxis has high significance in the early phases of
5821:
2768:
1087:
is an eicosanoid metabolite of arachidononic acid made by
829:, vasoactive peptides) also elicit migration of the cell.
557:
cells employ is quite different from that in the bacteria
525:
are chemorepellents in micro-molar concentrations to both
5890:
Alberts B, Johnson A, Lewis J, Walter P, Raff MC (2002).
5889:
4311:
3231:
2111:
Chemotactic and chemokinetic activities are distinguished
1472:{\displaystyle {\bf {J}}=C\chi (\varphi )\nabla \varphi }
1343:
Physico-chemical characteristics of the chemicals (e.g.,
693:
203:
per cell (4–10 typically). These can rotate in two ways:
6240:"Chemotaxis on the move - active learning teaching tool"
5778:
4996:
4664:
3175:"The gradient-sensing mechanism in bacterial chemotaxis"
3126:"Responding to Chemical Gradients: Bacterial Chemotaxis"
3052:"Responding to chemical gradients: bacterial chemotaxis"
2617:
1117:
is an eicosanoid metabolite of arachidonic acid made my
1075:
is an eicosanoid metabolite of arachidonic acid made by
184:
Correlation of swimming behaviour and flagellar rotation
3490:
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2290:
de Oliveira S, Rosowski EE, Huttenlocher A (May 2016).
375:
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2915:
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2338:
2061:
2034:
1999:
1970:
1764:
1741:
1721:
1681:
1619:
1592:
1568:
1548:
1528:
1508:
1488:
1437:
1410:
1387:
1367:
6309:
Bacterial Chemotaxis Interactive Simulator (web-app)
4822:
4558:
4252:
3687:
3591:
118:(randomly directed or nondirectional) can be called
4947:
3232:Nedeljković M, Sastre DE, Sundberg EJ (July 2021).
2916:Yuan J, Fahrner KA, Turner L, Berg HC (July 2010).
5595:Reddy G, Murthy VN, Vergassola M (10 March 2022).
3783:
2443:Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology
2439:"Lymphocyte migration into atherosclerotic plaque"
2074:
2047:
2020:
1985:
1953:
1747:
1727:
1696:
1664:
1598:
1578:
1554:
1534:
1514:
1494:
1471:
1420:
1396:
1373:
977:, which are highly expressed in cells involved in
4157:
3838:Schiffmann E, Corcoran BA, Wahl SM (March 1975).
2191:
457:, CheA activity increases. Methylation events in
125:
6515:
5305:
4948:Thomas MA, Kleist AB, Volkman BF (August 2018).
4823:Kim JY, Haastert PV, Devreotes PN (April 1996).
2731:
267:) designed to recognize this conserved protein.
248:direction, it will tumble sooner. Bacteria like
6244:Journal of Microbiology & Biology Education
5203:
5201:
5199:
5197:
4866:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
4747:Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine
4561:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
3497:Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology
3368:
3123:
3049:
2339:Stuelten CH, Parent CA, Montell DJ (May 2018).
292:Chemical gradients are sensed through multiple
287:Domain structure of chemotaxis receptor for Asp
6035:. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press.
5046:
4518:Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia
3784:Yamamoto K, Macnab RM, Imae Y (January 1990).
3172:
2570:
6329:
6192:
5919:
5652:"Chemical Robotics—Chemotactic Drug Carriers"
5308:"Prostaglandin receptor signaling in disease"
4601:
4413:
4089:
4087:
4085:
4083:
3731:
3694:Computers & Mathematics with Applications
3486:
3484:
1522:is the so-called 'Chemotactic coefficient' -
1029:are the body's first line of defense against
6193:Rao CV, Kirby JR, Arkin AP (February 2004).
5509:
5350:
5299:
5256:
5250:
5207:
5194:
5108:
4604:Seminars in Cell & Developmental Biology
4305:
4248:
4246:
4093:
3833:
3831:
3829:
2721:. Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. 12 May 2024.
2092:
1131:
648:is guided by gradients of signal molecules.
175:Bacterial chemotaxis—general characteristics
4765:
4153:
4151:
4149:
4147:
4029:
3688:Xu F, Bierman R, Healy F, Nguyen H (2016).
3566:
3238:International Journal of Molecular Sciences
2762:
419:as a chemorepellent. Tap and Tsr recognize
6336:
6322:
6095:
4255:"Cellular memory in eukaryotic chemotaxis"
4080:
3738:Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews
3481:
3282:
1123:15-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid#15-oxo-ETE
957:lipid mediators made by the metabolism of
927:; not only do their groups (C, CC, CXC, CX
652:Detection of a gradient of chemoattractant
6263:
6220:
6210:
6138:
6121:
6068:
6049:
6030:
5955:
5937:
5739:
5667:
5601:Annual Review of Condensed Matter Physics
5564:
5550:
5544:
5409:
5333:
5323:
5306:Matsuoka T, Narumiya S (September 2007).
5282:
5233:
5177:
4973:
4840:
4690:
4449:
4431:
4390:
4380:
4288:
4278:
4243:
4226:
4127:
4063:
3973:
3947:
3924:
3914:
3873:
3863:
3826:
3809:
3757:
3727:
3725:
3723:
3721:
3719:
3717:
3705:
3656:
3516:
3439:
3429:
3308:
3259:
3249:
3208:
3198:
3173:Macnab RM, Koshland DE (September 1972).
3149:
3075:
2998:
2951:
2941:
2794:
2653:
2643:
2538:Pulmonary Pharmacology & Therapeutics
2511:
2462:
2413:
2364:
2315:
1166:activity occurs over a wide range, while
882:Three dimensional structure of chemokines
380:Chemoattractants and chemorepellents are
6304:Downloadable Matlab chemotaxis simulator
6237:
5824:Journal of the American Chemical Society
5693:Journal of the American Chemical Society
5621:10.1146/annurev-conmatphys-031720-032754
5356:
4200:
4144:
3411:
2817:
2676:
2263:
1502:is the spatial density of the cells and
1173:
1135:
832:
538:
356:CheB, when activated by CheA, acts as a
20:
6050:Eisenbach M (2004). Lengeler JW (ed.).
5474:Mathematical Biology I: An Introduction
5151:
5071:
4863:
4472:
3996:
3779:
3777:
3642:
3539:
3462:
2613:
2611:
2485:
1095:that stimulates chemotaxis through the
317:
6516:
5470:
4771:
4744:
4096:"The physics of eukaryotic chemotaxis"
3714:
3371:Nature Reviews. Molecular Cell Biology
1993:describes the growth in cell density,
1319:
1001:5-oxo-15-hydroxy-eicosatetraenoic acid
862:
703:Chemotaxis related migratory responses
694:Chemotaxis-related migratory responses
341:
277:
81:) and development (e.g., migration of
6317:
5992:Berg HC (2003). "E. coli in motion".
5649:
5588:
5466:
5464:
4573:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154043
4094:Levine H, Rappel WJ (February 2013).
4030:Berg HC, Purcell EM (November 1977).
3364:
3362:
3360:
3358:
3356:
3283:Zhong M, Yan H, Li Y (October 2017).
3050:Sourjik V, Wingreen NS (April 2012).
2436:
5991:
5972:
5920:Bagorda A, Parent CA (August 2008).
5656:Central European Journal of Medicine
5257:Powell WS, Rokach J (October 2013).
4414:Bagorda A, Parent CA (August 2008).
3774:
3331:
3124:Sourjik V, Wingreen N (April 2012).
3098:
2868:
2775:The Journal of Experimental Medicine
2734:"Keller-Segel Models for Chemotaxis"
2608:
636:) or pathological conditions (e.g.,
582:methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins
405:methyl-accepting chemotaxis proteins
376:Chemoattractants and chemorepellents
6114:10.1146/annurev-micro-092611-150120
6079:10.1002/9780470015902.a0001251.pub3
5922:"Eukaryotic chemotaxis at a glance"
4416:"Eukaryotic chemotaxis at a glance"
3289:Cellular & Molecular Immunology
2741:Integrated Systems Neuroengineering
427:as chemoattractants, respectively.
