6196:
4544:
5409:
319:
2341:
6144:
6135:(OPAC). The treaty prohibits child conscription, ensures that military recruits are no younger than 16, and forbids the use of child recruits in hostilities. The treaty also forbids non-state armed groups from recruiting anyone under the age of 18 for any purpose. Although most states negotiating OPAC supported a ban on recruiting children, some states, led by the US in alliance with the UK, objected to this. As such, the treaty does not ban the recruitment of children aged 16 or 17, although it allows states to bind themselves to a higher standard in law.
5233:, from the mid-1960s to present, one-fourth of non-state combatants have been and still are under 18 years old. In 2004 Colombia ranked fourth in the world for the greatest use of child soldiers. There are currently 11,000–14,000 children in armed groups in the country. In negotiations with the government, armed groups have offered to stop the recruitment of minors as a bargaining chip, but they have not honoured these offers. Bjørkhaug argues that most child soldiers were recruited through some combination of voluntary participation and coercion.
5273:
6244:
UNICEF, often emphasise three components: family reunification/community network, psychological support, and education/economic opportunity. These efforts take a minimum commitment of 3 to 5 years in order for programs to be successfully implemented. Generally, reintegration efforts seek to return children to a safe environment, to create a sense of forgiveness on the behalf of the child's family and community through religious and cultural ceremonies and rituals, and encourage the reunification of the child with his or her family.
6008:
4769:... who are accused of crimes under international law allegedly committed while they were associated with armed forces or armed groups should be considered primarily as victims of offenses against international law; not only as perpetrators. They must be treated by international law in a framework of restorative justice and social rehabilitation, consistent with international law which offers children special protection through numerous agreements and principles.
15387:
6030:, a military training centre dedicated to the age group. As of 2021, the centre is graded 'outstanding' for welfare by the education inspectorate Ofsted, although multiple allegations of abuse at the centre, some proven, are on the army's record. In 2021, nine investigations were opened into sexual offences against 22 girls at the centre; in one investigation, three of the suspected perpetrators were members of staff. The revelations were the subject of a
33:
5029:
6086:
5882:
4680:(1999), which forbid the compulsory recruitment of those under the age of 18. OPAC also requires governments that still recruit children (from age 16) to "take all feasible measures to ensure that persons below the age of 18 do not take a direct part in hostilities". In addition, OPAC forbids non-state armed groups from recruiting children under any circumstances, although the legal force of this is uncertain.
4629:...any person below 18 years of age who is or who has been recruited or used by an armed force or armed group in any capacity, including but not limited to children, boys and girls, used as fighters, cooks, porters, messengers, spies or for sexual purposes. The document is approved by the United Nations General Assembly. It does not only refer to a child who is taking or has taken a direct part in hostilities.
5121:
6248:
These situations should be addressed immediately because if not, many children face the threat of re-enlistment. There are also two areas of reintegration that warrant special consideration: female child soldiers and drug use among child soldiers. Child soldiers under the influence of drugs or who have contracted sexually transmitted diseases require additional programmes specific to their needs.
5501:
5712:
and support roles. While there seemed to be no policy of doing so, the report said, there were no age verification procedures. Human Rights Watch reported in 2014 that rebel factions have been using children in support and combatant roles, ranging from treating the wounded on battlefields, ferrying ammunition and other supplies to frontlines while fighting raged, to acting as snipers.
6216:
children is manipulative and part of a military recruitment process and should therefore be evaluated ethically as such. This principle has led some groups to campaign for relations between military organisations and young people to be regulated, on the grounds of children's rights and public health. Examples are the
Countering the Militarization of Youth programme of
6122:(CRC), when Non-governmental organisations (NGOs) campaigned for the new treaty to outlaw child recruitment entirely. Some states, whose armed forces relied on recruiting below the age of 18, resisted this, so the final treaty text of 1989 only reflected the existing legal standard: the prohibition of the direct participation of children aged under 15 in hostilities.
4580:
right over, I mean this man's about 40 and I'm maybe 17 by then. A bit later, we're crawling through mud and a corporal grabs me and drags me along the ground, half-way across a field. When he lets go I'm in that much pain that I'm whimpering on the ground. When the other corporal, the one who hit me, sees me crying on the ground, he just points at me and laughs.
5685:(MILF) were children, and that some paramilitary forces linked to the government were also using children. In 2016 the MILF allowed 1,869 children to leave and committed not to recruit children any more. In the same year, however, the UN reported that other armed groups in the Philippines continue to recruit children, mainly between the ages of 13 and 17.
6171:, as well as armed groups fighting them, have used children extensively. In addition, the three most populous states – China, India and the United States – still allow their armed forces to enlist children aged 16 or 17, as do five of the Group of Seven countries: Canada, France, Germany, the United Kingdom and the United States, again.
5470:, with children as young as 11 being forcibly recruited off the streets. Desertion, the group reported, leads to punishments of three to five years in prison or even execution. The group has also stated that about 5,000–7,000 children serve with a range of different armed ethnic opposition groups, most notably in the
4172:(OPAC) committed states who ratified it to "take all feasible measures" to ensure that no child takes a direct part in hostilities and to cease recruitment below the age of 16. As most states have now opted into OPAC, the global trend has been towards reserving military recruitment to adulthood, known as the
5108:'s membership in the country was under the age of 18, with some as young as nine being sent to fight. The report verified that 6,163 children had been recruited in Somalia between 1 April 2010 and 31 July 2016, of which 230 were girls. Al-Shabaab accounted for seventy percent of this recruitment, and the
14022:
5861:, blocked the inclusion of Saudi Arabia on the US list of countries that recruit child soldiers, dismissing his experts' findings that a Saudi-led coalition has been using children in Yemen's civil war. Male Children can volunteer for military service at 17 in Saudi Arabia. (CIA World Factbook - 2024)
5719:
as it revealed the use of child soldiers. The Syrian
National Army is currently funded by Turkey, who signed the optional protocol to the convention on the rights of the child on the involvement of children in armed conflict 8 September 2000. It was reported that Turkey has deployed child soldiers in
5391:
into law. The law criminalizes leading a military force which recruits child soldiers. It also prohibits arms sales to countries where children are used for military purposes. The law's definition of child soldiers includes "any person under 18 years of age who takes a direct part in hostilities as a
5020:
In 2016 a measure of stability returned to the
Central African Republic and, according to the United Nations, 2,691 boys and 1,206 girls were officially separated from armed groups. Despite this, the recruitment and use of children for military purposes increased by approximately 50 percent over that
4965:
estimated that up to half of children involved with state armed forces and non-state armed groups worldwide were in Africa. In 2004, Child
Soldiers International estimated that 100,000 children were being used in state and non-state armed forces on the continent; and in 2008 an estimate put the total
4934:
The
Secretary-General publishes an annual report on children and armed conflict. As of 2017, his report identified 14 countries where children were widely used by armed groups during 2016 (Afghanistan, Colombia, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iraq, Mali, Myanmar, Nigeria,
4471:
I joined because my parents lacked food and I had no school ... I was worried about mines but what can we do—it's an order . Once somebody stepped on a mine in front of me—he was wounded and died ... I was with the radio at the time, about 60 metres away. I was sitting in my hammock and saw
6215:
Many states which do not allow their armed forces to recruit children have continued to draw criticism for marketing military life to children through the education system, in civic spaces and in popular entertainment such as films and videogames. Some commentators have argued that this marketing to
6096:
The military use of children has been common throughout history; only in recent decades has the practice met with informed criticism and concerted efforts to end it. Progress has been slow, partly because many armed forces have relied on children to fill their ranks, and partly because the behaviour
5869:
According to Child
Soldiers International the trend in Europe has been towards recruiting only adults from age 18; most states only allow adult recruitment, and as of 2016 no armed groups were known to be using children. As of 2018 one country, the United Kingdom, was enlisting children from age 16,
4999:
The use of children by armed groups in the
Central African Republic has historically been common. Between 2012 and 2015 as many as 10,000 children were used by armed groups in the nationwide armed conflict and as of 2024 the problem persists nationwide with a most likely greater amount fighting now.
4973:
International efforts to reduce the number of children in military organisations in Africa began with the Cape Town
Principles and Best Practices, developed in 1997. The Principles proposed that African governments commit to OPAC, which was being negotiated at the time, and raise the minimum age for
4713:
OPAC requires governments to demobilise children within their jurisdiction who have been recruited or used in hostilities and to provide assistance for their physical and psychological recovery and social reintegration. Under war, civil unrest, armed conflict and other emergency situations, children
4434:
In many countries growing populations of young people relative to older generations have made children a cheap and accessible resource for military organisations. In a 2004 study of children in military organisations around the world, Rachel Brett and Irma Specht pointed to a complex of factors that
5711:
During the ongoing Syrian Civil War children have joined groups opposed to Bashar al Assad. In 2012 the UN received allegations of rebels using child soldiers, but said they were unable to verify these. In June 2014 a United
Nations report said that the opposition had recruited children in military
5375:
Per OPAC, US military personnel are normally prohibited from direct participation in hostilities until the age of 18. Still, they are eligible for 'forward deployment', which means that they may be posted to a combat zone to perform support tasks. The committee on the Rights of the Child has called
5256:
The
Colombian government's security forces do not officially recruit children as the legal age for both compulsory and voluntary recruitment has been set at 18. However, students were allowed to enroll as cadets in military secondary schools and 16- or 17-year-olds could enter air force or national
5236:
In 1998 a Human Rights Watch press release indicated that 30 percent of some guerrilla units were made up of children and up to 85 percent of some of the militias, which are considered to serve as a "training ground for future guerrilla fighters", had child soldiers In the same press release it was
5135:
In 2006, children were also recruited from refugee camps in Chad, and thousands were used in the conflict in Darfur. In 2005 the government ratified the OPAC treaty and by 2008 the military use of children had reduced in the country, but both state armed forces and the SPLA continued to recruit and
4579:
The corporals come into the hangar where we sleep and they're wild-eyed, screaming, shoving people out. A massive sergeant lifts a recruit in the air and literally throws him into the wall. A corporal smacks me full-force around the head—I've got my helmet on but he hits me so hard that I'm knocked
4563:
Military academics in the US have characterized military training as "intense indoctrination" in conditions of sustained stress, the primary purpose of which is to establish the unconditional and immediate obedience of recruits. The research literature has found that adolescents are more vulnerable
4559:
Research from several countries finds that military enlistment, even before recruits are sent to war, is accompanied by a higher risk of attempted suicide in the US, higher risk of mental disorders in the US and the UK, higher risk of alcohol misuse and higher risk of violent behaviour, relative to
6247:
Reintegration efforts can become challenging when the child in question has committed war crimes because in these cases stigma and resentment within the community can be exacerbated. In situations such as these, it is important that the child's needs are balanced with a sense of community justice.
6243:
defines reintegration as: "The process through which children formerly associated with armed forces/groups are supported to return to civilian life and play a valued role in their families and communities" Programs that aim to rehabilitate and reintegrate child soldiers, such as those sponsored by
6130:
In the 1990s NGOs established the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (now Child Soldiers International) to work with sympathetic governments on a campaign for a new treaty to correct the deficiencies they saw in the CRC. After a global campaign lasting six years, the treaty was adopted in
5736:
President Assad passed a law in 2013 prohibiting the use of child soldiers (anyone under 18), the breaking of which is punishable by 10–20 years of 'penal labour.' Whether or not the law is actually enforced on government's forces has not been confirmed, and there have been allegations of children
5624:
In 2002 a report by Jihad Shomaly for the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (now Child Soldiers International) said that, "while there are reports of children participating in hostilities, there is no evidence of systematic recruitment by armed groups". In 2004, however, the organisation
5522:
army where, according to critics of the Iranian government, they "were sent to the front as waves of human shields". Other sources have estimated the total number of all Iranian casualties to be in the 200,000–600,000 range. One source estimates that 3% of the Iran–Iraq War's casualties were under
6114:
International efforts to limit children's participation in armed conflict began with the Additional Protocols to the 1949 Geneva Conventions, adopted in 1977 (Art. 77.2). The new Protocols prohibited the military recruitment of children aged under 15, but continued to allow state armed forces and
5416:
In 2004 the Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (now Child Soldiers International) reported that in Asia thousands of children are involved in fighting forces in active conflict and ceasefire situations in Afghanistan, Myanmar, Indonesia, Laos, Philippines, Nepal and Sri Lanka. Government
4900:
The Machel Report led to a new mandate for a Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict (SRSG-CAAC). Among the tasks of the SRSG is to draft the Secretary-General's annual report on children and armed conflict, which lists and describes the worst situations of
4534:
Further harm is caused when armed forces and groups detain child recruits. Children are often detained without sufficient food, medical care, or under other inhumane conditions, and some experience physical and sexual torture. Some are captured with their families, or detained due to one of their
5316:
recruited some children to defend their villages from the violence of the local crime groups, one of the self-defense groups that recruit soldier children is Coordinadora Regional de Autoridades Comunitarias-Pueblos Fundadores (CRAC-PF) to fight with Los Ardillos, a criminal group split from the
4969:
The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child (1990), which most African states have ratified, prohibits all military recruitment of children aged under 18. Nonetheless, according to the UN, in 2016 children were being used by armed groups in seven African countries (Central African
4855:
Children's rights advocates were left frustrated after the final text of the convention on the Rights of the Child (1989) did not prohibit the military recruitment of all children under the age of 18, and they began to call for a new treaty to achieve this goal. As a consequence the newly formed
6154:
After the adoption of the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict, a campaign for global ratification made swift progress. As of 2018 OPAC had been ratified by 167 states. The campaign also successfully encouraged many states not to recruit children at all. In 2001 83
5188:
In 2001 the government of Bolivia acknowledged that male children as young as 14 may have been forcibly conscripted into the armed forces during recruitment sweeps. About 40% of the Bolivian army was believed to be under the age of 18, with half of those below the age of 16. As of 2018, Bolivia
5148:
in Uganda became known mainly through the forced recruitment of thousands of children and adolescents who were trained as soldiers or forced to 'marry' members of the rebel group. Unlike all other, or earlier, rebel groups in Uganda, the LRA made the violent abduction or enslavement of children
4150:
conscripted many young French teenagers for his armies. Thousands of children participated on all sides of the First and Second World Wars. Children continued to be used throughout the 20th and early 21st century on every continent, with concentrations in parts of Africa, Latin America, and the
11653:"Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict: List of issues concerning additional and updated information related to the consideration of the second periodic report of the United States of America (CRC/C/OPAC/USA/2): Addendum"
5253:." According to P. W. Singer the FARC attack on the Guatape hydroelectric facility in 1998 involved militants as young as eight years old and a 2001 FARC training video depicted boys as young as 11 working with missiles. The group has also taken in children from Venezuela, Panama, and Ecuador.
6162:
Child Soldiers International reports that the success of the OPAC treaty, combined with the gradual decline in child recruitment by state armed forces, has led to a reduction of children in military organisations worldwide. As of 2018 the recruitment and use of children remains widespread. In
5784:
According to the Turkish Security Forces, the PKK has abducted more than 983 children aged between 12 and 17. More than 400 children have fled from the organization and surrendered to the security forces. The United Nations Children's Fund report, published in 2010, saw the recruitment of the
5732:
Kurdish forces have also been accused of using this tactic. In 2015 Human Rights Watch claimed that 59 children, 10 of them under 15 years old, were recruited by or volunteered for the YPG or YPJ since July 2014 when the Kurdish militia leaders signed a Deed of Commitment with Geneva Call.
5795:
Throughout the Syrian Civil War multiple media outlets including Human Rights Watch have confirmed that the YPG, an organization linked to the PKK, has been recruiting and deploying child soldiers. Despite a claim by the group that it would stop using children, which has been violation of
5047:
Thousands of children serve in the military of the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC) and various rebel militias. It has been estimated that more than 30,000 children were fighting with various parties to the conflict at the height of the Second Congo War. It was claimed in the film
4803:. These crimes carry a maximum penalty of life imprisonment under US law. In 2010, while under torture and duress, Khadr pleaded guilty to murder in violation of the laws of war, attempted murder in violation of the laws of war, conspiracy, two counts of providing material support for
5441:, are used as suicide bombers and gunmen. A propaganda video of boys marching in camouflage uniform and using slogans of martyrdom was issued in 2009 by the Afghan Taliban's leadership. This included a eulogy to a 14-year-old Taliban fighter who allegedly killed an American soldier.
4509:
Child soldiers who survive armed conflict face a markedly elevated risk of debilitating psychiatric illness, poor literacy and numeracy, and behavioural problems. Research in Palestine and Uganda, for example, has found that more than half of former child soldiers showed symptoms of
4831:
appealing unsuccessfully for Khadr's release into a rehabilitation program. In her letter she said that Khadr represented the "classic child soldier narrative: recruited by unscrupulous groups to undertake actions at the bidding of adults to fight battles they barely understand".
4564:
than adults to a high-stress environment, particularly those from a background of childhood adversity. It finds in particular that the prolonged stressors of military training are likely to aggravate pre-existing mental health problems and hamper healthy neurological development.
6155:
states only allowed adult enlistment. By 2016 this had increased to 126, which is 71 percent of countries with armed forces. Approximately 60 non-state armed groups have also entered agreements to stop or scale back their use of children, often brokered by the UN or the NGO
5619:
While UN organizations save child-soldiers, especially in Africa, from the control of militia leaders who hurl them into the furnace of gang-fighting, some Palestinian leaders... consciously issue orders for the purpose of ending their childhood, even if it means their last
4421:
Research in the same three countries finds that recruiters disproportionately target children from poorer backgrounds. In the UK, for example, the army finds it easier to attract child recruits from age 16 than adults from age 18, particularly those from poorer backgrounds.
5720:
the Syrian National Army to Libya according to a report by Al-Monitor, citing sources on the ground. In July 2021, the United States of America added Turkey to the list of countries that implicated in the use of child soldiers, because it used them in Syria and Libya. The
9564:
5768:
have confirmed the recruitment and use of child soldiers by the organization and its armed wings since the 90's. In 2001, it was reported that the recruitment of the children by the organization has been systematic. Several reports have reported about the organization's
6042:
The UK inadvertently deployed 22 personnel aged under 18 to Iraq and Afghanistan between 2003 and 2010. The committee on the Rights of the Child has urged the UK to alter its policy so as to ensure that children cannot take part in hostilities under any circumstances.
5167:, a state-sponsored youth militia in Zimbabwe. Originally conceived as a patriotic youth organisation, it became a paramilitary group of youth aged between 10 and 30, and was used to suppress dissent in the country. The organisation was finally banned in January 2018.
14019:"Consideration of Reports submitted by States Parties under Article 8 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict. Concluding observations: United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"
5260:
The demobilization efforts targeted toward the FARC in 2016–2017 have provided hope that the conflict will come to an end, limiting the number of children involved in violence. However, other armed groups have yet to be demobilized, and conflict is not yet resolved.
4892:. The treaty prohibited the direct participation of all children in armed conflict for the first time, while continuing to allow state armed forces (though not non-state armed groups) to recruit children from age 16. The protocol came into force on 12 February 2002.
14018:
8629:
5984:. There were 31 further reports of child recruitment which could not be verified. Of the 37 verified cases on territory controlled by Russia, 33 were boys and 4 were girls; 57% were aged 16–17, 35% were under 15, and age could not be determined in 8% of cases.
4179:
Nonetheless, as of 2018, children aged under 18 were still being recruited and trained for military purposes in 46 countries. Most of these states recruit from age 17, fewer than 20 recruit from age 16, and an unknown, smaller number, recruit younger children.
4974:
military recruitment from 15 to 18. The Principles also defined a child soldier to include any person under the age of 18 who is "part of any kind of regular or irregular armed force or group in any capacity ... including girls recruited for sexual purposes
4588:
are characteristic of military settings, including the training environment. Between 2015 and 2020, for example, girls aged 16 or 17 in the British armed forces were twice as likely as their same-age civilian peers to report rape or other sexual assault.
4378:
estimated that several tens of thousands of children, possibly more than 100,000, were in state and non-state military organisations around the world, and in 2018 the organisation reported that children were being used to participate in at least 18 armed
6186:
February is an annual commemoration day to draw public attention to the practice of using children as soldiers in wars and armed conflicts. The date reflects the entry into force of the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict.
5417:
refusal of access to conflict zones has made it impossible to document the numbers involved. In 2004 Myanmar was unique in the region as the only country where government armed forces forcibly recruited and used children between the ages of 12 and 16.
13787:
5728:
mentioned the recruitment and use of child soldiers from Turkish-supported forces in Syria. The 2021, 2022 and 2023 Trafficking in Persons Reports mentioned that Turkey provided support to armed groups in Syria which recruit and use child soldiers.
13795:
3839:
11680:"Concluding observations on the combined third and fourth reports submitted by the United States of America under article 8 (1) of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict"
4472:
him die ... I see young children in every unit ... I'm sure I'll be a soldier for at least a couple of more years. If I stop being a soldier, I won't have a job to do because I don't have any skills. I don't know what I'll do ...
4077:
Children are targeted for their susceptibility to influence, which renders them easier to recruit and control. While some are recruited by force, others choose to join up, often to escape poverty or because they expect military life to offer a
5367:
In negotiations on the OPAC treaty during the 1990s the US joined the UK in strongly opposing a global minimum enlistment age of 18. As a consequence the treaty specified a minimum age of 16. The US ratified the treaty in 2002 (but as of 2018
4404:
Despite children's physical and psychological underdevelopment relative to adults, there are many reasons why state and non-state military organisations seek them out, and why children themselves are often drawn to join of their own volition.
4571:, particularly by instructors. In the UK between 2014 and 2020, for example, the army recorded 62 formal complaints of violence committed by staff against recruits at the military training centre for 16- and 17-year-old trainee soldiers, the
11593:"Report to the Committee on the Rights of the Child in advance of the United States of America's second periodic report on the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict"
5870:
and five were enlisting from age 17 (Austria, Cyprus, France, Germany, and Netherlands). Of these, the UK recruits children in the greatest numbers; in 2016, approximately a quarter of new recruits to the British army were aged under 18.
4386:
report presented 7,622 verified cases of children being recruited and used in armed conflicts in 23 countries. More than 12,460 children formerly associated with armed forces or groups received protection or reintegration support during
6022:
As of 2022, 23% of enlistees to the British armed forces were aged under 18. Most child recruits were enlisted for the army, where 30% of the intake in the year 2021-2022 was aged under 18; more new soldiers were 16 than any other age.
5465:
The State Peace and Development Council has asserted that all of its soldiers volunteered and that all of those accepted are 18 or over. According to Human Rights Watch as many as 70,000 boys serve in Burma/Myanmar's national army, the
5379:
In 2003 and 2004 approximately 60 underage personnel were deployed to Afghanistan and Iraq in error. The Department of Defense subsequently stated that "the situations were immediately rectified and action taken to prevent recurrence."
8526:
10842:
5873:
All European states have ratified the Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict, and so child recruits are not typically used in hostilities until they reach adulthood. Children were used as combatants in the
4867:
acknowledged "the grievous deterioration in the situation of children in many parts of the world as a result of armed conflicts" and commissioned the human rights expert Graça Machel to conduct a major fact-finding study. Her report,
8048:
6749:
McGurk, Dennis; Cotting, Dave I.; Britt, Thomas W.; Adler, Amy B. (2006). "Joining the ranks: The role of indoctrination in transforming civilians to service members". In Adler, Amy B.; Castro, Carl Andrew; Britt, Thomas W. (eds.).
4777:, the first Chief Prosecutor of the Sierra Leone tribunal, interpreted the statute in favour of prosecuting those who had recruited children, rather than the children themselves, no matter how heinous the crimes they had committed.
4555:
While the use of children in armed conflict has attracted most attention, other research has found that military settings present several serious risks before child recruits are deployed to war zones, particularly during training.
4413:
Relative to adults, the neurological underdevelopment of children, including adolescent children, renders them more susceptible to recruitment and also more likely to make consequential decisions without due regard to the risks.
4395:
make between 10% and 30%, 6 and 50%, or over 40% of the child soldier population. Of the verified cases presented in the 2023 UN Secretary General report, girls make 12.3% of all child soldiers recruited or used by armed groups.
6064:
allows personnel to enlist with parental consent from the age of 16. Personnel under the age of 18 cannot be deployed overseas or used in direct combat except in extreme circumstances where it is not possible to evacuate them.
9571:
6046:
In negotiations on the OPAC during the 1990s the UK joined the US in opposing a global minimum enlistment age of 18. Children's rights bodies have criticised the UK's continuing reliance on children to staff its armed forces.
7056:
Goodwin, L.; Wessely, S.; Hotopf, M.; Jones, M.; Greenberg, N.; Rona, R. J.; Hull, L.; Fear, N. T. (2015). "Are common mental disorders more prevalent in the UK serving military compared to the general working population?".
6519:
International Centre for Counter-Terrorism (ICCT) & The Global Center on Cooperative Security (September 2017). "Correcting the Course: Juvenile Justice Principles for Children Convicted of Violent Extremism Offenses",
5240:
In 2005 an estimated 11,000 children were involved with left- or right-wing paramilitaries in Colombia. "Approximately 80 percent of child combatants in Colombia belong to one of the two left-wing guerrilla groups, the
8625:
10102:"United Nations General Assembly: Optional Protocols to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict and on the Sale of Children, Child Prostitution and Child Pornography"
4716:
11560:"United States of America: Compliance with the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict, Submission to the Committee on the Rights of the Child"
10156:
4925:
was passed unanimously, condemning the use of child soldiers and mandating the UN Secretary-General to establish a means of tracking and reporting on the practice, known as the Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism.
4417:
With these susceptibilities in mind, military marketing to adolescents has been criticised in Germany, the UK, and the US for glamorizing military life while omitting the risks and the loss of fundamental rights.
5669:
to put an immediate end to the use of children in armed activities: "Palestinian armed groups must not use children under any circumstances to carry out armed attacks or to transport weapons or other material."
13316:
4738:
limits the punishment that a child can receive: "Neither capital punishment nor life imprisonment without possibility of release shall be imposed for offenses committed by persons below eighteen years of age."
9989:
5633:
There was no evidence of systematic recruitment of children by Palestinian armed groups. However, children are used as messengers and couriers, and in some cases as fighters and suicide bombers in attacks on
10040:
4815:
and the Canadian government faced international criticism for delaying his repatriation. Khadr was eventually transferred to the Canadian prison system in September 2012 and was freed on bail by a judge in
13935:
11656:
5257:
army training programs, respectively. In addition, captured enemy child combatants were employed by the Colombian military for intelligence gathering purposes in potential violation of legal prohibitions.
4362:
Due to the widespread military use of children in areas where armed conflict and insecurity prevent access by UN officials and other observers, it is difficult to estimate how many children are affected.
4425:
Once recruited, children are easier than adults to indoctrinate and control, and are more motivated than adults to fight for non-monetary incentives such as religion, honour, prestige, revenge, and duty.
5099:
A report published by the Child Soldiers International in 2004 estimated that 200,000 children had been recruited into the country's militias against their will since 1991. In 2017 UN Secretary-General
4935:
Philippines, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan, Syria, and Yemen) and six countries where state armed forces were using children in hostilities (Afghanistan, Myanmar, Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan, and Syria).
9652:
Yun, Seira (2014). "Breaking Imaginary Barriers: Obligations of Armed Non-State Actors Under General Human Rights Law – The Case of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child".
5803:
and its women's unit in 2017, an almost fivefold increase from the 2016. Seventy-two of the children, nearly one-third, were girls. The group was also reported to had abducted children to enlist them.
11683:
10554:
5474:. UN Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon released a report in June 2009 mentioning "grave violations" against children in the country by both the rebels and the government. The administration announced on 4
4652:(2002) all forbid state armed forces and non-state armed groups from using children under the age of 15 directly in armed conflict (technically "hostilities"). This is now recognised as a war crime.
