Voluntary childlessness

593:

percentage of higher education, yet they have very low graduation and employment rates. This is because the proportion of Korean women who have lost their jobs is very high. They have been married, given birth, and raised a child. At the same time, due to the lack of equal treatment in the workplace and at home, young Korean women's desire to have children continues to decline, once becoming one of the lowest fertility rates. In addition, the heavy demands of Confucian family values have also led to a tense relationship between the rigid obligations of marital life and the socioeconomic reality of young people. Because in Korea, Confucian traditions have a great and lasting influence on women's roles, deeply affecting Korean culture and society. Transitioning to a dual-income family means that young women will find it challenging to strike a balance between their responsibilities at work and at home. Married Korean women prefer to continue working and despite the new policies, there are still obstacles in achieving work-life balance. For this reason, working Korean women who choose to be mothers typically prefer to have very few children.

859:(graduating class of 1992) revealed that among both genders the proportion of undergraduates who reported they eventually planned to have children had dropped in half over the course of a generation. In 1992, 78% of women planned to eventually have children. But by 2021, that number fell to 42%. The results were similar for male students. However, voluntary childlessness in the United States was more common among higher educated women, but not higher educated men. A 2021 survey found that the number of non-parents aged 18 to 49 who said they were not too likely or not at all likely to have children was 44%, up seven points compared to 2018. Among these people, 56% said they simply did not want to have children. A 2023 poll found that about 23% of people adults below the age of 30 thought that having children was important, 9 percentage points below those aged 65 and above. 555:" movement, popular among Chinese youths, also extends to the domain of marriage and child-rearing. Over half of Chinese youths aged 18 to 26 said they were uninterested in having children because of the high cost of child-rearing, according to a 2021 poll by the Communist Youth League. While the Chinese economy has improved steadily, an explosive bloom of the real-estate market post-2008 has triggered an increase in house prices disproportionate to income. This is the commonly cited reason for childlessness and "lying flat" among the Chinese youth. A normal apartment unit in Beijing (with an average area of 112 square meters), for instance, costs on average ¥7.31 million ($ 1.15 million), and one would need to work non-stop for at least 88.2 years at Beijing's average monthly income of ¥6906 ($ 1083.7) without any expenditures. 180:

successful, or happy. Whereas in the past, a woman typically had to get married and bear children in order to ensure her own survival, in a modern society, people—including women—have more choices, and they are increasingly aware that reproduction is an option, and not an obligation. Consequently, people who choose to have children tend to have fewer of them, and an increasing number prefer to be childfree. Moreover, contemporary young people, especially women, tend to be more ambitious and career-minded than their counterparts in the past, and for them, children count as a distraction, an unwanted expenditure, or an undesirable commitment. Childfree people could take advantage of

525:

received a university degree. Consequently, many young women are now more likely to be gainfully employed and financially secure. Traditional views on gender roles dictate that women be responsible for housework and childcare, regardless of their employment status. When there is a tense relationship between women's internal expectations and external women's rights and opportunities, the results are reflected in a decrease in women's willingness to have children. Workplace discrimination against women (with families) is commonplace; for example, an employer might be more skeptical towards a married woman with one child, fearing she might have another (as the

97: 198: 85:(which has severed the link between sexuality and reproduction), more opportunities for financial security (especially for women), better healthcare (which has extended human life expectancy), and elderly care financed by the government or by one's own savings rather than one's family has made childlessness a viable option, even if this choice might still be frowned upon by society at large. Nevertheless, in some modern societies, being childfree has become not just more tolerated but also more common. 530:

felt that they could not fully engage in work at home with underage children and that parental responsibility could neglect important work tasks and even affect promotion progress. Moreover, the cost of living, especially the cost of housing in the big cities, is a serious obstacle to marriage. The problem facing China's current social situation is that "the standard of living has improved, but the overall level is low and uneven." In recent years, Chinese society has been accompanied by rapid

396:

tell her to ask her husband for permission. Childfree women might be told to first have a child before deciding whether or not they do not want one, to "hurry up" and lower their standards for suitable men, that they would make good mothers, that they have not yet met the "right" man, or are assumed to be infertile rather than having made a conscious decision not to make use of their fertility. Many parents pressure their children into producing grandchildren and threaten to or actually

171:, something men might also face. This information is traditionally not provided to parents in advance to avoid frightening them. In an agrarian society, children are a source of labor and thus income for the family. But as society shifts towards industries other than agriculture and as more people relocate to the cities, children become a net sink of parental resources. For this reason, people tend to have fewer children, or none at all. This change is known as the first 217:, among other issues) or the politics of their countries, and therefore question whether having children really is such a positive contribution. The human population has grown significantly since the start of the Industrial Revolution, leading many to believe that overpopulation has become a serious problem and some to question the fairness of what in their view amounts to subsidies for having children—such as tax credits for parents (such as the 935: 589:

serious housing problem in Korea.As a result, many young people experience housing stress, which affects their willingness to marry and have children. In 2016, the average youth unemployment rate in South Korea was 9 to 10 percent. Unemployment can hurt mental health, and can even lead to depression, suicide, and so on. As a result, employment pressures have reduced young Koreans' hopes for marriage and childbirth.

302:" is used to described women obsessed with being mothers. In general, as a society becomes better developed, it is generally true that parental investment per child goes up, causing fertility rates to go down. In countries where having children out of wedlock is either highly unusual or socially ostracized, such as China, having trouble getting married is a reason why most choose to not have children. 343:

raising future workers and taxpayers. During the summer, requests for vacation leave from parents are typically approved quickly while the childfree are generally expected to stay behind to cover the workload. To alleviate friction and to maintain goodwill, some employers have offered everyone paid leave at the same time. More broadly, some human-resources departments and managers have introduced

315:

just as altruistic as any parent. They will also have more time to focus on themselves, which will allow for greater creativity and the exploration of personal ambitions. In this way, they may benefit themselves and society more than if they had a child, and describe the joys and freedoms of childfree living, freedoms such as travel previously associated with males in Western culture.

189:

and fulfillment. As parenthood loses its appeal, pets gain in popularity, at least among those who wish to have something or someone to care for. In South Korea, young couples of the 2010s are more likely to have pets, which are cheaper than children. In the English language, the phrase "fur baby" was first introduced in the 1990s and steadily became more commonplace afterwards as

822:

reproduction. Baby Boomers are more likely to consider raising (grand) children to be a source of fulfillment or the glue that holds a marriage together. But not that many young Canadians share this view. Moreover, while Canadians today are more tolerant towards the idea of not having children, many seniors still struggle with this decision coming from their own family members.

122:), and the childbirth experience. Some are worried that an existing (and strained) romantic relationship or marriage might be damaged (beyond repair) with the arrival of children, and this could be the case if one partner does not want children. Among women, the mental health of those of reproductive years declines among mothers relative to those with no children, whose 206:

falling wages and a high cost of living. But even among those who are not facing dire financial circumstances, not having a child means more savings and possibly early retirement. They realize that having children is not a guaranteed safety net for parent-child relations might be strained. For women, the lack of adequate support for working mothers is a major concern.

391:, and frequently childfree people are subjected to unsolicited questioning by friends, family, colleagues, acquaintances and even strangers who attempt to force them to justify and/or change their decision, for example during holiday family gatherings. Some women interviewed by the BBC have argued that revealing their decision to not have children was akin to 127:

childfree in favor of the latter, even in places with generous programs to support (working) parents. On average, unmarried women with no children are among the happiest in society. (For men, marriage is correlated with higher income, greater life expectancy, and more happiness. Both men and women who are married benefit from financial and emotional support.)