13:
6348:(directional movements in biology)
6054:. London: Imperial College Press.
5853:
5461:
5208:Powell WS, Rokach J (April 2015).
5076:. In Witzany G, Nowacki M (eds.).
3732:Szurmant H, Ordal GW (June 2004).
3681:
3353:
1938:
1919:
1882:
1874:
1856:
1832:
1811:
1780:
1772:
1682:
1643:
1631:
1623:
1463:
1388:
1146:Chemotactic responses elicited by
876:
866:
836:
697:
542:
521:show no such adaptations. GTP and
394:
345:
281:
178:
14:
6555:
6282:
6141:Chemotaxis: Methods and Protocols
6096:Hazelbauer GL (13 October 2012).
4950:"Decoding the chemotactic signal"
3903:International Journal of Peptides
1231:Chemotaxis results in the disease
553:The mechanism of chemotaxis that
6238:Williams AH (20 December 2010).
6162:. Vol. 66. pp. 53–75.
6160:Advances in Applied Microbiology
6000:(2). New York: Springer: 64–65.
5860:
5505:from the original on 6 May 2022.
4878:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.15.1.231
3567:Shu C, Chen PC, Fung YC (2008).
3509:10.1146/annurev.cellbio.13.1.457
2988:from the original on 6 May 2017.
2574:International Immunopharmacology
1651:
1606:, it is possible to formulate a
1586:and generation/destruction term
1571:
1440:
1413:
1108:12-Hydroxyheptadecatrienoic acid
5815:
5772:
5719:
5684:
5643:
5553:"How animals follow their nose"
5434:
5385:
5145:
5102:
5065:
5040:
4990:
4941:
4900:
4857:
4816:
4738:
4707:
4658:
4630:
4595:
4552:
4509:
4466:
4407:
4348:
4194:
4023:
3990:
3941:
3890:
3636:
3585:
3560:
3533:
3456:
3405:
3325:
3276:
3225:
3166:
3130:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
3117:
3092:
3056:Current Opinion in Cell Biology
3043:
2992:
2968:
2909:
2862:
2811:
2725:
2707:
2670:
2121:Despite the fact that an ideal
1697:{\displaystyle \nabla \cdot ()}
1397:{\displaystyle \nabla \varphi }
1170:activities have narrow ranges.
1072:12-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid
496:-specific ligands on bacteria.
5898:. Taylor & Francis Group.
5443:Cellular and Molecular Biology
4646:(eCollection 2022): 10011086.
3750:10.1128/MMBR.68.2.301-319.2004
2869:Berg H (2004). Berg HC (ed.).
2564:
2528:
2479:
2430:
2381:
2332:
2283:
2257:
2192:Artificial chemotactic systems
2015:
2003:
1980:
1974:
1944:
1925:
1913:
1901:
1853:
1847:
1805:
1799:
1713:partial differential equations
1691:
1688:
1562:that is subject to total flux
1460:
1454:
1006:5-Hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid
872:Structure of chemokine classes
360:, removing methyl groups from
243:In the presence of a chemical
126:History of chemotaxis research
1:
6168:10.1016/S0065-2164(08)00803-4
6102:Annual Review of Microbiology
6071:Encyclopedia of Life Sciences
5896:Molecular Biology of the Cell
5538:10.1016/j.soilbio.2013.11.019
5518:Soil Biology and Biochemistry
5275:10.1016/j.plipres.2013.09.001
5047:Witzany G, Nowacki M (2016).
4842:10.1016/s1074-5521(96)90103-9
4207:Molecular Biology of the Cell
4056:10.1016/s0006-3495(77)85544-6
3802:10.1128/jb.172.1.383-388.1990
3614:10.1126/science.287.5458.1652
2840:10.1126/science.184.4143.1292
2251:
2021:{\displaystyle g(\varphi ,C)}
990:5-Hydroxyicosatetraenoic acid
923:belong to a special class of
736:(ECM); the presence of bound
351:Signalling pathways of E.coli
6212:10.1371/journal.pbio.0020049
5551:Mackenzie D (6 March 2023).
5411:10.4049/jimmunol.157.10.4664
5226:10.1016/j.bbalip.2014.10.008
5152:Zigmond SH (November 1977).
5080:. Springer. pp. 65–82.
5078:Biocommunication of Ciliates
5049:Biocommunication of Ciliates
5018:10.1016/0014-4827(82)90139-2
4954:Journal of Leukocyte Biology
4683:10.1016/j.devcel.2023.04.019
4616:10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.01.031
3999:Biocommunication of Ciliates
2586:10.1016/j.intimp.2018.10.016
2437:Li J, Ley K (January 2015).
2406:10.1016/j.devcel.2020.08.001
2075:{\displaystyle D_{\varphi }}
1115:15-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid
1037:5-hydroxyeicosatrienoic acid
764:
604:). Some eukaryotic cells of
150:'. The Nobel Prize laureate
7:
5750:10.1021/acs.biochem.8b00801
5158:The Journal of Cell Biology
5086:10.1007/978-3-319-32211-7_5
4201:Ghose D, Lew D (May 2020).
4032:"Physics of chemoreception"
4007:10.1007/978-3-319-32211-7_5
3707:10.1016/j.camwa.2015.12.019
2486:Gelfand EW (October 2017).
2207:
996:5-oxo-eicosatetraenoic acid
971:G protein–coupled receptors
944:polyunsaturated fatty acids
505:adapt to a chemorepellent,
217:
10:
6560:
5263:Progress in Lipid Research
5006:Experimental Cell Research
4917:10.1016/bs.mcb.2015.11.003
4724:10.1038/s41556-024-01453-4
3948:Hennessey TM (June 2005).
3339:. New York, NY: Springer.
2550:10.1016/j.pupt.2015.08.002
2504:10.1016/j.smim.2017.08.005
2455:10.1161/ATVBAHA.114.303227
2296:Nature Reviews. Immunology
2245:Thin layers (oceanography)
2096:
1182:) or intracellular (e.g.,
1097:Prostaglandin DP2 receptor
6353:
5669:10.2478/s11536-012-0130-9
5566:10.1146/knowable-030623-4
5312:TheScientificWorldJournal
4530:10.1007/s10911-007-9046-4
3966:10.1007/s11302-005-6213-1
3667:10.1016/j.tim.2004.10.003
3412:Galperin MY (June 2005).
3142:10.1016/j.ceb.2011.11.008
3068:10.1016/j.ceb.2011.11.008
2093:Measurement of chemotaxis
1715:describing the change in
1579:{\displaystyle {\bf {J}}}
1421:{\displaystyle {\bf {J}}}
1141:Chemotactic range fitting
1132:Chemotactic range fitting
6139:Jin T, Hereld D (2016).
4475:Acta Biologica Hungarica
1748:{\displaystyle \varphi }
1374:{\displaystyle \varphi }
1238:Chédiak–Higashi syndrome
1188:Chédiak–Higashi syndrome
1041:5-oxoeicosatrienoic acid
1023:Oxoeicosanoid receptor 1
898:Formyl peptide receptors
791:formyl peptide receptors
142:(1884) in bacteria, and
6539:Transmembrane receptors
5975:Random walks in biology
5926:Journal of Cell Science
5359:Journal of Biochemistry
4966:10.1002/JLB.1MR0218-044
4829:Chemistry & Biology
4420:Journal of Cell Science
4382:10.1073/pnas.1011271107
4326:10.1126/stke.2192004pl3
4280:10.1073/pnas.1412197111
4219:10.1091/mbc.e20-01-0040
3790:Journal of Bacteriology
3540:ToxCafe (2 June 2011).