4481:
Some leaders of armed groups have claimed that children, despite their underdevelopment, bring their own qualities as combatants to a fighting unit, often being remarkably fearless, agile and hardy.
3834:
11533:
4734:
Opinion is currently divided over whether children should be prosecuted for war crimes. International law does not prohibit the prosecution of children who commit war crimes, but Article 37 of the
17:
5681:
Islamist and communist armed groups fighting the government have routinely relied on child recruits. In 2001 Human Rights Watch reported that an estimated 13 percent of the 10,000 soldiers in the
5128:
In 2004 approximately 17,000 children were being used by the state armed forces and non-state armed groups. As many as 5,000 children were part of the main armed opposition group at the time, the
12693:
4856:
Committee on the Rights of the Child made two recommendations: first, to request a major UN study into the impact of armed conflict on children; and second, to establish a working group of the
8530:
14112:
10834:
8772:
5699:
Militant use of children in Sri Lanka has been an internationally recognized problem since the inception of the Sri Lankan civil war in 1983. The primary recruiters of children are the rebel
5364:
bodies have criticized the US' reliance on children to staff its armed forces. The committee on the Rights of the Child has recommended that the US raise the minimum age of enlistment to 18.
14589:
13649:
8055:
4985:
in Paris produced the Paris Principles, which refined and updated the Cape Town Principles, applied them globally, and outlined a practical approach to reintegrating current child soldiers.
4120:
Since the 1960s, a number of treaties have successfully reduced the recruitment and use of children worldwide. Nonetheless, around a quarter of armed forces worldwide, particularly those of
11530:"Consideration of Reports Submitted By States Parties Under Article 8 of the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict"
13159:
8828:
12642:
8025:
12846:
10587:
5673:
There is mounting evidence that Hamas and PIJ operate "summer camps" specifically dedicated to train children to be soldiers, and on occasion uses them for illegal military operations.
12671:
9927:
5760:(PKK) has actively recruited and kidnapped children. The organization has been accused of abducting more than 2,000 children by Turkish Security Forces. The independent reports by the
4765:, including war crimes. However, the Paris Principles state that children who participate in armed conflict should be regarded first as victims, even if they may also be perpetrators:
6132:
5607:: "It appears that a substantial number, if not the majority, of troops of the intifada are young people, including elementary schoolchildren. They are engaged in throwing stones and
4962:
4889:
4846:
4661:
4169:
230:
12981:
11885:
11599:
11452:
5976:
documented 41 verified individual cases of child recruitment into armed formations. Of those 37 concerned the participation of children in armed formations on territory occupied by
4676:
Most states with armed forces are also bound by the higher standards of the widely ratified Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (OPAC) (2000) and the
4066:, and other military organizations, may be trained for combat, assigned to support roles, such as cooks, porters/couriers, or messengers, or used for tactical advantage such as for
8595:
6970:
Ursano, Robert J.; Kessler, Ronald C.; Stein, Murray B.; Naifeh, James A.; Aliaga, Pablo A.; Fullerton, Carol S.; Wynn, Gary H.; Vegella, Patti L.; Ng, Tsz Hin Hinz (1 July 2016).
5269:
In Cuba, compulsory military service for both boys and girls starts at age 17. Male teenagers are allowed to join the Territorial Troops Militia prior to their compulsory service.
13358:
12320:
11247:
9507:
5221:
at age 16 with parental permission, and the regular component at 17 years of age, also with parental permission. They may not volunteer for a tour of duty until reaching age 18.
16214:
13298:
13185:
12606:
10942:
9367:
11629:
6525:
5061:, one of the warlords in the DRC, has been sentenced to 14 years in prison because of his role in the recruitment of child soldiers between 2002 and 2003. Lubanga directed the
15238:
13241:
5369:
10744:
4720:. To accommodate the proper disarmament, demobilisation and reintegration of former members of armed groups, the United Nations started the Integrated DDR Standards in 2006.
14044:
13732:
8885:
7544:
7452:
6870:
5626:
5594:
8209:
10757:
Artur Bogner, Gabriele Rosenthal (2020): Child Soldiers in Context. Biographies, Familial and Collective Trajectories in Northern Uganda. Göttingen: University Press, 12.
8799:
8655:
12901:
11385:
11087:
10532:
10148:
8553:
5658:
In May 2008 a Child Soldiers International report highlighted Hamas and Islamic Jihad for having "used children in military attacks and training" in its Iranian section.
4888:
established a working group to negotiate a treaty to raise the legal standard. After a global campaign and complex negotiations, the new treaty was agreed in 2000 as the
15253:
9768:
189:
15196:
15191:
14203:
13312:
9541:
6540:
Artur Bogner, Gabriele Rosenthal (2020): Child Soldiers in Context. Biographies, Familial and Collective Trajectories in Northern Uganda. Göttingen: University Press.
6019:
The British armed forces enlist personnel from age 16 and accept applications from children aged 15 years, 7 months. Parental consent is required prior to enlistment.
4773:
This principle was reflected in the Court's statute, which did not rule out prosecution but emphasised the need to rehabilitate and reintegrate former child soldiers.
4518:. Researchers in Palestine also found that children exposed to high levels of violence in armed conflict were substantially more likely than other children to exhibit
3965:
7962:
7596:
5819:
fighting. NGO activist Abdul-Rahman al-Marwani has estimated that as many as 500–600 children are either killed or wounded through tribal combat every year in Yemen.
5929:
France enlists military personnel from age 17 and 6 months, and students for military technical school from age 16; 3% of its armed forces' intake is aged under 18.
5057:
Currently, the DRC has one of the highest proportions of child soldiers in the world. The international court has passed judgment on these practices during the war.
209:
7223:
Mattiko, Mark J.; Olmsted, Kristine L. Rae; Brown, Janice M.; Bray, Robert M. (2011). "Alcohol use and negative consequences among active duty military personnel".
6195:
13847:
10558:
10036:
13943:
8179:
5847:
special forces are allegedly involved in training child soldiers in Yemen. Reportedly at least 40% of soldiers fighting for the Saudi-led coalition are children.
16161:
16116:
13878:
13133:
11566:
9819:
8416:
5565:
trains children for military services. In 2017, the UN reported that armed groups, suspected to be Islamist militants, were recruiting children in the country.
5017:(a meeting of government, parliament, armed groups, civil society, and religious leaders), a number of armed groups agreed to demobilize thousands of children.
16254:
5042:
4684:
4671:
4356:
4278:
4188:
4124:, still train adolescent children for military service, while elsewhere, the use of children in armed conflict and insurgencies has increased in recent years.
3824:
3355:
174:
13081:
9957:
15891:
15280:
13211:
11679:
11118:
11748:
10617:
6220:, the Stop Recruiting Kids campaign in the US, and the Military Out of Schools campaign in the UK. Similar concerns have been raised in Germany and Israel.
11529:
9099:"Intimate partner violence and abuse experience and perpetration in UK military personnel compared to a general population cohort: A cross-sectional study"
4735:
4484:
The global proliferation of light automatic weapons, which children can easily handle, has also made the use of children as direct combatants more viable.
3709:
3081:
2818:
14078:
12933:
4970:
Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Mali, Nigeria, Somalia, South Sudan, Sudan) and by state armed forces in three (Somalia, Sudan, South Sudan).
15943:
15807:
13355:"United Nations Treaty Collection: 11. b Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the involvement of children in armed conflict"
5136:
use them. The use of children has continued to diminish, but in 2017 the UN was still receiving reports of children as young as 12 in government forces.
3445:
3086:
12868:
12701:
12393:
4687:, which forbids state armed forces from recruiting children under the age of 18 under any circumstances. Most African states have ratified the Charter.
16618:
13965:
12420:
11824:
7261:
MacManus, Deirdre; Dean, Kimberlie; Jones, Margaret; Rona, Roberto J.; Greenberg, Neil; Hull, Lisa; Fahy, Tom; Wessely, Simon; Fear, Nicola T. (2013).
6366:
6229:
4708:
102:
12824:
12806:
12788:
12476:
Child Soldiers International, p. 304 cites in footnote 18 that this Information is from Palestinian human rights Monitoring Group (PHRMG), March 2004.
11915:
11652:
12759:
11334:
9875:
14142:
12741:
8776:
5237:
estimated that some of the government-linked paramilitary units consisted of up to 50 percent children, including some as young as eight years old.
5149:(preferably aged between twelve and fourteen) its main method of recruitment and concentrated its activities on attacking the civilian population."
4543:
14586:
14326:
13642:
10968:
6946:
6435:
5590:
5573:
An estimated 6,000–9,000 children serve in the Communist Party of Nepal forces. As of 2010, child soldiers of the CPN have since been demobilized.
4649:
4643:
4320:
Not all armed groups use children and approximately 60 have entered agreements to reduce or end the practice since 1999. For example, by 2017, the
4074:
as people under the age of 18) have been recruited for participation in military operations and campaigns throughout history and in many cultures.
2778:
11983:
10779:
16713:
16405:
16146:
15933:
15221:
14418:
13155:
11704:
Department of Defense, Information Paper regarding the application of child soldiers protocols, provided to Senator Barbara Boxer, November 2004.
9901:
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5753:
4922:
4918:
12632:
9439:
7895:
6605:
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16009:
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15216:
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4699:
participation of children in "hostilities", or from contributing to a military operation in a stand-off position (i.e. away from hostilities).
4274:
4184:
3133:
169:
12842:
10583:
9396:
7509:
4138:
History is filled with children who have been trained and used for fighting, assigned to support roles such as porters or messengers, used as
15226:
15209:
12667:
11799:
10460:
10071:
9923:
8990:
6235:
5905:
Austria invites male children to begin their adult compulsory military service one year early, at age 17, with the consent of their parents.
5896:. It portrays a 12-year-old child who died with his dog in 1849 while trying to stop a bomb during the defence of the Roman Republic in 1849.
5651:
3913:
14104:
12303:
11946:
11002:
8089:
7781:
4230:, the military environment, and a binding contract of service are not compatible with children's rights and jeopardize healthy development.
16693:
15204:
13384:
12994:
11877:
10802:
10361:
9475:
9276:
7416:
6455:
5724:
mentioned that factions of the Turkish backed Syrian National Army recruited and used Syrian children as child soldiers in Libya. The 2021
5085:
In the islands state of São Tomé and Príncipe, the minimum age for voluntary military service is 17 years old. (CIA World Factsheet 2024).
5066:
3829:
3679:
14561:
11592:
11445:
7622:
15798:
13818:
13263:
11979:
10869:
9213:
8599:
8017:
7705:
5526:
There were male Iranian children who left school and participated in the Iran–Iraq War without the knowledge of their parents, including
5408:
3160:
13354:
11485:
11308:
11239:
11158:
7739:
7313:
Bouffard, L. A. (2005). "The Military as a Bridging Environment in Criminal Careers: Differential Outcomes of the Military Experience".
5921:
Cyprus invites children to begin their adult compulsory military service two years early, at age 16, with the consent of their parents.
16151:
15157:
9500:
8146:
8086:"Children, Not Soldiers | United Nations Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict"
7478:
5988:
4914:
3906:
2658:
14579:
14538:
13330:
13288:
13181:
12602:
12252:
10679:
10404:
10255:
9097:
MacManus, Deirdre; Short, Roxanna; Lane, Rebecca; Jones, Margaret; Hull, Lisa; Howard, Louise M.; Fear, Nicola T. (1 September 2022).
8680:
8235:
6502:
Vautravers, A. J. (2009). Why Child Soldiers are Such a Complex Issue. Refugee Survey Quarterly, 27(4), 96–107. doi:10.1093/rsq/hdp002
5913:
AT 17 children can join the military higher education instatutes where they are classified as military personnel. (CIA Factbook 2024)
4355:
In 2003, one estimate calculated that child soldiers participated in about three-quarters of ongoing conflicts. In the same year, the
14543:
13233:
11625:
11419:
6039:
As per the OPAC, the UK does not normally send child recruits to participate in hostilities, although it does not rule out doing so.
5725:
5296:
In Haiti an unknown number of children participate in various loosely organised armed groups that are engaged in political violence.
4857:
4811:, which would see Khadr deported to Canada after one year of imprisonment to serve seven further years there. Omar Khadr remained in
4648:
The Additional Protocols to the 1949 Geneva Conventions (1977, Art. 77.2), the Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), and the
3108:
14533:
13761:
12723:
5792:, accused the PKK of committing war crimes by recruiting child soldiers in the Shingal region of Iraq and in neighboring countries.
16725:
15323:
14235:
12463:
11853:
10740:
7806:
3879:
3699:
2872:
1262:
277:
154:
14048:
13736:
13709:
12488:
8889:
7548:
7456:
6874:
16182:
15233:
14242:
14227:
8213:
8120:
5996:
4824:
4383:
4042:
1694:
12894:
12352:
11083:
10522:
10228:
7028:
16730:
16043:
15665:
15162:
10283:
9738:
8564:
8527:"House of Commons Defence Committee Inquiry into Armed Forces and Veterans Mental Health: Written Evidence Submitted by Medact"
6440:
5561:
Many different sides in the Lebanese Civil War used child soldiers. A May 2008 Child Soldiers International report stated that
5250:
4677:
4667:
4329:
3143:
2561:
16427:
13381:"UN Commission on Human Rights – The situation of human rights in the Republic of Chechnya of the Russian Federation (Mar 96)"
13107:
9765:
9015:
6572:
16756:
16439:
15268:
12576:
12558:
11290:
10249:
10034:
9342:
8360:
7775:
7733:
6514:
6430:
6267:
6119:
5434:
4639:
4618:
4608:
4071:
3721:
3398:
3170:
235:
204:
14300:
12282:
9533:
5201:, recruit children to sell drugs and commit homicides, as well as to fight with the police and other rival groups. Also the
16079:
16021:
14750:
14696:
14195:
13020:
12959:
10499:
10437:
10387:
9897:
6164:
4850:
4223:
3918:
3874:
3517:
14445:
14172:
13055:
11212:
9849:
7752:
The participation of Jewish children and youth in warfare was driven by a combination of necessity, honor, and moral duty.
16656:
16376:
16055:
12536:
10718:
9749:
9298:
Marshall, A; Panuzio, J; Taft, C (2005). "Intimate partner violence among military veterans and active duty servicemen".
6911:
6262:
5838:
5647:
5422:
5246:
4944:
4133:
3960:
3592:
3252:
3103:
2899:
2808:
2050:
318:
80:
13855:
13616:
13585:
13554:
13446:
13415:
12036:
12013:
11189:
10895:
9638:
8657:
Stellungnahme der Kommission zur Wahrnehmung der Belange der Kinder zum Verhältnis von Militär und Jugend in Deutschland
4526:. The combined impact of these effects typically includes a high risk of poverty and lasting unemployment in adulthood.
15243:
15186:
14955:
14755:
12776:
12046:
11559:
8324:
8183:
7958:
7592:
6759:
6323:
5437:
over three decades. Many are still fighting now for the Taliban. Some of those taken from Islamic religious schools or
5376:
on the US to change this policy and ensure that no minor can be deployed to a forward operating area in a combat zone.
5206:
3980:
3669:
3423:
2245:
2023:
633:
13991:
13886:
13129:
10917:
9990:"Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict (OP/CAC)"
9812:
8662:
Opinion of the Commission for Children's Concerns on the relationship between the military and young people in Germany
8408:
8295:
16834:
16474:
16288:
15867:
14485:
Conflict Prevention and Reconstruction Unit. "Child Soldiers: Prevention, Demobilization, and Reintegration" May 2002
14267:
12148:
12115:
12082:
10651:
10290:
9704:
8965:
8447:
7865:
6791:
6720:
6535:
6460:
5313:
5164:
5129:
4982:
4622:
4612:
4585:
3797:
3674:
3098:
2867:
2734:
1699:
225:
12441:
9608:
16781:
16740:
16091:
14572:
13077:
10221:"Monitoring and Reporting Mechanism (MRM) on grave violations of children's rights in situations of armed conflict"
9953:
9844:
Meserve, Jeanne; Lawrence, Chris; Cratty, Carol; Keyes, Charley; Labott, Elise; Dougherty, Jill (25 October 2010).
5858:
5700:
4795:, a Canadian, for offences they alleged he committed in Afghanistan while under the age of 16 and fighting for the
3933:
3138:
3123:
3069:
2754:
2744:
2739:
2568:
2424:
1777:
16499:
14105:"Concluding observations on the fifth periodic report of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland"
13207:
11740:
11715:
11128:
5953:
The Netherlands enlists military personnel from age 17; in 2014 5% of its armed forces' intake was aged under 18.
5353:
with the written agreement of parents. As of 2015 approximately 16,000 17-year-olds were being enlisted annually.
3644:
16639:
15989:
15791:
15423:
15285:
14935:
13468:
11029:
Overcoming Lost Childhood: Lessons from the Rehabilitation and Reintegration of Former Child Soldiers in Colombia
10835:"Youths who had enrolled for useless National Youth Service turned away as government BANS green bomber training"
10609:
10177:
10072:"Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict"
9040:
Elbogen, Eric B.; Johnson, Sally C.; Wagner, H. Ryan; Sullivan, Connor; Taft, Casey T.; Beckham, Jean C. (2014).
7935:
7672:
6526:
Correcting the Course: Advancing Juvenile Justice Principles for Children Convicted of Violent Extremist Offenses
6217:
4910:
3928:
3694:
2500:
2122:
1760:
1547:
367:
15965:
11240:"The last march: Colombia's most notorious rebel group is starting to disarm, but obstacles to peace still loom"
10203:"Security Council condemns recruitment of child soldiers, asks Secretary-General to devise monitoring mechanism"
16802:
16776:
16766:
16156:
16138:
16038:
15842:
15818:
15094:
14726:
14071:
12929:
11777:
6445:
5666:
4890:
Optional Protocol to the convention on the Rights of the Child on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict
4828:
4762:
4758:
4748:
3393:
3381:
2961:
2773:
2419:
1886:
194:
138:
13313:"Exclusive: Yemeni child soldiers recruited by Saudi-UAE coalition | Saudi Arabia News | Al Jazeera"
10252:"Library of the Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict"
4872:(1996), was particularly concerned with the military use of younger children, which was killing, maiming, and
4183:
As of 2022, the United Nations (UN) verified that nine state armed forces were using children in hostilities:
16249:
16177:
15695:
15447:
12872:
12390:
12338:
10018:
6204:
5970:
5682:
5505:
5425:
guerrilla group, were estimated to have been around ten years old when they began leading the group in 1997.
5388:
4812:
4575:. Joe Turton, who joined up aged 17 in 2014, recalls bullying by staff throughout his training. For example:
4511:
4321:
3970:
3748:
2609:
2303:
1750:
12417:
11907:
9155:
8270:
7988:
16839:
16649:
16539:
15852:
15745:
15290:
15248:
15181:
14817:
14737:
12989:
12828:
12810:
12792:
6380:
6240:
5778:
4375:
3975:
3814:
3684:
3345:
3113:
3093:
2653:
2621:
2240:
939:
699:
270:
15776:
12763:
9871:
7351:
Merrill, Lex L.; Crouch, Julie L.; Thomsen, Cynthia J.; Guimond, Jennifer; Milner, Joel S. (August 2005).
7263:"Violent offending by UK military personnel deployed to Iraq and Afghanistan: a data linkage cohort study"
6599:"The Paris Principles: Principles and guidelines on children associated with armed forces or armed groups"
5937:
Germany enlists military personnel from age 17; in 2015 6% of its armed forces' intake was aged under 18.
5530:. Iraqi officers claimed that they sometimes captured Iranian child soldiers as young as eight years old.
5132:(SPLA). Some former child soldiers were sentenced to death for crimes committed while they were soldiers.
4335:
in Colombia agreed to stop recruiting children. Other countries have seen the reverse trend, particularly
2340:
16854:
16849:
16259:
15071:
14365:
14334:
14134:
10202:
8871:
They Fight Like Soldiers, They Die Like Children: The Global Quest to Eradicate the Use of Child Soldiers
6826:
Gee, David; Taylor, Rachel (1 November 2016). "Is it Counterproductive to Enlist Minors into the Army?".
6400:
5973:
5844:
5757:
5694:
5533:
As of 2018 the Iranian government has been recruiting children from Iran and Afghanistan to fight in the
5330:
5105:
5062:
4035:
3985:
3704:
3622:
2749:
2530:
2350:
2250:
1437:
1234:
1105:
643:
16266:
12427:
Defence for Children International/Palestine Section, 2004, p. 8. Citing CSC 1371 Report, November 2002.
10972:
9333:
Anderson, E H; Suris, A (2013). "Military sexual trauma". In Moore, Brett A; Barnett, Jeffrey E (eds.).
5799:
In 2018, the annual UN report on children in armed conflict found 224 cases of child recruitment by the
4880:
Clearly one of the most urgent priorities is to remove everyone under 18 years of age from armed forces.
16644:
16244:
15784:
15710:
15334:
15263:
15176:
11975:
10771:
5356:
The US Army describes outreach to schools as the 'cornerstone' of its approach to recruitment, and the
5350:
3889:
3741:
3726:
3617:
2813:
2483:
1714:
164:
14669:
14631:
10250:
Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict (2018).
10035:
Office of the Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict (2018).
9433:"Paris Principles: Principles and guidelines on children associated with armed forces or armed groups"
9432:
9241:
8717:"Should We End Military Recruiting in High Schools as a Matter of Child Protection and Public Health?"
6598:
4347:
militants and groups opposing them have intensified their recruitment, training, and use of children.
16412:
16350:
15715:
15655:
15258:
15149:
14877:
14807:
14621:
14395:
13908:
10741:"Witness: A Child Soldier's Darfur Confession – 'I shot her. She is dead.' | Human Rights Watch"
7899:
6335:
6287:
6074:
5800:
5527:
5449:
Children can volunteer for military service at 17, with compulsory military service, for men, at 18.
5334:
5202:
5180:
Children can join the Barbados Army at 17 years and 9 months, with parental consent. (CIA Factsheet)
5094:
5022:
4493:
4286:
4226:
and others have called for an end to the recruitment of children by state armed forces, arguing that
4196:
4097:, which together lead to an increased risk of unemployment and poverty in adulthood. Research in the
3990:
3884:
3415:
3403:
2993:
2966:
2471:
1824:
1332:
676:
550:
384:
199:
184:
97:
13519:
8829:"Youngest British army recruits come disproportionately from England's most deprived constituencies"
6150:, the International Day Against Use of Child Soldiers, is often marked by displaying red handprints.
5611:
and other forms of violence." Arab journalist Huda Al-Hussein wrote in a London Arab newspaper on 27
16829:
16594:
16434:
15730:
15133:
14872:
14790:
14780:
14689:
14069:
9790:
8376:
8018:"General comment No. 20 (2016) on the implementation of the rights of the child during adolescence"
6483:
6061:
5357:
5230:
4956:
4754:
4110:
3765:
3634:
3187:
2976:
2461:
2275:
2142:
1382:
1195:
1043:
159:
14508:
11938:
10468:
10079:
8986:
7111:
Martin, Pamela Davis; Williamson, Donald A.; Alfonso, Anthony J.; Ryan, Donna H. (February 2006).
4895:
2641:
16864:
16720:
16383:
15977:
15347:
15042:
14990:
14939:
14785:
14775:
14657:
12299:
10995:
9565:"Engaging nonstate armed groups on the protection of children: Towards strategic complementarity"
8773:"Soldiers of Misfortune: Abusive U.S. Military Recruitment and Failure to Protect Child Soldiers"
8085:
7765:
6418:
6098:
6027:
6012:
5715:
The Turkish government linked think tank SETA withdrew a report detailing the composition of the
5487:
4885:
4572:
4239:
4063:
3955:
3689:
3639:
3567:
3340:
3118:
3062:
3045:
2476:
2228:
2210:
1966:
1525:
1447:
1392:
1272:
985:
648:
527:
263:
179:
128:
51:
14558:
13380:
12231:
International Conflict: A Chronological Encyclopedia of Conflicts and Their Management 1945–1995
11770:
10809:
10354:
9775:, February 2007. Section "Treatment of children accused of crimes under international law", p. 9
9468:
9268:
7420:
7353:"Perpetration of severe intimate partner violence: premilitary and second year of service rates"
5318:
16844:
16333:
16273:
16111:
14975:
14851:
14770:
10405:"Central African Republic says 10,000 children are still fighting alongside armed groups there"
7618:
5418:
5338:
4943:
This section covers the use of children for military purposes today. For historical cases, see
4251:
4028:
3997:
3497:
3238:
3150:
2998:
2722:
2688:
2683:
2095:
2070:
1792:
1704:
1577:
1452:
1048:
1025:
451:
350:
12074:
12067:
11067:
10866:
10189:
9681:
7700:
5777:, which has been formed mainly for the recruitment of children. It was also reported that the
4535:
family members' activity. Lawyers and relatives are frequently banned from any court hearing.
4359:(UNOCHA) estimated that most of these children were aged over 15, although some were younger.
16859:
16788:
16569:
16469:
16422:
16366:
15700:
15516:
15452:
15318:
14995:
14980:
14970:
14950:
14897:
12694:"Pro-Erdoğan think tank's survey shows child soldiers among Turkish-backed Syrian opposition"
12332:
11478:
8150:
7723:
6754:. Vol. 2: Operational stress. Westport: Praeger Security International. pp. 13–31.
5765:
5662:
5635:
5600:
4523:
3859:
3714:
3627:
3612:
3294:
3282:
3028:
3013:
2798:
2573:
2495:
2466:
1684:
1617:
1570:
1219:
1182:
1145:
1063:
1015:
899:
709:
502:
406:
14503:
12206:
Warfare and Armed Conflict: A Statistical Reference to Casualty and Other Figures, 1618–1991
10610:"Preventing the Use of Child Soldiers in Somalia – Roméo Dallaire Child Soldiers Initiative"
9766:
The Paris Principles and Guidelines on Children associated with armed forces or armed groups
8471:
Spear, L. P. (June 2000). "The adolescent brain and age-related behavioral manifestations".
8154:
7486:
7163:
Head, M.; Goodwin, L.; Debell, F.; Greenberg, N.; Wessely, S.; Fear, N. T. (1 August 2016).
6143:
16703:
16457:
16417:
16393:
16033:
15879:
15735:
13936:"Letter from UK Minister of Defence regarding deployment of under-18s on combat operations"
12244:
11044:
Child Soldiers in Colombia: The Recruitment of Children into Non-State Violent Armed Groups
10687:
10251:
8687:
8332:(Technical report). The Alliance for Child Protection in Humanitarian Action. December 2020
8242:
8113:"UN Officials congratulate MILF for completion of disengagement of children from its ranks"
6646:
6272:
6208:
5812:
5716:
5471:
5361:
5277:
5109:
5058:
4800:
4774:
4269:
As of 2022, the UN identified 12 countries where children were widely used by such groups:
4002:
3901:
3864:
3792:
3736:
3605:
3562:
3376:
3306:
2981:
2761:
2663:
2547:
2454:
2075:
1977:
1834:
1829:
1647:
1612:
1347:
1162:
1020:
956:
810:
780:
357:
14239:
14224:
13289:"'Serious' questions over SAS involvement in Yemen war | UK news | The Guardian"
11412:
9697:
Child soldiers, adult interests : the global dimensions of the Sierra Leonean tragedy
9042:"Violent behaviour and post-traumatic stress disorder in US Iraq and Afghanistan veterans"
8409:"The recruitment of children by the UK armed forces: A critique from health professionals"
7643:
Michael Leggiere, The Fall of Napoleon: The Allied Invasion of France 1813–1814, pg.99–100
6530:
Dr U C Jha (2018), "Child Soldiers – Practice, Law and Remedies". Vij Books India Pvt Ltd
5815:
stated in January 2010 that "large numbers" of teenage boys are being recruited in Yemeni
8:
16634:
16611:
16504:
16491:
16400:
16340:
16321:
16293:
16121:
16074:
15645:
15629:
15573:
15548:
15440:
15416:
15390:
15352:
15089:
15060:
14682:
11269:
11150:
7165:"Post-traumatic stress disorder and alcohol misuse: comorbidity in UK military personnel"
5850:
Saudi Arabia is also hiring Yemeni child soldiers to guard Saudi border against Houthis.