338:

too career-focused, although this is not necessarily true. In line with policies of family-friendliness, governments and employers typically offer support for parents, even though people without children might have to care for invalid, disabled, or elderly dependents, commitments that entail significant financial and emotional costs. The "life" aspect of the

804:

parents included 13% of people aged 18 to 24, 20% of those aged 25 to 34, and 51% aged 35 to 44. Besides age (23%), the most popular reasons for not having children were the potential impact on lifestyles (10%), high costs of living and raising children (10%), human overpopulation (9%), dislike of children (8%), and lack of parental instincts (6%).

566:, so much so that this demographic transition far exceeds the capacity of elderly care facilities. It is expected that by the mid-21st century, more than one-third of the population will be over 60 years of age. Of whom, more than 100 million will be over the age of 80. This means that there will be fewer than two working adults per senior citizen. 375:, serving as missionaries in a dangerous location, etc., are all examples that would make childbearing imprudent for a Christian. A small activist group, the Cyber-Church of Jesus Christ Childfree, defends this view, saying "Jesus loved children but chose to never have any, so that he could devote his life to telling the Good News." 287:, viewing the absence of pleasure is neutral whereas the absence of pain is positive. For them, refraining from reproduction can be thought of as a form of compassion for the unborn. Moreover, since parents can never secure the consent of their unborn child, the decision to procreate would be an imposition of life, a source of 840:

in 1988, 9% in 1995 and 7% in 2002. These women had the highest income, prior work experience and the lowest religiosity compared to other women. Research revealed that childfree people tended to be better educated, to be professionals, to live in urban areas, to be less religious, and to have less conventional life choices.

848: 781:

By October 2020, some 7% of population between the ages of 18 and 45 did not want children, and this figure reached 20% within Moscow population. Most often, educated, wealthy and ambitious people refuse to have children. They are unwilling to sacrifice their comfort and career for the sake of their

765:

By March 2017, reports showed that 22% of higher educated 45-year-old men were childless and 33% of lower educated 45-year-old men were childless. Childlessness amongst the latter was increasing, even though most of them were involuntarily childless. The number of voluntarily childless people amongst

601:

As Vietnam continues to industrialize and urbanize, many couples have chosen to have fewer children, or none at all, especially in better developed and more densely populated places, such as Ho Chi Minh City, where the fertility rate fell to 1.45 in 2015, well below replacement. Rising cost of living

543:

is no longer considered shameful and unachievable, so the meaning of marriage is more likely to be accompanied by each other. This has led to a much lower perception of the importance of marriage. In addition, Chinese Millennials are less keen on tying the knots than their predecessors as a result of

342:

is often taken to mean parenting. Non-parents, including the childfree, are thus assumed to be career-focused and willing to work extra time, which is not necessarily the case. What they do with their free time is not considered as important. Some parents argue that they deserve special treatment for

193:

came of age. In the West, members of the countercultural or feminist movements in the 1960s and 1970s typically had no children. They disapproved of how women were treated differently from men. Some feminists recall how their own mothers were treated when they were young. Among radical feminists, the

113:

on the alleged benefits of parenthood because there are parents who regret having children, leaving the childfree to deem the decision to "just try" to have children irresponsible. And parents can become less empathetic towards non-family members. Some people simply do not feel the "biological clock"

839:

Being a childfree American adult was considered unusual in the 1950s. However, the proportion of childfree adults in the population has increased significantly since then. A 2006 study found that American women aged 35 to 44 who were voluntarily childless constituted 5% of all U.S. women in 1982, 8%

769:

By March 2020, 10% of 30-year-old Dutch women questioned had not had children out of her own choice, and did not expect to have any children anymore either; furthermore, 8.5% of 45-year-old women questioned and 5.5% of 60-year-old women questioned stated that they had consciously remained childless.

761:

By 2004, 6 in 10 childless women are voluntarily childless. It showed a correlation between higher levels of education of women and the choice to be childfree, and the fact that women had been receiving better education in the preceding decades was a factor why an increasing number of women chose to

538:

In the past two decades, the increase of the age of first marriage and the reduction of the interval between marriage and first childbirth have been the most important characteristics of China's demographic changes. The traditional concept of marriage is no longer prevalent in China, and the younger

350:

It is traditionally held that womanhood must include motherhood and caregiving. Even today, these responsibilities fall largely on women. Historically, it has been a social taboo to discuss the negative aspects of pregnancy and childbirth, or to express regret for having had children, making it more

205:

The next group of reasons why people prefer to not have children is economic in nature. Childfree people reject the claim that their national economies are at risk just because they have no children. For many, existing burdens of taxes and debts are already great, and yet they are facing stagnant or

179:

occurs when the cultural attitude towards children changes. In particular, this is when society shifts from traditional and communal values towards individualism, whereupon support for traditional gender roles declines and fewer people believe that they need to have children in order to be complete,

583:

South Korea's low birth rate in recent years (2020s) is mostly due to people avoiding getting married and having children. That young people increasingly choose to remain single is influenced by a combination of not just economic factors but also cultural change. Among economic factors are the high

561:

As of 2021, the national fertility rate is about 1.5 or even lower. In the more developed regions of the country, the fertility rate has been even lower for over a decade, only slightly higher than giving birth to one child per couple, which is comparable to the world's lowest fertility rate. This

395:

in the mid-20th century, while others avoided such conversations to avoid social pressure to change their decision. People with no children of their own who want to be sterilized might be refused the procedure by their doctors. If the person requesting to be sterilized is a woman, her doctor might

337:

Childfree people face not only social discrimination but political discrimination as well. Most societies place a high value on parenthood in adult life, so that people who remain childfree are sometimes stereotyped as selfish, self-absorbed, or unwilling to take on responsibility. Some are deemed

188:

tends to be quite high as a society industrializes and urbanizes. Simply reviewing the full financial expense of having a child can shift a person's opinion on whether or not he or she should have one. But the cost of raising a child is, for most, not as important as the desire for personal growth

803:

A poll released in January 2020 revealed that among Britons who were not already parents, 37% told pollsters they did not want any children ever. 19% said they did not want children but might change their minds in the future and 26% were interested in having children. Those who did not want to be

534:

and rising per capita income, and the demand for housing has gradually increased. However, income disparities and inadequate policies have put enormous pressure on housing for young people. Based on the traditional Chinese concept of marriage, housing is often an important condition for marriage,

529:

was rescinded in 2016) and take more maternity leave. Consequently, there no strong incentive for young women to marry and have children. Not only women but also men who delay or refuse to have children because of the trade-off between work and family, are also heavily considered some respondents

314:

explains, at the heart of the decision to bring a child into the world often lies the parents' own desires (to enjoy child-rearing or perpetuate one's legacy or genes), rather than the potential person's interests. At the very least, Benatar believes this illustrates why a childfree person may be

134:

services as part of an extended family or godparent, and to nourish existing friendships, which might falter if they were to become parents. Some are also taking care of elderly parents. Some childfree individuals consider themselves to be already working for the benefit of the next generation or

588:

as non-state-owned, non-profit housing accounts for a small percentage of South Korean housing. This is because the Korean housing system is dominated by public housing. At the same time, the legal and economic infrastructure of social housing in Korean society is not perfect, which has led to a

404:

While the idea of a childfree flight has become popular in the 2020s, with individuals even willing to pay extra, it is unlikely to be instituted by a major airline for reasons of public relations, regulations, and profit. On the other hand, this is not an issue for certain other venues, such as

108:

Many suffered abuse by the hands of their own parents and as such have little interest in parenthood, or the duplication of their family's genes. They also fear the continuation of the cycle of abuse or other defects in their styles of parenting. Indeed, fear is in general a major motivation for