3101:Random walks in biology
2943:10.1073/pnas.1007333107
2719:Encyclopædia Britannica
2645:10.1073/pnas.2025445118
2276:Encyclopædia Britannica
502:Tetrahymena thermophila
294:transmembrane receptors
77:towards the egg during
6299:Cell Migration Gateway
6256:10.1128/jmbe.v11i2.216
5123:10.1006/cyto.1997.0328
3865:10.1073/pnas.72.3.1059
3645:Trends in Microbiology
3431:10.1186/1471-2180-5-35
3200:10.1073/pnas.69.9.2509
2976:"Bacterial Chemotaxis"
2492:Seminars in Immunology
2345:Nature Reviews. Cancer
2076:
2049:
2022:
1987:
1955:
1749:
1729:
1698:
1666:
1600:
1580:
1556:
1536:
1516:
1496:
1473:
1422:
1398:
1375:
1248:Chemotaxis is affected
1195:Chemotaxis in diseases
1184:Listeria monocytogenes
1143:
884:
874:
844:
705:
550:
400:
353:
289:
186:
27:
6294:Neutrophil Chemotaxis
6031:Dusenbery DB (2009).
5398:Journal of Immunology
3954:Purinergic Signalling
2787:10.1084/jem.128.2.259
2180:Opalescence technique
2077:
2050:
2048:{\displaystyle D_{C}}
2023:
1988:
1956:
1750:
1730:
1699:
1667:
1601:
1581:
1557:
1555:{\displaystyle \rho }
1537:
1535:{\displaystyle \chi }
1517:
1515:{\displaystyle \chi }
1497:
1474:
1423:
1399:
1376:
1207:Chemotaxis decreased
1174:Clinical significance
1139:
908:) and complement 5a (
880:
870:
857:chemotactic selection
853:chemotactic selection
842:Chemotactic selection
840:
833:Chemotactic selection
811:leukotriene receptors
701:
546:
539:Eukaryotic chemotaxis
398:
349:
285:
224:run-and-tumble motion
182:
24:
5836:10.1021/jacs.7b08783
5325:10.1100/tsw.2007.182
5170:10.1083/jcb.75.2.606
4677:(13): 1170–1188.e7.
4160:Biological Chemistry
3916:10.1155/2016/7142868
3556:– via YouTube.
3251:10.3390/ijms22147521
2170:Capillary techniques
2059:
2032:
1997:
1986:{\displaystyle f(C)}
1968:
1762:
1739:
1719:
1679:
1617:
1590:
1566:
1546:
1526:
1506:
1486:
1435:
1408:
1385:
1365:
1347:) working as ligands
1204:Chemotaxis increased
1162:) demonstrates that
734:extracellular matrix
580:of receptors called
336:two-component system
318:Flagellum regulation
6544:Transport phenomena
6006:2005PhT....58b..64B
5830:(44): 15588–15591.
5793:2018NatCh..10..311Z
5613:2022ARCMP..13..191R
5530:2014SBiBi..69..346G
4786:1967Natur.213..256C
4716:Nature Cell Biology
4373:2010PNAS..10717079X
4271:2014PNAS..11114448S
4172:10.1515/BC.2009.130
4112:2013PhT....66b..24L
4048:1977BpJ....20..193B
4036:Biophysical Journal
3856:1975PNAS...72.1059S
3606:2000Sci...287.1652C
3301:10.1038/cmi.2017.78
3191:1972PNAS...69.2509M
3013:1972Natur.239..500B
2934:2010PNAS..10712846Y
2832:1974Sci...184.1292A
2677:Phillips R (2007).
2636:2021PNAS..11825445G
2630:(22): e2025445118.
2357:10.1038/nrc.2018.15
2308:10.1038/nri.2016.49
2167:Multi-well chambers
2138:Two-chamber assays
1608:continuity equation
1320:Mathematical models
1242:Kartagener syndrome
1197:
1103:of the Th2 subtype.
1043:are metabolites of
863:Chemotactic ligands
801:chemokine receptors
342:Receptor regulation
324:autophosphorylation
298:periplasmatic space
278:Signal transduction
5948:10.1242/jcs.018077
5801:10.1038/nchem.2905
5559:. Annual Reviews.
5471:Murray JD (2002).
5164:(2 Pt 1): 606–16.
5072:Köhidai L (2016).
4671:Developmental Cell
4487:10.1007/BF03543060
4442:10.1242/jcs.018077
4001:. pp. 65–82.
3463:Auletta G (2011).
2715:"Élie Metchnikoff"
2686:Chemotaxis Lecture
2394:Developmental Cell
2270:"Chemotaxis"
2183:Orientation assays
2135:Agar-plate assays
2072:
2045:
2018:
1983:
1951:
1949:
1745:
1725:
1710:reaction-diffusion
1694:
1662:
1596:
1576:
1552:
1532:
1512:
1492:
1469:
1418:
1394:
1371:
1277:Multiple sclerosis
1268:reperfusion injury
1193:
1144:
1021:by binding to the
885:
875:
845:
819:cyclic nucleotides
803:(CCR or CXCR), and
789:Formyl peptides -
706:
644:as development of
551:
401:
354:
290:
187:
162:were described by
28:
6511:
6510:
6150:978-1-4939-3480-5
6061:978-1-86094-413-0
6042:978-0-674-03116-6
6023:978-0-387-00888-2
6014:10.1063/1.1897527
5984:978-0-691-00064-0
5932:(Pt 16): 2621–4.
5905:978-0-8153-4069-0
5734:(43): 6256–6263.
5705:10.1021/ja3091615
5557:Knowable Magazine
5495:978-0-387-95223-9
5371:10.1093/jb/mvu078
5095:978-3-319-32211-7
5058:978-3-319-32211-7
4426:(Pt 16): 2621–4.
4213:(10): 1085–1102.
4166:(11): 1097–1104.
4120:10.1063/PT.3.1884
4016:978-3-319-32211-7
3700:(11): 2466–2478.
3474:978-0-19-960848-5
3377:(12): 1024–1037.
3346:978-0-387-00888-2
3110:978-0-691-00064-0
3007:(5374): 500–504.
2872:E. coli in Motion
2750:on 29 August 2017
2189:
2188:
1889:
1787:
1728:{\displaystyle C}
1638:
1599:{\displaystyle S}
1495:{\displaystyle C}
1317:
1316:
1272:metastatic tumors
634:endothelial cells
606:higher vertebrate
160:chemotaxis assays
6551:
6502:physical contact
6422:electric current
6362:(stimulation by
6338:
6331:
6324:
6315:
6314:
6277:
6267:
6234:
6224:
6214:
6189:
6154:
6143:. Humana Press.
6135:
6125:
6092:
6065:
6046:
6027:
5988:
5973:Berg HC (1993).
5969:
5959:
5941:
5916:
5914:
5912:
5864:
5863:
5848:
5847:
5819:
5813:
5812:
5781:Nature Chemistry
5776:
5770:
5769:
5743:
5723:
5717:
5716:
5699:(4): 1406–1414.
5688:
5682:
5681:
5671:
5650:Lagzi I (2013).
5647:
5641:
5640:
5592:
5586:
5585:
5583:
5581:
5568:
5548:
5542:
5541:
5513:
5507:
5506:
5504:
5479:
5468:
5459:
5458:
5438:
5432:
5431:
5413:
5389:
5383:
5382:
5354:
5348:
5347:
5337:
5327:
5303:
5297:
5296:
5286:
5254:
5248:
5247:
5237:
5205:
5192:
5191:
5181:
5149:
5143:
5142:
5106:
5100:
5099:
5069:
5063:
5062:
5044:
5038:
5037:
5003:
4994:
4988:
4987:
4977:
4945:
4939:
4938:
4904:
4898:
4897:
4861:
4855:
4854:
4844:
4820:
4814:
4813:
4794:10.1038/213256a0
4780:(5073): 256–60.
4769:
4763:
4762:
4742:
4736:
4735:
4711:
4705:
4704:
4694:
4662:
4656:
4655:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4599:
4593:
4592:
4556:
4550:
4549:
4513:
4507:
4506:
4470:
4464:
4463:
4453:
4435:
4411:
4405:
4404:
4394:
4384:
4367:(40): 17079–86.