5553:
Children can volunteer for military service at 17 in Jordan. (CIA World Factbook - 2024)
5545:
Children can volunteer for military service at 17 in Israel. (CIA World Factbook - 2024)
4864:
4259:
3485:
3465:
3350:
3335:
3204:
3175:
3165:
3055:
3003:
2971:
2768:
2626:
2594:
2589:
2542:
2399:
1926:
1911:
1787:
1674:
1652:
1627:
1587:
1497:
1307:
1207:
1157:
924:
914:
879:
671:
661:
411:
335:
14647:
13675:
12467:
11857:
7810:
6650:
5101:
16237:
15886:
15847:
15725:
15618:
15568:
15521:
15489:
15472:
15313:
15128:
15123:
15118:
15106:
15084:
15079:
15037:
15027:
14887:
14882:
14765:
14716:
13701:
12637:
12485:
11911:
11744:
11154:
11055:
10129:
9669:
9191:
9131:
9098:
9074:
9041:
8749:
8716:
8504:
8182:. UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs. December 2003. Archived from
7330:
7292:
7197:
7164:
7090:
7004:
6971:
6851:
6780:
6374:
6200:
5789:
5761:
4860:
to negotiate a supplementary protocol to the convention. Both proposals were accepted.
4332:
4105:
children, even when they are not sent to war, is often accompanied by a higher risk of
4085:
Child soldiers who survive armed conflict frequently develop psychiatric illness, poor
3731:
3577:
3552:
3542:
3507:
3502:
3470:
3435:
3428:
3369:
3362:
3219:
3038:
3033:
3023:
2793:
2646:
2604:
2599:
2552:
2520:
2510:
2447:
2260:
2115:
2035:
1956:
1901:
1876:
1797:
1743:
1709:
1640:
1557:
1467:
1372:
1317:
1202:
1167:
1120:
995:
966:
919:
857:
832:
666:
460:
379:
133:
123:
16004:
14614:
14607:
14600:
13494:
9997:
International Council on Human Rights Policy & International Commission of Jurists
8484:
8407:
Louise, Rhianna; Hunter, Christina; Zlotowitz, Sally; et al. (17 November 2016).
8312:
The usual view of girl soldiers – who make up between 10% and 30% of some child armies
8112:
7279:
7262:
5272:
4439:
Background poverty including a lack of civilian education or employment opportunities.
4371:
estimated that some 300,000 children are involved in more than 30 conflicts worldwide.
2668:
2614:
16735:
16666:
16526:
16521:
16479:
16187:
15950:
15915:
15750:
15506:
15111:
15065:
14902:
14860:
14844:
14273:
14263:
12360:
12154:
12144:
12121:
12111:
12088:
12078:
12042:
11123:
11063:
11059:
10943:"Adolescente recrutado da milícia é morto após nova investida do CV no Morro do Fubá"
10657:
10647:
10331:
10220:
10149:"Confidential U.N. Report Accuses Saudi Coalition of Killing Hundreds of Yemeni Kids"
10133:
10121:
10012:
9710:
9700:
9677:
9673:
9406:
9348:
9338:
9315:
9195:
9183:
9175:
9136:
9118:
9079:
9061:
8961:
8934:
8754:
8736:
8496:
8488:
8453:
8443:
8356:
7871:
7861:
7771:
7729:
7382:
7374:
7334:
7284:
7240:
7202:
7184:
7142:
7134:
7082:
7074:
7009:
6991:
6987:
6855:
6843:
6797:
6787:
6755:
6726:
6716:
6531:
6510:
6329:
5875:
5638:
and civilians. All the main political groups involve children in this way, including
5515:
4515:
4255:
3819:
3537:
3532:
3475:
3460:
3440:
3262:
3257:
3192:
3155:
2988:
2954:
2783:
2636:
2525:
2404:
2296:
2205:
2152:
2055:
2045:
2040:
2010:
1993:
1988:
1961:
1906:
1607:
1597:
1592:
1582:
1502:
1492:
1487:
1462:
1432:
1322:
1292:
1287:
1277:
1267:
1257:
1172:
1125:
1095:
934:
727:
704:
638:
15955:
13643:"Involvement of Children in Armed Formations During the Military Conflict in Donbas"
10308:
9735:
9266:
9171:
8508:
6395:
5740:
Iranian government is recruiting children from Iran and Afghanistan to fight in the
5360:
gives recruiters the legal right of access to all school students' contact details.
5304:
In Mexico an unknown number of children are used by criminal organizations like the
4467:
armed forces in the 1990s is typical of many children's motivations for joining up:
2265:
16807:
16661:
16126:
16086:
15862:
15832:
15613:
15588:
15499:
15494:
15308:
15099:
14587:
Involvement of children in armed formations during the military conflict in Donbas"
13103:
12533:"Report of the Secretary-General on children and armed conflict in the Philippines"
12505:
11623:
11047:
10409:
10323:
10113:
9661:
9598:
9307:
9167:
9156:"Childhood trauma: a major risk factor in the military recruitment of young people"
9126:
9110:
9069:
9053:
8924:
8744:
8728:
8480:
7619:"Girl Soldiers – The cost of survival in Northern Uganda, Women News Network – WNN"
7364:
7322:
7274:
7232:
7192:
7176:
7124:
7094:
7066:
6999:
6983:
6835:
6688:
6658:
6654:
6564:
6385:
6347:
5992:
5889:
5741:
5608:
5534:
5392:
member of governmental armed forces." Waivers from the act were issued by both the
5309:
5198:
4917:
under the heading "Children in armed conflict". The first resolution on the issue,
4717:
Declaration on the Protection of Women and Children in Emergency and Armed Conflict
4499:
4227:
4155:
have international efforts begun to limit and reduce the military use of children.
4014:
3587:
3582:
3572:
3547:
3512:
3480:
3450:
3323:
3311:
3289:
3267:
3214:
3050:
3018:
2320:
2270:
2235:
2167:
2060:
1998:
1891:
1819:
1812:
1669:
1602:
1552:
1542:
1417:
1337:
1297:
1282:
1244:
1229:
1100:
1085:
1038:
946:
904:
847:
842:
800:
623:
600:
492:
416:
345:
328:
40:
15960:
14653:
Special Representative of the UN Secretary General for Children and Armed Conflict
12562:
11294:
8954:
7296:
6839:
6007:
4820:
in May 2015. As of 2016, Khadr was appealing his US conviction as a war criminal.
16761:
16589:
16388:
16371:
16278:
16028:
15984:
15938:
15857:
15815:
15680:
15598:
15375:
15273:
14892:
14855:
14760:
14593:
14565:
14292:
14246:
14231:
13293:
12955:
12724:"Report: Child soldiers deployed to Libya by Turkish-backed Syrian National Army"
12492:
12424:
12397:
12274:
10873:
10492:"Armed groups in Central African Republic agree to release thousands of children"
10391:
10037:"Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict"
9772:
9753:
9742:
9114:
7709:
7236:
5276:
Rebel Salvadoran soldier boy combatant in Perquin, El Salvador, 1990, during the
5218:
4873:
4548:
4456:
4079:
3923:
3809:
3804:
3557:
3527:
3522:
3245:
3209:
3008:
2926:
2631:
2377:
2080:
2065:
1983:
1939:
1881:
1537:
1532:
1422:
1412:
1327:
1302:
1239:
1080:
1010:
1000:
852:
837:
760:
732:
522:
517:
497:
340:
118:
13028:
10491:
10433:
10287:
9534:"Ratifications of C182 – Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention, 1999 (No. 182)"
7545:"A law unto themselves? Confronting the recruitment of children by armed groups"
6390:
6353:
6115:
non-state armed groups to recruit children from age 15 and use them in warfare.
5796:
international law, the group has continued the recruitment and use of children.
5478:
August that they would send a team into Burma/Myanmar to press for more action.
5288:
Children can join the military at 17 in Guatemala. (CIA World Factbook - 2024).
5077:
The minimum age to join the Egyptian military is 16. (CIA World Factsheet 2024)
16581:
16549:
16511:
16283:
16207:
15908:
15874:
15837:
15755:
15685:
15670:
15660:
15650:
15578:
15482:
15409:
15342:
14908:
14866:
14453:
14164:
14045:"Letter from UK Children's Commissioners and others to the Ministry of Defence"
13051:
11216:
10961:
10385:
10101:
9845:
9242:"Abuse and sexual assault of children in British armed forces training exposed"
7326:
6359:
5604:
5384:
4896:
Special Representative of the Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict
4263:
4152:
4139:
4098:
4007:
3896:
2788:
2429:
2387:
2255:
2003:
1427:
1387:
1365:
1352:
1342:
1312:
1224:
1177:
980:
971:
862:
815:
795:
785:
755:
722:
610:
567:
532:
507:
374:
307:
59:
13909:"Teenage Girls Serving in British Army Report Record Levels of Sexual Assault"
13640:
12532:
11446:"USA: Annexes of the Combined Third and Fourth Periodic Report (OPAC Annex 2)"
10710:
10117:
9746:
9665:
9311:
9057:
8929:
8912:
7180:
7070:
6972:"Risk Factors, Methods, and Timing of Suicide Attempts Among US Army Soldiers"
6904:
6693:
6676:
16823:
16771:
16708:
16606:
15760:
15467:
14960:
14839:
14277:
13966:"EXCL UK broke pledge not to send under-age soldiers to Iraq and Afghanistan"
13608:
13577:
13546:
13438:
13407:
12158:
12125:
11557:
11386:"Denuncian reclutamiento de niños soldado por parte de guerrilla en Paraguay"
11335:"Meet the Children Being Armed to Defend a Mexican Village From Drug Cartels"
11181:
10887:
10661:
10335:
10294:
10125:
9630:
9410:
9352:
9179:
9122:
9065:
8938:
8740:
8732:
8626:"Cessation of Military Recruiting in Public Elementary and Secondary Schools"
8492:
8457:
7875:
7696:
7378:
7369:
7352:
7188:
7138:
7129:
7112:
7078:
6995:
6847:
6730:
6317:
6277:
6182:(also known as the International Day Against the Use of Child Soldiers) on 12
6090:
5893:
5032:
A group of demobilized child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
4392:
4114:
3945:
3869:
3316:
3299:
3074:
2904:
2894:
2678:
2328:
2102:
2090:
1946:
1866:
1782:
1765:
1622:
1477:
1457:
1135:
1130:
1110:
1090:
1005:
976:
951:
827:
805:
790:
765:
605:
512:
470:
465:
362:
85:
14070:
House of Commons and House of Lords Joint Committee on Human Rights (2009).
12092:
12005:
9714:
8653:
7453:"Louder than words: An agenda for action to end state use of child soldiers"
6801:
5511:
Current Iranian law officially prohibits the recruitment of those under 16.
16559:
16328:
16316:
15806:
15690:
15623:
15603:
15593:
15583:
15553:
15010:
14914:
14812:
14652:
12742:"U.S. adds Turkey to list of countries implicated in use of child soldiers"
12486:
Israel/Occupied Territories: Palestinian armed groups must not use children
12035:
Schmitz, Cathryne L.; Traver, Elizabeth KimJin; Larson, Desi, eds. (2004).
11114:
10677:
10527:
9319:
9187:
9140:
9083:
8883:
8758:
8596:"Informed Choice? Armed forces recruitment practices in the United Kingdom"
8500:
8142:
7386:
7288:
7244:
7206:
7146:
7086:
7013:
6868:
6406:
6311:
6299:
6282:
6179:
6147:
5822:
5397:
5393:
5159:
4808:
4143:
4067:
3950:
3782:
3758:
3664:
3657:
3388:
2916:
2889:
2852:
2830:
2717:
2434:
2414:
2392:
2382:
2372:
2367:
2357:
2289:
2215:
2195:
2190:
2085:
2030:
1664:
1659:
1482:
1397:
1140:
874:
775:
572:
456:
251:
92:
13788:"'Welfare and duty of care in Armed Forces initial training 2020 to 2021'"
10434:"Central African Republic: Children brutally targeted in weekend violence"
9600:
6293:
5010:
militias have both used children in this way; some are as young as eight.
4702:
3197:
16671:
16564:
15765:
15740:
15563:
15538:
15528:
15511:
15462:
15379:
14965:
14800:
14745:
12437:
11800:"Obama waives penalties on countries that employ child soldiers – again!"
11051:
10327:
8654:
Müller, Norbert; Commission for Children's Concerns (21 September 2016).
6947:"Child soldiering: Impact on childhood development and learning capacity"
6713:
On killing: the psychological cost of learning to kill in war and society
6156:
5854:
5737:
being recruited to fight for the Syrian government against rebel forces.
5305:
5006:
4336:
4325:
4310:
4290:
4212:
4200:
4146:
or for political advantage in propaganda. In 1813 and 1814, for example,
4121:
4102:
3787:
3775:
3128:
2931:
2921:
2879:
2693:
2200:
1951:
1916:
1755:
1442:
1407:
1115:
1058:
961:
745:
446:
441:
10758:
9631:"UNICEF: Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child"
9466:
6541:
16554:
16534:
16300:
15898:
15720:
15543:
15533:
15017:
14795:
14016:
13469:"Les étapes de recrutement et conditions d'admissibilité | Sengager.fr"
12062:
10547:
7664:
6341:
6168:
5189:
invites children to begin their adult conscription early, from age 17.
4938:
4792:
4786:
4519:
4094:
3940:
3232:
2936:
2803:
2157:
2127:
1849:
1213:
32:
16067:
10646:. Newcastle upon Tyne, UK: Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 68.
8438:
Strasburger, V. C.; Wilson, Barbara J.; Jordan, Amy Beth (2013). "1".
7927:
5945:
Children can join the Italian military at age 17. (CIA Factbook 2024)
5603:, wrote about the active participation of Palestinian children in the
5028:
16224:
16016:
14705:
12186:
12141:
Conflict and Conquest in the Islamic World: A Historical Encyclopedia
10206:
9401:
8800:"Conscription by poverty? Deprivation and army recruitment in the UK"
6474:
6305:
6223:
6032:
5770:
5562:
5438:
5120:
5050:
4804:
4729:
4247:
4070:, or for political advantage in propaganda. Children (defined by the
3180:
2845:
2707:
2147:
1971:
1921:
1871:
1861:
1856:
1721:
1512:
1507:
1472:
909:
595:
562:
431:
14658:
International Labour Organization, "Child labour and armed conflict"
14102:
11677:
11650:
11527:
11443:
11360:
10309:"Child Soldiers in the East of the Democratic Republic of the Congo"
9214:"Freedom of Information request, ref. Army/PolSec/C/U/FOI2021/13445"
8015:
7959:"Report of the Secretary-General: Children and armed conflict, 2017"
7593:"Report of the Secretary-General: Children and armed conflict, 2017"
6375:
Campaigns and campaigners to end the use of children in the military
6203:
Reserve Command Honor Guard sergeant drills high school students at
5069:. The children were forced to fight in the armed conflict in Ituri.
4328:
had released nearly 2,000 children from its ranks, and in 2016, the
2862:
16599:
16544:
16197:
16050:
15903:
15608:
15457:
15357:
15005:
14835:
13676:"Russia is going to conscript 17-year-olds in occupied territories"
13331:"Pompeo blocks inclusion of Saudi Arabia on US child soldiers list"
7860:. Stanford, California: Stanford University Press. pp. 11–31.
7856:
Becker, J (2013). "Campaigning to stop the use of child soldiers".
6085:
5467:
4568:
4464:
4435:
incentivise children to join military organisations, particularly:
4344:
4270:
4147:
4090:
4086:
4059:
3770:
3328:
3272:
3224:
2884:
2729:
2584:
2490:
2162:
2137:
1770:
1402:
1377:
990:
545:
487:
399:
27:
The conscription and use of children, often adolescents, in warfare
13104:"PKK commits war crime by recruiting child soldiers in Iraq, Huma"
9469:"Protocols additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949"
8797:
8623:
6133:
Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict
5881:
5500:
4847:
Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict
4761:(SCSL) to try former combatants aged 15 and older for breaches of
4662:
Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict
4170:
Optional Protocol on the Involvement of Children in Armed Conflict
16683:
15558:
15032:
15022:
15000:
14985:
13819:"Freedom of information request, ref. Army/Sec/C/U/FOI2021/15645"
9501:"Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court (A/CONF.183/9)"
5981:
5834:
5321:. The battles between CRAC-PF and Los Ardillos caused 53 deaths.
5104:
commented on a UN report which estimated that over 50 percent of
4817:
4796:
4452:
4448:
Revenge (for example, after seeing friends and relatives killed).
4314:
4298:
4243:
4216:
4106:
3753:
2835:
2515:
2332:
2172:
2132:
1896:
1730:
1726:
1068:
1053:
929:
590:
585:
555:
474:
436:
14573:
Invisible Children—The Tragedy in Uganda, Every Child Ministries
9397:"Tenfold rise in rapes and sexual assaults on girls in military"
7956:
7590:
4714:
and youths are also offered protection under the United Nations
16678:
16232:
15675:
11509:
11084:"Child Soldiers Used by All Sides in Colombia's Armed Conflict"
5977:
5961:
Male children can volunteer to join at 17. (CIA Factbook 2024)
5830:
5816:
5581:
Children can join the Pakistan Army at 16. (CIA Factbook 2024)
5249:. The remainder fight in paramilitary ranks, predominately the
5124:
A child soldier of the Sudanese People's Liberation Army (2007)
4368:
3455:
3277:
2857:
2840:
2702:
2537:
2505:
1679:
1075:
892:
628:
14357:
11309:"In Mexico, children as young as 10 recruited by drug cartels"
8271:"Children and armed conflict: Report of the Secretary-General"
8049:"Ending the recruitment and use of children in armed conflict"
7989:"Children and armed conflict: Report of the Secretary-General"
7510:"Why 18 Matters: A rights-based analysis of child recruitment"
6026:
Army recruits aged between 16 and 17.5 train initially at the
5987:
In December 2022, Andrii Yusov, a representative of Ukraine's
5370:
U.S. ratification of the Convention on the Rights of the Child
5312:
to fight the government and the other rival cartels. Also the
15432:
14674:
13182:"Kurdish YPG militia recruiting child soldiers in Syria: HRW"
12401:
11825:"Trump administration turns its back on child soldiers again"
9531:
8210:"How many children are used for military purposes worldwide?"
6190:
5826:
5643:
5639:
5519:
4340:
4306:
4302:
4294:
4208:
4204:
2712:
2698:
2673:
1150:
686:
681:
14481:
14479:
14477:
14475:
14473:
14471:
13756:
13754:
13606:
13575:
13544:
13436:
13405:
13018:
12506:"UN accuses Israel of recruiting Palestinian child soldiers"
11624:
UN, Office of the High Commissioner of Human Rights (2018).
11590:
11210:
11179:
10885:
10708:
10458:
9736:
The Military Trial of Omar Khadr: Child Soldiers and the Law
9039:
8649:
8647:
8207:
7925:
7893:
7665:"How did Britain let 250000 underage soldiers fight in WW1?"
7542:
7507:
7450:
7414:
7029:"UK armed forces suicide and open verdict deaths: 1984–2017"
6752:
Military life: The psychology of serving in peace and combat
5811:
U.N. Special Representative for Children and Armed Conflict
4863:
Responding to the committee on the Rights of the Child, the
14648:
International Committee of the Red Cross, "Children in war"
14513:
14355:
14293:"The First Ambush: Effects of army training and employment"
13762:"UK armed forces biannual diversity statistics: April 2022"
12218:
Modern Tyrants: The Power and Prevalence of Evil in Our Age
10284:
Child soldiers global report 2004: Africa Regional overview
7767:
Little Soldiers: How Soviet Children Went to War, 1941–1945
7350:
7110:
6080:
6011:
Children from age 16 in the British Army, on parade at the
5242:
4625:
define a child associated with an armed force or group as:
4282:
4192:
2579:
2409:
426:
421:
14387:
12843:"Kurdish Militia Accused of Using Child Soldiers in Syria"
12300:"Iran's Child Soldiers in Syria | Human Rights Watch"
11476:
9843:
8406:
7858:
Campaigning for justice: Human rights advocacy in practice
7162:
6424:
5492:
The minimum age to join the Indian Army is 17 and a half.
5433:
Militias recruited thousands of child soldiers during the
5339:
ongoing insurgency in the northeastern part of the country
5004:
coalition of armed groups and the predominantly Christian
16062:
15811:
15705:
15332:
14518:
14468:
13751:
12734:
12577:"Sri Lanka: Tamil Tigers Forcibly Recruit Child Soldiers"
12353:"Last group of Maoist child soldiers discharged in Nepal"
10996:""You'll learn not to cry": Child Combatants in Colombia"
9924:"'Freedom is way better than I thought,' says Omar Khadr"
9787:"Omar Khadr's Confession Can Be Used at Guantanamo Trial"
8644:
7055:
5595:
Child suicide bombers in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
5337:
of recruit child soldiers to fight the government in the
5145:
4695:
None of the above treaties either explicitly forbids the
4567:
Military settings are characterized by elevated rates of
299:
15401:
13933:
12603:"Syrian rebels accused over child soldiers: UN official"
12028:
10584:"Guterres: Thousands of child soldiers fight in Somalia"
10523:"Kony 2012 puts child soldiers back under the spotlight"
9730:
9728:
9726:
9724:
9601:"African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child"
9599:
African Commission on Human and Peoples' Rights (2018).
7725:
Armies of the Young: Child Soldiers in War and Terrorism
6969:
5329:
The government of Paraguay accused the guerrilla groups
5217:
In Canada, people may join the reserve component of the
4966:
at 120,000 children, or 40 percent of the global total.
4913:
convenes regularly to debate, receive reports, and pass
14559:
Girl Soldiers – The cost of survival in Northern Uganda
14419:"The New Profile Report on Child Recruitment in Israel"
13641:
Eastern-Ukrainian Centre for Civil Initiatives (2016).
13264:"Saudi Arabia 'recruits Darfur children for Yemen war'"
12418:
Use of Children in the Occupied Palestinian Territories
12381:
Law and Morality in Israel's War With the PLO, New York
12110:. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. p. 2.
10673:
10671:
8437:
8353:
The Routledge Handbook of the Responsibility to Protect
7222:
6748:
6294:
Well-known cases of children used for military purposes
5054:
that the Lord's Resistance Army recruited this number.
4703:
Standards for the release and reintegration of children
4621:
defines a child as any person under the age of 18. The
4514:
and nearly nine in ten in Uganda screened positive for
14524:
12777:
2021 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices: Turkey
12559:"Human Rights Watch Interactive Map of Child Soldiers"
11558:
US Campaign to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (2007).
10800:
10637:
10635:
9269:"Sexual Misconduct in the Canadian Armed Forces, 2016"
9096:
7026:
5457:
Children can join the Army at 16. (CIA Factbook 2024)
5043:
Child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo
4963:
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
4685:
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child
4672:
African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child
4463:
The following testimony from a child recruited by the
4357:
UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs
14290:
13733:"Letter to Child Soldiers International, 4 July 2016"
13052:"Refworld | Child Soldiers Global Report 2001 – Iraq"
12633:"U.N. Report Details Abuse of Children in Syrian War"
10644:
The social problems of children in Sub-Saharan Africa
9721:
9337:. Oxford: Oxford University Press. pp. 264–269.
8798:
Child Rights International Network (21 August 2019).
7611:
7260:
7113:"Psychological adjustment during Army basic training"
5744:
on the side of the government forces loyal to Assad.
5537:
on the side of forces loyal to the Assad government.
18:
Child soldiers in the Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)
14320:
14318:
12210:
12143:. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. p. 418.
10678:
Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (2008).
10668:
8884:
Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (2001).
8668:(in German). Federal Republic of Germany: Bundestag.
7986:
6869:
Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers (2008).
6715:(revised ed.). New York: Little, Brown and Co.
6163:
particular, militant Islamist organisations such as
5197:
In Brazil the local organized crime groups, such as
4939:
Children in the military today—by region and country
4825:
UN Secretary-General for Children and Armed Conflict
4823:
Before sentencing the Special Representative to the
3710:
Supplementary Convention on the Abolition of Slavery
12530:
12034:
11716:"Old Enough to Sign Up, but Not to Fight in Battle"
10862:
10860:
10632:
10578:
10576:
10514:
9654:
Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies
9297:
8877:
8561:
UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights
8326:
Girls Associated with Armed Forces and Armed Groups
7586:
6862:
5036:
4929:
14530:Child Soldiers International, historical reports:
12626:
12624:
12391:Arab Journalist Decries Palestinian Child-Soldiers
12066:
10993:
9898:"Toews' request delays Khadr's transfer to Canada"
8953:
8180:"AFRICA: Too small to be fighting in anyone's war"
7584:
7582:
7580:
7578:
7576:
7574:
7572:
7570:
7568:
7566:
6940:
6938:
6936:
6934:
6932:
6779:
6507:Child Soldier: When Boys and Girls Are Used in War
6412:
6230:Rehabilitation and reintegration of child soldiers
6224:Rehabilitation and reintegration of child soldiers
5625:reported that there were at least nine documented
4709:Rehabilitation and reintegration of child soldiers
4597:
14315:
13208:"Syria: Armed Group Recruiting Children in Camps"
12662:
12660:
12229:"B&J": Jacob Bercovitch and Richard Jackson,
11113:
9467:International Committee of the Red Cross (1977).
9462:
9460:
8681:"Army visits London's poorest schools most often"
7982:
7980:
6559:
6557:
5163:reported multiple human rights violations by the
4901:child recruitment and use from around the world.
4835:
16821:
14017:UN Committee on the Rights of the Child (2008).
13156:"US: YPG still recruits child soldiers in Syria"
13050:Refugees, United Nations High Commissioner for.
12132:
12069:The Longest War: The Iran-Iraq Military Conflict
11939:"U.N. team to visit Myanmar over child soldiers"
11848:
11846:
10857:
10573:
10171:
8827:Cooper, Charlotte; Gee, David (21 August 2019).
8775:. American Civil Liberties Union. Archived from
8710:
8708:
7308:
7306:
7256:
7254:
6436:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
6118:Efforts were renewed during negotiations on the
4807:, and spying. The plea was offered as part of a
4683:The highest standard in the world is set by the
4650:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
4644:Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court
3825:13th Amendment to the United States Constitution
15934:Drug and precursor laws by country or territory
13992:"UK guilty of sending 'child soldiers' to Iraq"
12621:
12327:. Archived from the original on 3 January 2019.
12183:Dunnigan, A Quick and Dirty Guide to War (1991)
11626:"Reporting status for United States of America"
10349:
10347:
10345:
8715:Hagopian, Amy; Barker, Kathy (1 January 2011).
7851:
7849:
7847:
7845:
7801:
7799:
7563:
7346:
7344:
7218:
7216:
7051:
7049:
6929:
6786:. Boulder, Colorado: Lynne Rienner Publishers.
6706:
6704:
6451:United Nations Security Council Resolution 1998
6367:Returned: Child Soldiers of Nepal's Maoist Army
5991:, stated 17-year-olds have been drafted by the
5349:In the United States 17-year-olds may join the
14615:Criticism of British child soldier recruitment
14196:"Child Soldiers Are Unfortunately Nothing New"
13352:
12657:
12177:
11213:"Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 – Colombia"
10066:
10064:
10062:
10060:
10058:
9457:
9010:
9008:
8714:
8520:
8518:
8402:
8400:
8398:
7977:
7950:
7843:
7841:
7839:
7837:
7835:
7833:
7831:
7829:
7827:
7825:
7757:
7721:
7692:
7690:
7169:Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology
7106:
7104:
6965:
6963:
6898:
6896:
6894:
6892:
6554:
6403:(Countering Militarization of Youth programme)
5892:statue in the lobby of the grand staircase in
5785:children by the PKK concerning and dangerous.