592:

As for cultural change, South Korean youths no longer deem marriage to be necessary, while contemporary young South Korean women are increasingly unwilling to sacrifice their own needs and aspirations in order to help their husbands to succeed in the labor market. South Korean women have a high

843:

From 2007 to 2011 the fertility rate in the U.S. declined 9%, and in 2010 the birth rate was the lowest in U.S. history and childlessness rose across all racial and ethnic groups to about 1 in 5 versus 1 in 10 in the 1970s; although some of this may be involuntary. However, despite persisting

524:

In China, the conflict between women's work and family is a contributing factor to the nation's low fertility rate. In the 1990s, the Chinese government reformed higher education in order to increase access, whereupon significantly more young people, a slight majority of whom being women, have

500:

The childfree lifestyle had become a trend by 2014, and the Internet has enabled people who pursue this lifestyle to connect, thereby making it more visible. Worldwide, higher educated women are statistically more often choosing to remain childless. Research into both voluntary and involuntary

139:

by making charitable donations, or working as schoolteachers or pediatricians. In addition, one's partner might already have children from a previous relationship and is unable or unwilling to have more. On the other hand, some people simply dislike children's behavior, language, or biological

817:

In 2010, around half of Canadian women without children in their 40s had decided to not have any from an early age. Among Canadian women aged 50 and over, about 17.2% had no biological children, as of 2022. A 2023 report states that over a third of Canadians aged 18 to 49 do not want to have

126:

remains more or less stable during this period. In general, couples experience a drop in the level of happiness after having a baby, though the level depends on a variety of factors, including sex, age, and nationality. But in the long run, there is a gap in happiness between parents and the

821:

Pursuit of higher education, unaffordable housing, economic precariousness, and the rising cost of living are among the reasons why. These trends have accelerated in the aftermath of the COVID-19 pandemic. Like the case in other countries, there is a generational gap in attitudes towards

264: 422:

in North America where numerous books have been written about childfree people and where a range of social positions related to childfree interests have developed along with political and social activism in support of these interests. The term "childfree" was used in a July 3, 1972

790:

According to a 2019 study amongst 191 Swedish men aged 20 to 50, 39 were not fathers and did not want to have children in the future either (20.4%). Desire to have (more) children was not related to level of education, country of birth, sexual orientation or relationship status.

444:. Despite its name, the movement also includes those who do not necessarily desire human extinction but do want to curb or reverse human population growth in the name of environmentalism. VHEMT was founded in 1991 by Les U. Knight, an American activist who became involved in the 309:

to have children is no more or less selfish than choosing to have children. Choosing to have children may be the more selfish choice, especially when poor parenting risks creating many long-term problems for both the children themselves and society at large. As philosopher

893:

It is estimated that that the share of childfree women grew from under 10% in 1996 to around 15% in 2013. Professional women were the most likely to be without children, at 16%, compared with 12% for manual workers. At least 5% of women were childfree by choice.

880:(2022), which returned the right to regulate aspects of abortion not covered by federal law to the individual states, the number of young and childfree adults seeking sterilization went up. Previously, it was usually middle-aged fathers who obtained vasectomies. 574:

In Taiwan, it has become much more affordable for young couples to own pets instead of having children. In addition, those who want children face obstacles such as short maternity leaves and low wages. By 2020, Taiwan has become home to more pets than children.

194:

traditional family is viewed "a decadent, energy-absorbing, destructive, wasteful institution." Similarly, in China, a socially conservative and patriarchal country, women have become much less interested in marriage and children, viewing these as burdens.

602:

and tiredness from work are among the reasons why. By 2023, polls show that significant numbers of married Vietnamese are choosing to not have children in order to focus on their lives and careers, or because they are wary of the demands of parenthood.

413:

Childfree individuals do not necessarily share a unified political or economic philosophy, and most prominent childfree organizations tend to be social in nature. Childfree social groups first emerged in the 1970s and 1980s, most notable among them the

873:

In the U.S., although being voluntarily childless or childfree is not without its disadvantages, such as higher taxes, less affordable housing options, and concern of old age, parenthood continues to lose its appeal. After the Supreme Court decision

221:

in the United States), paid parental leave, and public education—as well as social welfare programs that require more people to be born to ensure said programs can be funded by taxes. To this end, concerns over the impact of human activities on the

794:

Some Swedish men 'passively' choose not to have children as they feel their life is already good as it is, adding children is not necessary, and they do not have to counter the same amount of social pressure to have children as childfree women do.

762:

be childfree. The two most important reasons for choosing not to have children were that it would infringe on their freedom and that raising children takes too much time and energy; many women who gave the second reason also gave the first.

539:

generation's view of marriage has changed dramatically. For example, traditional Chinese marriage aims at inheritance and can fulfill sexual needs under the premise of following social morality. Today, China's socialization is evolving, and

184:, such as pursuing a career, retiring early, making charitable donations, having more leisure, and being more active in the community. Some find themselves exhausted with work and are therefore in no position to be parents. Furthermore, the 386:

People who express the fact that they have voluntarily chosen to remain childfree are frequently subjected discrimination or pressure to change their minds. The decision not to have children has been derided as "unnatural" or attributed to

318:

But simply not wanting children is the most important reason for many. Compared to the 1970s, social attitudes towards voluntary childlessness have been slowly changing from condemnation and hostility to greater acceptance by the 2010s.

363:—place a high value on children and their central place in marriage. There are, however, some debates within religious groups about whether a childfree lifestyle is acceptable. Another view, for example, is that the biblical verse " 109:

voluntary childlessness, and some are also concerned with disabilities, rendering childcare even more challenging; or that the children might grow up to be immoral people. However, childfree individuals are unlikely to have the

2713: 3211: 869:

Women who never married or have children are among the happiest subgroup in the United States. And by 2019 single people, women without children made more money than men without children or men and women with children.

367:" in Genesis 1:28, is really not a command but an expression of blessing. Alternatively, some Christians believe that Genesis 1:28 is a moral command but nonetheless believe that voluntary childlessness is ethical if a 1242: 766:

higher educated men had been increasing since the 1960s, whilst voluntary childlessness amongst lower educated men (who tended to have been raised more traditionally) did not become a rising trend until the 2010s.

260:, viewing it as not entirely a tragedy but rather an act of empathy and nobility. In their opinion, human existence inflicts harm not just upon humans themselves but also other species via predatory practices. 382:

of childfree environmentalists is self-eliminating since they only aid in the deterioration of concern for the environment and future generations, though this argument assumes that attitudes are heritable.

400:

them if they do not. Some childfree people are accused of hating all children instead of just not wanting any themselves even though these people might still be willing to help others rear their children.

1956: 3729: 4109: 855:

Overall, the importance of having children has declined across all age groups in the United States, especially the young. A cross-generational study comparing Millennials (graduating class of 2012) to

4143: 3549: 74:

might be used in the context of venues or activities wherein (young) children are excluded even if the people involved may be parents, such as a childfree flight or a childfree restaurant.

93:

Supporters of this lifestyle cite various reasons for their view. These reasons can be personal, social, philosophical, moral, economic, or a complex, nuanced combination of such reasons.

3219: 2512: 2721: 616:

In Europe, childlessness among women aged 40–44 is most common in Austria, Spain and the United Kingdom (in 2010–2011). Among surveyed countries, childlessness was least common across

5908: 1250: 2535: 4669: 1979: 429:

article on the creation of the National Organization for Non-Parents. It was revived in the 1990s when Leslie Lafayette formed a later childfree group, the Childfree Network.

825:

In Canada, childfree venues are growing in popularity, including among parents who, despite loving their children, would like to spend some time away from them on occasions.