4352:
4346:
4345:
4309:
4303:
4302:
4292:
4282:
4265:(40): 14448–53.
4250:
4241:
4240:
4230:
4198:
4192:
4191:
4155:
4142:
4141:
4131:
4091:
4078:
4077:
4067:
4027:
4021:
4020:
3994:
3988:
3987:
3977:
3945:
3939:
3938:
3928:
3918:
3894:
3888:
3887:
3877:
3867:
3835:
3824:
3823:
3813:
3781:
3772:
3771:
3761:
3729:
3712:
3711:
3709:
3685:
3679:
3678:
3660:
3640:
3634:
3633:
3600:(5458): 1652–5.
3589:
3583:
3582:
3564:
3558:
3557:
3555:
3553:
3544:. Archived from
3537:
3531:
3530:
3520:
3488:
3479:
3478:
3460:
3454:
3453:
3443:
3433:
3418:BMC Microbiology
3409:
3403:
3402:
3366:
3351:
3350:
3332:Berg HC (2003).
3329:
3323:
3322:
3312:
3280:
3274:
3273:
3263:
3253:
3229:
3223:
3222:
3212:
3202:
3185:(9): 2509–2512.
3170:
3164:
3163:
3153:
3121:
3115:
3114:
3099:Berg HC (1993).
3096:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3047:
3041:
3040:
3021:10.1038/239500a0
2996:
2990:
2989:
2987:
2980:
2972:
2966:
2965:
2955:
2945:
2913:
2907:
2906:
2866:
2860:
2859:
2826:(4143): 1292–4.
2815:
2809:
2808:
2798:
2766:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2749:
2738:
2729:
2723:
2722:
2711:
2705:
2704:
2702:
2700:
2694:
2688:. Archived from
2683:
2674:
2668:
2667:
2657:
2647:
2615:
2606:
2605:
2568:
2562:
2561:
2532:
2526:
2525:
2515:
2483:
2477:
2476:
2466:
2434:
2428:
2427:
2417:
2385:
2379:
2378:
2368:
2336:
2330:
2329:
2319:
2287:
2281:
2280:
2272:
2261:
2215:McCutcheon index
2177:T-maze technique
2129:
2128:
2123:chemotaxis assay
2099:Chemotaxis assay
2081:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2071:
2070:
2054:
2052:
2051:
2046:
2044:
2043:
2027:
2025:
2024:
2019:
1992:
1990:
1989:
1984:
1960:
1958:
1957:
1952:
1950:
1937:
1936:
1890:
1888:
1880:
1872:
1866:
1862:
1831:
1830:
1788:
1786:
1778:
1770:
1754:
1752:
1751:
1746:
1734:
1732:
1731:
1726:
1703:
1701:
1700:
1695:
1671:
1669:
1668:
1663:
1655:
1654:
1639:
1637:
1629:
1621:
1605:
1603:
1602:
1597:
1585:
1583:
1582:
1577:
1575:
1574:
1561:
1559:
1558:
1553:
1541:
1539:
1538:
1533:
1521:
1519:
1518:
1513:
1501:
1499:
1498:
1493:
1478:
1476:
1475:
1470:
1444:
1443:
1427:
1425:
1424:
1419:
1417:
1416:
1403:
1401:
1400:
1395:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1372:
1285:male infertility
1198:
1192:
1180:Escherichia coli
1093:cyclooxygenase 2
1089:cyclooxygenase 1
1084:Prostaglandin D2
959:arachidonic acid
781:) as well as in
608:origin, such as
507:Netrin-1 peptide
364:residues on the
328:histidine kinase
6559:
6558:
6554:
6553:
6552:
6550:
6549:
6548:
6534:Taxes (biology)
6514:
6513:
6512:
6507:
6490:(by changes in
6349:
6342:
6285:
6280:
6178:
6151:
6089:
6062:
6043:
6024:
5985:
5910:
5908:
5906:
5885:
5884:
5883:
5865:
5861:
5856:
5854:Further reading
5851:
5820:
5816:
5777:
5773:
5724:
5720:
5689:
5685:
5648:
5644:
5593:
5589:
5579:
5577:
5549:
5545:
5514:
5510:
5502:
5496:
5477:
5469:
5462:
5439:
5435:
5404:(10): 4664–71.
5390:
5386:
5355:
5351:
5304:
5300:
5255:
5251:
5206:
5195:
5150:
5146:
5107:
5103:
5096:
5070:
5066:
5059:
5045:
5041:
5001:
4995:
4991:
4946:
4942:
4927:
4905:
4901:
4862:
4858:
4821:
4817:
4770:
4766:
4743:
4739:
4712:
4708:
4663:
4659:
4635:
4631:
4600:
4596:
4557:
4553:
4524:(2–3): 143–52.
4514:
4510:
4471:
4467:
4412:
4408:
4353:
4349:
4310:
4306:
4251:
4244:
4199:
4195:
4156:
4145:
4092:
4081:
4028:
4024:
4017:
3995:
3991:
3946:
3942:
3895:
3891:
3836:
3827:
3782:
3775:
3730:
3715:
3686:
3682:
3658:10.1.1.318.4824
3641:
3637:
3590:
3586:
3579:
3565:
3561:
3551:
3549:
3548:on 11 July 2015
3538:
3534:
3489:
3482:
3475:
3461:
3457:
3410:
3406:
3383:10.1038/nrm1524
3367:
3354:
3347:
3330:
3326:
3295:(10): 862–864.
3281:
3277:
3230:
3226:
3171:
3167:
3122:
3118:
3111:
3097:
3093:
3048:
3044:
2997:
2993:
2985:
2978:
2974:
2973:
2969:
2928:(29): 12846–9.
2914:
2910:
2895:
2867:
2863:
2816:
2812:
2767:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2736:
2730:
2726:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2698:
2696:
2695:on 19 June 2010
2692:
2681:
2675:
2671:
2616:
2609:
2569:
2565:
2533:
2529:
2484:
2480:
2435:
2431:
2386:
2382:
2337:
2333:
2288:
2284:
2262:
2258:
2254:
2249:
2210:
2197:Chemical robots
2194:
2161:Zigmond chamber
2101:
2095:
2086:Spatial ecology
2066:
2062:
2060:
2057:
2056:
2039:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2029:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1969:
1966:
1965:
1962:
1948:
1947:
1932:
1928:
1891:
1881:
1873:
1871:
1868:
1867:
1826:
1822:
1821:
1817:
1789:
1779:
1771:
1769:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1759:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1720:
1717:
1716:
1680:
1677:
1676:
1650:
1649:
1630:
1622:
1620:
1618:
1615:
1614:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1570:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1563:
1547:
1544:
1543:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1507:
1504:
1503:
1487:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1439:
1438:
1436:
1433:
1432:
1412:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1405:
1386:
1383:
1382:
1366:
1363:
1362:
1322:
1281:Hodgkin disease
1252:Atherosclerosis
1201:Type of disease
1176:
1164:chemoattractant
1134:
942:Metabolites of
930:
904:Complement 3a (
893:Formyl peptides
883:
873:
865:
843:
835:
767:
704:
696:
654:
588:activation and
549:
541:
492:component, and
378:
352:
344:
320:
302:plasma membrane
288:
280:
220:
199:, have several
185:
177:
136:T. W. Engelmann
128:
17:
12:
11:
5:
6557:
6547:
6546:
6541:
6536:
6531:
6526:
6509:
6508:
6506:
6505:
6495:
6483:
6471:
6459:
6456:magnetic field
6447:
6437:
6425:
6411:
6399:
6387:
6377:
6367:
6354:
6351:
6350:
6341:
6340:
6333:
6326:
6318:
6312:
6311:
6306:
6301:
6296:
6291:
6284:
6283:External links
6281:
6279:
6278:
6235:
6190:
6176:
6155:
6149:
6136:
6108:(1): 285–303.