5629:between October 2000 and March 2004, stating:
4995:Child soldiers in the Central African Republic
4101:has found that the enlistment and training of
15792:
15417:
14690:
14641:
14440:
14438:
14103:Committee on the Rights of the Child (2016).
13305:
13078:"PKK criticized over 'child soldiers' claims"
12825:"2023 Trafficking in Persons Report: Türkiye"
12668:"Report: Syria rebels send children into war"
12456:
12193:Dictionary of Twentieth Century World History
11843:
11678:Committee on the Rights of the Child (2017).
11651:Committee on the Rights of the Child (2012).
11528:Committee on the Rights of the Child (2008).
11444:Committee on the Rights of the Child (2016).
11204:
11151:"Colombia: Armed Groups Send Children to War"
10641:
9999:. Archived from the original on 16 April 2012
9983:
9981:
9979:
9977:
9975:
9954:"Khadr should go back to Canada: UN official"
9594:
9592:
9332:
9326:
8910:
8850:Rosenblatt, Roger (1984). "Children of War".
8705:
8317:
8016:Committee on the Rights of the Child (2016).
7303:
7251:
6744:
6742:
6740:
6674:
6592:
6590:
6481:
6236:Disarmament, demobilization and reintegration
5652:Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine
4093:, and behavioral problems such as heightened
4036:
3914:List of slavery-related memorials and museums
2297:
271:
14670:Podcast on child soldiers in the Middle East
13816:
13699:
13636:
13634:
13373:
13021:"Child Soldiers Global Report 2001 – Turkey"
12956:"Child Soldiers Global Report 2001 - Turkey"
12895:"Child soldiers in ISIS, PKK, Boko Haram..."
12807:"2022 Trafficking in Persons Report: Turkey"
12789:"2021 Trafficking in Persons Report: Turkey"
12267:
11998:
11970:
11968:
11966:
11964:
11741:"President Bush Signs Law on Child Soldiers"
11553:
11551:
11523:
11521:
11020:
10918:"Como formar crianças-soldados para o crime"
10520:
10342:
10030:
10028:
9846:"Youngest Guantanamo detainee pleads guilty"
9365:
9211:
8913:"The Logic of Child Soldiering and Coercion"
8911:Beber, Bernd; Blattman, Christopher (2013).
8619:
8617:
8265:
8263:
8203:
8201:
7921:
7919:
7917:
7889:
7887:
7885:
7796:
7728:. Rutgers University Press. pp. 54–55.
7410:
7408:
7406:
7404:
7402:
7400:
7398:
7396:
7341:
7213:
7158:
7156:
7046:
6773:
6771:
6701:
6677:"The Logic of Child Soldiering and Coercion"
6675:Beber, Bernd; Blattman, Christopher (2013).
6670:
6668:
6456:Working Group on Children and Armed Conflict
6073:As of 2018, the minimum age for joining the
5627:suicide attacks involving Palestinian minors
5591:Children in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict
5067:Patriotic Forces for the Liberation of Congo
4690:
3830:Timeline of abolition of slavery and serfdom
14416:
14324:
14096:
13348:
13346:
13344:
13281:
12990:Coalition to Stop the Use of Child Soldiers
12924:
12922:
12760:"2023 Trafficking in Persons Report: Libya"
12294:
12292:
12198:
12138:
12099:
12041:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 120.
11980:United Nations High Commission for Refugees
11866:Child Soldiers International pp. 18,159–161
11078:
11076:
10733:
10279:
10277:
10275:
10273:
10055:
9784:
9694:
9562:
9005:
8981:
8979:
8977:
8624:American Public Health Association (2012).
8589:
8587:
8585:
8515:
8395:
7822:
7687:
7659:
7657:
7655:
7653:
7651:
7649:
7538:
7536:
7534:
7532:
7530:
7446:
7444:
7442:
7440:
7438:
7101:
6960:
6889:
6777:
6637:Wessels, Michael (1997). "Child Soldiers".
4988:
15799:
15785:
15424:
15410:
14697:
14683:
14551:
14435:
14218:
13520:"Intégrer l'armée de l'Air et de l'Espace"
13323:
13130:"US report: YPG recruiting child soldiers"
11976:"Child Soldiers Global Report 2008 – Iran"
11771:"The Child Soldier Prevention Act of 2008"
10867:Global March Against Child Labour: Bolivia
10772:"Living in fear of Mugabe's green bombers"
10680:"Child Soldiers Global Report 2008: Sudan"
10452:
9972:
9947:
9945:
9589:
9388:
9016:"Has the Time Come for an All-Adult Army?"
8849:
8551:
8228:
7763:
6944:
6821:
6819:
6817:
6815:
6813:
6811:
6737:
6632:
6630:
6628:
6626:
6587:
6191:Countering the militarisation of childhood
4043:
4029:
2304:
2290:
278:
264:
14497:
14225:ICRC Commentary on Protocol I: Article 77
13879:"Armed Forces: Offences against Children"
13848:"Armed Forces: Offences against Children"
13673:
13631:
13609:"Child Soldiers World Index: Netherlands"
12930:"Iraq: Armed Groups Using Child Soldiers"
12108:Iranian Perspectives on the Iran-Iraq War
11961:
11548:
11518:
11041:
10987:
10379:
10355:"Cape Town Principles and Best Practices"
10192: (1999) Retrieved 20 July 2008.
10025:
9130:
9073:
8928:
8826:
8748:
8614:
8260:
8198:
7957:United Nations Secretary-General (2017).
7914:
7882:
7715:
7621:. Womennewsnetwork.net. 13 January 2009.
7591:United Nations Secretary-General (2017).
7393:
7368:
7278:
7196:
7153:
7128:
7003:
6825:
6768:
6692:
6665:
5971:armed conflict in Eastern Ukraine in 2014
5726:Country Reports on Human Rights Practices
4655:
4633:
4233:
4142:, or recruited for tactical advantage as
244:Movement to end the use of child soldiers
16726:World Intellectual Property Organization
15324:Post-conflict reception of war criminals
14358:"Countering the Militarisation of Youth"
13876:
13845:
13730:
13341:
12919:
12728:Al-Monitor: The Pulse of the Middle East
12630:
12404:. Special Dispatch 147, 1 November 2000.
12289:
12055:
12006:"The State of the World's Children 1996"
11875:
11510:Government of the United States (2001).
11073:
11031:. London, England: Y Care International.
10614:Roméo Dallaire Child Soldiers Initiative
10555:"The Prosecutor v. Thomas Lubanga Dyilo"
10306:
10270:
9951:
9623:
9153:
8974:
8868:
8582:
7646:
7527:
7435:
7312:
7027:UK Ministry of Defence (27 March 2018).
6782:Young soldiers: why they choose to fight
6463:, which established the Paris Principles
6194:
6142:
6084:
6081:Movement to end military use of children
6006:
5880:
5499:
5407:
5271:
5119:
5080:
5027:
4742:
4542:
4408:
3835:Abolition of slave trade in Persian gulf
3700:Advisory Committee of Experts on Slavery
3680:Brussels Anti-Slavery Conference 1889–90
1263:List of military strategies and concepts
31:
12315:
12313:
11936:
11878:"Independent Appeal: A child is reborn"
11713:
11512:No Child Left Behind Act (Section 9528)
11410:
11291:"Human Rights Watch: Child Soldier Map"
11109:
11107:
11105:
10769:
10425:
9942:
9207:
9205:
9154:Campbell, Katharine Ann (1 June 2022).
8672:
8552:Krennerich, Michael (30 October 2020).
8350:
8174:
8172:
6808:
6636:
6623:
6425:Related international law and standards
5764:(HRW), the United Nations (UN) and the
14:
16822:
16731:World Intellectual Property Indicators
16255:Fictional pornography depicting minors
15666:Complex post-traumatic stress disorder
14601:Sex slavery awaits Ugandan schoolgirls
13785:
13058:from the original on 20 September 2013
12962:from the original on 12 September 2018
12674:from the original on 25 September 2014
12321:"Iran Recruits Child Soldiers – Again"
12105:
11361:"UCDP - Uppsala Conflict Data Program"
11238:Woody, Christopher (4 February 2017).
11182:"Child Soldiers World Index: Colombia"
11086:. Human Rights Watch. 7 October 1998.
11026:
10489:
10367:from the original on 27 September 2007
9430:
9335:Military psychologists' desk reference
8951:
8678:
8524:
8473:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
8377:"4 out of 10 child soldiers are girls"
8141:
8135:
8110:
8046:
8028:from the original on 26 September 2018
7855:
6905:"Impact of armed conflict on children"
6902:
6596:
6441:Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention
5518:, male children were drafted into the
4780:
4678:Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention
4668:Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention
4602:
15780:
15405:
14678:
14622:Armies of girls caught up in conflict
14398:from the original on 13 February 2018
14368:from the original on 13 February 2018
14291:Veterans for Peace UK (3 July 2017).
14193:
13655:from the original on 11 February 2017
13607:Child Soldiers International (2018).
13578:"Child Soldiers World Index: Germany"
13576:Child Soldiers International (2018).
13545:Child Soldiers International (2018).
13437:Child Soldiers International (2018).
13408:"Child Soldiers World Index: Austria"
13406:Child Soldiers International (2018).
13387:from the original on 11 February 2012
13337:. Reuters (Washington). 18 June 2019.
13188:from the original on 12 February 2018
13162:from the original on 12 February 2018
13136:from the original on 12 February 2018
13110:from the original on 15 December 2018
13084:from the original on 16 December 2018
13019:Child Soldiers International (2001).
12645:from the original on 4 September 2017
12444:from the original on 19 December 2008
11949:from the original on 14 November 2009
11918:from the original on 16 February 2009
11908:"'My Gun Was As Tall As Me': Summary"
11888:from the original on 27 November 2010
11797:
11591:Child Soldiers International (2012).
11491:from the original on 19 February 2018
11425:from the original on 19 February 2018
11237:
11211:Child Soldiers International (2008).
11180:Child Soldiers International (2018).
11161:from the original on 13 November 2008
10994:Human Rights Watch (September 2003).
10888:"Child Soldiers World Index: Bolivia"
10886:Child Soldiers International (2018).
10782:from the original on 15 November 2017
10759:https://doi.org/10.17875/gup2020-1325
10709:Child Soldiers International (2018).
10459:Child Soldiers International (2016).
10146:
9987:
9960:from the original on 29 November 2017
9956:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
9926:. Canadian Broadcasting Corporation.
9699:. New York: Nova Science Publishers.
8632:from the original on 13 December 2017
8470:
8208:Child Soldiers International (2017).
8080:
8078:
8076:
7987:UN Secretary-General (23 June 2022).
7926:Child Soldiers International (2018).
7896:"International laws and child rights"
7894:Child Soldiers International (2017).
7543:Child Soldiers International (2016).
7508:Child Soldiers International (2018).
7451:Child Soldiers International (2012).
7415:Child Soldiers International (2017).
6710:
6431:Convention on the Rights of the Child
6268:Children in emergencies and conflicts
6120:Convention on the Rights of the Child
4876:many thousands every year. It noted:
4736:Convention on the Rights of the Child
4640:Convention on the Rights of the Child
4619:Convention on the Rights of the Child
4609:Convention on the Rights of the Child
4487:
4163:
4072:Convention on the Rights of the Child
3722:Anglo-Egyptian Slave Trade Convention
3399:Human trafficking in Papua New Guinea
236:Convention on the Rights of the Child
14751:Saint Petersburg Declaration of 1868
14504:Human Rights Watch, "Child Soldiers"
14356:War Resisters International (2018).
14303:from the original on 16 January 2018
14206:from the original on 18 January 2018
14084:from the original on 7 December 2017
14025:from the original on 24 October 2015
13798:from the original on 20 October 2021
13712:from the original on 4 December 2017
13674:Roshchina, Olena (8 December 2022).
13547:"Child Soldiers World Index: France"
13439:"Child Soldiers World Index: Cyprus"
13361:from the original on 6 February 2018
13226:
13049:
12982:"Child Soldiers: Global Report 2008"
12936:from the original on 29 January 2019
12907:from the original on 16 October 2016
12869:"Assad Issues Law on Child Soldiers"
12631:Sengupta, Somini (4 February 2014).
12310:
12285:from the original on 2 January 2019.
12061:
12016:from the original on 8 February 2018
11986:from the original on 10 October 2012
11250:from the original on 30 January 2018
11102:
10770:Meldrum, Andrew (19 February 2003).
10747:from the original on 17 August 2016.
10502:from the original on 14 January 2018
10440:from the original on 14 January 2018
10307:Rakisits, Claude (1 December 2008).
10258:from the original on 29 January 2018
10043:from the original on 29 January 2018
9930:from the original on 31 January 2016
9878:from the original on 28 October 2010
9852:from the original on 26 October 2010
9611:from the original on 21 January 2018
9544:from the original on 30 January 2018
9445:from the original on 30 October 2016
9202:
8989:. Human Rights Watch. 28 July 2016.
8831:. Child Rights International Network
8440:Children, adolescents, and the media
8419:from the original on 31 January 2018
8355:. New York: Routledge. p. 154.
8169:
8123:from the original on 17 January 2018
8092:from the original on 19 January 2018
7965:from the original on 25 January 2018
7784:from the original on 6 February 2016
7764:Kucherenko, Olga (13 January 2011).
7742:from the original on 6 February 2016
7599:from the original on 25 January 2018
6778:Brett, Rachel; Specht, Irma (2004).
6611:from the original on 30 October 2016
6575:from the original on 12 January 2018
5421:, twin brothers who jointly led the
4870:Impact of Armed Conflict on Children
4851:Committee on the Rights of the Child
4829:US military commission at Guantanamo
4592:
4551:were given military drills, May 1942
4538:
4224:Committee on the Rights of the Child
4158:
3919:Slave marriages in the United States
3518:Human trafficking in the Middle East
16714:UN Convention on the Law of the Sea
14632:The Child Soldiers of Staten Island
14525:Reference: Child soldiers worldwide
14257:
13301:from the original on 28 March 2019.
13214:from the original on 8 January 2019
12849:from the original on 23 August 2017
12609:from the original on 23 August 2017
12464:"Child Soldiers Global Report 2004"
12438:"Child soldiers in the firing line"
12242:
11854:"Child Soldiers Global Report 2004"
11477:US Army Recruiting Command (2011).
10711:"Child Soldiers World Index: Sudan"
10535:from the original on 20 August 2014
9872:"Khadr to return to Canada: lawyer"
9825:from the original on 2 October 2011
9651:
9641:from the original on 6 October 2014
9532:International Labour Organization.
9103:The Lancet Regional Health - Europe
8993:from the original on 21 August 2016
8593:
8554:"Shadow Report Child Soldiers 2020"
8442:(3rd ed.). Los Angeles: Sage.
7819:Child Soldiers International p. 292
7807:"Child Soldiers Global Report 2004"
6871:"Child Soldiers Global Report 2008"
6467:
6263:History of children in the military
5504:An Iranian child soldier after the
4945:History of children in the military
4904:
4560:recruits' pre-military experience.
4476:
4350:
4242:paramilitary organisations such as
4134:History of children in the military
3253:Human trafficking in Southeast Asia
24:
14756:Hague Conventions of 1899 and 1907
14539:Child Soldiers Global Report: 2004
14534:Child Soldiers Global Report: 2001
14175:from the original on 31 March 2018
13619:from the original on 29 March 2018
13588:from the original on 29 March 2018
13557:from the original on 29 March 2018
13449:from the original on 29 March 2018
13418:from the original on 29 March 2018
13319:from the original on 2 April 2019.
13234:"Yemen's child soldiers go to war"
12306:from the original on 30 June 2018.
12255:from the original on 21 March 2018
12245:"Death Tolls of the Iran-Iraq War"
11937:Worsnip, Patrick (4 August 2009).
11876:Sengupta, Kim (24 December 2009).
11714:Hendren, John (14 February 2003).
11686:from the original on 25 March 2018
11659:from the original on 25 March 2018
11632:from the original on 14 March 2018
11605:from the original on 25 March 2018
11536:from the original on 25 March 2018
11458:from the original on 25 March 2018
11192:from the original on 29 March 2018
11090:from the original on 18 March 2010
11042:Bjørkhaug, Ingunn (28 June 2010),
10898:from the original on 30 March 2018
10845:from the original on 30 March 2018
10686:. pp. 315–320. Archived from
10620:from the original on 29 March 2018
10590:from the original on 29 March 2018
10431:
10231:from the original on 23 March 2018
10159:from the original on 23 March 2018
9513:from the original on 18 March 2018
9279:from the original on 30 March 2018
8073:
7938:from the original on 29 March 2018
7702:Rising '44: The Battle for Warsaw,
7675:from the original on 21 March 2018
6496:
5722:2023 Trafficking in Persons Report
4442:The cultural normalization of war.
4399:
4301:and Palestine in the Middle East;
3907:last survivors of American slavery
25:
16876:
15254:Sudanese civil war (2023–present)
14582:" (Uganda), forlife-worldwide.com
14492:
14145:from the original on 23 June 2011
13244:from the original on 3 April 2010
12195:, by Jan Palmowski (Oxford, 1997)
12172:Hammond Atlas of the 20th Century
11751:from the original on 2 April 2015
11572:from the original on 22 July 2014
11008:from the original on 5 March 2016
10971:. Canadian Forces. Archived from
10803:"National youth service training"
10721:from the original on 2 April 2018
10360:. UNICEF. April 1997. p. 8.
9904:from the original on 27 July 2012
9481:from the original on 7 March 2017
9394:
9212:British Army (13 December 2021).
8886:"Global Report on Child Soldiers"
8721:American Journal of Public Health
7514:Save the Children Resource Centre
6639:Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists
6461:Free Children from War conference
6104:
6089:2008 poster by Rafaela Tasca and
6002:
5980:and 4 on territory controlled by
5314:Grupos de autodefensa comunitaria
5207:conflict against Comando Vermelho
5205:recruit children to fight in the
4983:Free Children from War conference
4613:Free Children from War conference
4504:
4429:
2868:Field slaves in the United States
2735:Slavery in the Rashidun Caliphate
16741:International copyright treaties
15386:
15385:
15197:Myanmar civil war (2021–present)
14608:Ugandan army recruiting children
14410:
14380:
14349:
14284:
14251:
14187:
14157:
14127:
14063:
14037:
14010:
13984:
13958:
13927:
13901:
13870:
13839:
13817:British Army (11 January 2022).
13810:
13779:
13724:
13693:
13667:
13600:
13569:
13538:
13512:
13487:
13461:
13430:
13399:
13256:
13200:
13174:
13148:
13122:
13096:
13070:
13043:
13012:
12974:
12948:
12887:
12861:
12835:
12817:
12799:
12781:
12770:
12752:
12716:
12686:
12595:
12569:
12551:
12539:from the original on 25 May 2018
12524:
12498:
12479:
12430:
12407:
12384:
12375:
12345:
12236:
12223:
12165:
11930:
11900:
11869:
11817:
11791:
11763:
11733:
11707:
11698:
11671:
11644:
11617:
11584:
11503:
11470:
11437:
11413:"2015–16 Pocket Recruiter Guide"
11404:
11378:
11353:
11327:
11301:
11283:
11262:
11231:
11173:
11143:
11035:
10969:"Basic Eligibility Requirements"
10935:
10910:
10879:
10827:
10794:
10763:
10751:
10702:
10602:
10483:
10461:"Des Milliers de vies à réparer"
10397:
10300:
10243:
10213:
10195:
10140:
10094:
8987:"Children Detained in War Zones"
8147:"Facing Saddam's Child Soldiers"
7625:from the original on 23 May 2012
6988:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2016.0600
6945:Boothby, N; et al. (2010).
6917:from the original on 8 July 2017
6138:
5701:Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam
5599:William O'Brien, a professor of
5460:
5344:
5037:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4930:United Nations Secretary-General
4279:Democratic Republic of the Congo
4189:Democratic Republic of the Congo
2745:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
2740:Slavery in the Umayyad Caliphate
2569:Slavery in the Abbasid Caliphate
2339:
317:
103:Rehabilitation and reintegration
37:Child Soldier in the Ivory Coast
15281:Yemeni civil war (2014–present)
14115:from the original on 7 May 2017
13846:Docherty, Leo (14 April 2022).
12139:Mikaberidze, Alexander (2011).
12073:. New York: Routledge. p.
10801:Solidarity Peace Trust (2003).
10178:United Nations Security Council
10147:Lynch, Colum (16 August 2017).
10112:(6): 1285–1297. November 2000.
9916:
9890:
9864:
9837:
9805:
9778:
9759:
9688:
9556:
9525:
9493:
9424:
9368:"Sexual harassment 2021 report"
9359:
9291:
9260:
9234:
9172:10.1136/bmjmilitary-2022-002149
9147:
9090:
9033:
8945:
8904:
8862:
8843:
8820:
8791:
8765:
8545:
8464:
8431:
8369:
8344:
8288:
8104:
8040:
8009:
7722:David M. Rosen (January 2005).
7637:
7501:
7471:
7020:
6505:Humphreys, Jessica Dee (2015).
6413:Related crimes against children
5839:Yemeni Civil War (2015–present)
5747:
5021:year, mostly attributed to the
4911:United Nations Security Council
4791:In the US, prosecutors charged
4598:Recruitment and use of children
4111:stress-related mental disorders
3695:Committee of Experts on Slavery
3246:East, Southeast, and South Asia
16803:List of international rankings
16777:Separation of church and state
15833:Candidacy for political office
14704:
14194:Eigen, L D (3 November 2009).
13934:Child Soldiers International.
12510:The Jerusalem Post | JPost.com
11798:Rogin, Josh (4 October 2011).
10521:Smith, David (16 March 2012).
9813:"USvKhadr Stipulation of Fact"
8241:. UNICEF. 2003. Archived from
7961:. United Nations. p. 41.
6659:10.1080/00963402.1997.11456787
6446:International humanitarian law
6109:
6068:
5948:
5833:), and Yemen to fight against
5781:(PUK) had recruited children.
5676:
5428:
5130:Sudan People's Liberation Army
5112:was also recruiting children.
4921:, was passed in 1999. In 2004
4836:The role of the United Nations
4759:Special Court for Sierra Leone
4749:Special Court for Sierra Leone
4547:Elementary school students in
4512:post-traumatic stress disorder
3394:Slave raiding in Easter Island
139:Post-traumatic stress disorder
13:
1:
15448:Adverse childhood experiences
14171:. New Zealand Defence Force.
13877:Docherty, Leo (16 May 2022).
12279:The Christian Science Monitor
10106:International Legal Materials
9874:. CBC News. 25 October 2010.
9785:Jane Sutton (9 August 2010).
9046:British Journal of Psychiatry
8485:10.1016/s0149-7634(00)00014-2
7280:10.1016/s0140-6736(13)60354-2
6840:10.1080/03071847.2016.1265837
6547:
5683:Moro Islamic Liberation Front
5452:
5444:
5389:Child Soldiers Protection Act
4886:UN Commission on Human Rights
4858:UN Commission on Human Rights
4840:
4723:
4322:Moro Islamic Liberation Front
16127:Legality of assisted suicide
14818:International Criminal Court
14450:Child Soldiers International
14260:Spectacle Reality Resistance
13940:Child Soldiers International
12531:UN Security Council (2013).
10684:Child Soldiers International
10465:Child Soldiers International
10288:Child Soldiers International
9952:CBC News (27 October 2010).
9115:10.1016/j.lanepe.2022.100448
8563:. p. 24. Archived from
7928:"Child Soldiers World Index"
7479:"Child Soldiers World Index"
7237:10.1016/j.addbeh.2011.01.023
6490:Life does not lose its value
6381:Child Soldiers International
6241:Child Soldiers International
6218:War Resisters' International
6055:
5779:Patriotic Union of Kurdistan
5688:
5584:
5283:
4529:
4376:Child Soldiers International
4168:The adoption in 2000 of the
4151:Middle East. Only since the
3685:Temporary Slavery Commission
3346:Slavery in the Mongol Empire
175:Democratic Republic of Congo
7:
16260:Simulated child pornography
15227:Russian invasion of Ukraine
13731:Mordaunt, P (4 July 2016).
13613:childsoldiersworldindex.org
13582:childsoldiersworldindex.org
13551:childsoldiersworldindex.org
13443:childsoldiersworldindex.org
13412:childsoldiersworldindex.org
11186:childsoldiersworldindex.org
10892:childsoldiersworldindex.org
10715:childsoldiersworldindex.org
10467:(in French). Archived from
8276:. UN Security Council. 2023
8236:"Factsheet: Child Soldiers"
7932:childsoldiersworldindex.org
7417:"Where are child soldiers?"
6401:War Resisters International
6251:
6101:is difficult to influence.
5974:Justice for Peace at Donbas
5695:Child soldiers in Sri Lanka
5576:
5324:
5224:
5175:
5170:
5152:
5063:Union of Congolese Patriots
3705:Ad Hoc Committee on Slavery
2750:Volga Bulgarian slave trade
1761:Military–industrial complex
1235:Operational manoeuvre group
10:
16881:
16619:Legality of cryptocurrency
15956:Legal status of Mephedrone
15201:Nagorno-Karabakh conflict
14642:International institutions
13786:Ofsted (20 October 2021).
13238:United Press International
12038:Child Labor: A Global View
9900:. CBC News. 20 July 2012.
9695:John-Peter., Pham (2005).
9300:Clinical Psychology Review
8917:International Organization
8296:"I wanted to take revenge"
8111:UNICEF (4 December 2017).
7327:10.1177/0095327x0503100206
7315:Armed Forces & Society
6681:International Organization
6509:. Toronto: Kids Can Press
6256:
6233:
6227:
6050:
5964:
5932:
5908:
5900:
5825:hired child soldiers from
5692:
5588:
5556:
5506:liberation of Khorramshahr
5485:
5412:Young Khmer Rouge fighters
5183:
5092:
5088:
5040:
4992:
4954:
4844:
4784:
4746:
4727:
4706:
4665:
4659:
4637:
4606:
4497:
4491:
4131:
4127:
3890:Great Dismal Swamp maroons
3727:Anti-Slavery International
3492:North Africa and West Asia
16797:
16749:
16692:
16627:
16580:
16520:
16490:
16450:
16413:Censorship of LGBT issues
16359:
16309:
16223:
16196:
16170:
16137:
16104:
15961:Legal status of Methylone
15924:
15825:
15656:Abusive power and control
15638:
15439:
15431:
15372:
15301:
15142:
15051:
14927:
14878:Joint criminal enterprise
14828:
14808:Responsibility to protect
14736:
14725:
14712:
14327:"Military Out of Schools"
14141:. Department of Defence.
12337:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
11027:Thomas, Virginia (2008).
10872:27 September 2007 at the
10642:Hollingsworth, J (2013).
10118:10.1017/s0020782900009335
10017:: CS1 maint: unfit URL (
9771:23 September 2015 at the
9666:10.1163/18781527-00501008
9312:10.1016/j.cpr.2005.05.009
9267:Canada, Statcan (2016).
9058:10.1192/bjp.bp.113.134627
8930:10.1017/s0020818312000409
7770:. OUP Oxford. p. 3.
7181:10.1007/s00127-016-1177-8
7071:10.1017/s0033291714002980
6694:10.1017/s0020818312000409
6542:Child Soldiers in Context
6336:Mohammad Hossein Fahmideh
6288:Stress in early childhood
6174:
6075:New Zealand Defence Force
5956:
5924:
5916:
5864:
5775:Tabura Zaroken Sehit Agit
5548:
5540:
5528:Mohammad Hossein Fahmideh
5299:
5212:
5192:
5139:
5095:Child soldiers in Somalia
4950:
4691:Limitations and loopholes
4494:Impact of war on children
3991:Emancipation Proclamation
3658:Opposition and resistance
3416:Sex trafficking in Europe
3404:Blackbirding in Polynesia
2967:Trans-Saharan slave trade
1825:Loss-of-strength gradient
677:Combat information center
16835:Children in the military
16595:Mergers and acquisitions
16463:Children in the military
16117:Law enforcement killings
15731:Psychological projection
15594:Referee and umpire abuse
14663:
14592:11 February 2017 at the
14568:", womennewsnetwork.net.