5882: 237:

Having fewer children or no children at all drastically reduces one's carbon emissions compared to, for instance, owning a car with improved fuel efficiency, replacing

6845: 3115: 4117: 3372: 2819:

Kaufmann, Eric (2013). "Chapter 7: Sacralization by Stealth? The Religious Consequences of Low Fertility in Europe". In Kaufmann, Eric; Wilcox, W. Bradford (eds.).

2789: 535:

especially for men. And the increase in housing pressure has led to the fatigue of young people's marriage, which in turn has affected the desire to have children.

2603:

Ryan, Calen P.; Hayes, M. Geoffrey; Lee, Nanette R.; McDade, Thomas W.; Jones, Meaghan J.; Kobor, Michael S.; Kuzawa, Christopher W.; Eisenberg, Dan T. A. (2018).

2560:

Altman, Daniel; Ekström, Åsa; Gustafsson, Catharina; López, Annika; Falconer, Christian; Zetterström, Jan (2006). "Risk of Urinary Incontinence After Childbirth".

6235:

Waisberg, Tatiana (2017). "The Last Front Line of Human Rights: The Childfree Choice and Women Empowerment". In Leal, César Barros; Muños, Soledad Garcia (eds.).

6048: 2305: 4363: 1630: 6070: 3402: 1948: 70:

has also been used to refer to parents currently not living with their children, for example because they have already grown up and moved out. In common usage,

6014: 5988: 5796: 3464: 5546: 3773: 2063: 4147: 4874: 2385: 4267: 6339: 2744: 1460: 5694: 3737: 2852: 5602: 4046: 2473: 5833: 3146: 558:

On the Internet, statements such as "no marriage, no children will make life happier" make obvious their negative views of marriage and reproduction.

5957: 5568: 4182: 1871: 62:, which is traditionally used to express the idea of having no children, whether by choice or by circumstance. In the research literature, the term 4337: 3433: 2878: 3539: 876: 295:. However, some childfree people explicitly reject antinatalism; they may even like the children of others, but just do not want any themselves. 3296: 2943: 2504: 2093: 1707: 1420: 6254:"At the Intersection of Fiction and Reality: An Ideological and Rhetorical Contextualization of Two Childfree Heroines on American Television" 2015: 5298:

Work-Life Balance in South Korea: Experiences of the Highly Educated and Married Female Korean Employees with Flexible Workplace Arrangements

4393: 3680: 1904: 58:

extends to encompass the children of others (in addition to one's own children), and this distinguishes it further from the more usual term

5672: 4900: 4631:"Fertility intentions of having a second child among the floating population in China: Effects of socioeconomic factors and home ownership" 4457: 123: 3621: 1987: 548:. Because this is a country where having children out of wedlock is quite rare, this means that many young people are foregoing children. 6908: 6893: 3060: 2419: 445: 167:, and even death. Substantial neurological changes during and following pregnancy could lead to sentiments of insecurity and inadequacy, 46:

describes the active choice not to have children. Use of the word "childfree" was first recorded in 1901 and entered common usage among

6746: 1366: 77:

In most societies and for most of human history, choosing not to have children was both difficult and socially undesirable, except for

5453: 2660:

Christian, Parul; Katz, Joanne; Wu, Lee; Kimbrough-Pradhan, Elizabeth; Khatry, Subarna K.; Leclerq, Steven C.; West, Keith P. (2008).

6672: 3089: 415: 298:

Modern societies often have high expectations of parents, which some people consider distasteful. In English, the (pejorative) term "

6294: 5516: 1576: 6835: 5724:

Abma, Joyce C.; Martinez, Gladys M. (November 2006). "Childlessness among Older Women in the United States: Trends and Profiles".

4083: 6858: 6332: 3967: 3936: 3703: 30:

This article is about the choice not to have children. For the inability to have children despite one's desire to have them, see

3123: 364: 6870: 3380: 1929:

DeMarneffe, Daphne (2005). "Maternal Desire: On Children, Love, and the Inner Life". Back Bay Books/Little, Brown, and Company.

844:

discrimination against especially women who chose to remain childless, acceptance of being childfree was gradually increasing.

3644: 2979: 6225: 6116: 5095: 5052: 4440: 3915: 3250: 2828: 2313: 1278: 328: 176: 5765:

Park, Kristin (August 2005). "Choosing Childlessness: Weber's Typology of Action and Motives of the Voluntarily Childless".

5418: 4371: 6865: 5735: 2917: 6708: 6253: 3005: 2797: 2447: 1213: 974: 433: 254: 6142:

Gillespie, Rosemary (2003). "Childfree and Feminine: Understanding the Gender Identity of Voluntarily Childless Women".

2235: 1336: 1154: 6875: 6325: 6040: 5931: 5196:"Job-Seeking Stress, Mental Health Problems, and the Role of Perceived Social Support in University Graduates in Korea" 3182: 1787: 143:

Medical concerns constitute an entire class of reasons why some people do not want to have children. Some people carry

5479: 3832: 3243:

Generations: The Real Differences Between Gen Z, Millennials, Gen X and Silents—and What The Mean for America's Future

1622: 773:

Raising a child cost an average of €120,000 from birth to age 18, or about 17% of one's disposable income as of 2019.

6602: 5122:"Economic and Non-economic Determinants of the Lowest-Low Fertility Rate in Korea: An Analysis of Survey Experiments" 5010:

The Challenges of Population Aging in the People's Republic of China (Report). Asian Development Bank. July 1, 2021.

3507: 3350: 1188: 863: 628:

By March 2020, some 11% of Belgian women and 16% of Belgian men between the ages of 25 and 35 did not want children.

6990: 6850: 6539: 6524: 5636: 4787:"Age at Marriage and the First Birth Interval: The Emerging Change in Sexual Behavior Among Young Couples in China" 5610: 5538: 5391: 4054: 3765: 2481: 2055: 5855: 5702: 3154: 284: 130:

For some, it is sufficient to spend time with their nephews, nieces or stepchildren, or to provide childcare and

5965: 6985: 6792: 6574: 6348: 5726: 4227: 3441: 2122: 1759: 1450: 4020: 2844: 2153: 6041:"Emma Gannon on her debut novel, podcasting during a pandemic and starting the internet's coolest book club" 1521:"A wonderful experience or a frightening commitment? An exploration of men's reasons to (not) have children" 6772: 6657: 6647: 3801: 3304: 2951: 1863: 452:

and humanity. VHEMT supports human extinction primarily because, in the movement's view, it would prevent

283:

asserts that it is inherently immoral to bring people into the world. Antinatalists argue in favor of the

6840: 6782: 6179:

Hird, Myra J. (2003). "Vacant Wombs: Feminist Challenges to Psychoanalytic Theories of Childless Women".

818:

children. Many are also delaying having children or want to have fewer children than their predecessors.

448:

and thereafter concluded that human extinction was the best solution to the problems facing the Earth's

104:

bringing her a child. As women's opportunities increase, they become less interested in having children.

96: 6741: 6389: 5157:"Housing the very poor or the young? Implications of the changing public housing policy in South Korea" 1819: 1243:"Would you pay more to be on a plane without children? A majority of Americans want adult-only flights" 969: 834: 156: 5570:Движение «чайлдфри» — «свободные от детей» — набирает обороты в России и Европе. Новости. Первый канал 4747: 3116:"More couples are choosing a 'dual income, no kids' lifestyle. Here's how that changes their finances" 2261: 6980: 6422: 6384: 6379: 5156: 4534: 949: 505:

and parenthood has long focused on women's experiences, and men's perspectives are often overlooked.