6093:
6088:978-0470016176
6087:
6066:
6060:
6047:
6041:
6028:
6022:
5989:
5983:
5970:
5917:
5904:
5886:
5866:
5859:
5858:
5857:
5855:
5852:
5850:
5849:
5814:
5787:(3): 311–317.
5771:
5718:
5683:
5662:(4): 377–382.
5642:
5607:(1): 191–213.
5587:
5543:
5508:
5494:
5486:10.1007/b98868
5460:
5433:
5384:
5349:
5298:
5249:
5193:
5144:
5101:
5094:
5064:
5057:
5039:
4989:
4960:(2): 359–374.
4940:
4925:
4899:
4872:(1): 231–268.
4856:
4835:(4): 239–243.
4815:
4764:
4753:(10): 509–13.
4737:
4706:
4657:
4629:
4594:
4551:
4508:
4465:
4406:
4347:
4314:Science's STKE
4304:
4242:
4193:
4143:
4079:
4042:(2): 193–219.
4022:
4015:
3989:
3940:
3889:
3850:(3): 1059–62.
3825:
3773:
3713:
3680:
3651:(12): 569–76.
3635:
3584:
3577:
3559:
3532:
3480:
3473:
3455:
3404:
3352:
3345:
3324:
3275:
3224:
3165:
3116:
3109:
3091:
3062:(2): 262–268.
3042:
2991:
2967:
2908:
2893:
2885:10.1007/b97370
2861:
2810:
2761:
2724:
2706:
2669:
2607:
2563:
2527:
2478:
2429:
2400:(5): 608–623.
2380:
2351:(5): 296–312.
2331:
2282:
2267:, ed. (1911).
2255:
2253:
2250:
2248:
2247:
2242:
2237:
2232:
2227:
2222:
2217:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2193:
2190:
2187:
2186:
2185:
2184:
2181:
2178:
2173:
2172:
2171:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2159:
2158:Boyden chamber
2154:
2153:
2152:
2147:
2143:
2142:
2139:
2136:
2133:
2132:Type of assay
2119:
2118:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2097:Main article:
2094:
2091:
2069:
2065:
2042:
2038:
2017:
2014:
2011:
2008:
2005:
2002:
1982:
1979:
1976:
1973:
1946:
1943:
1940:
1935:
1931:
1927:
1924:
1921:
1918:
1915:
1912:
1909:
1906:
1903:
1900:
1897:
1894:
1892:
1887:
1884:
1879:
1876:
1870:
1869:
1865:
1861:
1858:
1855:
1852:
1849:
1846:
1843:
1840:
1837:
1834:
1829:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1813:
1810:
1807:
1804:
1801:
1798:
1795:
1792:
1790:
1785:
1782:
1777:
1774:
1768:
1767:
1757:
1744:
1724:
1693:
1690:
1687:
1684:
1673:
1672:
1661:
1658:
1653:
1648:
1645:
1642:
1636:
1633:
1628:
1625:
1595:
1573:
1551:
1531:
1511:
1491:
1468:
1465:
1462:
1459:
1456:
1453:
1450:
1447:
1442:
1430:
1415:
1393:
1390:
1370:
1358:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1341:
1321:
1318:
1315:
1314:
1301:
1292:
1288:
1287:
1274:
1249:
1245:
1244:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1227:
1218:
1213:
1209:
1208:
1205:
1202:
1175:
1172:
1168:chemorepellent
1133:
1130:
1129:
1128:
1127:
1126:
1112:
1104:
1101:T helper cells
1080:
1068:
1034:
988:The family of
986:
967:leukotriene B4
940:
928:
916:
901:
881:
871:
864:
861:
841:
834:
831:
815:
814:
804:
794:
766:
763:
762:
761:
745:
719:
702:
695:
692:
685:system of the
673:and posterior
663:polymerisation
653:
650:
547:
540:
537:
377:
374:
358:methylesterase
350:
343:
340:
319:
316:
286:
279:
276:
219:
216:
212:
211:
208:
183:
176:
173:
152:I. Metchnikoff
144:H. S. Jennings
127:
124:
102:carcinogenesis
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
6556:
6545:
6542:
6540:
6537:
6535:
6532:
6530:
6527:
6525:
6522:
6521:
6519:
6503:
6499:
6496:
6493:
6489:
6488:
6484:
6481:
6477:
6476:
6472:
6469:
6465:
6464:
6460:
6457:
6453:
6452:
6448:
6445:
6441:
6438:
6435:
6431:
6430:
6426:
6423:
6419:
6415:
6412:
6409:
6405:
6404:
6400:
6397:
6393:
6392:
6388:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6375:
6371:
6368:
6365:
6361:
6360:
6356:
6355:
6352:
6347:
6339:
6334:
6332:
6327:
6325:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6310:
6307:
6305:
6302:
6300:
6297:
6295:
6292:
6290:
6287:
6286:
6275:
6271:
6266:
6261:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6236:
6232:
6228:
6223:
6218:
6213:
6208:
6204:
6200:
6196:
6191:
6187:
6183:
6179:
6177:9780123747884
6173:
6169:
6165:
6161:
6156:
6152:
6146:
6142:
6137:
6133:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6115:
6111:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6094:
6090:
6084:
6080:
6076:
6072:
6067:
6063:
6057:
6053:
6048:
6044:
6038:
6034:
6029:
6025:
6019:
6015:
6011:
6007:
6003:
5999:
5995:
5994:Physics Today
5990:
5986:
5980:
5976:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5958:
5953:
5949:
5945:
5940:
5939:10.1.1.515.32
5935:
5931:
5927:
5923:
5918:
5907:
5901:
5897:
5893:
5888:
5887:
5881:
5880:
5879:
5873:
5869:
5845:
5841:
5837:
5833:
5829:
5825:
5818:
5810:
5806:
5802:
5798:
5794:
5790:
5786:
5782:
5775:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5751:
5747:
5742:
5737:
5733:
5729:
5722:
5714:
5710:
5706:
5702:
5698:
5694:
5687:
5679:
5675:
5670:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5653:
5646:
5638:
5634:
5630:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5598:
5591:
5576:
5572:
5567:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5547:
5539:
5535:
5531:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5512:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5487:
5483:
5476:
5475:
5467:
5465:
5456:
5452:
5448:
5444:
5437:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5412:
5407:
5403:
5399:
5395:
5388:
5380:
5376:
5372:
5368:
5364:
5360:
5353:
5345:
5341:
5336:
5331:
5326:
5321:
5317:
5313:
5309:
5302:
5294:
5290:
5285:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5269:(4): 651–65.
5268:
5264:
5260:
5253:
5245:
5241:
5236:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5220:(4): 340–55.
5219:
5215:
5211:
5204:
5202:
5200:
5198:
5189:
5185:
5180:
5175:
5171:
5167:
5163:
5159:
5155:
5148:
5140:
5136:
5132:
5128:
5124:
5120:
5116:
5112:
5105:
5097:
5091:
5087:
5083:
5079:
5075:
5068:
5060:
5054:
5050:
5043:
5035:
5031:
5027:
5023:
5019:
5015:
5011:
5007:
5000:
4993:
4985:
4981:
4976:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4951:
4944:
4936:
4932:
4928:
4926:9780128035955
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4903:
4895:
4891:
4887:
4883:
4879:
4875:
4871:
4867:
4860:
4852:
4848:
4843:
4838:
4834:
4830:
4826:
4819:
4811:
4807:
4803:
4799:
4795:
4791:
4787:
4783:
4779:
4775:
4768:
4760:
4756:
4752:
4748:
4741:
4733:
4729:
4725:
4721:
4717:
4710:
4702:
4698:
4693:
4688:
4684:
4680:
4676:
4672:
4668:
4661:
4653:
4649:
4645:
4641:
4640:Front Immunol
4633:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4609:
4605:
4598:
4590:
4586:
4582:
4578:
4574:
4570:
4566:
4562:
4555:
4547:
4543:
4539:
4535:
4531:
4527:
4523:
4519:
4512:
4504:
4500:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4484:
4481:(4): 375–94.