14509:UNICEF, "Child Soldiers"
13008:– via justice.gov.
12106:Rajaee, Farhang (1997).
10316:Refugee Survey Quarterly
9752:22 December 2008 at the
8869:Dallaire, Roméo (2011).
8733:10.2105/ajph.2009.183418
8351:Whitman, Shelly (2012).
7370:10.7205/milmed.170.8.705
7130:10.7205/milmed.171.2.157
6711:Dave., Grossman (2009).
6484:La vita non perde valore
6125:
6062:Australian Defence Force
5940:
5806:
5758:Kurdistan Workers' Party
5754:Kurdish–Turkish conflict
5706:
5667:Palestinian armed groups
5665:reiterated its calls to
5568:
5481:
5358:No Child Left Behind Act
5291:
5231:Colombian armed conflict
5115:
5072:
4989:Central African Republic
4957:Child soldiers in Africa
4874:psychiatrically injuring
4755:Sierra Leonean Civil War
4275:Central African Republic
4222:The United Nations (UN)
4185:Central African Republic
4117:, and violent behavior.
4056:Children in the military
3766:Compensated emancipation
2977:Indian Ocean slave trade
2143:Military science fiction
1628:Technology and equipment
1044:List of military tactics
170:Central African Republic
16721:Antarctic Treaty System
16435:Video gaming censorship
16384:Cartographic censorship
15843:Criminal responsibility
15348:Crimes against humanity
15192:Libyan civil war (2011)
15043:Wartime sexual violence
14991:Human trophy collecting
14976:Enforced disappearances
14552:Testimony and reportage
14544:Louder than words: 2012
14262:. London: ForcesWatch.
14245:13 October 2007 at the
14230:13 October 2007 at the
13353:United Nations (2018).
12423:30 October 2007 at the
10390:14 January 2018 at the
7708:6 February 2016 at the
6419:Trafficking of children
6028:Army Foundation College
6013:Army Foundation College
5888:(1851). Replica of the
5495:
5488:Child soldiers in India
5403:
5264:
4573:Army Foundation College
4252:terrorist organizations
3690:1926 Slavery Convention
3446:Germany in World War II
3063:North and South America
2585:Contract of manumission
2211:Wartime sexual violence
1967:Full-spectrum dominance
1778:Supply-chain management
16767:National legal systems
16334:International adoption
16112:Legality of euthanasia
14996:Indiscriminate attacks
14981:Extrajudicial killings
14852:Command responsibility
14498:Advocacy and campaigns
14388:"Stop Recruiting Kids"
14047:. 2016. Archived from
13499:www.lamarinerecrute.fr
13495:"Questions fréquentes"
11565:. Human Rights Watch.
10394:, UNICEF press release
10078:. 2000. Archived from
9988:Brett, Rachel (2005).
8960:. New York: Pantheon.
8952:Singer, Peter (2005).
7059:Psychological Medicine
6482:
6212:
6151:
6099:non-state armed groups
6093:
6016:
5897:
5801:People's Defense Units
5656:
5622:
5508:
5419:Johnny and Luther Htoo
5413:
5280:
5165:National Youth Service
5125:
5033:
5023:Lord's Resistance Army
4882:
4771:
4757:, the UN mandated the
4656:Children aged under 18
4634:Children aged under 15
4631:
4582:
4552:
4474:
4234:Non-state armed groups
4203:in Africa; Palestine,
4153:turn of the millennium
4064:non-state armed groups
3171:British Virgin Islands
2723:Circassian slave trade
2689:Safavid imperial harem
2684:Ottoman Imperial Harem
2123:Awards and decorations
2096:Peace through strength
2071:Low-intensity conflict
1705:Conscientious objector
1578:Area of responsibility
44:
16789:World Justice Project
16423:Television censorship
16367:Censorship by country
16215:Size of police forces
15701:Just-world hypothesis
15453:Anti-social behaviour
15319:List of global issues
15154:Gaza–Israel conflict
14971:Desecration of graves
14951:Collective punishment
14596:(Ukraine), jfp.org.ua
14297:Veterans For Peace UK
13700:British Army (2018).
12831:on 17 September 2023.
12766:on 13 September 2023.
12440:. BBC. 8 April 2001.
12325:World Affairs Journal
12204:Clodfelter, Micheal,
10490:UNICEF (5 May 2015).
9747:Crimes of War Project
9366:British army (2021).
8679:Gee, D.; Goodman, A.
8151:Brookings Institution
6198:
6146:
6088:
6036:report in July 2022.
6010:
5884:
5859:US Secretary of State
5766:Amnesty International
5663:Amnesty International
5631:
5617:
5601:Georgetown University
5503:
5411:
5275:
5123:
5081:Sao Tome and Principe
5031:
4878:
4845:Further information:
4767:
4743:Example: Sierra Leone
4728:Further information:
4666:Further information:
4627:
4577:
4546:
4524:anti-social behaviour
4492:Further information:
4469:
4451:Expectations that a "
4409:Psychological factors
4391:It is estimated that
4313:in Central Asia; and
4262:, and other types of
4215:in Central Asia; and
3410:Europe and North Asia
3370:Australia and Oceania
3070:Pre-Columbian America
2642:Slave raid of Suðuroy
2574:Slavery in al-Andalus
2496:Black Sea slave trade
2425:21st-century jihadism
710:Torpedo data computer
700:Ship gun fire-control
35:
16704:International waters
16418:Political censorship
16267:Internet pornography
15966:Legal status of MPDV
15880:Mandatory retirement
15736:Psychological trauma
15374:‡ Does not apply to
15353:Crimes of aggression
15335:international crimes
15239:Sri Lankan Civil War
15038:Use of human shields
14936:humanitarian workers
14580:Children of Karamoja
14417:New Profile (2004).
14325:ForcesWatch (2018).
14109:tbinternet.ohchr.org
12932:. 22 December 2016.
12795:on 20 February 2023.
12491:11 July 2007 at the
12470:on 17 December 2004.
12396:11 July 2007 at the
12302:. 30 November 2017.
11860:on 17 December 2004.
11479:"Recruiter handbook"
11390:www.lavanguardia.com
11270:"The World Factbook"
11219:on 23 September 2013
11157:. 22 February 2005.
11117:(Winter 2005–2006).
11052:10.2139/ssrn.1650250
10743:. 9 September 2015.
9637:. 30 November 2005.
9563:Geneva Call (2012).
8061:on 26 September 2018
8022:tbinternet.ohchr.org
7813:on 17 December 2004.
7712:Pan Books 2004 p.603
5997:occupied territories
5989:Defence Intelligence
5813:Radhika Coomaraswamy
5717:Syrian National Army
5472:United Wa State Army
5319:Beltrán Leyva Cartel
5278:Salvadoran Civil War
5110:Somali National Army
5059:Thomas Lubanga Dyilo
4445:Seeking new friends.
4384:UN Secretary General
4317:in South East Asia.
4260:liberation movements
4219:in South East Asia.
3865:Indentured servitude
3793:Underground Railroad
3593:United Arab Emirates
2982:Zanzibar slave trade
2949:By country or region
2762:Atlantic slave trade
2664:Ma malakat aymanukum
2548:Venetian slave trade
2241:Military occupations
2076:Military engineering
1978:Unrestricted Warfare
1835:Force multiplication
728:Military manoeuvrers
16840:Human rights abuses
16635:Corporal punishment
16612:Corporate liability
16492:Freedom of movement
16401:Internet censorship
16322:Minors and abortion
16122:Legality of suicide
16075:Psilocybin mushroom
15944:Alcohol consumption
15646:Abusive supervision
15574:Psychological abuse
15549:Institutional abuse
15217:Russo-Ukrainian War
14845:Civilian casualties
14564:23 May 2012 at the
14238:¶ 3183–3191 also ¶
14072:"Children's Rights"
12565:on 1 November 2008.
12281:. 28 October 1987.
11778:US State Department
11297:on 1 November 2008.
11131:on 29 November 2008
10841:. 30 January 2018.
10815:on 5 September 2008
10616:. 30 January 2017.
9818:. 25 October 2010.
9741:12 May 2008 at the
9734:Lauren McCollough,
9160:BMJ Military Health
8873:. New York: Walker.
8602:on 13 December 2017
8533:on 15 November 2019
8157:on 12 February 2010
8145:(14 January 2003).
7225:Addictive Behaviors
6651:1997BuAtS..53f..32W
6492:), documentary film
6205:Jackson High School
5372:has not happened).
5065:and its armed wing
5013:In May 2015 at the
4865:UN General Assembly
4781:Example: Omar Khadr
4753:In the wake of the
4603:Definition of child
4256:guerrilla movements
4122:third-world nations
3956:Slave Route Project
3082:Americas indigenous
2972:Red Sea slave trade
2962:Contemporary Africa
2825:Topics and practice
2595:Crimean slave trade
2590:Bukhara slave trade
2543:Genoese slave trade
2420:Contemporary Africa
2400:Forced prostitution
1927:Penal military unit
1912:Rules of engagement
1588:Command and control
1208:Operations research
672:Director (military)
662:Fire-control system
412:Command and control
293:Part of a series on
16855:Military sociology
16850:Military personnel
16289:Child sexual abuse
15808:Lists of countries
15726:Playing the victim
15619:Surveillance abuse
15569:Professional abuse
15490:Cruelty to animals
15314:War crime apologia
15234:Second Chechen War
14928:War crimes by type
14888:Military necessity
14883:Medical neutrality
14801:Protocol II (1977)
14766:Geneva Conventions
14717:List of war crimes
14362:antimili-youth.net
14135:"Age & Gender"
13826:whatdotheyknow.com
13240:. 6 January 2010.
13031:on 29 October 2014
12638:The New York Times
12583:. 11 November 2004
12581:Human Rights Watch
12243:Kurzman, Charles.
11912:Human Rights Watch
11747:. 3 October 2008.
11745:Human Rights Watch
11155:Human Rights Watch
10975:on 13 October 2007
10922:outraspalavras.net
10471:on 15 January 2018
10413:. 12 February 2024
10328:10.1093/rsq/hdn054
10254:. United Nations.
10039:. United Nations.
9221:whatdotheyknow.com
8383:. 12 February 2015
8248:on 4 November 2004
8216:on 26 January 2018
8088:. United Nations.
7902:on 2 February 2018
7595:. United Nations.
7483:Dallaire Institute
7423:on 1 February 2018
6903:Machel, G (1996).
6877:on 10 October 2018
6478:, documentary film
6370:(documentary film)
6213:
6201:United States Army
6152:
6094:
6017:
5898:
5886:The brave Righetto
5878:during the 1990s.
5790:Human Rights Watch
5762:Human Rights Watch
5509:
5414:
5383:In 2008 President
5281:
5203:Brazilian militias
5126:
5034:
5000:The mainly Muslim
4584:Elevated rates of
4553:
4488:Impact on children
4455:" role provides a
4333:guerrilla movement
4273:in South America;
4164:State armed forces
4058:, including state
3732:Blockade of Africa
3039:Somali slave trade
2955:Sub-Saharan Africa
2647:Turkish Abductions
2605:Khivan slave trade
2600:Khazar slave trade
2553:Balkan slave trade
2511:Prague slave trade
2036:Counter-insurgency
1957:Command of the sea
1902:Jewish laws on war
1877:Geneva Conventions
1413:Divide and conquer
1203:Military operation
1168:Tactical objective
667:Fire-control radar
644:Electronic-warfare
45:
16817:
16816:
16736:Foreign ownership
16480:Human trafficking
16475:Same-sex marriage
16458:Children's rights
16250:Child pornography
16188:Life imprisonment
15774:
15773:
15751:Traumatic bonding
15399:
15398:
15368:
15367:
15309:War crimes trials
15143:War crimes by war
14923:
14922:
14903:Protected persons
14796:Protocol I (1977)
13998:. 3 February 2007
13889:on 16 August 2022
13858:on 16 August 2022
13297:. 27 March 2019.
13268:www.aljazeera.com
13210:. 3 August 2018.
12875:on 6 October 2014
12275:"Children at war"
11831:. 4 November 2019
11720:Los Angeles Times
11341:. 7 February 2020
11315:. 14 October 2021
11124:American Educator
10949:. 7 February 2022
9344:978-0-19-992826-2
8852:American Educator
8570:on 31 August 2022
8362:978-0-415-60075-0
7777:978-0-19-161099-8
7735:978-0-8135-3568-5
7489:on 19 August 2022
7357:Military Medicine
7273:(9870): 907–917.
7117:Military Medicine
6565:"Children at war"
6515:978-1-77138-126-0
6330:Himeyuri students
6273:Children's rights
5876:First Chechen War
5829:(especially from
5609:Molotov cocktails
5400:administrations.
5362:Children's rights
4593:International law
4586:sexual harassment
4539:Military training
4309:in Western Asia;
4228:military training
4211:in Western Asia;
4159:Current situation
4053:
4052:
4003:Freedmen's Bureau
3820:Third Servile War
3815:International law
3382:Human trafficking
3144:Human trafficking
2819:Thirteen colonies
2637:Sack of Baltimore
2405:Human trafficking
2314:
2313:
2206:Horses in warfare
2153:Anti-war movement
2056:Gunboat diplomacy
2046:Disaster response
1994:Philosophy of war
1989:Principles of war
1962:Deterrence theory
1907:Right of conquest
1830:Lanchester's laws
1598:Principles of war
1288:Counter-offensive
1268:Military campaign
1173:Target saturation
1096:Counterinsurgency
705:Gun data computer
639:Close air support
601:Aircraft carriers
288:
287:
231:Optional protocol
16:(Redirected from
16872:
16808:Lists by country
16662:Police brutality
16087:Salvia divinorum
16005:Amanita mushroom
15801:
15794:
15787:
15778:
15777:
15614:Structural abuse
15589:Police brutality
15495:Disability abuse
15426:
15419:
15412:
15403:
15402:
15389:
15388:
15330:
15329:
15244:Syrian civil war
15187:2006 Lebanon War
15150:Afghanistan wars
14893:Prisoners of war
14734:
14733:
14729:humanitarian law
14699:
14692:
14685:
14676:
14675:
14575:", ecmafrica.org
14486:
14483:
14466:
14465:
14463:
14461:
14452:. Archived from
14442:
14433:
14432:
14430:
14428:
14423:
14414:
14408:
14407:
14405:
14403:
14384:
14378:
14377:
14375:
14373:
14353:
14347:
14346:
14344:
14342:
14333:. Archived from
14322:
14313:
14312:
14310:
14308:
14288:
14282:
14281:
14255:
14249:
14222:
14216:
14215:
14213:
14211:
14191:
14185:
14184:
14182:
14180:
14161:
14155:
14154:
14152:
14150:
14131:
14125:
14124:
14122:
14120:
14100:
14094:
14093:
14091:
14089:
14083:
14076:
14067:
14061:
14060:
14058:
14056:
14041:
14035:
14034:
14032:
14030:
14014:
14008:
14007:
14005:
14003:
13996:www.scotsman.com
13988:
13982:
13981:
13979:
13977:
13962:
13956:
13955:
13953:
13951:
13946:on 18 April 2018
13942:. Archived from
13931:
13925:
13924:
13922:
13920:
13905:
13899:
13898:
13896:
13894:
13885:. Archived from
13874:
13868:
13867:
13865:
13863:
13854:. Archived from
13843:
13837:
13836:
13834:
13832:
13823:
13814:
13808:
13807:
13805:
13803:
13783:
13777:
13776:
13774:
13772:
13758:
13749:
13748:
13746:
13744:
13735:. Archived from
13728:
13722:
13721:
13719:
13717:
13697:
13691:
13690:
13688:
13686:
13680:Ukrainska Pravda
13671:
13665:
13664:
13662:
13660:
13654:
13647:
13638:
13629:
13628:
13626:
13624:
13604:
13598:
13597:
13595:
13593:
13573:
13567:
13566:
13564:
13562:
13542:
13536:
13535:
13533:
13531:
13516:
13510:
13509:
13507:
13505:
13491:
13485:
13484:
13482:
13480:
13465:
13459:
13458:
13456:
13454:
13434:
13428:
13427:
13425:
13423:
13403:
13397:
13396:
13394:
13392:
13377:
13371:
13370:
13368:
13366:
13350:
13339:
13338:
13327:
13321:
13320:
13309:
13303:
13302:
13285:
13279:
13278:
13276:
13274:
13260:
13254:
13253:
13251:
13249:
13230:
13224:
13223:
13221:
13219:
13204:
13198:
13197:
13195:
13193:
13178:
13172:
13171:
13169:
13167:
13158:. 28 June 2017.
13152:
13146:
13145:
13143:
13141:
13132:. 28 June 2017.
13126:
13120:
13119:
13117:
13115:
13100:
13094:
13093:
13091:
13089:
13074:
13068:
13067:
13065:
13063:
13047:
13041:
13040:
13038:
13036:
13027:. Archived from
13016:
13010:
13009:
13007:
13005:
12999:
12993:. Archived from
12986:
12978:
12972:
12971:
12969:
12967:
12952:
12946:
12945:
12943:
12941:
12926:
12917:
12916:
12914:
12912:
12906:
12899:
12891:
12885:
12884:
12882:
12880:
12871:. Archived from
12865:
12859:
12858:
12856:
12854:
12845:. 15 July 2015.
12839:
12833:
12832:
12827:. Archived from
12821:
12815:
12814:
12813:on 31 July 2023.
12809:. Archived from
12803:
12797:
12796:
12791:. Archived from
12785:
12779:
12774:
12768:
12767:
12762:. Archived from
12756:
12750:
12749:
12738:
12732:
12731:
12720:
12714:
12713:
12711:
12709:
12700:. Archived from
12690:
12684:
12683:
12681:
12679:
12664:
12655:
12654:
12652:
12650:
12628:
12619:
12618:
12616:
12614:
12599:
12593:
12592:
12590:
12588:
12573:
12567:
12566:
12561:. Archived from
12555:
12549:
12548:
12546:
12544:
12528:
12522:
12521:
12519:
12517:
12502:
12496:
12483:
12477:
12475:
12471:
12466:. Archived from
12460:
12454:
12453:
12451:
12449:
12434:
12428:
12411:
12405:
12388:
12382:
12379:
12373:
12372:
12370:
12368:
12363:on 14 April 2019
12359:. Archived from
12349:
12343:
12342:
12336:
12328:
12317:
12308:
12307:
12296:
12287:
12286:
12271:
12265:
12264:
12262:
12260:
12249:kurzman.unc.edu/
12240:
12234:
12227:
12221:
12216:Chirot, Daniel:
12214:
12208:
12202:
12196:
12190:
12184:
12181:
12175:
12174:(1999) P. 134–35
12169:
12163:
12162:
12136:
12130:
12129:
12103:
12097:
12096:
12072:
12059:
12053:
12052:
12032:
12026:
12025:
12023:
12021:
12002:
11996:
11995:
11993:
11991:
11972:
11959:
11958:
11956:
11954:
11934:
11928:
11927:
11925:
11923:
11904:
11898:
11897:
11895:
11893:
11873:
11867:
11865:
11861:
11856:. Archived from
11850:
11841:
11840:
11838:
11836:
11821:
11815:
11814:
11812:
11810:
11795:
11789:
11788:
11786:
11784:
11775:
11767:
11761:
11760:
11758:
11756:
11737:
11731:
11730:
11728:
11726:
11711:
11705:
11702:
11696:
11695:
11693:
11691:
11675:
11669:
11668:
11666:
11664:
11648:
11642:
11641:
11639:
11637:
11621:
11615:
11614:
11612:
11610:
11604:
11597:
11588:
11582:
11581:
11579:
11577:
11571:
11564:
11555:
11546:
11545:
11543:
11541:
11525:
11516:
11515:
11507:
11501:
11500:
11498:
11496:
11490:
11483:
11474:
11468:
11467:
11465:
11463:
11457:
11450:
11441:
11435:
11434:
11432:
11430:
11424:
11417:
11411:US Army (2016).
11408:
11402:
11401:
11399:
11397:
11392:. 28 August 2015
11382:
11376:
11375:
11373:
11371:
11357:
11351:
11350:
11348:
11346:
11331:
11325:
11324:
11322:
11320:
11305:
11299:
11298:
11293:. Archived from
11287:
11281:
11280:
11278:
11276:
11266:
11260:
11259:
11257:
11255:
11244:Business Insider
11235:
11229:
11228:
11226:
11224:
11215:. Archived from
11208:
11202:
11201:
11199:
11197:
11177:
11171:
11170:
11168:
11166:
11147:
11141:
11140:
11138:
11136:
11127:. Archived from
11119:"Child Soldiers"
11111:
11100:
11099:
11097:
11095:
11080:
11071:
11070:
11039:
11033:
11032:
11024:
11018:
11017:
11015:
11013:
11007:
11000:
10991:
10985:
10984:
10982:
10980:
10965:
10959:
10958:
10956:
10954:
10939:
10933:
10932:
10930:
10928:
10914:
10908:
10907:
10905:
10903:
10883:
10877:
10864:
10855:
10854:
10852:
10850:
10839:My Zimbabwe News
10831:
10825:
10824:
10822:
10820:
10814:
10808:. Archived from
10807:
10798:
10792:
10791:
10789:
10787:
10767:
10761:
10755:
10749:
10748:
10737:
10731:
10730:
10728:
10726:
10706:
10700:
10699:
10697:
10695:
10675:
10666:
10665:
10639:
10630:
10629:
10627:
10625:
10606:
10600:
10599:
10597:
10595:
10580:
10571:
10570:
10568:
10566:
10561:on 19 March 2014
10557:. Archived from
10551:
10545:
10544:
10542:
10540:
10518:
10512:
10511:
10509:
10507:
10487:
10481:
10480:
10478:
10476:
10456:
10450:
10449:
10447:
10445:
10429:
10423:
10422:
10420:
10418:
10410:Associated Press
10401:
10395:
10383:
10377:
10376:
10374:
10372:
10366:
10359:
10351:
10340:
10339:
10313:
10304:
10298:
10281:
10268:
10267:
10265:
10263:
10247:
10241:
10240:
10238:
10236:
10217:
10211:
10210:
10209:. 22 April 2004.
10199:
10193:
10190:S/RES/1261(1999)
10175:
10169:
10168:
10166:
10164:
10144:
10138:
10137:
10098:
10092:
10091:
10089:
10087:
10068:
10053:
10052:
10050:
10048:
10032:
10023:
10022:
10016:
10008:
10006:
10004:
9994:
9985:
9970:
9969:
9967:
9965:
9949:
9940:
9939:
9937:
9935:
9920:
9914:
9913:
9911:
9909:
9894:
9888:
9887:
9885:
9883:
9868:
9862:
9861:
9859:
9857:
9841:
9835:
9834:
9832:
9830:
9824:
9817:
9809:
9803:
9802:
9800:
9798:
9793:on 6 August 2018
9789:. Archived from
9782:
9776:
9763:
9757:
9732:
9719:
9718:
9692:
9686:
9685:
9660:(1–2): 213–257.
9650:
9648:
9646:
9627:
9621:
9620:
9618:
9616:
9596:
9587:
9586:
9584:
9582:
9577:on 22 March 2015
9576:
9570:. Archived from
9569:
9560:
9554:
9553:
9551:
9549:
9529:
9523:
9522:
9520:
9518:
9512:
9505:
9497:
9491:
9490:
9488:
9486:
9480:
9473:
9464:
9455:
9454:
9452:
9450:
9444:
9437:
9428:
9422:
9421:
9419:
9417:
9392:
9386:
9385:
9383:
9381:
9372:
9363:
9357:
9356:
9330:
9324:
9323:
9295:
9289:
9288:
9286:
9284:
9264:
9258:
9257:
9255:
9253:
9238:
9232:
9231:
9229:
9227:
9218:
9209:
9200:
9199:
9151:
9145:
9144:
9134:
9094:
9088:
9087:
9077:
9037:
9031:
9030:
9028:
9026:
9012:
9003:
9002:
9000:
8998:
8983:
8972:
8971:
8959:
8949:
8943:
8942:
8932:
8908:
8902:
8901:
8899:
8897:
8888:. Archived from
8881:
8875:
8874:
8866:
8860:
8859:
8847:
8841:
8840:
8838:
8836:
8824:
8818:
8817:
8815:
8813:
8804:
8795:
8789:
8788:
8786:
8784:
8769:
8763:
8762:
8752:
8712:
8703:
8702:
8700:
8698:
8692:
8686:. Archived from
8685:
8676:
8670:
8669:
8667:
8651:
8642:
8641:
8639:
8637:
8621:
8612:
8611:
8609:
8607:
8598:. Archived from
8594:Gee, D. (2008).
8591:
8580:
8579:
8577:
8575:
8569:
8558:
8549:
8543:
8542:
8540:
8538:
8529:. Archived from
8522:
8513:
8512:
8468:
8462:
8461:
8435:
8429:
8428:
8426:
8424:
8404:
8393:
8392:
8390:
8388:
8373:
8367:
8366:
8348:
8342:
8341:
8339:
8337:
8331:
8321:
8315:
8314:
8309:
8307:
8292:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8281:
8275:
8267:
8258:
8257:
8255:
8253:
8247:
8240:
8232:
8226:
8225:
8223:
8221:
8212:. Archived from
8205:
8196:
8195:
8193:
8191:
8186:on 25 March 2013
8176:
8167:
8166:
8164:
8162:
8153:. Archived from
8139:
8133:
8132:
8130:
8128:
8108:
8102:
8101:
8099:
8097:
8082:
8071:
8070:
8068:
8066:
8060:
8054:. Archived from
8053:
8044:
8038:
8037:
8035:
8033:
8013:
8007:
8006:
8004:
8002:
7993:
7984:
7975:
7974:
7972:
7970:
7954:
7948:
7947:
7945:
7943:
7923:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7907:
7898:. Archived from
7891:
7880:
7879:
7853:
7820:
7818:
7814:
7809:. Archived from
7803:
7794:
7793:
7791:
7789:
7761:
7755:
7754:
7749:
7747:
7719:
7713:
7694:
7685:
7684:
7682:
7680:
7661:
7644:
7641:
7635:
7634:
7632:
7630:
7615:
7609:
7608:
7606:
7604:
7588:
7561:
7560:
7558:
7556:
7547:. Archived from
7540:
7525:
7524:
7522:
7520:
7505:
7499:
7498:
7496:
7494:
7485:. Archived from
7475:
7469:
7468:
7466:
7464:
7455:. Archived from
7448:
7433:
7432:
7430:
7428:
7419:. Archived from
7412:
7391:
7390:
7372:
7348:
7339:
7338:
7310:
7301:
7300:
7282:
7258:
7249:
7248:
7220:
7211:
7210:
7200:
7175:(8): 1171–1180.
7160:
7151:
7150:
7132:
7108:
7099:
7098:
7065:(9): 1881–1891.