453: 17: 5031:

Mao, Guoping; Lu, Fuzhong; Fan, Xuchun; Wu, Debiao (2020), Poot, Jacques; Roskruge, Matthew (eds.),

3061:"If you're not planning to have kids, you can rethink 'the whole foundation' of your financial plan" 1410: 159:

for the woman's body and lasting effects on her health, including, but not limited to, weight gain,

6825: 6514: 6369: 2023: 1896: 979: 457: 288: 218: 54:

refers to the freedom and personal choice of those to pick this lifestyle. The meaning of the term

4401: 3670: 1374: 6903: 6830: 6756: 6547: 4947: 4504:[Childfree epidemic: St. Petersburg residents do not want to have children] (in Russian). 3858: 3267: 2605:"Reproduction predicts shorter telomeres and epigenetic age acceleration among young adult women" 238: 185: 6287: 6096: 5662: 5352: 347:(PTO) to replace of the traditional paid family leave, paid sick leave, or paid vacation leave. 6552: 6534: 6489: 6374: 2337:"Parenthood and Happiness: Effects of Work-Family Reconciliation Policies in 22 OECD Countries" 1867: 1653: 1584: 1455: 1028: 437: 172: 6244: 5314:"Women Reconciling Paid and Unpaid Work in a Confucian Welfare State: The Case of South Korea" 5313: 5194:

Lim, Ah Young; Lee, Seung-Hee; Jeon, Yeongju; Yoo, Rankyung; Jung, Hee-Yeon (April 13, 2018).

4971:"Union formation and childbearing among Chinese youth: Trends and socioeconomic differentials" 4834:"Union formation and childbearing among Chinese youth: Trends and socioeconomic differentials" 2411: 371:

intervenes to make child bearing imprudent in comparison. Health concerns, a calling to serve

118:. Among some women, there is a fear or revulsion towards the physical condition of pregnancy ( 6731: 6718: 6394: 5695:"Childless By Choice – childless couples an emerging demographic – Statistical Data Included" 4515: 4432: 959: 545: 339: 168: 115: 2206: 6952: 6797: 6632: 6364: 6278: 5446: 4241: 4170: 3589: 2616: 473: 332: 242: 223: 472:

required by humans are frequently cited by the movement as evidence of the harm caused by

461: 8: 6652: 6592: 6509: 6356: 5506: 5296: 4875:"Why are China's Gen Z women rejecting marriage, kids more than their male counterparts?" 4708: 3341:

Garraty, John S. (1991). "Chapter XXXII Society in Flux, 1945-1980. Women's Liberation".

2260:

Kuipers, Yvonne J.; van Beeck, Elise; Cijsouw, Astrid; van Gils, Yannic (December 2021).

2207:"People who don't want kids: 'There's never been a day where I've regretted my decision'" 268: 231: 110: 101: 31: 4482: 4245: 4110:"Working Parents Are Having a Rough Summer. Some Co-Workers Don't Want to Hear About It" 3593: 2620: 1286: 1128: 114:

ticking and have no parental drives. On the other hand, some meet the right partners at

6898: 6787: 6693: 6494: 6417: 6204: 6196: 6167: 6159: 5747: 5667: 5228: 4814: 4630: 4606: 4573: 4318: 4204: 4077: 3613: 2686: 2661: 2637: 2604: 2585: 2573: 2361: 2336: 1681: 1545: 1520: 1110: 1058: 245:), or avoiding air travel. Among a subset of environmentalists, there is opposition to 197: 151:

of numerous infectious diseases. But even among healthy couples, new parents are often

136: 4589: 3959: 3932: 3577: 584:

cost of housing, the difficulty of finding a job, and job insecurity. In South Korea,

440:

that calls for all people to abstain from reproduction to cause the gradual voluntary

351:

challenging for the childfree to defend their decision. A number of religions—notably

6667: 6587: 6240: 6221: 6208: 6171: 6112: 6095:

Byron, Chris (October 12, 2017), Irwin, William; Graham, Jacob; Sparrow, Tom (eds.),

5778: 5743: 5333: 5277: 5233: 5215: 5176: 5137: 5091: 5048: 4992: 4855: 4806: 4767: 4728: 4689: 4650: 4611: 4593: 4554: 4436: 4425: 4322: 4310: 4259: 4232: 4139: 3911: 3888: 3617: 3605: 3503: 3498: 3346: 3246: 2824: 2752: 2691: 2642: 2577: 2366: 2286: 2172: 1685: 1673: 1550: 1194: 1184: 1114: 1102: 1062: 984: 379: 368: 214: 152: 5637:"Some Gen Z, millennial Canadians choosing child-free life, according to new report" 2589: 2536:"Your kids are adorable germ vectors. Here's how often they get your household sick" 1178:

The obsolete term "childerless"—meaning "without children"—is given, for example in

279:) perspectives are not unique to environmentalists. A school of philosophy known as 6929: 6924: 6820: 6804: 6302: 6188: 6151: 6104: 5774: 5739: 5511: 5364: 5325: 5267: 5223: 5207: 5168: 5129: 5083: 5040: 5011: 4982: 4845: 4798: 4759: 4720: 4681: 4642: 4601: 4585: 4546: 4302: 4249: 4010: 4002: 3597: 2681: 2673: 2632: 2624: 2569: 2356: 2348: 2281: 2273: 2162: 1665: 1540: 1532: 1092: 1048: 1040: 617: 526: 484: 480: 441: 246: 181: 144: 5172: 4550: 4364:"Opinion: At Christmas or any time of year, I won't be ashamed of being childless" 4306: 4254: 3212:"Like a son but cheaper: harried South Koreans pamper pets instead of having kids" 2662:"Risk factors for pregnancy-related mortality: A prospective study in rural Nepal" 271:

argued that having children is inherently wrong because life is full of suffering.

6751: 6688: 6622: 6582: 6564: 6432: 6317: 5075: 5044: 4572:

Raymo, James M.; Park, Hyunjoon; Xie, Yu; Yeung, Wei-jun Jean (August 14, 2015).

4458:"Would you give up having children to save the planet? Meet the couples who have" 4291:"The environmental politics of reproductive choices in the age of climate change" 3675: 1754: 1654:"The Meaning of Risk in Reproductive Decisions after Childhood Abuse and Neglect" 1097: 1080: 611: 425: 6192: 5087: 4518:[The Parliament of Bashkortostan proposes to ban childfree propaganda]. 4290: 3885:

Fairness, Freedom and Responsibility: The Dilemma of Fertility Choice in America

213:

due to the state of the world (pestilence, war, famine, economic recession, the

5032: 4338:"Single or childless? How to handle annoying questions from family and friends" 3601: 2745:"Postnatal depression: fathers can suffer similar issues to women, say experts" 2677: 2628: 2277: 1669: 1625:[Are there now more people who don't want children than ever before?]. 1536: 1044: 940: 919: 585: 563: 540: 519: 227: 210: 148: 147:, are mentally ill, or are otherwise too sick for parenthood, and children are 6108: 5958:"'Snip Snip Hooray': Vasectomies Among the Young and Child-Free May Be Rising" 5797:"Growing share of childless adults in U.S. don't expect to ever have children" 5211: 4987: 4970: 4850: 4833: 4763: 4685: 6974: 6947: 6662: 6481: 6449: 6444: 6412: 6155: 5989:"After Dobbs, doctors say more people are turning to permanent contraception" 5826:"Americans Pull Back From Values That Once Defined U.S., WSJ-NORC Poll Finds" 5337: 5281: 5219: 5180: 5141: 4996: 4859: 4810: 4771: 4732: 4693: 4654: 4597: 4558: 4501: 4314: 3609: 3031: 2756: 1677: 1328: 1106: 502: 344: 311: 82: 5329: 5195: 3892: 847: 6959: 6942: 5369: 5237: 4615: 4535:"China's Low Fertility Rate from the Perspective of Gender and Development" 3544: 2918:"Chinese millennials aren't getting married, and the government is worried" 2695: 2646: 2581: 2370: 2262:"The impact of motherhood on the course of women's psychological wellbeing" 2176: 1554: 954: 856: 531: 356: 280: 250: 4263: 4006: 2823:. Boulder, Colorado, United States: Paradigm Publishers. pp. 135–56. 6777: 6736: 6703: 6471: 6464: 5883:"Baby Bust: Millennials' View Of Family, Work, Friendship And Doing Well" 5603:"Baby boomers are adjusting to a new retirement normal: No grandchildren" 5133: 5016: 2167: 2148: 907: 419: 276: 190: 131: 5121: 3183:"More pets than children in Taiwan as birthrate drops, report indicates" 1279:"Demand for child-free zones grows as more adults opt out of parenthood" 6937: 6637: 6627: 6559: 6200: 6163: 6097:"Rust's Anti-natalism: The Moral Imperative to "Opt Out of a Raw Deal"" 5751: 5272: 5255: 4818: 4786: 4724: 4015: 3991:"Childlessness and Norms of Familial Responsibility in the Netherlands" 2879:"Women are happier without children or a spouse, says happiness expert" 2335:

Glass, Jennifer; Simon, Robin W.; Andersson, Matthew A. (May 1, 2017).

1053: 1007: 914: 397: 392: 299: 292: 253:, or putting non-human lives first. Some even call for the gradual and 164: 160: 119: 322: 6726: 6614: 6454: 5353:"Determinants on the Number of Children among Married Women in Korea" 4646: 4171:"Is It All Right for a Married Couple to Choose to Remain Childless?" 2790:"Children aren't worth very much - that's why we no longer make many" 552: 469: 449: 4802: 3730:"Should I factor climate change into deciding whether to have kids?" 2386:"Unmarried, childless women are happiest people of all, says expert" 1749: 456:. The movement states that a decrease in the human population would 6698: 6642: 6499: 6459: 4901:"44% of China's Urban Young Women Don't Plan to Marry, Survey Says" 3465:"New Zealand couples concerned for planet choose childless futures" 2944:"They Didn't Have Children and, Most Said, They Don't Have Regrets" 2352: 1027:

Leroux, Marie-Louise; Pestieau, Pierre; Ponthiere, Gregory (2022).

997: 465: 388: 78: 47: 5909:"Millennials Aren't Planning on Having Children. Should We Worry?" 3576:

Schneider-Mayerson, Matthew; Leong, Kit Ling (November 17, 2020).

3006:"For Many Queer Adults, Parenting Still Isn't Part of the Picture" 2505:"Why I don't have a child: I refuse to pass on my addiction genes" 934: 851:

A growing share of American adults does not want to have children.

4925: 3990: 3499:"The baby boon: how family-friendly America cheats the childless" 1453:[Why do so many people have a desire to have children?]. 1198: 352: 6015:"The rise of childless couples - are Kiwis leaving it too late?" 5076:"The Impact of Population Aging on the Economic Growth of China" 5033:"China's Ageing Population: The Present Situation and Prospects" 2659: 1327:

Buonadonna, Paola; Venema, Vibeke; Lane, Megan (July 29, 2010).

483:

has been equated with extremism. Individuals like its founder,

88: 6504: 6282: 3989:

Keizer, Renske; Dykstra, Pearl A.; Poortman, Anne-Rigt (2011).

2259: 1708:"Gen Z, millennials take a pass on raising the next generation" 1002: 562:

has been proven to be closely related to the aging population.

372: 263: 6071:"Emma Gannon: I'm made to feel guilty for not having children" 5956:

Alisha Haridasani Gupta, Alisha Haridasani (August 18, 2022).

5932:"Gen Z, millennials speak out on reluctance to become parents" 5825: 3403:"Emma Gannon: I'm made to feel guilty for not having children" 3373:"Women Who Stay Single and Don't Have Kids Are Getting Richer" 3147:"Women Are Having Fewer Babies Because They Have More Choices" 2845:"Having children is not the formula for a happy life — Quartz" 2236:"Are people without kids happier? Studies offer mixed picture" 1623:"Zijn er nu meer mensen die geen kinderen willen dan vroeger?" 4516:"Парламент Башкирии предлагает запретить пропаганду чайлдфри" 1415: 360: 6218:

Better Never to Have Been: The Harm of Coming into Existence

3908:

Better Never to Have Been: The Harm of Coming into Existence

3345:. United States of America: Harper Collins. pp. 903–6. 2559: 1519:

Bodin, Maja; Plantin, Lars; Elmerstig, Eva (December 2019).

2821:

Whither the Child? Causes and Consequences of Low Fertility

1652:

Matthews, Elise J.; Desjardins, Michel (November 1, 2020).

964: 4574:"Marriage and Family in East Asia: Continuity and Change" 3856: 2714:"Pregnant women don't learn about profound brain changes" 5082:, Singapore: Springer Nature Singapore, pp. 73–93, 4754:. Economic Systems in the Pacific Rim Region Symposium. 4502:"Эпидемия чайлдфри: петербуржцы не хотят заводить детей" 3704:"Should We Be Having Kids In The Age Of Climate Change?" 3578:"Eco-reproductive concerns in the age of climate change" 3032:"So you don't want kids. How to build a child-free life" 753:

Reasons why Dutch women chose not to have children, 2004

5955: 4707:

Yao, Shujie; Luo, Dan; Wang, Jianling (July 25, 2013).

3802:"You Didn't Ask To Be Here: Adventures In Antinatalism" 3575: 1620: 1026: 862:

Student debts, a serious problem among Millennials and

408: 201:

Reduction of one's carbon footprint for various actions

100:

Early twentieth-century postcard of a woman fighting a

5758: 2448:"Undecided about having kids? Reading this might help" 2306:"What Becoming a Parent Really Does to Your Happiness" 1367:"Why family-friendly policies don't boost birth rates" 458:

prevent a significant amount of human-caused suffering

5037:

Population Change and Impacts in Asia and the Pacific

3988: 3090:"Overworked Saigon women have no time to have babies" 2056:"Why Some Women Don't Want Kids, Childless by Choice" 1949:"I really regret it. I really regret having children" 1518: 3859:"Increased Life Expectancy May Mean Lower Fertility" 2123:"Pregnancy phobia is being 'driven by social media'" 1326: 930: 234:—are a major reason behind voluntary childlessness. 3343:

The American Nation: A History of the United States

3325: 2334: 910:includes several voluntarily childless characters. 323:

Challenges to and criticisms of remaining childfree

6347: 4424: 4288: 4169:Van Leeuwen, Raymond C. (September–October 2003). 3497: 2602: 2146: 1651: 5351:Lee, Ji Na; Hwang, Myung Jin (January 24, 2019). 5256:"The rise of the childless single in South Korea" 4571: 4533:Yingchun, Ji; Zhenzhen, Zheng (October 1, 2020). 4138: 4079:Panel Presentation: Long Term Care and Caregiving 3540:"I campaign for the extinction of the human race" 2412:"Why I Have Zero Regrets About My Childless Life" 923:(2014–19), upholds the anti-natalist philosophy. 6972: 4532: 3328:Manifesta: Young Women, Feminism, and the Future 3210:Choi, Hayoung; Park, Minwoo (January 24, 2019). 2149:"Tokophobia: an unreasoning dread of childbirth" 1577:"The Brutal Truth About Being Childless at Work" 487:, have also been persecuted by the government. 305:Proponents of childfreeness posit that choosing 230:, pollution, resource scarcity, and the ongoing 5862:. University of Pennsylvania. November 19, 2012 5663:"Long Road to Adulthood Is Growing Even Longer" 5480:"Kinderloosheid onder laagopgeleiden neemt toe" 5155:Seo, Bokyong; Joo, Yu-Min (November 17, 2018). 4709:"Housing Development and Urbanisation in China" 3857:University College London (February 17, 2008). 3645:"Why a generation is choosing to be child-free" 3241:Twenge, Jean (2023). "Chapter 5: Millennials". 2980:"Why a generation is choosing to be child-free" 2009: 2007: 2005: 1747: 1616: 1614: 1612: 1610: 1608: 1606: 1604: 1602: 1029:"Childlessness, childfreeness and compensation" 662:Raising children takes too much time and energy 5477: 4670:"The Staff of Life: Living Standards in China" 4289:Schneider-Mayerson, Matthew (March 28, 2021). 1980:"Having Kids Can Make Parents Less Empathetic" 1183:. Oxford University Press. 1971. p. 343. 6333: 5504: 5193: 5074:Luo, Qing; Ma, Haichao; Wang, Huinan (2023), 4748:"Housing price and entrepreneurship in China" 3671:"Parenthood should be taken off its pedestal" 3326:Baumgardner, Jennifer; Richards, Amy (2000). 1942: 1940: 1938: 1936: 1861: 1525:Reproductive Biomedicine & Society Online 1451:"Waarom hebben zoveel mensen een kinderwens?" 1408: 1214:"Diversity and change in Australian families" 1074: 1072: 89:Reasons cited for being voluntarily childless 5723: 5539:"Hoeveel kost een kind tot zijn achttiende?" 5441: 5439: 4207:. The Cyber-Church of Jesus Christ Childfree 4205:"The Cyber-Church of Jesus Christ Childfree" 4146:. Libreria Editrice Vaticana. Archived from 3668: 2496: 2094:"Why do people choose to not have children?" 2002: 1599: 1364: 1322: 1320: 1318: 1316: 1314: 1312: 1310: 1308: 1306: 1304: 877:Dobbs v. Jackson Women's Health Organization 446:American environmental movement in the 1970s 6909:Timeline of reproductive rights legislation 6894:Birth control movement in the United States 5419:"More Vietnamese marriages going childless" 5254:Choi, Kate H.; Qian, Yue (April 21, 2023). 4181:(5). Christianity Today International: 24. 4168: 3887:(PhD Thesis). Washington State University. 3088:Trung, Son; Nguyen, Quy (January 7, 2020). 3087: 1857: 1855: 1853: 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1843: 1841: 1743: 1741: 1739: 1737: 1735: 1733: 1731: 1729: 1727: 1725: 1444: 1442: 1440: 1438: 1085:Scandinavian Journal of Disability Research 241:with more energy-efficient models (such as 155:. Pregnancy and childbirth might come with 116:too advanced an age to safely bear children 6747:Reproductive endocrinology and infertility 6340: 6326: 6295:"The Real Reason More Women Are Childless" 5654: 5030: 4784: 4706: 3495: 3491: 3489: 3487: 3485: 1933: 1928: 1621:Sebastiaan van de Water (March 20, 2020). 1069: 490: 81:individuals. The availability of reliable 6141: 5819: 5817: 5436: 5368: 5271: 5227: 5073: 5039:, Singapore: Springer, pp. 269–287, 5015: 4986: 4899:Xinyu, Du; Yun, Fang (October 11, 2021). 4849: 4629:Zhou, Min; Guo, Wei (November 11, 2019). 4605: 4253: 4014: 3144: 2685: 2636: 2383: 2360: 2285: 2166: 1544: 1514: 1512: 1510: 1508: 1506: 1504: 1502: 1500: 1498: 1404: 1402: 1400: 1398: 1396: 1394: 1392: 1301: 1155:"The adults celebrating child-free lives" 1096: 1081:"Childfreeness, parenthood and adulthood" 1052: 416:National Alliance for Optional Parenthood 6237:Genero, Meio Ambiente e Direitos Humanos 6234: 5880: 5634: 5357:Journal of Population and Social Studies 5350: 5253: 5119: 4898: 4361: 4107: 3727: 3533: 3531: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3523: 3521: 3519: 3462: 3431: 3209: 2818: 2502: 2409: 2091: 2053: 1946: 1897:"Medical Definition of Fear of children" 1838: 1722: 1496: 1494: 1492: 1490: 1488: 1486: 1484: 1482: 1480: 1478: 1448: 1435: 1413:[Why don't you have children?]. 1329:"The women who choose not to be mothers" 1276: 866:, discourage many from having children. 846: 546:skeptical of the institution of marriage 262: 196: 95: 6215: 6038: 6012: 5790: 5788: 5630: 5628: 5600: 5596: 5594: 5592: 5590: 5588: 5249: 5247: 5115: 5113: 4872: 4628: 4499: 4455: 4336:Kozicka, Patricia (November 23, 2016). 4335: 4082:. U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs. 4044: 3905: 3831:Bagchi, Shrabonti (February 15, 2019). 3683:from the original on September 26, 2020 3482: 3340: 3265: 3180: 3029: 3003: 2711: 2471: 2410:Zacharek, Stephanie (January 3, 2019). 2233: 2016:"Having It All Without Having Children" 2013: 1907:from the original on September 11, 2017 1574: 1423:from the original on September 22, 2021 1218:Australian Institute for Family Studies 1211: 1078: 14: 6973: 6251: 6051:from the original on September 2, 2020 5986: 5929: 5823: 5814: 5459:from the original on February 16, 2019 5392:"Dropping fertility rates raise alarm" 5154: 4746:Li, Lixing; Wu, Xiaoyu (May 1, 2014). 4225: 4144:"Apostolic letter Mulieris Dignitatem" 4103: 4101: 4086:from the original on November 24, 2007 4047:"The Couples Embracing the DINK Label" 4040: 4038: 3830: 3826: 3824: 3822: 3776:from the original on February 16, 2021 3766:"Would Human Extinction Be a Tragedy?" 3701: 3662: 3537: 3427: 3425: 3423: 3366: 3364: 3362: 3290: 3288: 3240: 3205: 3203: 3083: 3081: 3054: 3052: 2942:Miller, Sandra Caine (July 23, 2018). 2941: 2911: 2909: 2907: 2905: 2903: 2901: 2899: 2872: 2870: 2707: 2705: 2474:"The Couples Embracing the DINK Label" 2441: 2439: 2437: 2422:from the original on December 11, 2020 2299: 2297: 2266:Journal of Affective Disorders Reports 2229: 2227: 2116: 2114: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2066:from the original on December 16, 2020 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2041: 1924: 1922: 1891: 1889: 1785: 1781: 1779: 1777: 1705: 1570: 1568: 1566: 1564: 1389: 1360: 1358: 1356: 1354: 1241:Muther, Christopher (March 16, 2023). 