4480:
4476:
4469:
4461:
4457:
4452:
4447:
4443:
4439:
4434:
4433:10.1.1.515.32
4429:
4425:
4421:
4417:
4410:
4402:
4398:
4393:
4388:
4383:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4358:
4351:
4343:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4319:
4315:
4308:
4300:
4296:
4291:
4286:
4281:
4276:
4272:
4268:
4264:
4260:
4256:
4249:
4247:
4238:
4234:
4229:
4224:
4220:
4216:
4212:
4208:
4204:
4197:
4189:
4185:
4181:
4177:
4173:
4169:
4165:
4161:
4154:
4152:
4150:
4148:
4139:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4121:
4117:
4113:
4109:
4105:
4101:
4100:Physics Today
4097:
4090:
4088:
4086:
4084:
4075:
4071:
4066:
4061:
4057:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4041:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4018:
4012:
4008:
4004:
4000:
3993:
3985:
3981:
3976:
3971:
3967:
3963:
3960:(2): 101–10.
3959:
3955:
3951:
3944:
3936:
3932:
3927:
3922:
3917:
3912:
3908:
3904:
3900:
3893:
3885:
3881:
3876:
3871:
3866:
3861:
3857:
3853:
3849:
3845:
3841:
3834:
3832:
3830:
3821:
3817:
3812:
3807:
3803:
3799:
3795:
3791:
3787:
3780:
3778:
3769:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3751:
3747:
3744:(2): 301–19.
3743:
3739:
3735:
3728:
3726:
3724:
3722:
3720:
3718:
3708:
3703:
3699:
3695:
3691:
3684:
3676:
3672:
3668:
3664:
3659:
3654:
3650:
3646:
3639:
3631:
3627:
3623:
3619:
3615:
3611:
3607:
3603:
3599:
3595:
3588:
3580:
3578:9789812707932
3574:
3570:
3563:
3547:
3543:
3536:
3528:
3524:
3519:
3514:
3510:
3506:
3502:
3498:
3494:
3487:
3485:
3476:
3470:
3466:
3459:
3451:
3447:
3442:
3437:
3432:
3427:
3423:
3419:
3415:
3408:
3400:
3396:
3392:
3388:
3384:
3380:
3376:
3372:
3365:
3363:
3361:
3359:
3357:
3348:
3342:
3338:
3334:
3328:
3320:
3316:
3311:
3306:
3302:
3298:
3294:
3290:
3286:
3279:
3271:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3243:
3239:
3235:
3228:
3220:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3192:
3188:
3184:
3180:
3176:
3169:
3161:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3143:
3139:
3135:
3131:
3127:
3120:
3112:
3106:
3102:
3095:
3087:
3083:
3078:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3061:
3057:
3053:
3046:
3038:
3034:
3030:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2995:
2984:
2977:
2971:
2963:
2959:
2954:
2949:
2944:
2939:
2935:
2931:
2927:
2923:
2919:
2912:
2904:
2900:
2896:
2894:0-387-00888-8
2890:
2886:
2882:
2878:
2874:
2873:
2865:
2857:
2853:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2825:
2821:
2814:
2806:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2788:
2784:
2781:(2): 259–75.
2780:
2776:
2772:
2765:
2746:
2742:
2735:
2728:
2720:
2716:
2710:
2691:
2687:
2680:
2673:
2665:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2637:
2633:
2629:
2625:
2621:
2614:
2612:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2587:
2583:
2579:
2575:
2567:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2531:
2523:
2519:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2501:
2497:
2493:
2489:
2482:
2474:
2470:
2465:
2460:
2456:
2452:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2433:
2425:
2421:
2416:
2411:
2407:
2403:
2399:
2395:
2391:
2384:
2376:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2358:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2335:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2302:(6): 378–91.
2301:
2297:
2293:
2286:
2278:
2277:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2256:
2246:
2243:
2241:
2238:
2236:
2233:
2231:
2228:
2226:
2223:
2221:
2218:
2216:
2213:
2212:
2205:
2201:
2198:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2174:
2169:
2166:
2164:Dunn chambers
2163:
2160:
2157:
2156:
2155:
2150:
2149:
2148:
2145:
2144:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2130:
2127:
2124:
2116:
2113:
2110:
2107:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2090:
2087:
2083:
2067:
2063:
2040:
2036:
2012:
2009:
2006:
2000:
1977:
1971:
1961:
1941:
1933:
1929:
1922:
1916:
1910:
1907:
1904:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1885:
1877:
1863:
1859:
1850:
1844:
1841:
1838:
1835:
1827:
1823:
1818:
1814:
1808:
1802:
1796:
1793:
1791:
1783:
1775:
1756:
1742:
1722:
1714:
1711:
1707:
1685:
1659:
1656:
1646:
1640:
1634:
1626:
1613:
1612:
1611:
1609:
1593:
1549:
1529:
1509:
1489:
1479:
1466:
1457:
1451:
1448:
1445:
1429:
1391:
1368:
1355:
1352:
1349:
1346:
1342:
1339:
1335:
1331:
1327:
1326:
1325:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1302:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1291:Intoxications
1290:
1289:
1286:
1282:
1278:
1275:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1260:periodontitis
1257:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1246:
1243:
1239:
1236:
1233:
1230:
1229:
1226:
1222:
1219:
1217:
1216:Inflammations
1214:
1211:
1210:
1206:
1203:
1200:
1199:
1196:
1191:
1189:
1185:
1181:
1171:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1160:oligopeptides
1157:
1153:
1149:
1142:
1138:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1113:
1110:
1109:
1105:
1102:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1086:
1085:
1081:
1078:
1074:
1073:
1069:
1066:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1050:
1046:
1042:
1038:
1035:
1032:
1028:
1024:
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1007:
1002:
998:
997:
991:
987:
984:
980:
976:
972:
968:
964:
960:
956:
952:
951:
947:
946:
945:
941:
938:
934:
926:
922:
921:
917:
913:
911:
907:
902:
899:
894:
891:
890:
889:
879:
869:
860:
858:
854:
850:
839:
830:
828:
824:
820:
812:
808:
805:
802:
798:
795:
792:
788:
787:
786:
784:
780:
776:
772:
759:
755:
751:
750:
746:
743:
739:
735:
730:
726:
725:
720:
716:
715:
711:
710:
709:
700:
691:
688:
684:
680:
676:
672:
668:
664:
660:
649:
647:
643:
642:embryogenesis
639:
635:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
611:
607:
603:
599:
593:
591:
587:
583:
579:
574:
572:
571:cell membrane
567:
564:
560:
556:
545:
536:
534:
533:
528:
524:
520:
516:
512:
508:
504:
503:
497:
495:
491:
487:
483:
479:
475:
471:
468:
463:
460:
456:
455:
450:
448:
447:R. spheroides
443:
442:
437:
432:
428:
426:
422:
418:
414:
410:
406:
397:
393:
391:
387:
383:
373:
371:
367:
363:
359:
348:
339:
337:
333:
329:
325:
315:
313:
312:
307:
303:
299:
295:
284:
275:
273:
268:
266:
262:
256:
253:
252:
246:
241:
239:
235:
234:
229:
225:
215:
209:
206:
205:
204:
202:
198:
197:
192:
181:
172:
170:
165:
161:
157:
153:
149:
145:
141:
140:W. F. Pfeffer
137:
133:
123:
121:
117:
113:
109:
105:
103:
99:
96:
92:
88:
84:
80:
79:fertilization
76:
72:
68:
64:
60:
59:multicellular
56:
52:
48:
47:Somatic cells
44:
43:
38:
37:
32:
23:
19:
6524:Motile cells
6497:
6485:
6473:
6461:
6451:Magnetotaxis
6449:
6439:
6427:
6418:Galvanotaxis
6417:
6414:Electrotaxis
6413:
6401:
6390:
6389:
6379:
6369:
6357:
6250:(2): 177–8.