7053:
7044:
7043:
7041:
7039:
7024:
7018:
7017:
7007:
6967:
6958:
6957:
6955:
6953:
6942:
6927:
6926:
6924:
6922:
6916:
6909:
6900:
6887:
6886:
6884:
6882:
6873:. Archived from
6866:
6860:
6859:
6828:The RUSI Journal
6823:
6806:
6805:
6785:
6775:
6766:
6765:
6746:
6735:
6734:
6708:
6699:
6698:
6696:
6672:
6663:
6662:
6634:
6621:
6620:
6618:
6616:
6610:
6603:
6594:
6585:
6584:
6582:
6580:
6561:
6487:
6468:Documentary film
6386:Els de Temmerman
6348:Luftwaffenhelfer
6314:, Sierra Leonean
6185:
5993:Russian military
5890:Giovanni Strazza
5742:Syrian Civil War
5636:Israeli soldiers
5614:
5535:Syrian Civil War
5477:
5435:Afghan civil war
5310:Mexican drug war
5199:Comando Vermelho
5102:António Guterres
4977:
4905:Security Council
4763:humanitarian law
4623:Paris Principles
4500:Recruit training
4477:Military factors
4351:Global estimates
4045:
4038:
4031:
4015:Emancipation Day
3843:
3810:Slave Trade Acts
2501:Byzantine Empire
2343:
2316:
2315:
2306:
2299:
2292:
2061:Humanitarian aid
1999:Security dilemma
1820:Power projection
1603:Economy of force
1583:Chain of command
1298:Defence in depth
1283:Commerce raiding
1101:Defeat in detail
417:Defense ministry
321:
312:
311:
302:
290:
289:
280:
273:
266:
226:Paris Principles
62:
47:
46:
41:Gilbert G. Groud
21:
16880:
16879:
16875:
16874:
16873:
16871:
16870:
16869:
16830:Age and society
16820:
16819:
16818:
16813:
16812:
16793:
16762:Immigration law
16745:
16695:
16688:
16623:
16576:
16525:
16516:
16486:
16470:Intersex rights
16446:
16389:Film censorship
16372:Book censorship
16355:
16305:
16279:Sex trafficking
16219:
16192:
16166:
16133:
16100:
15985:Methamphetamine
15926:
15920:
15821:
15816:law enforcement
15805:
15775:
15770:
15746:Rationalization
15681:Destabilisation
15634:
15599:Religious abuse
15435:
15430:
15400:
15395:
15376:airborne forces
15364:
15343:Atrocity crimes
15328:
15297:
15138:
15054:committed by...
15053:
15047:
14956:Criminal orders
14919:
14898:Proportionality
14856:Superior orders
14824:
14761:Geneva Protocol
14728:
14721:
14708:
14703:
14666:
14644:
14594:Wayback Machine
14566:Wayback Machine
14554:
14527:
14500:
14495:
14490:
14489:
14484:
14469:
14459:
14457:
14456:on 8 March 2018
14446:"Reintegration"
14444:
14443:
14436:
14426:
14424:
14421:
14415:
14411:
14401:
14399:
14392:srkcampaign.org
14386:
14385:
14381:
14371:
14369:
14354:
14350:
14340:
14338:
14331:forceswatch.net
14323:
14316:
14306:
14304:
14289:
14285:
14270:
14258:Gee, D (2014).
14256:
14252:
14247:Wayback Machine
14234:website of the
14232:Wayback Machine
14223:
14219:
14209:
14207:
14192:
14188:
14178:
14176:
14169:Defence Careers
14163:
14162:
14158:
14148:
14146:
14133:
14132:
14128:
14118:
14116:
14101:
14097:
14087:
14085:
14081:
14074:
14068:
14064:
14054:
14052:
14051:on 8 March 2019
14043:
14042:
14038:
14028:
14026:
14015:
14011:
14001:
13999:
13990:
13989:
13985:
13975:
13973:
13964:
13963:
13959:
13949:
13947:
13932:
13928:
13918:
13916:
13907:
13906:
13902:
13892:
13890:
13875:
13871:
13861:
13859:
13844:
13840:
13830:
13828:
13821:
13815:
13811:
13801:
13799:
13784:
13780:
13770:
13768:
13760:
13759:
13752:
13742:
13740:
13739:on 8 March 2019
13729:
13725:
13715:
13713:
13698:
13694:
13684:
13682:
13672:
13668:
13658:
13656:
13652:
13645:
13639:
13632:
13622:
13620:
13605:
13601:
13591:
13589:
13574:
13570:
13560:
13558:
13543:
13539:
13529:
13527:
13518:
13517:
13513:
13503:
13501:
13493:
13492:
13488:
13478:
13476:
13473:www.sengager.fr
13467:
13466:
13462:
13452:
13450:
13435:
13431:
13421:
13419:
13404:
13400:
13390:
13388:
13379:
13378:
13374:
13364:
13362:
13351:
13342:
13329:
13328:
13324:
13311:
13310:
13306:
13294:TheGuardian.com
13287:
13286:
13282:
13272:
13270:
13262:
13261:
13257:
13247:
13245:
13232:
13231:
13227:
13217:
13215:
13206:
13205:
13201:
13191:
13189:
13180:
13179:
13175:
13165:
13163:
13154:
13153:
13149:
13139:
13137:
13128:
13127:
13123:
13113:
13111:
13102:
13101:
13097:
13087:
13085:
13076:
13075:
13071:
13061:
13059:
13048:
13044:
13034:
13032:
13017:
13013:
13003:
13001:
13000:on 28 June 2017
12997:
12984:
12980:
12979:
12975:
12965:
12963:
12954:
12953:
12949:
12939:
12937:
12928:
12927:
12920:
12910:
12908:
12904:
12897:
12893:
12892:
12888:
12878:
12876:
12867:
12866:
12862:
12852:
12850:
12841:
12840:
12836:
12823:
12822:
12818:
12805:
12804:
12800:
12787:
12786:
12782:
12775:
12771:
12758:
12757:
12753:
12740:
12739:
12735:
12722:
12721:
12717:
12707:
12705:
12692:
12691:
12687:
12677:
12675:
12666:
12665:
12658:
12648:
12646:
12629:
12622:
12612:
12610:
12601:
12600:
12596:
12586:
12584:
12575:
12574:
12570:
12557:
12556:
12552:
12542:
12540:
12529:
12525:
12515:
12513:
12504:
12503:
12499:
12493:Wayback Machine
12484:
12480:
12473:
12462:
12461:
12457:
12447:
12445:
12436:
12435:
12431:
12425:Wayback Machine
12413:Jihad Shomaly,
12412:
12408:
12398:Wayback Machine
12389:
12385:
12380:
12376:
12366:
12364:
12351:
12350:
12346:
12330:
12329:
12319:
12318:
12311:
12298:
12297:
12290:
12273:
12272:
12268:
12258:
12256:
12241:
12237:
12228:
12224:
12215:
12211:
12203:
12199:
12191:
12187:
12182:
12178:
12170:
12166:
12151:
12137:
12133:
12118:
12104:
12100:
12085:
12060:
12056:
12049:
12033:
12029:
12019:
12017:
12004:
12003:
11999:
11989:
11987:
11982:. 20 May 2008.
11974:
11973:
11962:
11952:
11950:
11935:
11931:
11921:
11919:
11906:
11905:
11901:
11891:
11889:
11882:The Independent
11874:
11870:
11863:
11852:
11851:
11844:
11834:
11832:
11823:
11822:
11818:
11808:
11806:
11796:
11792:
11782:
11780:
11773:
11769:
11768:
11764:
11754:
11752:
11739:
11738:
11734:
11724:
11722:
11712:
11708:
11703:
11699:
11689:
11687:
11676:
11672:
11662:
11660:
11649:
11645:
11635:
11633:
11622:
11618:
11608:
11606:
11602:
11595:
11589:
11585:
11575:
11573:
11569:
11562:
11556:
11549:
11539:
11537:
11526:
11519:
11508:
11504:
11494:
11492:
11488:
11481:
11475:
11471:
11461:
11459:
11455:
11448:
11442:
11438:
11428:
11426:
11422:
11415:
11409:
11405:
11395:
11393:
11384:
11383:
11379:
11369:
11367:
11359:
11358:
11354:
11344:
11342:
11333:
11332:
11328:
11318:
11316:
11307:
11306:
11302:
11289:
11288:
11284:
11274:
11272:
11268:
11267:
11263:
11253:
11251:
11236:
11232:
11222:
11220:
11209:
11205:
11195:
11193:
11178:
11174:
11164:
11162:
11149:
11148:
11144:
11134:
11132:
11112:
11103:
11093:
11091:
11082:
11081:
11074:
11040:
11036:
11025:
11021:
11011:
11009:
11005:
10998:
10992:
10988:
10978:
10976:
10967:
10966:
10962:
10952:
10950:
10941:
10940:
10936:
10926:
10924:
10916:
10915:
10911:
10901:
10899:
10884:
10880:
10874:Wayback Machine
10865:
10858:
10848:
10846:
10833:
10832:
10828:
10818:
10816:
10812:
10805:
10799:
10795:
10785:
10783:
10768:
10764:
10756:
10752:
10739:
10738:
10734:
10724:
10722:
10707:
10703:
10693:
10691:
10690:on 2 April 2018
10676:
10669:
10654:
10640:
10633:
10623:
10621:
10608:
10607:
10603:
10593:
10591:
10582:
10581:
10574:
10564:
10562:
10553:
10552:
10548:
10538:
10536:
10519:
10515:
10505:
10503:
10488:
10484:
10474:
10472:
10457:
10453:
10443:
10441:
10430:
10426:
10416:
10414:
10403:
10402:
10398:
10392:Wayback Machine
10384:
10380:
10370:
10368:
10364:
10357:
10353:
10352:
10343:
10311:
10305:
10301:
10293:3 July 2007 at
10282:
10271:
10261:
10259:
10248:
10244:
10234:
10232:
10219:
10218:
10214:
10201:
10200:
10196:
10176:
10172:
10162:
10160:
10145:
10141:
10100:
10099:
10095:
10085:
10083:
10070:
10069:
10056:
10046:
10044:
10033:
10026:
10010:
10009:
10002:
10000:
9992:
9986:
9973:
9963:
9961:
9950:
9943:
9933:
9931:
9922:
9921:
9917:
9907:
9905:
9896:
9895:
9891:
9881:
9879:
9870:
9869:
9865:
9855:
9853:
9842:
9838:
9828:
9826:
9822:
9815:
9811:
9810:
9806:
9796:
9794:
9783:
9779:
9773:Wayback Machine
9764:
9760:
9754:Wayback Machine
9743:Wayback Machine
9733:
9722:
9707:
9693:
9689:
9644:
9642:
9629:
9628:
9624:
9614:
9612:
9597:
9590:
9580:
9578:
9574:
9567:
9561:
9557:
9547:
9545:
9530:
9526:
9516:
9514:
9510:
9503:
9499:
9498:
9494:
9484:
9482:
9478:
9471:
9465:
9458:
9448:
9446:
9442:
9435:
9431:UNICEF (2007).
9429:
9425:
9415:
9413:
9393:
9389:
9379:
9377:
9370:
9364:
9360:
9345:
9331:
9327:
9296:
9292:
9282:
9280:
9265:
9261:
9251:
9249:
9240:
9239:
9235:
9225:
9223:
9216:
9210:
9203:
9152:
9148:
9095:
9091:
9038:
9034:
9024:
9022:
9014:
9013:
9006:
8996:
8994:
8985:
8984:
8975:
8968:
8956:Children at War
8950:
8946:
8909:
8905:
8895:
8893:
8882:
8878:
8867:
8863:
8848:
8844:
8834:
8832:
8825:
8821:
8811:
8809:
8802:
8796:
8792:
8782:
8780:
8779:on 8 March 2019
8771:
8770:
8766:
8713:
8706:
8696:
8694:
8690:
8683:
8677:
8673:
8665:
8652:
8645:
8635:
8633:
8622:
8615:
8605:
8603:
8592:
8583:
8573:
8571:
8567:
8556:
8550:
8546:
8536:
8534:
8525:Medact (2018).
8523:
8516:
8469:
8465:
8450:
8436:
8432:
8422:
8420:
8405:
8396:
8386:
8384:
8375:
8374:
8370:
8363:
8349:
8345:
8335:
8333:
8329:
8323:
8322:
8318:
8305:
8303:
8294:
8293:
8289:
8279:
8277:
8273:
8269:
8268:
8261:
8251:
8249:
8245:
8238:
8234:
8233:
8229:
8219:
8217:
8206:
8199:
8189:
8187:
8178:
8177:
8170:
8160:
8158:
8140:
8136:
8126:
8124:
8109:
8105:
8095:
8093:
8084:
8083:
8074:
8064:
8062:
8058:
8051:
8047:UNICEF (2017).
8045:
8041:
8031:
8029:
8014:
8010:
8000:
7998:
7991:
7985:
7978:
7968:
7966:
7955:
7951:
7941:
7939:
7924:
7915:
7905:
7903:
7892:
7883:
7868:
7854:
7823:
7816:
7805:
7804:
7797:
7787:
7785:
7778:
7762:
7758:
7745:
7743:
7736:
7720:
7716:
7710:Wayback Machine
7695:
7688:
7678:
7676:
7663:
7662:
7647:
7642:
7638:
7628:
7626:
7617:
7616:
7612:
7602:
7600:
7589:
7564:
7554:
7552:
7551:on 8 March 2019
7541:
7528:
7518:
7516:
7506:
7502:
7492:
7490:
7477:
7476:
7472:
7462:
7460:
7459:on 8 March 2019
7449:
7436:
7426:
7424:
7413:
7394:
7349:
7342:
7311:
7304:
7259:
7252:
7221:
7214:
7161:
7154:
7109:
7102:
7054:
7047:
7037:
7035:
7025:
7021:
6976:JAMA Psychiatry
6968:
6961:
6951:
6949:
6943:
6930:
6920:
6918:
6914:
6907:
6901:
6890:
6880:
6878:
6867:
6863:
6824:
6809:
6794:
6776:
6769:
6762:
6747:
6738:
6723:
6709:
6702:
6673:
6666:
6635:
6624:
6614:
6612:
6608:
6601:
6597:UNICEF (2007).
6595:
6588:
6578:
6576:
6563:
6562:
6555:
6550:
6522:ICCT & GCCS
6499:
6497:Further reading
6470:
6427:
6415:
6377:
6296:
6259:
6254:
6238:
6232:
6226:
6193:
6183:
6177:
6141:
6128:
6112:
6107:
6083:
6071:
6058:
6053:
6015:, Harrogate, UK
6005:
5967:
5959:
5951:
5943:
5935:
5927:
5919:
5911:
5903:
5867:
5809:
5750:
5709:
5697:
5691:
5679:
5661:On 23 May 2005
5612:
5597:
5589:Main articles:
5587:
5579:
5571:
5559:
5551:
5543:
5523:the age of 14.
5498:
5490:
5484:
5475:
5463:
5455:
5447:
5431:
5406:
5347:
5327:
5302:
5294:
5286:
5267:
5227:
5219:Canadian Forces
5215:
5195:
5186:
5178:
5173:
5155:
5142:
5118:
5097:
5091:
5083:
5075:
5045:
5039:
5015:Forum de Bangui
4997:
4991:
4975:
4959:
4953:
4941:
4932:
4923:Resolution 1539
4919:Resolution 1261
4907:
4898:
4884:Meanwhile, the
4853:
4843:
4838:
4789:
4783:
4751:
4745:
4732:
4726:
4711:
4705:
4693:
4674:
4664:
4658:
4646:
4638:Main articles:
4636:
4615:
4607:Main articles:
4605:
4600:
4595:
4541:
4532:
4507:
4502:
4496:
4490:
4479:
4457:rite of passage
4432:
4411:
4402:
4400:Driving factors
4353:
4240:non-state armed
4236:
4166:
4161:
4136:
4130:
4080:rite of passage
4049:
4020:
4019:
3924:Slave narrative
3875:Fugitive slaves
3855:
3847:
3846:
3837:
3805:Slave rebellion
3660:
3650:
3649:
3608:
3598:
3597:
3420:United Kingdom
3356:Yankee princess
2950:
2942:
2941:
2669:Avret Pazarları
2615:Avret Pazarları
2484:Medieval Europe
2450:
2440:
2439:
2378:Forced marriage
2353:
2310:
2281:
2280:
2231:
2221:
2220:
2186:
2178:
2177:
2118:
2108:
2107:
2081:Multilateralism
2066:Law enforcement
2026:
2016:
2015:
1984:Just war theory
1942:
1932:
1931:
1882:Geneva Protocol
1852:
1842:
1841:
1815:
1805:
1804:
1746:
1736:
1735:
1643:
1633:
1632:
1573:
1563:
1562:
1528:
1518:
1517:
1448:Network-centric
1368:
1358:
1357:
1260:
1250:
1249:
1198:
1188:
1187:
1136:Rapid dominance
1041:
1031:
1030:
986:Electromagnetic
895:
885:
884:
871:
824:
772:
748:
738:
737:
733:Combat training
714:
691:
657:Combat systems:
653:
615:
611:Auxiliary ships
577:
537:
479:
402:
392:
391:
331:
305:
304:
303:
298:
284:
60:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
16878:
16868:
16867:
16865:Slave soldiers
16862:
16857:
16852:
16847:
16842:
16837:
16832:
16815:
16814:
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16810:
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16578:
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16574:
16573:
16572:
16570:Riparian water
16562:
16557:
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16547:
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16338:
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16324:
16313:
16311:
16307:
16306:
16304:
16303:
16298:
16297:
16296:
16291:
16284:Sexual assault
16281:
16276:
16271:
16270:
16269:
16264:
16263:
16262:
16257:
16242:
16241:
16240:
16229:
16227:
16221:
16220:
16218:
16217:
16212:
16211:
16210:
16208:Prisoner abuse
16202:
16200:
16194:
16193:
16191:
16190:
16185:
16180:
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15992:
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15946:
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15930:
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15922:
15921:
15919:
15918:
15913:
15912:
15911:
15909:Youth suffrage
15906:
15896:
15895:
15894:
15887:School-leaving
15884:
15883:
15882:
15872:
15871:
15870:
15860:
15855:
15850:
15845:
15840:
15835:
15829:
15827:
15823:
15822:
15804:
15803:
15796:
15789:
15781:
15772:
15771:
15769:
15768:
15763:
15758:
15756:Victim blaming
15753:
15748:
15743:
15738:
15733:
15728:
15723:
15718:
15713:
15708:
15703:
15698:
15693:
15688:
15686:Discrimination
15683:
15678:
15673:
15671:Dehumanization
15668:
15663:
15661:Child grooming
15658:
15653:
15651:Abuse of power
15648:
15642:
15640:
15639:Related topics
15636:
15635:
15633:
15626:
15621:
15616:
15611:
15606:
15601:
15596:
15591:
15586:
15581:
15579:Physical abuse
15576:
15571:
15566:
15561:
15556:
15551:
15546:
15541:
15536:
15531:
15526:
15525:
15524:
15519:
15509:
15507:Domestic abuse
15504:
15503:
15502:
15500:military draft
15492:
15487:
15486:
15485:
15480:
15475:
15470:
15460:
15455:
15450:
15445:
15443:
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15436:
15429:
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15406:
15397:
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15394:
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15370:
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15366:
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15363:
15362:
15361:
15360:
15355:
15350:
15339:
15337:
15327:
15326:
15321:
15316:
15311:
15305:
15303:
15302:Related topics
15299:
15298:
15296:
15295:
15294:
15293:
15283:
15278:
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15276:
15271:
15261:
15256:
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15160:
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15140:
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15136:
15131:
15129:United Kingdom
15126:
15121:
15116:
15115:
15114:
15104:
15103:
15102:
15092:
15087:
15082:
15077:
15076:
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15055:
15049:
15048:
15046:
15045:
15040:
15035:
15030:
15025:
15020:
15015:
15014:
15013:
15003:
14998:
14993:
14988:
14986:Hostage-taking
14983:
14978:
14973:
14968:
14963:
14958:
14953:
14948:
14946:Child soldiers
14943:
14931:
14929:
14925:
14924:
14921:
14920:
14918:
14917:
14912:
14909:Ruse de guerre
14905:
14900:
14895:
14890:
14885:
14880:
14875:
14870:
14867:Hors de combat
14863:
14858:
14849:
14848:
14847:
14840:non-combatants
14832:
14830:
14826:
14825:
14823:
14822:
14821:
14820:
14810:
14805:
14804:
14803:
14798:
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14773:
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14661:
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14541:
14536:
14526:
14523:
14522:
14521:
14516:
14511:
14506:
14499:
14496:
14494:
14493:External links
14491:
14488:
14487:
14467:
14434:
14409:
14379:
14348:
14337:on 11 May 2017
14314:
14283:
14268:
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14217:
14186:
14156:
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14095:
14062:
14036:
14009:
13983:
13972:. 23 July 2019
13957:
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13915:. 21 July 2022
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12769:
12751:
12748:. 1 July 2021.
12733:
12715:
12704:on 9 July 2021
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12474:(2.29 MB)
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12400:translated by
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12098:
12083:
12054:
12048:978-0313322778
12047:
12027:
11997:
11960:
11929:
11899:
11868:
11864:(2.29 MB)
11842:
11816:
11804:Foreign Policy
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11762:
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11706:
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11101:
11072:
11034:
11019:
10986:
10960:
10947:odia.ig.com.br
10934:
10909:
10878:
10856:
10826:
10793:
10762:
10750:
10732:
10701:
10667:
10652:
10631:
10601:
10586:. Al Jazeera.
10572:
10546:
10513:
10482:
10451:
10424:
10396:
10378:
10341:
10322:(4): 108–122.
10299:
10269:
10242:
10212:
10194:
10170:
10153:Foreign Policy
10139:
10093:
10054:
10024:
9971:
9941:
9915:
9889:
9863:
9836:
9804:
9777:
9758:
9720:
9705:
9687:
9622:
9588:
9555:
9524:
9492:
9456:
9423:
9387:
9358:
9343:
9325:
9306:(7): 862–876.
9290:
9259:
9248:. 21 July 2022
9233:
9201:
9146:
9089:
9052:(5): 368–375.
9032:
9004:
8973:
8966:
8944:
8903:
8892:on 25 May 2019
8876:
8861:
8842:
8819:
8790:
8764:
8704:
8693:on 29 May 2018
8671:
8643:
8613:
8581:
8544:
8514:
8479:(4): 417–463.
8463:
8448:
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8394:
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8343:
8316:
8287:
8259:
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8197:
8168:
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7996:United Nations
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7817:(2.29 MB)
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7500:
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7434:
7392:
7363:(8): 705–709.
7340:
7321:(2): 273–295.
7302:
7250:
7231:(6): 608–614.
7212:
7152:
7123:(2): 157–160.
7100:
7045:
7019:
6982:(7): 741–749.
6959:
6928:
6888:
6861:
6807:
6792:
6767:
6761:978-0275983024
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6409:
6404:
6398:
6396:Romeo Dallaire
6393:
6388:
6383:
6376:
6373:
6372:
6371:
6363:
6360:Dominic Ongwen
6357:
6351:
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6292:
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6250:
6228:Main article:
6225:
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6108:
6106:
6105:Recent history
6103:
6082:
6079:
6070:
6067:
6057:
6054:
6052:
6049:
6004:
6003:United Kingdom
6001:
5966:
5963:
5958:
5955:
5950:
5947:
5942:
5939:
5934:
5931:
5926:
5923:
5918:
5915:
5910:
5907:
5902:
5899:
5866:
5863:
5853:In June 2019,
5808:
5805:
5749:
5746:
5708:
5705:
5693:Main article:
5690:
5687:
5678:
5675:
5615:October 2000:
5605:First Intifada
5586:
5583:
5578:
5575:
5570:
5567:
5558:
5555:
5550:
5547:
5542:
5539:
5497:
5494:
5486:Main article:
5483:
5480:
5462:
5459:
5454:
5451:
5446:
5443:
5430:
5427:
5405:
5402:
5385:George W. Bush
5346:
5343:
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5323:
5301:
5298:
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5263:
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5141:
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5117:
5114:
5093:Main article:
5090:
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5082:
5079:
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5071:
5041:Main article:
5038:
5035:
4993:Main article:
4990:
4987:
4955:Main article:
4952:
4949:
4940:
4937:
4931:
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4906:
4903:
4897:
4894:
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4839:
4837:
4834:
4813:Guantanamo Bay
4785:Main article:
4782:
4779:
4747:Main article:
4744:
4741:
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4722:
4707:Main article:
4704:
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4689:
4660:Main article:
4657:
4654:
4635:
4632:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4549:Imperial Japan
4540:
4537:
4531:
4528:
4516:depressed mood
4506:
4505:Armed conflict
4503:
4489:
4486:
4478:
4475:
4461:
4460:
4449:
4446:
4443:
4440:
4431:
4430:Social factors
4428:
4410:
4407:
4401:
4398:
4389:
4388:
4380:
4372:
4352:
4349:
4324:(MILF) in the
4266:organisation.
4264:quasi-military
4238:These include
4235:
4232:
4165:
4162:
4160:
4157:
4132:Main article:
4129:
4126:
4099:United Kingdom
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3943:
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3910:
3909:
3904:
3897:List of slaves
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3872:
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3719:
3718:
3717:
3712:
3707:
3702:
3697:
3692:
3687:
3682:
3677:
3672:
3661:
3656:
3655:
3652:
3651:
3648:
3647:
3642:
3637:
3632:
3631:
3630:
3625:
3615:
3609:
3604:
3603:
3600:
3599:
3596:
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3494:
3493:
3489:
3488:
3483:
3478:
3473:
3468:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3443:
3441:Dutch Republic
3438:
3433:
3432:
3431:
3426:
3418:
3412:
3411:
3407:
3406:
3401:
3396:
3391:
3386:
3385:
3384:
3373:
3372:
3366:
3365:
3360:
3359:
3358:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3332:
3331:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3309:
3304:
3303:
3302:
3297:
3287:
3286:
3285:
3280:
3275:
3265:
3260:
3255:
3249:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3236:
3229:
3228:
3227:
3222:
3212:
3207:
3202:
3201:
3200:
3190:
3185:
3184:
3183:
3178:
3173:
3168:
3158:
3153:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3141:
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3091:
3090:
3089:
3079:
3078:
3077:
3066:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3042:
3041:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2985:
2984:
2974:
2969:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2951:
2948:
2947:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2939:
2934:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2908:
2907:
2902:
2900:Child soldiers
2897:
2892:
2887:
2882:
2877:
2876:
2875:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2843:
2838:
2827:
2826:
2822:
2821:
2816:
2811:
2809:Spanish Empire
2806:
2801:
2796:
2791:
2789:Middle Passage
2786:
2781:
2776:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2758:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2742:
2737:
2732:
2727:
2726:
2725:
2720:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2651:
2650:
2649:
2644:
2639:
2634:
2629:
2619:
2618:
2617:
2610:Ottoman Empire
2607:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2565:
2564:
2558:
2557:
2556:
2555:
2545:
2540:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2528:
2523:
2513:
2508:
2503:
2498:
2493:
2487:
2486:
2480:
2479:
2474:
2469:
2464:
2458:
2457:
2451:
2446:
2445:
2442:
2441:
2438:
2437:
2432:
2430:Sexual slavery
2427:
2422:
2417:
2412:
2407:
2402:
2397:
2396:
2395:
2390:
2388:Child marriage
2385:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2363:Child soldiers
2360:
2354:
2349:
2348:
2345:
2344:
2336:
2335:
2325:
2324:
2312:
2311:
2309:
2308:
2301:
2294:
2286:
2283:
2282:
2279:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2246:Military terms
2243:
2238:
2232:
2227:
2226:
2223:
2222:
2219:
2218:
2213:
2208:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2187:
2184:
2183:
2180:
2179:
2176:
2175:
2170:
2165:
2160:
2155:
2150:
2145:
2140:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2119:
2114:
2113:
2110:
2109:
2106:
2105:
2100:
2099:
2098:
2093:
2083:
2078:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2058:
2053:
2048:
2043:
2038:
2033:
2027:
2022:
2021:
2018:
2017:
2014:
2013:
2008:
2007:
2006:
2004:Tripwire force
1996:
1991:
1986:
1981:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1943:
1938:
1937:
1934:
1933:
1930:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1853:
1848:
1847:
1844:
1843:
1840:
1839:
1838:
1837:
1827:
1822:
1816:
1811:
1810:
1807:
1806:
1803:
1802:
1801:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1773:
1768:
1758:
1753:
1747:
1742:
1741:
1738:
1737:
1734:
1733:
1724:
1719:
1718:
1717:
1707:
1702:
1697:
1692:
1687:
1682:
1677:
1672:
1667:
1662:
1657:
1656:
1655:
1644:
1639:
1638:
1635:
1634:
1631:
1630:
1625:
1620:
1615:
1610:
1605:
1600:
1595:
1590:
1585:
1580:
1574:
1569:
1568:
1565:
1564:
1561:
1560:
1555:
1550:
1545:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1526:Administrative
1524:
1523:
1520:
1519:
1516:
1515:
1510:
1505:
1500:
1495:
1490:
1485:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1455:
1453:New generation
1450:
1445:
1440:
1435:
1430:
1428:Fleet in being
1425:
1420:
1415:
1410:
1405:
1400:
1395:
1390:
1385:
1380:
1375:
1369:
1366:Grand strategy
1364:
1363:
1360:
1359:
1356:
1355:
1353:Scorched earth
1350:
1345:
1340:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1320:
1315:
1310:
1305:
1300:
1295:
1290:
1285:
1280:
1275:
1270:
1261:
1256:
1255:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1247:
1242:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1225:Deep operation
1222:
1217:
1210:
1205:
1199:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1186:
1185:
1180:
1175:
1170:
1165:
1160:
1155:
1154:
1153:
1143:
1138:
1133:
1128:
1123:
1118:
1113:
1108:
1103:
1098:
1093:
1088:
1083:
1078:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1066:
1061:
1051:
1042:
1037:
1036:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1028:
1026:Unconventional
1023:
1018:
1013:
1008:
1003:
998:
993:
988:
983:
974:
972:Disinformation
969:
964:
959:
954:
949:
944:
943:
942:
937:
927:
922:
917:
912:
907:
902:
896:
891:
890:
887:
886:
883:
882:
877:
870:
869:
868:
867:
866:
865:
855:
850:
845:
840:
835:
823:
822:
821:
820:
819:
818:
808:
803:
798:
793:
788:
783:
771:
770:
769:
768:
763:
758:
749:
744:
743:
740:
739:
736:
735:
730:
725:
723:Basic training
720:
713:
712:
707:
702:
697:
690:
689:
684:
679:
674:
669:
664:
659:
652:
651:
649:Reconnaissance
646:
641:
636:
631:
626:
621:
614:
613:
608:
603:
598:
593:
588:
583:
576:
575:
570:
568:Special forces
565:
560:
559:
558:
548:
543:
536:
535:
530:
525:
520:
515:
510:
505:
500:
495:
490:
485:
478:
477:
468:
463:
454:
449:
444:
439:
434:
429:
424:
419:
414:
409:
403:
398:
397:
394:
393:
390:
389:
388:
387:
382:
372:
371:
370:
365:
355:
354:
353:
346:Post-classical
343:
338:
332:
327:
326:
323:
322:
314:
313:
295:
294:
286:
285:
283:
282:
275:
268:
260:
257:
256:
255:
254:
246:
245:
241:
240:
239:
238:
233:
228:
220:
219:
215:
214:
213:
212:
207:
202:
197:
192:
187:
182:
177:
172:
167:
162:
157:
149:
148:
144:
143:
142:
141:
136:
131:
126:
121:
113:
112:
108:
107:
106:
105:
100:
95:
90:
89:
88:
83:
76:Child soldiers
70:
69:
65:
64:
61:Child soldiers
56:
55:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
16877:
16866:
16863:
16861:
16858:
16856:
16853:
16851:
16848:
16846:
16845:Military life
16843:
16841:
16838:
16836:
16833:
16831:
16828:
16827:
16825:
16809:
16806:
16804:
16801:
16800:
16796:
16790:
16787:
16783:
16780:
16778:
16775:
16774:
16773:
16772:Religious law
16770:
16768:
16765:
16763:
16760:
16758:
16757:Animal rights
16755:
16754:
16752:
16748:
16742:
16739:
16737:
16734:
16732:
16729:
16727:
16724:
16722:
16719:
16715:
16712:
16710:
16709:Admiralty law
16707:
16706:
16705:
16702:
16701:
16699:
16697:
16694:International
16691:
16685:
16682:
16680:
16677:
16673:
16670:
16669:
16668:
16665:
16663:
16660:
16658:
16655:
16651:
16648:
16646:
16643:
16641:
16638:
16637:
16636:
16633:
16632:
16630:
16626:
16620:
16617:
16613:
16610:
16609:
16608:
16605:
16601:
16598:
16596:
16593:
16592:
16591:
16588:
16587:
16585:
16583:
16579:
16571:
16568:
16567:
16566:
16563:
16561:
16558:
16556:
16553:
16551:
16548:
16546:
16543:
16541:
16538:
16536:
16533:
16532:
16530:
16528:
16523:
16519:
16513:
16510:
16506:
16503:
16502:
16501:
16498:
16497:
16495:
16493:
16489:
16481:
16478:
16476:
16473:
16472:
16471:
16468:
16464:
16461:
16460:
16459:
16456:
16455:
16453:
16449:
16441:
16438:
16437:
16436:
16433:
16429:
16426:
16425:
16424:
16421:
16419:
16416:
16414:
16411:
16407:
16404:
16403:
16402:
16399:
16395:
16392:
16391:
16390:
16387:
16385:
16382:
16378:
16375:
16374:
16373:
16370:
16368:
16365:
16364:
16362:
16358:
16352:
16349:
16347:
16346:Sterilization
16344:
16342:
16341:Human cloning
16339:
16335:
16332:
16331:
16330:
16327:
16323:
16320:
16319:
16318:
16315:
16314:
16312:
16308:
16302:
16299:
16295:
16292:
16290:
16287:
16286:
16285:
16282:
16280:
16277:
16275:
16272:
16268:
16265:
16261:
16258:
16256:
16253:
16252:
16251:
16248:
16247:
16246:
16243:
16239:
16236:
16235:
16234:
16231:
16230:
16228:
16226:
16222:
16216:
16213:
16209:
16206:
16205:
16204:
16203:
16201:
16199:
16195:
16189:
16186:
16184:
16183:Incarceration
16181:
16179:
16178:Death penalty
16176:
16175:
16173:
16169:
16163:
16160:
16158:
16155:
16153:
16150:
16148:
16145:
16144:
16142:
16140:
16136:
16128:
16125:
16124:
16123:
16120:
16118:
16115:
16113:
16110:
16109:
16107:
16103:
16093:
16090:
16089:
16088:
16085:
16081:
16078:
16077:
16076:
16073:
16069:
16066:
16065:
16064:
16061:
16057:
16054:
16053:
16052:
16049:
16045:
16042:
16040:
16037:
16035:
16032:
16031:
16030:
16027:
16023:
16020:
16019:
16018:
16015:
16011:
16008:
16007:
16006:
16003:
16002:
16001:Psychedelics
16000:
15998:
15995:
15991:
15988:
15987:
15986:
15983:
15979:
15976:
15975:
15974:
15971:
15967:
15964:
15962:
15959:
15957:
15954:
15953:
15952:
15949:
15945:
15942:
15941:
15940:
15937:
15935:
15932:
15931:
15929:
15923:
15917:
15914:
15910:
15907:
15905:
15902:
15901:
15900:
15897:
15893:
15890:
15889:
15888:
15885:
15881:
15878:
15877:
15876:
15873:
15869:
15866:
15865:
15864:
15861:
15859:
15856:
15854:
15851:
15849:
15846:
15844:
15841:
15839:
15836:
15834:
15831:
15830:
15828:
15824:
15820:
15817:
15813:
15809:
15802:
15797:
15795:
15790:
15788:
15783:
15782:
15779:
15767:
15764:
15762:
15761:Victimisation
15759:
15757:
15754:
15752:
15749:
15747:
15744:
15742:
15739:
15737:
15734:
15732:
15729:
15727:
15724:
15722:
15719:
15717:
15714:
15712:
15709:
15707:
15704:
15702:
15699:
15697:
15694:
15692:
15689:
15687:
15684:
15682:
15679:
15677:
15674:
15672:
15669:
15667:
15664:
15662:
15659:
15657:
15654:
15652:
15649:
15647:
15644:
15643:
15641:
15637:
15632:
15631:
15627:
15625:
15622:
15620:
15617:
15615:
15612:
15610:
15607:
15605:
15602:
15600:
15597:
15595:
15592:
15590:
15587:
15585:
15582:
15580:
15577:
15575:
15572:
15570:
15567:
15565:
15562:
15560:
15557:
15555:
15552:
15550:
15547:
15545:
15542:
15540:
15537:
15535:
15532:
15530:
15527:
15523:
15520:
15518:
15515:
15514:
15513:
15510:
15508:
15505:
15501:
15498:
15497:
15496:
15493:
15491:
15488:
15484:
15481:
15479:
15476:
15474:
15471:
15469:
15466:
15465:
15464:
15461:
15459:
15456:
15454:
15451:
15449:
15446:
15444:
15442:
15438:
15434:
15427:
15422:
15420:
15415:
15413:
15408:
15407:
15404:
15392:
15384:
15383:
15381:
15377:
15371:
15359:
15356:
15354:
15351:
15349:
15346:
15345:
15344:
15341:
15340:
15338:
15336:
15331:
15325:
15322:
15320:
15317:
15315:
15312:
15310:
15307:
15306:
15304:
15300:
15292:
15289:
15288:
15287:
15286:Yugoslav Wars
15284:
15282:
15279:
15275:
15272:
15270:
15267:
15266:
15265:
15262:
15260:
15257:
15255:
15252:
15250:
15247:
15245:
15242:
15240:
15237:
15235:
15232:
15228:
15225:
15223:
15222:War in Donbas
15220:
15219:
15218:
15215:
15211:
15208:
15206:
15203:
15202:
15200:
15198:
15195:
15193:
15190:
15188:
15185:
15183:
15180:
15178:
15175:
15169:
15166:
15165:
15164:
15161:
15159:
15156:
15155:
15153:
15151:
15148:
15147:
15145:
15141:
15135:
15134:United States
15132:
15130:
15127:
15125:
15122:
15120:
15117:
15113:
15110:
15109:
15108:
15105:
15101:
15098:
15097:
15096:
15093:
15091:
15088:
15086:
15083:
15081:
15078:
15074:
15073:
15069:
15068:
15067:
15064:
15062:
15059:
15058:
15056:
15050:
15044:
15041:
15039:
15036:
15034:
15031:
15029:
15026:
15024:
15021:
15019:
15016:
15012:
15011:Mass killings
15009:
15008:
15007:
15004:
15002:
14999:
14997:
14994:
14992:
14989:
14987:
14984:
14982:
14979:
14977:
14974:
14972:
14969:
14967:
14966:Death marches
14964:
14962:
14961:Death flights
14959:
14957:
14954:
14952:
14949:
14947:
14944:
14941:
14937:
14933:
14932:
14930:
14926:
14916:
14913:
14911:
14910:
14906:
14904:
14901:
14899:
14896:
14894:
14891:
14889:
14886:
14884:
14881:
14879:
14876:
14874:
14871:
14869:
14868:
14864:
14862:
14859:
14857:
14853:
14850:
14846:
14843:
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14791:Fourth (1949)
14789:
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14782:
14781:Second (1949)
14779:
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13970:Politics Home
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12755:
12747:
12743:
12737:
12730:. 8 May 2020.
12729:
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12512:. 29 May 2023
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12233:(1997) p. 195
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11004:
11001:. p. 4.
10997:
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10897:
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10653:9781443845137
10649:
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10295:archive.today
10292:
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10097:
10082:on 2 May 2013
10081:
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9781:
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9756:10 March 2008
9755:
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9706:9781594546716
9702:
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9434:
9427:
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9398:
9395:Whyte, Lara.
9391:
9376:
9369:
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9354:
9350:
9346:
9340:
9336:
9329:
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9317:
9313:
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9273:statcan.gc.ca
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8988:
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8978:
8969:
8967:9780375423499
8963:
8958:
8957:
8948:
8940:
8936:
8931:
8926:
8923:(1): 65–104.
8922:
8918:
8914:
8907:
8891:
8887:
8880:
8872:
8865:
8857:
8853:
8846:
8830:
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8467:
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8449:9781412999267
8445:
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8144:
8143:Singer, P. W.
8138:
8122:
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8107:
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8079:
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8057:
8050:
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7964:
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7953:
7937:
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7897:
7890:
7888:
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7877:
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7867:9780804774512
7863:
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7808:
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7753:
7741:
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7711:
7707:
7704:
7703:
7698:
7697:Norman Davies
7693:
7691:
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7504:
7488:
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7441:
7439:
7422:
7418:
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7384:
7380:
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7332:
7328:
7324:
7320:
7316:
7309:
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7281:
7276:
7272:
7268:
7264:
7257:
7255:
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7238:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7219:
7217:
7208:
7204:
7199:
7194:
7190:
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7178:
7174:
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7159:
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7126:
7122:
7118:
7114:
7107:
7105:
7096:
7092:
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7060:
7052:
7050:
7034:
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7023:
7015:
7011:
7006:
7001:
6997:
6993:
6989:
6985:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6966:
6964:
6948:
6941:
6939:
6937:
6935:
6933:
6913:
6906:
6899:
6897:
6895:
6893:
6876:
6872:
6865:
6857:
6853:
6849:
6845:
6841:
6837:
6833:
6829:
6822:
6820:
6818:
6816:
6814:
6812:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6793:9781588262615
6789:
6784:
6783:
6774:
6772:
6763:
6757:
6753:
6745:
6743:
6741:
6732:
6728:
6724:
6722:9780316040938
6718:
6714:
6707:
6705:
6695:
6690:
6687:(1): 65–104.
6686:
6682:
6678:
6671:
6669:
6660:
6656:
6652:
6648:
6644:
6640:
6633:
6631:
6629:
6627:
6607:
6600:
6593:
6591:
6574:
6570:
6569:History Extra
6566:
6560:
6558:
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6543:
6539:
6537:
6536:9789386457523
6533:
6529:
6527:
6523:
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6491:
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6408:
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6399:
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6384:
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6364:
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6349:
6346:
6343:
6340:
6337:
6334:
6331:
6328:
6325:
6322:
6319:
6318:Calvin Graham
6316:
6313:
6310:
6307:
6304:
6301:
6298:
6297:
6289:
6286:
6284:
6281:
6279:
6278:Child slavery
6276:
6274:
6271:
6269:
6266:
6264:
6261:
6260:
6249:
6245:
6242:
6237:
6231:
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6206:
6202:
6197:
6188:
6181:
6172:
6170:
6166:
6160:
6158:
6149:
6145:
6139:2000s–present
6136:
6134:
6123:
6121:
6116:
6102:
6100:
6092:
6091:Carlos Latuff
6087:
6078:
6076:
6066:
6063:
6048:
6044:
6040:
6037:
6035:
6034:
6029:
6024:
6020:
6014:
6009:
6000:
5998:
5994:
5990:
5985:
5983:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5962:
5954:
5946:
5938:
5930:
5922:
5914:
5906:
5895:
5894:Palazzo Litta
5891:
5887:
5883:
5879:
5877:
5871:
5862:
5860:
5856:
5851:
5848:
5846:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5824:
5820:
5818:
5814:
5804:
5802:
5797:
5793:
5791:
5788:In 2016, the
5786:
5782:
5780:
5776:
5772:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5755:
5745:
5743:
5738:
5734:
5730:
5727:
5723:
5718:
5713:
5704:
5702:
5696:
5686:
5684:
5674:
5671:
5668:
5664:
5659:
5655:
5653:
5649:
5648:Islamic Jihad
5645:
5641:
5637:
5630:
5628:
5621:
5616:
5610:
5606:
5602:
5596:
5592:
5582:
5574:
5566:
5564:
5554:
5546:
5538:
5536:
5531:
5529:
5524:
5521:
5517:
5516:Iran–Iraq War
5512:
5507:
5502:
5493:
5489:
5479:
5473:
5469:
5461:Burma/Myanmar
5458:
5450:
5442:
5440:
5436:
5426:
5424:
5420:
5410:
5401:
5399:
5395:
5390:
5386:
5381:
5377:
5373:
5371:
5365:
5363:
5359:
5354:
5352:
5345:United States
5342:
5340:
5336:
5332:
5322:
5320:
5315:
5311:
5307:
5297:
5289:
5279:
5274:
5270:
5262:
5258:
5254:
5252:
5248:
5244:
5238:
5234:
5232:
5222:
5220:
5210:
5208:
5204:
5200:
5190:
5181:
5168:
5166:
5162:
5161:
5157:In 2003, the
5150:
5147:
5137:
5133:
5131:
5122:
5113:
5111:
5107:
5103:
5096:
5086:
5078:
5070:
5068:
5064:
5060:
5055:
5053:
5052:
5044:
5030:
5026:
5024:
5018:
5016:
5011:
5009:
5008:
5003:
4996:
4986:
4984:
4981:In 2007, the
4979:
4971:
4967:
4964:
4961:In 2003, the
4958:
4948:
4946:
4936:
4927:
4924:
4920:
4916:
4912:
4902:
4893:
4891:
4887:
4881:
4877:
4875:
4871:
4866:
4861:
4859:
4852:
4848:
4833:
4830:
4827:wrote to the
4826:
4821:
4819:
4814:
4810:
4806:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4788:
4778:
4776:
4770:
4766:
4764:
4760:
4756:
4750:
4740:
4737:
4731:
4721:
4719:
4718:
4710:
4700:
4698:
4688:
4686:
4681:
4679:
4673:
4669:
4663:
4653:
4651:
4645:
4641:
4630:
4626:
4624:
4620:
4614:
4610:
4590:
4587:
4581:
4576:
4574:
4570:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4550:
4545:
4536:
4527:
4525:
4521:
4517:
4513:
4501:
4495:
4485:
4482:
4473:
4468:
4466:
4458:
4454:
4450:
4447:
4444:
4441:
4438:
4437:
4436:
4427:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4406:
4397:
4394:
4393:girl soldiers
4385:
4381:
4377:
4373:
4370:
4366:
4365:
4364:
4360:
4358:
4348:
4346:
4342:
4338:
4334:
4331:
4327:
4323:
4318:
4316:
4312:
4308:
4304:
4300:
4296:
4292:
4288:
4284:
4280:
4276:
4272:
4267:
4265:
4261:
4257:
4253:
4249:
4245:
4241:
4231:
4229:
4225:
4220:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4206:
4202:
4198:
4194:
4190:
4186:
4181:
4177:
4175:
4171:
4156:
4154:
4149:
4145:
4144:human shields
4141:
4135:
4125:
4123:
4118:
4116:
4115:alcohol abuse
4112:
4108:
4104:
4100:
4096:
4092:
4088:
4083:
4082:to maturity.
4081:
4075:
4073:
4069:
4068:human shields
4065:
4061:
4057:
4046:
4041:
4039:
4034:
4032:
4027:
4026:
4024:
4023:
4016:
4013:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3992:
3989:
3988:
3987:
3984:
3982:
3979:
3977:
3974:
3972:
3969:
3967:
3964:
3962:
3959:
3958:
3957:
3954:
3952:
3949:
3947:
3946:Slave catcher
3944:
3942:
3939:
3935:
3932:
3930:
3927:
3926:
3925:
3922:
3920:
3917:
3915:
3912:
3908:
3905:
3903:
3900:
3899:
3898:
3895:
3891:
3888:
3886:
3883:
3881:
3878:
3877:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3870:Forced labour
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3857:
3851:
3850:
3841:
3836:
3833:
3831:
3828:
3826:
3823:
3821:
3818:
3816:
3813:
3811:
3808:
3806:
3803:
3799:
3796:
3795:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3777:
3774:
3773:
3772:
3769:
3767:
3764:
3760:
3757:
3755:
3752:
3751:
3750:
3747:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3734:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3716:
3715:Abolitionists
3713:
3711:
3708:
3706:
3703:
3701:
3698:
3696:
3693:
3691:
3688:
3686:
3683:
3681:
3678:
3676:
3673:
3671:
3668:
3667:
3666:
3663:
3662:
3659:
3654:
3653:
3646:
3643:
3641:
3638:
3636:
3633:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3620:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3607:
3602:
3601:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3495:
3491:
3490:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3477:
3474:
3472:
3469:
3467:
3464:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3430:
3427:
3425:
3422:
3421:
3419:
3417:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3408:
3405:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3387:
3383:
3380:
3379:
3378:
3375:
3374:
3371:
3368:
3367:
3364:
3361:
3357:
3354:
3353:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3330:
3327:
3326:
3325:
3322:
3318:
3317:comfort women
3315:
3314:
3313:
3310:
3308:
3305:
3301:
3300:Chukri System
3298:
3296:
3293:
3292:
3291:
3288:
3284:
3281:
3279:
3276:
3274:
3271:
3270:
3269:
3266:
3264:
3261:
3259:
3256:
3254:
3251:
3250:
3247:
3244:
3243:
3240:
3237:
3234:
3230:
3226:
3223:
3221:
3218:
3217:
3216:
3213:
3211:
3208:
3206:
3203:
3199:
3196:
3195:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3188:Latin America
3186:
3182:
3179:
3177:
3174:
3172:
3169:
3167:
3164:
3163:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3139:interregional
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3124:prison labour
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3096:
3095:
3094:United States
3092:
3088:
3085:
3084:
3083:
3080:
3076:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3064:
3061:
3060:
3057:
3054:
3052:
3049:
3047:
3044:
3040:
3037:
3036:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2983:
2980:
2979:
2978:
2975:
2973:
2970:
2968:
2965:
2963:
2960:
2959:
2956:
2953:
2952:
2946:
2945:
2938:
2935:
2933:
2930:
2928:
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2914:
2910:
2909:
2906:
2905:White slavery
2903:
2901:
2898:
2896:
2895:Slave raiding
2893:
2891:
2888:
2886:
2883:
2881:
2878:
2874:
2871:
2870:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2863:Corvée labour
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2847:
2844:
2842:
2839:
2837:
2834:
2833:
2832:
2829:
2828:
2824:
2823:
2820:
2817:
2815:
2812:
2810:
2807:
2805:
2802:
2800:
2797:
2795:
2792:
2790:
2787:
2785:
2782:
2780:
2777:
2775:
2772:
2770:
2767:
2766:
2763:
2760:
2759:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2746:
2743:
2741:
2738:
2736:
2733:
2731:
2728:
2724:
2721:
2719:
2716:
2714:
2711:
2709:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2697:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2679:Abbasid harem
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2656:
2655:
2652:
2648:
2645:
2643:
2640:
2638:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2624:
2623:
2622:Barbary Coast
2620:
2616:
2613:
2612:
2611:
2608:
2606:
2603:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2575:
2572:
2570:
2567:
2566:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2554:
2551:
2550:
2549:
2546:
2544:
2541:
2539:
2536:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2522:
2519:
2518:
2517:
2514:
2512:
2509:
2507:
2504:
2502:
2499:
2497:
2494:
2492:
2489:
2488:
2485:
2482:
2481:
2478:
2475:
2473:
2470:
2468:
2465:
2463:
2460:
2459:
2456:
2453:
2452:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2436:
2433:
2431:
2428:
2426:
2423:
2421:
2418:
2416:
2413:
2411:
2408:
2406:
2403:
2401:
2398:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2355:
2352:
2347:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2337:
2334:
2330:
2329:Forced labour
2327:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2317:
2307:
2302:
2300:
2295:
2293:
2288:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2277:
2274:
2272:
2269:
2267:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2257:
2254:
2252:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2230:
2225:
2224:
2217:
2214:
2212:
2209:
2207:
2204:
2202:
2199:
2197:
2194:
2192:
2189:
2188:
2182:
2181:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2166:
2164:
2161:
2159:
2156:
2154:
2151:
2149:
2146:
2144:
2141:
2139:
2136:
2134:
2133:Warrior caste
2131:
2129:
2126:
2124:
2121:
2120:
2117:
2112:
2111:
2104:
2103:Show of force
2101:
2097:
2094:
2092:
2091:Peacebuilding
2089:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2082:
2079:
2077:
2074:
2072:
2069:
2067:
2064:
2062:
2059:
2057:
2054:
2052:
2049:
2047:
2044:
2042:
2039:
2037:
2034:
2032:
2029:
2028:
2025:
2020:
2019:
2012:
2009:
2005:
2002:
2001:
2000:
1997:
1995:
1992:
1990:
1987:
1985:
1982:
1980:
1979:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:Air supremacy
1945:
1944:
1941:
1936:
1935:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1890:
1888:
1887:Islamic rules
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1867:Court-martial
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1854:
1851:
1846:
1845:
1836:
1833:
1832:
1831:
1828:
1826:
1823:
1821:
1818:
1817:
1814:
1809:
1808:
1799:
1796:
1794:
1791:
1789:
1786:
1785:
1784:
1781:
1779:
1776:
1772:
1769:
1767:
1766:Arms industry
1764:
1763:
1762:
1759:
1757:
1754:
1752:
1749:
1748:
1745:
1740:
1739:
1732:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1716:
1713:
1712:
1711:
1708:
1706:
1703:
1701:
1698:
1696:
1693:
1691:
1688:
1686:
1683:
1681:
1678:
1676:
1673:
1671:
1668:
1666:
1663:
1661:
1658:
1654:
1651:
1650:
1649:
1646:
1645:
1642:
1637:
1636:
1629:
1626:
1624:
1621:
1619:
1616:
1614:
1611:
1609:
1606:
1604:
1601:
1599:
1596:
1594:
1591:
1589:
1586:
1584:
1581:
1579:
1576:
1575:
1572:
1567:
1566:
1559:
1556:
1554:
1551:
1549:
1546:
1544:
1541:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1514:
1511:
1509:
1506:
1504:
1501:
1499:
1496:
1494:
1491:
1489:
1486:
1484:
1481:
1479:
1476:
1474:
1471:
1469:
1466:
1464:
1461:
1459:
1456:
1454:
1451:
1449:
1446:
1444:
1441:
1439:
1436:
1434:
1431:
1429:
1426:
1424:
1421:
1419:
1416:
1414:
1411:
1409:
1406:
1404:
1401:
1399:
1396:
1394:
1391:
1389:
1386:
1384:
1383:Broken-backed
1381:
1379:
1376:
1374:
1371:
1370:
1367:
1362:
1361:
1354:
1351:
1349:
1346:
1344:
1341:
1339:
1336:
1334:
1331:
1329:
1326:
1324:
1321:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1311:
1309:
1306:
1304:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1294:
1291:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1279:
1276:
1274:
1271:
1269:
1266:
1265:
1264:
1259:
1254:
1253:
1246:
1243:
1241:
1238:
1236:
1233:
1231:
1228:
1226:
1223:
1221:
1220:Expeditionary
1218:
1216:
1215:
1211:
1209:
1206:
1204:
1201:
1200:
1197:
1192:
1191:
1184:
1181:
1179:
1176:
1174:
1171:
1169:
1166:
1164:
1161:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1149:
1148:
1147:
1144:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1134:
1132:
1129:
1127:
1124:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1112:
1109:
1107:
1104:
1102:
1099:
1097:
1094:
1092:
1091:Counterattack
1089:
1087:
1084:
1082:
1079:
1077:
1074:
1070:
1067:
1065:
1062:
1060:
1057:
1056:
1055:
1052:
1050:
1047:
1046:
1045:
1040:
1035:
1034:
1027:
1024:
1022:
1019:
1017:
1016:Psychological
1014:
1012:
1009:
1007:
1004:
1002:
999:
997:
994:
992:
989:
987:
984:
982:
978:
975:
973:
970:
968:
965:
963:
960:
958:
955:
953:
952:Combined arms
950:
948:
945:
941:
938:
936:
933:
932:
931:
928:
926:
923:
921:
918:
916:
913:
911:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
897:
894:
889:
888:
881:
878:
876:
873:
872:
864:
861:
860:
859:
856:
854:
851:
849:
846:
844:
841:
839:
836:
834:
831:
830:
829:
826:
825:
817:
814:
813:
812:
809:
807:
804:
802:
799:
797:
794:
792:
791:Fortification
789:
787:
784:
782:
779:
778:
777:
774:
773:
767:
764:
762:
759:
757:
754:
753:
751:
750:
747:
742:
741:
734:
731:
729:
726:
724:
721:
719:
716:
715:
711:
708:
706:
703:
701:
698:
696:
693:
692:
688:
685:
683:
680:
678:
675:
673:
670:
668:
665:
663:
660:
658:
655:
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16274:Prostitution
16044:Lifetime use
15716:Minimisation
15711:Manipulation
15691:Exaggeration
15628:
15624:Verbal abuse
15604:Sexual abuse
15584:Social abuse
15554:Intimidation
15477:
15380:paratroopers
15264:World War II
15163:2023–present
15112:Soviet Union
15070:
14945:
14940:parachutists
14938: /
14915:Safe conduct
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14854: /
14813:Rome Statute
14786:Third (1949)
14776:First (1949)
14636:Mother Jones
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6473:
6407:Red Hand Day
6391:Graça Machel
6365:
6354:Lwów Eaglets
6312:Ishmael Beah
6300:Grace Akallo
6283:Child labour
6246:
6239:
6214:
6180:Red Hand Day
6178:
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6148:Red Hand Day
6131:2000 as the
6129:
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4459:to maturity.