6247:
6243:
6202:
6199:PLOS Biology
6198:
6159:
6140:
6105:
6101:
6070:
6051:
6032:
5997:
5993:
5974:
5929:
5925:
5911:18 September
5909:. Retrieved
5895:
5876:
5875:
5874:profile for
5871:
5827:
5823:
5817:
5784:
5780:
5774:
5731:
5728:Biochemistry
5727:
5721:
5696:
5692:
5686:
5659:
5655:
5645:
5604:
5600:
5590:
5578:. Retrieved
5556:
5546:
5521:
5517:
5511:
5473:
5449:: OL487–95.
5446:
5442:
5436:
5401:
5397:
5387:
5365:(2): 65–71.
5362:
5358:
5352:
5315:
5311:
5301:
5266:
5262:
5252:
5217:
5213:
5161:
5157:
5147:
5117:(7): 481–6.
5114:
5110:
5104:
5077:
5067:
5051:. Springer.
5048:
5042:
5012:(2): 453–6.
5009:
5005:
4992:
4957:
4953:
4943:
4908:
4902:
4869:
4865:
4859:
4832:
4828:
4818:
4777:
4773:
4767:
4750:
4746:
4740:
4715:
4709:
4674:
4670:
4660:
4643:
4639:
4632:
4607:
4603:
4597:
4564:
4560:
4554:
4521:
4517:
4511:
4478:
4474:
4468:
4423:
4419:
4409:
4364:
4360:
4350:
4320:(219): pl3.
4317:
4313:
4307:
4262:
4258:
4210:
4206:
4196:
4163:
4159:
4106:(2): 24–30.
4103:
4099:
4039:
4035:
4025:
3998:
3992:
3957:
3953:
3943:
3906:
3902:
3892:
3847:
3843:
3796:(1): 383–8.
3793:
3789:
3741:
3737:
3697:
3693:
3683:
3648:
3644:
3638:
3597:
3593:
3587:
3568:
3562:
3550:. Retrieved
3546:the original
3542:"Chemotaxis"
3535:
3500:
3496:
3464:
3458:
3421:
3417:
3407:
3374:
3370:
3336:
3333:
3327:
3292:
3288:
3278:
3244:(14): 7521.
3241:
3237:
3227:
3182:
3178:
3168:
3136:(2): 262–8.
3133:
3129:
3119:
3100:
3094:
3059:
3055:
3045:
3004:
3000:
2994:
2970:
2925:
2921:
2911:
2871:
2864:
2823:
2819:
2813:
2778:
2774:
2764:
2752:. Retrieved
2745:the original
2740:
2727:
2718:
2709:
2697:. Retrieved
2690:the original
2685:
2672:
2627:
2623:
2577:
2573:
2566:
2541:
2537:
2530:
2495:
2491:
2481:
2446:
2442:
2432:
2397:
2393:
2383:
2348:
2344:
2334:
2299:
2295:
2285:
2274:
2259:
2235:Mechanotaxis
2202:
2196:
2195:
2120:
2102:
2084:
1963:
1758:
1674:
1481:
1431:
1359:
1323:
1194:
1177:
1145:
1114:
1106:
1082:
1070:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1040:
1036:
1004:
1000:
994:
979:inflammation
950:Leukotrienes
948:
918:
903:
892:
886:
856:
848:
846:
816:
807:Leukotrienes
768:
747:
742:angiogenesis
722:
714:Chemokinesis
712:
707:
683:microtubular
655:
610:immune cells
594:
592:production.
575:
568:
562:
558:
552:
530:
526:
501:
498:
464:
458:
454:B. substilis
452:
445:
439:
435:
433:
429:
402:
379:
355:
321:
311:Che proteins
309:
291:
271:
269:
257:
249:
242:
231:
221:
213:
194:
188:
156:phagocytosis
129:
120:chemokinesis
111:
107:
106:
53:, and other
40:
34:
30:
29:
18:
6498:Thigmotaxis
6492:temperature
6487:Thermotaxis
5524:: 346–358.
5318:: 1329–47.
4567:: 687–717.
3909:: 7142868.
3503:: 457–512.
2580:: 348–359.
2449:(1): 40–9.
2240:Plithotaxis
1225:Brucellosis
1156:amino acids
1067:chemotaxis.
1027:neutrophils
1015:neutrophils
1011:eosinophils
973:, BLT1 and
823:amino acids
646:germ layers
614:granulocyte
602:Tetrahymena
578:methylation
527:Tetrahymena
486:macrophages
482:neutrophils
441:S. meliloti
370:transferase
228:random walk
138:(1881) and
132:Leeuwenhoek
87:lymphocytes
55:single-cell
6529:Perception
6518:Categories
6480:fluid flow
6463:Phototaxis
6440:Hydrotaxis
6429:Gravitaxis
6391:Chemotaxis
6370:Anemotaxis
6289:Chemotaxis
6205:(2): E49.
6052:Chemotaxis
5878:Chemotaxis
5741:1809.02530
2265:Chisholm H
2252:References
2230:Haptotaxis
2151:PP-chamber
1706:divergence
1340:migration)
1299:benzpyrene
1212:Infections
1065:neutrophil
1061:eosinophil
955:eicosanoid
920:Chemokines
797:Chemokines
779:rhodopsins
749:Necrotaxis
724:haptotaxis
718:behaviors.
687:basal body
671:pseudopods
638:metastases
630:fibroblast
622:lymphocyte
555:eukaryotic
532:Paramecium
519:nociceptin
490:complement
478:leukocytes
476:, attract
472:, such as
421:dipeptides
193:, such as
146:(1906) in
98:metastasis
91:leukocytes
31:Chemotaxis
6475:Rheotaxis
6408:stiffness
6403:Durotaxis
6396:chemicals
6380:Barotaxis
6359:Aerotaxis
6344:Types of
5934:CiteSeerX
5637:243966350
5629:1947-5454
5575:257388244
4610:: 111–8.
4503:248703226
4428:CiteSeerX
4188:207440927
3653:CiteSeerX
3399:205493118
3337:in motion
2879:, 19–29.
2544:: 37–45.
2498:: 44–51.
2225:Durotaxis
2146:Examples
2068:φ
2007:φ
1942:φ
1939:∇
1934:φ
1923:⋅
1920:∇
1905:φ
1883:∂
1878:φ
1875:∂
1860:φ
1857:∇
1851:φ
1845:χ
1839:−
1833:∇
1815:⋅
1812:∇
1781:∂
1773:∂
1743:φ
1686:⋅
1683:∇
1647:⋅
1644:∇
1632:∂
1627:ρ
1624:∂
1550:ρ
1530:χ
1510:χ
1467:φ
1464:∇
1458:φ
1452:χ
1392:φ
1389:∇
1369:φ
1345:diffusion
1334:flagellum
1264:psoriasis
1256:arthritis
1045:Mead acid
1031:bacterial
1019:monocytes
925:cytokines
783:olfaction
771:G-protein
765:Receptors
758:apoptotic
626:mast cell
413:galactose
382:inorganic
366:cytosolic
362:glutamate
304:into the
261:flagellin
238:diffusion
164:H. Harris
6444:moisture
6384:pressure
6274:23653726
6231:14966542
6186:19203648
6132:22994495
5966:18685153
5844:29064685
5809:29461522
5766:52816076
5758:30251529
5713:23308365
5678:84150518
5580:13 March
5500:Archived
5455:14995080
5428:23499393
5379:25480980
5344:17767353
5293:24056189
5244:25449650
5139:33755476
5111:Cytokine
5034:27784085
4984:29873835
4935:26928542
4894:14193715
4886:10611962
4732:38951708
4718:: 1–15.