4433:
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4382:In 2023 the
4361:
4354:
4319:
4268:
4237:
4221:
4182:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4137:
4119:
4084:
4076:
4060:armed forces
4055:
4054:
3951:Slave patrol
3783:Freedom suit
3759:Sierra Leone
3749:Colonization
3665:Abolitionism
3645:Baháʼí Faith
3618:Christianity
3568:Saudi Arabia
3424:Penal Labour
3389:Blackbirding
3295:Debt bondage
3283:penal system
3109:Contemporary
3099:Field slaves
3087:U.S. Natives
3046:South Africa
2917:Galley slave
2890:Slave market
2880:House slaves
2853:Blackbirding
2831:Conscription
2755:21st century
2718:Umm al-walad
2562:Muslim world
2531:Emancipation
2435:Wage slavery
2415:Penal labour
2393:Wife selling
2383:Bride buying
2368:Conscription
2362:
2358:Child Labour
2351:Contemporary
2216:Fifth column
2196:War resister
2191:Women in war
2086:Peacekeeping
2031:Arms control
1976:
1689:
1665:Mobilization
1660:Conscription
1618:Intelligence
1571:Organization
1212:
1141:Encirclement
1021:Radiological
957:Conventional
811:Subterranean
718:Development:
717:
694:
656:
618:
581:Naval units:
580:
573:Signal corps
540:
503:Intelligence
483:Specialties:
482:
407:Organization
358:Early modern
252:Red Hand Day
195:Sierra Leone
155:World War II
134:Prostitution
124:Sexual abuse
75:
36:
29:
16672:Alcohol law
16657:LGBT rights
16590:Competition
16527:environment
16245:Pornography
15973:Cocaine use
15766:Victimology
15741:Psychopathy
15564:Persecution
15539:Humiliation
15529:Gaslighting
15512:Elder abuse
15463:Child abuse
15259:World War I
15249:Tigray war
14934:Attacks on
14861:Distinction
14746:Lieber Code
14617:", BBC News
14610:", BBC News
14603:", BBC News
14427:10 December
14402:13 February
14372:12 February
14341:12 February
14307:12 February
14210:12 February
13743:11 February
13526:(in French)
13475:(in French)
13218:13 December
13192:12 February
13166:12 February
13140:12 February
13114:13 December
13088:13 December
13004:13 December
12966:13 December
12940:13 December
12911:13 December
12708:28 November
12649:27 February
12495:23 May 2005
12063:Hiro, Dilip
10979:2 September
9882:30 November
9829:30 November
9283:11 December
8858:(1): 37–41.
8783:13 December
8697:10 December
8636:13 December
8606:13 December
8302:. July 2006
7038:7 September
6324:Hagdobyeong
6308:, Cambodian
6157:Geneva Call
6110:1970s–1980s
6069:New Zealand
5969:During the
5949:Netherlands
5855:Mike Pompeo
5845:British SAS
5837:during the
5752:During the
5677:Philippines
5514:During the
5429:Afghanistan
5387:signed the
5306:Gulf Cartel
5007:Anti-balaka
4915:resolutions
4775:David Crane
4337:Afghanistan
4326:Philippines
4311:Afghanistan
4297:in Africa;
4291:South Sudan
4213:Afghanistan
4201:South Sudan
4174:Straight-18
3966:court cases
3838: [
3788:Slave Power
3776:Manumission
3623:Catholicism
3498:Afghanistan
3239:Puerto Rico
3151:The Bahamas
3129:Slave codes
2932:Shanghaiing
2922:Impressment
2814:Slave Coast
2694:Qajar harem
2654:Concubinage
2627:slave trade
2201:War studies
2024:Non-warfare
1952:Appeasement
1917:Martial law
1756:War economy
1695:Transgender
1648:Recruitment
1408:Containment
1293:Culminating
1273:Anti-access
1196:Operational
1116:Envelopment
1059:Air assault
940:Air cavalry
900:Air defence
880:Information
781:Cold-region
746:Battlespace
695:Historical:
541:Land units:
447:Space force
442:Coast guard
375:Late modern
336:Prehistoric
129:Trafficking
16824:Categories
16505:In the air
16500:By country
16440:by country
16428:by country
16406:by country
16394:by country
16377:by country
16360:Censorship
16301:Sodomy law
16171:Punishment
16152:Households
16039:Annual use
15997:Opiate use
15951:Bath salts
15925:Drugs and
15875:Retirement
15721:Narcissism
15544:Incivility
15534:Harassment
15291:Kosovo War
15210:Second war
15182:Korean War
15052:War crimes
15028:Starvation
15018:No quarter
14706:War crimes
14200:Scriptamus
14119:6 December
14088:6 December
14055:6 December
14029:5 February
14002:9 December
13976:9 December
13950:5 February
13802:4 November
13716:5 February
13685:9 December
13530:9 December
13504:9 December
13479:9 December
13365:5 February
12516:19 October
11755:4 December
11725:9 December
11365:ucdp.uu.se
11313:apnews.com
11254:29 January
11012:29 January
10506:13 January
10475:13 January
10444:13 January
10262:28 January
10182:Resolution
10047:28 January
10003:4 February
9934:8 February
9856:29 October
9615:28 January
9581:28 January
9548:30 January
9485:28 January
9449:13 January
9416:4 November
9109:: 100448.
8423:31 January
8336:29 January
8220:25 January
8127:25 January
8117:unicef.org
8096:25 January
8065:25 January
8032:25 January
7969:24 January
7906:25 January
7788:3 February
7746:3 February
7679:22 January
7603:24 January
7555:19 January
7463:19 January
7427:25 January
7267:The Lancet
6952:30 January
6921:28 January
6615:24 January
6579:7 December
6548:References
6344:, Canadian
6342:Omar Khadr
6332:, Japanese
6320:, American
6234:See also:
6169:Boko Haram
5650:, and the
5453:Bangladesh
5445:Azerbaijan
5423:God's Army
5106:Al-Shabaab
4841:Background
4793:Omar Khadr
4787:Omar Khadr
4724:War crimes
4520:aggression
4498:See also:
4379:conflicts.
4248:insurgents
4176:standard.
4140:sex slaves
4103:adolescent
4095:aggression
3981:J.Q. Adams
3971:Washington
3941:Slave name
3885:convention
3860:Common law
3233:Encomienda
3029:Seychelles
3014:Mauritania
2937:Slave ship
2804:Panyarring
2799:New France
2448:Historical
2261:War crimes
2251:Operations
2158:Foot drill
2128:Battle cry
2041:deterrence
1700:Harassment
1675:Specialism
1498:Technology
1493:Succession
1438:Liberation
1373:Asymmetric
1308:Empty fort
1214:Blitzkrieg
1183:Withdrawal
1146:Investment
925:Camouflage
920:Biological
858:Underwater
833:Amphibious
752:Aerospace
619:Air units:
596:Submarines
385:fourth-gen
380:industrial
368:napoleonic
16696:ownership
16645:At school
16607:Corporate
16351:Surrogacy
16225:Obscenity
16162:Ownership
16017:Ayahuasca
15892:in the US
15868:in the US
15696:Isolation
15517:Financial
15205:First war
15168:by Israel
15158:2008–2009
15095:Palestine
15072:Wehrmacht
15006:Massacres
14836:Civilians
14519:Watchlist
14514:War Child
14278:922406573
13919:17 August
13893:17 August
13862:17 August
13831:17 August
13771:18 August
13273:2 October
12879:2 October
12853:22 August
12678:2 October
12613:22 August
12159:775759780
12126:492125659
11396:27 August
11275:2 October
11060:141893319
10662:825978109
10565:2 October
10371:26 August
10336:1020-4067
10207:ReliefWeb
10134:232255513
10126:0020-7829
10076:ohchr.org
9674:153558830
9645:2 October
9605:achpr.org
9411:0140-0460
9402:The Times
9380:16 August
9353:828143812
9252:18 August
9226:17 August
9196:249277481
9180:2633-3767
9123:2666-7762
9066:0007-1250
9025:19 August
8997:21 August
8939:0020-8183
8835:24 August
8812:24 August
8741:0090-0036
8574:19 August
8493:0149-7634
8458:820450764
8387:21 August
8306:21 August
8280:21 August
8252:21 August
8001:20 August
7876:837635842
7519:19 August
7493:19 August
7379:0026-4075
7335:144559516
7189:0933-7954
7139:0026-4075
7079:0033-2917
6996:2168-622X
6856:157986637
6848:0307-1847
6731:427757599
6645:(4): 32.
6475:Kony 2012
6362:, Ugandan
6338:, Iranian
6306:Loung Ung
6302:, Ugandan
6056:Australia
6033:Vice News
5773:, called
5771:battalion
5689:Sri Lanka
5585:Palestine
5563:Hezbollah
5439:madrassas
5284:Guatemala
5051:Kony 2012
4805:terrorism
4801:US forces
4730:War crime
4530:Detention
4465:Cambodian
4374:In 2017,
3976:Jefferson
3628:Mormonism
3563:Palestine
3377:Australia
3307:Indonesia
3198:Lei Áurea
3181:Code Noir
3161:Caribbean
3134:Treatment
2873:Treatment
2846:Devshirme
2708:Odalisque
2526:In Russia
2467:Babylonia
2455:Antiquity
2148:War novel
2051:Grey-zone
2011:War games
1972:Overmatch
1922:War crime
1872:Desertion
1862:Ceasefire
1857:Armistice
1744:Logistics
1722:Mercenary
1710:Volunteer
1641:Personnel
1613:Engineers
1558:Sociology
1513:World war
1508:Total war
1488:Strategic
1478:Religious
1463:Political
1458:Perpetual
1433:Irregular
1348:Offensive
1323:Defensive
1318:Deception
1278:Attrition
1126:Guerrilla
1121:Formation
1064:Airbridge
996:Loitering
910:Artillery
563:Artillery
498:Engineers
461:Irregular
432:Air force
205:Sri Lanka
190:Palestine
147:Instances
119:Abduction
16650:In court
16628:Violence
16600:Monopoly
16582:Business
16560:Mortgage
16550:Minerals
16522:Property
16198:Policing
16092:Legality
16080:Legality
16068:Legality
16056:Legality
16051:Ibogaine
16034:Legality
16029:Cannabis
16022:Legality
16010:Legality
15990:Legality
15978:Legality
15904:Suffrage
15863:Marriage
15858:Majority
15848:Drinking
15819:rankings
15609:Stalking
15522:Marriage
15483:marriage
15478:military
15458:Bullying
15391:Category
15358:Genocide
15177:Iraq War
14590:Archived
14562:Archived
14396:Archived
14394:. 2018.
14366:Archived
14301:Archived
14243:Archived
14228:Archived
14204:Archived
14179:31 March
14173:Archived
14149:20 April
14143:Archived
14113:Archived
14079:Archived
14023:Archived
13796:Archived
13710:Archived
13659:22 March
13650:Archived
13623:28 March
13617:Archived
13592:28 March
13586:Archived
13561:28 March
13555:Archived
13524:Aviateur
13453:28 March
13447:Archived
13422:28 March
13416:Archived
13385:Archived
13359:Archived
13317:Archived
13299:Archived
13248:10 April
13242:Archived
13212:Archived
13186:Archived
13160:Archived
13134:Archived
13108:Archived
13082:Archived
13062:7 August
13056:Archived
13035:22 March
13025:Refworld
12960:Archived
12934:Archived
12902:Archived
12847:Archived
12672:Archived
12643:Archived
12607:Archived
12587:3 August
12537:Archived
12489:Archived
12442:Archived
12421:Archived
12394:Archived
12367:14 April
12304:Archived
12283:Archived
12259:6 August
12253:Archived
12093:22347651
12065:(1991).
12014:Archived
11990:4 August
11984:Archived
11953:5 August
11947:Archived
11922:5 August
11916:Archived
11914:. 2002.
11886:Archived
11829:The Hill
11749:Archived
11690:24 March
11684:Archived
11663:24 March
11657:Archived
11636:24 March
11630:Archived
11609:24 March
11600:Archived
11576:24 March
11567:Archived
11540:24 March
11534:Archived
11495:24 March
11486:Archived
11462:24 March
11453:Archived
11429:24 March
11420:Archived
11248:Archived
11223:22 March
11196:28 March
11190:Archived
11165:5 August
11159:Archived
11135:4 August
11088:Archived
11003:Archived
10902:29 March
10896:Archived
10870:Archived
10849:29 March
10843:Archived
10819:29 March
10786:29 March
10780:Archived
10745:Archived
10719:Archived
10624:28 March
10618:Archived
10594:28 March
10588:Archived
10539:16 March
10533:Archived
10500:Archived
10438:Archived
10432:UNICEF.
10417:28 April
10388:Archived
10362:Archived
10291:Archived
10256:Archived
10235:22 March
10229:Archived
10163:22 March
10157:Archived
10086:22 March
10041:Archived
10013:cite web
9964:22 March
9958:Archived
9928:Archived
9902:Archived
9876:Archived
9850:Archived
9820:Archived
9797:22 March
9769:Archived
9750:Archived
9739:Archived
9715:61724289
9639:Archived
9609:Archived
9542:Archived
9517:22 March
9508:Archived
9506:. 1998.
9476:Archived
9440:Archived
9320:16006025
9277:Archived
9188:35649690
9141:35813966
9084:24578444
9020:rusi.org
8991:Archived
8807:crin.org
8759:21088269
8630:Archived
8537:24 March
8509:14686245
8501:10817843
8417:Archived
8190:3 August
8161:3 August
8121:Archived
8090:Archived
8026:Archived
7963:Archived
7942:29 March
7936:Archived
7782:Archived
7740:Archived
7706:Archived
7673:Archived
7669:BBC News
7623:Archived
7597:Archived
7387:16173214
7289:23499041
7245:21376475
7207:26864534
7147:16578988
7087:25602942
7014:27224848
6912:Archived
6802:53830868
6606:Archived
6573:Archived
6524:, 1–12.
6356:, Polish
6350:, German
6326:, Korean
6252:See also
6077:was 17.
5577:Pakistan
5468:Tatmadaw
5333:and the
5325:Paraguay
5225:Colombia
5176:Barbados
5171:Americas
5160:Guardian
5153:Zimbabwe
4799:against
4697:indirect
4569:bullying
4367:In 2003
4345:Islamist
4343:, where
4271:Colombia
4258:, armed
4244:militias
4148:Napoleon
4091:numeracy
4087:literacy
4008:Iron bit
3998:40 acres
3961:breeding
3771:Freedman
3606:Religion
3466:Portugal
3351:Thailand
3341:Maldives
3336:Malaysia
3329:Kwalliso
3273:Booi Aha
3225:Restavek
3205:Colombia
3176:Trinidad
3166:Barbados
3056:Zanzibar
3004:Ethiopia
2885:Saqaliba
2779:Database
2730:Saqaliba
2491:Ancillae
2321:a series
2319:Part of
2163:War song
2138:War film
1771:Materiel
1690:Children
1670:Training
1608:Medicine
1593:Doctrine
1548:Training
1483:Resource
1468:Princely
1418:Economic
1403:Conquest
1398:Colonial
1393:Cold war
1378:Blockade
1258:Strategy
1230:Maneuver
991:Infantry
947:Chemical
801:Mountain
761:Airborne
624:Fighters
591:Warships
546:Infantry
488:Rifleman
452:Reserves
400:Military
165:Cambodia
52:a series
50:Part of
16684:Slavery
16667:Smoking
16640:At home
15939:Alcohol
15927:alcohol
15916:Working
15853:Driving
15838:Consent
15630:more...
15559:Neglect
15468:neglect
15066:Germany
15061:Croatia
15033:Torture
15023:Perfidy
15001:Looting
14738:Sources
14460:7 March
12746:Reuters
11943:Reuters
11835:3 April
11809:3 April
11783:24 June
11370:20 July
11345:20 July
11319:20 July
11068:1650250
10953:29 June
10725:1 April
10694:1 April
10188:.
9908:26 July
9848:. CNN.
9682:2556825
9538:ilo.org
9132:9256655
9075:4006087
8750:3000735
7198:4977328
7095:3026974
7005:4937827
6647:Bibcode
6257:General
6209:Georgia
6051:Oceania
5982:Ukraine
5965:Ukraine
5933:Germany
5909:Belarus
5901:Austria
5835:Houthis
5620:breath.
5557:Lebanon
5308:in the
5229:In the
5184:Bolivia
5089:Somalia
4818:Alberta
4797:Taliban
4453:warrior
4330:FARC-EP
4315:Myanmar
4299:Lebanon
4287:Somalia
4217:Myanmar
4197:Somalia
4128:History
4107:suicide
3986:Lincoln
3854:Related
3754:Liberia
3640:Judaism
3578:Tunisia
3553:Morocco
3543:Lebanon
3508:Bahrain
3503:Algeria
3471:Romania
3436:Denmark
3429:Slavery
3363:Vietnam
3034:Somalia
3024:Nigeria
2999:Comoros
2927:Pirates
2836:Ghilman
2769:Bristol
2659:history
2632:pirates
2521:History
2410:Peonage
2333:slavery
2276:Writers
2271:Weapons
2236:Battles
2185:Related
2173:Wargame
2168:Uniform
2116:Culture
1897:Perfidy
1892:Justice
1813:Science
1798:Outpost
1751:History
1731:Warrior
1727:Soldier
1715:foreign
1653:counter
1553:Service
1503:Theater
1443:Limited
1423:Endemic
1338:Nuclear
1106:Foxhole
1081:Cavalry
1069:Airdrop
1054:Airlift
1039:Tactics
1011:Nuclear
1001:Missile
930:Cavalry
915:Barrage
893:Weapons
853:Surface
634:Command
629:Bombers
586:Frogman
556:Cavalry
513:Medical
475:Militia
457:Regular
437:Marines
351:castles
341:Ancient
329:History
308:outline
200:Somalia
185:Myanmar
81:History
16782:Sharia
16679:Murder
16555:Mining
16540:Estate
16233:Incest
16147:Deaths
15899:Voting
15826:Age of
15676:Denial
15473:sexual
15378:(i.e.
15333:Other
15269:Allied
15124:Turkey
15119:Serbia
15107:Russia
15080:Israel
14873:Intent
14829:Topics
14276:
14266:
14165:"FAQs"
13792:Gov.uk
13766:GOV.UK
13706:mod.uk
13391:12 May
12543:24 May
12472:
12415:et al.
12357:UNICEF
12220:(1994)
12157:
12147:
12124:
12114:
12091:
12081:
12045:
12020:2 June
12010:UNICEF
11892:12 May
11862:
11094:19 May
11066:
11058:
10927:1 July
10660:
10650:
10496:UNICEF
10334:
10225:UNICEF
10184:
10132:
10124:
9713:
9703:
9680:
9672:
9635:UNICEF
9409:
9375:gov.uk
9351:
9341:
9318:
9194:
9186:
9178:
9139:
9129:
9121:
9082:
9072:
9064:
8964:
8937:
8896:16 May
8757:
8747:
8739:
8664:]
8507:
8499:
8491:
8456:
8446:
8413:Medact
8381:un.org
8359:
7874:
7864:
7815:
7774:
7732:
7629:12 May
7385:
7377:
7333:
7297:606331
7295:
7287:
7243:
7205:
7195:
7187:
7145:
7137:
7093:
7085:
7077:
7033:GOV.UK
7012:
7002:
6994:
6881:16 May
6854:
6846:
6800:
6790:
6758:
6729:
6719:
6534:
6513:
6184:
6175:Events
5978:Russia
5957:Norway
5925:France
5917:Cyprus
5865:Europe
5857:, the
5831:Darfur
5817:tribal
5756:, the
5613:
5549:Jordan
5541:Israel
5476:
5300:Mexico
5213:Canada
5193:Brazil
5140:Uganda
5002:Séléka
4976:
4951:Africa
4369:UNICEF
4293:, and
4199:, and
3902:owners
3538:Kuwait
3533:Jordan
3486:Sweden
3476:Russia
3461:Poland
3456:Norway
3278:Laogai
3263:Brunei
3258:Bhutan
3220:revolt
3193:Brazil
3156:Canada
3119:partus
3104:female
2989:Angola
2858:Coolie
2841:Mamluk
2794:Nantes
2774:Brazil
2703:Cariye
2538:Thrall
2506:Kholop
2472:Greece
2256:Sieges
1940:Theory
1680:Morale
1538:Policy
1533:Branch
1313:Mosaic
1303:Fabian
1245:Covert
1178:Trench
1163:Screen
1086:Charge
1076:Battle
1049:Aerial
967:Denial
935:Horses
863:Seabed
816:Tunnel
796:Jungle
786:Desert
756:Aerial
523:Diving
518:Police
160:Africa
111:Issues
98:Impact
93:Piracy
43:, 2007
16750:Other
16565:Water
16512:Abode
16105:Death
15706:Lying
15441:Types
15433:Abuse
15100:Hamas
15090:Japan
15085:Italy
14664:Other
14422:(PDF)
14082:(PDF)
14075:(PDF)
13822:(PDF)
13702:"Age"
13653:(PDF)
13646:(PDF)
12998:(PDF)
12985:(PDF)
12905:(PDF)
12898:(PDF)
12698:Ahval
12402:MEMRI
11774:(PDF)
11603:(PDF)
11596:(PDF)
11570:(PDF)
11563:(PDF)
11489:(PDF)
11482:(PDF)
11456:(PDF)
11449:(PDF)
11423:(PDF)
11416:(PDF)
11056:S2CID
11006:(PDF)
10999:(PDF)
10813:(PDF)
10806:(PDF)
10365:(PDF)
10358:(PDF)
10312:(PDF)
10180:
10130:S2CID
9993:(PDF)
9823:(PDF)
9816:(PDF)
9670:S2CID
9575:(PDF)
9568:(PDF)
9511:(PDF)
9504:(PDF)
9479:(PDF)
9472:(PDF)
9443:(PDF)
9436:(PDF)
9371:(PDF)
9217:(PDF)
9192:S2CID
8803:(PDF)
8691:(PDF)
8684:(PDF)
8666:(PDF)
8660:[
8568:(PDF)
8557:(PDF)
8505:S2CID
8330:(PDF)
8274:(PDF)
8246:(PDF)
8239:(PDF)
8059:(PDF)
8052:(PDF)
7992:(PDF)
7331:S2CID
7293:S2CID
7091:S2CID
6915:(PDF)
6908:(PDF)
6852:S2CID
6609:(PDF)
6602:(PDF)
6211:, US.
6126:1990s
5941:Italy
5827:Sudan
5807:Yemen
5707:Syria
5644:Hamas
5640:Fatah
5569:Nepal
5520:Basij
5482:India
5398:Trump
5394:Obama
5292:Haiti
5144:"The
5116:Sudan
5073:Egypt
4978:..."
4387:2022.
4341:Syria
4307:Yemen
4303:Syria
4295:Sudan
4209:Yemen
4205:Syria
3934:songs
3929:films
3842:]
3798:songs
3635:Islam
3613:Bible
3588:Yemen
3583:Qatar
3573:Syria
3548:Libya
3513:Egypt
3481:Spain
3451:Malta
3324:Korea
3312:Japan
3290:India
3268:China
3215:Haiti
3075:Aztec
3051:Sudan
3019:Niger
2911:Naval
2784:Dutch
2713:Qiyan
2699:Jarya
2674:Harem
2516:Serfs
2462:Egypt
2229:Lists
1685:Women
1623:Ranks
1543:Staff
1473:Proxy
1388:Class
1343:Naval
1328:Depth
1158:Swarm
1151:Siege
1131:Naval
1111:Drone
1006:Music
981:Robot
977:Drone
962:Cyber
905:Armor
875:Cyber
848:Green
843:Brown
806:Urban
766:Space
687:Radar
682:Sonar
551:Armor
533:Pilot
528:Comms
508:Recon
493:Staff
466:Ranks
210:Yemen
180:India
16545:Land
16294:Rape
16238:Laws
16157:Laws
16139:Guns
15814:and
15812:laws
15274:Axis
14838:and
14771:1864
14462:2018
14429:2017
14404:2018
14374:2018
14343:2018
14309:2018
14274:OCLC
14264:ISBN
14240:3171
14236:ICRC
14212:2018
14181:2018
14151:2013
14121:2017
14090:2017
14057:2017
14031:2018
14004:2022
13978:2022
13952:2018
13921:2022
13895:2022
13864:2022
13833:2022
13804:2021
13773:2022
13745:2018
13718:2018
13687:2022
13661:2018
13625:2018
13594:2018
13563:2018
13532:2022
13506:2022
13481:2022
13455:2018
13424:2018
13393:2012
13367:2018
13275:2021
13250:2010
13220:2018
13194:2018
13168:2018
13142:2018
13116:2018
13090:2018
13064:2016
13037:2018
13006:2018
12968:2018
12942:2018
12913:2018
12881:2014
12855:2017
12710:2020
12680:2014
12651:2017
12615:2017
12589:2021
12545:2018
12518:2023
12450:2008
12369:2019
12339:link
12261:2016
12155:OCLC
12145:ISBN
12122:OCLC
12112:ISBN
12089:OCLC
12079:ISBN
12043:ISBN
12022:2015
11992:2009
11955:2009
11924:2009
11894:2012
11837:2022
11811:2022
11785:2017
11757:2016
11727:2022
11692:2018
11665:2018
11638:2018
11611:2018
11578:2018
11542:2018
11497:2018
11464:2018
11431:2018
11398:2022
11372:2022
11347:2022
11321:2022
11277:2014
11256:2018
11225:2018
11198:2018
11167:2009
11137:2009
11096:2010
11064:SSRN
11014:2018
10981:2007
10955:2022
10929:2022
10904:2018
10876:2001
10851:2018
10821:2018
10788:2018
10727:2018
10696:2018
10658:OCLC
10648:ISBN
10626:2018
10596:2018
10567:2014
10541:2012
10508:2018
10477:2018
10446:2018
10419:2024
10373:2007
10332:ISSN
10264:2018
10237:2018
10186:1261
10165:2018
10122:ISSN
10088:2018
10049:2018
10019:link
10005:2018
9966:2018
9936:2016
9910:2012
9884:2011
9858:2010
9831:2011
9799:2018
9711:OCLC
9701:ISBN
9678:SSRN
9647:2014
9617:2018
9583:2018
9550:2018
9519:2018
9487:2018
9451:2018
9418:2021
9407:ISSN
9382:2022
9349:OCLC
9339:ISBN
9316:PMID
9285:2017
9254:2022
9246:CRIN
9228:2022
9184:PMID
9176:ISSN
9137:PMID
9119:ISSN
9080:PMID
9062:ISSN
9027:2022
8999:2016
8962:ISBN
8935:ISSN
8898:2018
8837:2019
8814:2019
8785:2017
8755:PMID
8737:ISSN
8699:2017
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