4701:37220748
4692:10524337
4652:36341452
4624:26820523
4589:11331182
4581:22804578
4546:31704677
4538:17557195
4495:10735174
4460:18685153
4401:20864631
4334:14872096
4299:25249632
4237:32186970
4180:19747082
4138:24363460
3984:18404496
3935:27123011
3768:15187186
3675:15539117
3622:10698740
3552:23 March
3450:15955239
3391:15573139
3319:28845044
3270:34299141
3160:22169400
3086:22169400
2983:Archived
2962:20615986
2903:35733036
2699:15 April
2664:34050026
2602:53116963
2594:30366278
2558:26271598
2522:29042028
2473:25301842
2424:32877650
2375:29546880
2326:27231052
2208:See also
1338:amoeboid
1295:Asbestos
1152:receptor
754:necrotic
729:gradient
618:monocyte
515:PACAP-38
494:pathogen
480:such as
470:peptides
308:, where
245:gradient
218:Behavior
201:flagella
191:bacteria
169:J. Adler
148:ciliates
112:negative
108:Positive
51:bacteria
6434:gravity
6265:3577161
6123:3989901
6002:Bibcode
5957:7213762
5868:Scholia
5789:Bibcode
5609:Bibcode
5526:Bibcode
5420:8906847
5335:5901339
5284:5710732
5235:5710736
5179:2109936
5131:9702410
5026:7117406
4975:6099250
4851:8807851
4810:4212997
4802:6030602
4782:Bibcode
4451:7213762
4392:2951443
4369:Bibcode
4342:4660870
4290:4210025
4267:Bibcode
4228:7346724
4129:3867297
4108:Bibcode
4065:1473391
4044:Bibcode
3975:2096533
3926:4830718
3884:1093163
3852:Bibcode
3820:2403544
3630:5334523
3602:Bibcode
3594:Science
3527:9442881
3518:2899694
3441:1183210
3335:E. coli
3310:5649114
3261:8306008
3219:4560688
3187:Bibcode
3151:3320702
3077:3320702
3037:1909173
3029:4563019
3009:Bibcode
2953:2919929
2930:Bibcode
2856:7221477
2848:4598187
2828:Bibcode
2820:Science
2805:4873021
2796:2138524
2754:1 April
2655:8179161
2632:Bibcode
2513:5679233
2464:4429868
2415:7505206
2366:6790333
2317:5367630
2220:Tropism
2141:Others
1704:is the
1310:salts,
983:allergy
827:insulin
738:ligands
675:uropods
563:E. coli
559:E. coli
390:ligands
386:organic
326:in the
306:cytosol
251:E. coli
233:E. coli
196:E. coli
116:kinesis
83:neurons
69:(e.g.,
67:poisons
63:glucose
6364:oxygen
6272:
6262:
6229:
6222:340952
6219:
6184:
6174:
6147:
6130:
6120:
6085:
6058:
6039:
6020:
5981:
5964:
5954:
5936:
5902:
5870:has a
5842:
5807:
5764:
5756:
5711:
5676:
5635:
5627:
5573:
5492:
5453:
5426:
5418:
5377:
5342:
5332:
5291:
5281:
5242:
5232:
5188:264125
5186:
5176:
5137:
5129:
5092:
5055:
5032:
5024:
4982:
4972:
4933:
4923:
4892:
4884:
4849:
4808:
4800:
4774:Nature
4759:199132
4757:
4730:
4699:
4689:
4650:
4622:
4587:
4579:
4544:
4536:
4501:
4493:
4458:
4448:
4430:
4399:
4389:
4340:
4332:
4297:
4287:
4235:
4225:
4186:
4178:
4136:
4126:
4074:911982
4072:
4062:
4013:
3982:
3972:
3933:
3923:
3882:
3875:432465
3872:
3818:
3811:208443
3808:
3766:
3759:419924
3756:
3673:
3655:
3628:
3620:
3575:
3525:
3515:
3471:
3448:
3438:
3424:: 35.
3397:
3389:
3343:
3317:
3307:
3268:
3258:
3217:
3210:426976
3207:
3158:
3148:
3107:
3084:
3074:
3035:
3027:
3001:Nature
2960:
2950:
2901:
2891:
2854:
2846:
2803:
2793:
2662:
2652:
2600:
2592:
2556:
2520:
2510:
2471:
2461:
2422:
2412:
2373:
2363:
2324:
2314:
1964:where
1675:where
1482:where
1148:ligand
1119:ALOX15
1077:ALOX12
1017:, and
1003:, and
933:RANTES
849:ad hoc
813:(BLT).
793:(FPR),
775:genome
598:Amoeba
517:, and
467:Formyl
459:E.coli
444:, and
436:E.coli
425:serine
417:phenol
409:ribose
272:Vibrio
95:cancer
71:phenol
36:chemo-
33:(from
6468:light
6346:taxes
5872:topic
5762:S2CID
5736:arXiv
5674:S2CID
5633:S2CID
5571:S2CID
5503:(PDF)
5478:(PDF)
5424:S2CID
5135:S2CID
5030:S2CID
5002:(PDF)
4890:S2CID
4806:S2CID
4585:S2CID
4542:S2CID
4499:S2CID
4338:S2CID
4184:S2CID
3626:S2CID
3395:S2CID
3033:S2CID
2986:(PDF)
2979:(PDF)
2899:S2CID
2852:S2CID
2748:(PDF)
2737:(PDF)
2693:(PDF)
2682:(PDF)
2598:S2CID
1330:cilia
1312:ozone
963:ALOX5
915:well.
679:Cilia
667:actin
415:with
399:float
189:Some
75:sperm
42:taxis
6500:(by
6478:(by
6466:(by
6454:(by
6442:(by
6432:(by
6420:(by
6406:(by
6394:(by
6382:(by
6374:wind
6372:(by
6270:PMID
6227:PMID
6182:PMID
6172:ISBN
6145:ISBN
6128:PMID
6083:ISBN
6056:ISBN
6037:ISBN
6018:ISBN
5979:ISBN
5962:PMID
5913:2017
5900:ISBN
5840:PMID
5805:PMID
5754:PMID
5709:PMID
5625:ISSN
5582:2023
5490:ISBN
5451:PMID
5416:PMID
5375:PMID
5340:PMID
5289:PMID
5240:PMID
5218:1851
5184:PMID
5127:PMID
5090:ISBN
5053:ISBN
5022:PMID
4980:PMID
4931:PMID
4921:ISBN
4882:PMID
4847:PMID
4798:PMID
4755:PMID
4728:PMID
4697:PMID
4648:PMID
4620:PMID
4577:PMID
4534:PMID
4491:PMID
4456:PMID
4397:PMID
4330:PMID
4318:2004
4295:PMID
4233:PMID
4176:PMID
4134:PMID
4070:PMID
4011:ISBN
3980:PMID
3931:PMID
3907:2016
3880:PMID
3816:PMID
3764:PMID
3671:PMID
3618:PMID
3573:ISBN
3554:2017
3523:PMID
3469:ISBN
3446:PMID
3387:PMID
3341:ISBN
3315:PMID
3266:PMID
3215:PMID
3156:PMID
3105:ISBN
3082:PMID
3025:PMID
2958:PMID
2889:ISBN
2844:PMID
2801:PMID
2756:2017
2701:2017
2660:PMID
2590:PMID
2554:PMID
2518:PMID
2469:PMID
2420:PMID
2371:PMID
2322:PMID
2055:and
1735:and
1336:and
1306:and
1221:AIDS
1063:and
1039:and
981:and
975:BLT2
953:are
937:IL-8
727:the
659:PIP3
590:PIP3
529:and
484:and
474:fMLF
434:For
423:and
411:and
332:CheB
265:TLR5
6416:or
6260:PMC
6252:doi
6217:PMC
6207:doi
6164:doi
6118:PMC
6110:doi
6075:doi
6010:doi
5952:PMC
5944:doi
5930:121
5832:doi
5828:139
5797:doi
5746:doi
5701:doi
5697:135
5664:doi
5617:doi
5561:doi
5534:doi
5482:doi
5406:doi
5402:157
5367:doi
5363:157
5330:PMC
5320:doi
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