1240: 1152: 6321: 6103:(1 ed.), Wiley, pp. 42–51, 6094: 5794: 5660: 5635:Prentice, Amy-Ellen (March 1, 2023). 5519:from the original on October 12, 2020 5260:Journal of Family Theory & Review 4667: 4270:from the original on January 24, 2012 4226:Hardin, Garrett (December 13, 1968). 4197: 4185:from the original on January 18, 2021 4023:from the original on January 26, 2020 3995:Journal of Comparative Family Studies 3957: 3882: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3759: 3757: 3755: 3624:from the original on January 18, 2021 3571: 3569: 3567: 3552:from the original on January 10, 2020 3516: 3370: 3294: 3266:Longman, Phillip (October 20, 2009). 3234: 3176: 3174: 3172: 3058: 2973: 2971: 2969: 2787: 2783: 2781: 2779: 2777: 2775: 2773: 2742: 2533: 2445: 2303: 2204: 2200: 2198: 2196: 2194: 2192: 2190: 2188: 2186: 2120: 1959:from the original on October 21, 2018 1947:Saunders, Doug (September 29, 2007). 1814: 1812: 1810: 1808: 1762:from the original on November 1, 2016 1748:Tobias Leenaert (September 2, 2015). 1475: 1365:Burn-Murdoch, John (March 29, 2024). 1339:from the original on December 7, 2020 1272: 1270: 1268: 1236: 1234: 897: 436:(VHEMT, pronounced 'vehement') is an 329:Infertility and childlessness stigmas 6178: 6063: 5856:"Life Interests Of Wharton Students" 5785: 5764: 5736:National Council on Family Relations 5625: 5585: 5416: 5311: 5294: 5244: 5110: 4892: 4745: 4422: 4362:Guerrero, Jean (December 18, 2023). 3970:from the original on October 8, 2012 3939:from the original on August 28, 2012 3799: 3728:Mortimer, Caroline (July 26, 2021). 3702:Ludden, Jennifer (August 18, 2016). 3642: 3432:Williams, Alex (November 20, 2021). 3030:Segarra, Marielle (April 17, 2023). 2977: 2876: 2812: 2092:Ibbetson, Connor (January 9, 2020). 2054:Friedman, Danielle (July 14, 2017). 1977: 1786:Tucker, Eleanor (November 8, 2014). 409:Organizations and political activism 163:, urinary incontinence, accelerated 6290:– Why are People Having Fewer Kids? 5987:Wizner, Taylor (December 7, 2023). 5906: 5601:Bielski, Zosia (January 19, 2024). 4449: 4098: 4035: 3930: 3833:"Inside India's Anti-Natalist Cult" 3819: 3763: 3669:Janan Ganesh (September 20, 2019). 3636: 3420: 3359: 3334: 3295:Moses, Claire (February 19, 2023). 3285: 3200: 3181:Leggate, James (November 6, 2020). 3138: 3113: 3078: 3049: 2997: 2915: 2896: 2867: 2702: 2446:Scott, Kellie (December 16, 2020). 2434: 2403: 2294: 2234:Wallace, Kelly (December 6, 2016). 2224: 2121:Layhe, Ellie (September 13, 2018). 2111: 2078: 2038: 2014:Sandler, Lauren (August 12, 2013). 1919: 1886: 1864:"Childlessness and education level" 1774: 1752:[Childfree vs. childless]. 1575:Carroll, Laura (November 7, 2015). 1561: 1409:Saskia Aukema (November 13, 2016). 1351: 1277:Boesveld, Sarah (October 9, 2012). 1153:Savage, Maddy (February 14, 2023). 975:Individual action on climate change 564:China's population is rapidly aging 434:Voluntary Human Extinction Movement 24: 6252:Savage, Jade (December 20, 2022). 6135: 5930:Leanne, Italie (August 30, 2022). 5881:Anderson, Kare (October 5, 2013). 5701:. November 1, 2001. Archived from 5675:from the original on April 5, 2019 5505:Kaj van Arkel (October 26, 2017). 5318:Social Policy & Administration 4968: 4831: 4500:Mavliev, Alexey (March 19, 2013). 4075: 3788: 3752: 3564: 3456: 3395: 3169: 2966: 2770: 2712:Conaboy, Chelsea (July 17, 2018). 2574:10.1097/01.AOG.0000233172.96153.ad 2515:from the original on July 27, 2022 2503:Brownell, Kristen (July 6, 2020). 2183: 1874:from the original on June 12, 2020 1805: 1706:Italie, Leanne (August 30, 2022). 1265: 1231: 714:Health does not allow for children 267:Antinatalists such as philosopher 25: 7002: 6603:self-report sexual risk behaviors 6272: 5795:Brown, Anna (November 19, 2021). 5773:(3). Blackwell Synergy: 372–402. 5661:Cohen, Patricia (June 12, 2010). 5549:from the original on May 30, 2020 5478:Melanie Zierse (March 30, 2017). 5200:Journal of Korean Medical Science 5120:Nam, Yunmi; Hwang, In Do (2023). 5080:China's Road and Aging Population 4791:Population and Development Review 4785:Feng, Wang; Quanhe, Yang (1996). 4590:10.1146/annurev-soc-073014-112428 4108:Borchers, Callum (July 7, 2022). 4045:Munslow, Julia (March 11, 2024). 3463:Angeloni, Alice (July 14, 2019). 3145:Filipovic, Jill (June 27, 2021). 3114:Lee, Juhohn (December 21, 2023). 2855:from the original on July 1, 2018 2534:Godoy, Maria (January 26, 2023). 2472:Munslow, Julia (March 11, 2024). 2384:Oppenheim, Mayha (May 29, 2019). 2205:Patel, Arti (December 10, 2017). 1978:Zaki, Jamil (November 18, 2015). 1788:"I used to judge childfree women" 1633:from the original on May 29, 2020 1463:from the original on May 27, 2020 1133:Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary 1079:Engwall, Kristina (May 4, 2014). 980:John B. Calhoun#Mouse experiments 864:Generation Z in the United States 798: 688:Hard to combine work and children 6673:Precocious puberty and pregnancy 6088: 6039:Hampson, Laura (July 23, 2020). 6032: 6013:Collins, Simon (June 29, 2015). 6006: 5980: 5949: 5923: 5900: 5874: 5848: 5824:Zitner, Aaron (March 27, 2023). 5779:10.1111/j.1475-682X.2005.00127.x 5744:10.1111/j.1741-3737.2006.00312.x 5717: 5687: 5561: 5531: 5498: 5471: 5410: 5384: 5344: 5305: 5288: 5187: 5148: 5067: 5024: 5003: 4962: 4940: 4918: 4866: 4825: 4778: 4752:Journal of Comparative Economics 4739: 4700: 4661: 4622: 4565: 4526: 4508: 4493: 4475: 3538:Knight, Les (January 10, 2020). 3371:Smith, Molly (August 31, 2022). 3059:Ermey, Ryan (October 25, 2022). 2916:Gan, Nectar (January 30, 2021). 2743:Davis, Nicola (August 9, 2018). 2304:Bloom, Paul (November 2, 2021). 1449:Stegeman, Lotte (May 14, 2020). 933: 828: 807: 462:extinctions of non-human species 32:Childlessness § Involuntary 6793:Sexually transmitted infections 6239:. Fortaleza. pp. 181–217. 4873:Huifeng, He (January 6, 2022). 4668:Klatt, W. (February 17, 2009). 4483:"kruglyj-stol-komu-nuzhny-deti" 4416: 4386: 4355: 4329: 4282: 4219: 4162: 4132: 4069: 3982: 3951: 3924: 3899: 3876: 3850: 3764:May, Todd (December 17, 2018). 3721: 3695: 3319: 3259: 3107: 3023: 2935: 2837: 2736: 2653: 2596: 2553: 2527: 2465: 2377: 2328: 2253: 2140: 1971: 1699: 1645: 6349:Sexual and reproductive health 5727:Journal of Marriage and Family 5295:Kang, Hyounju (June 1, 2016). 4969:Yu, Jia (September 16, 2021). 4832:Yu, Jia (September 16, 2021). 4489:(in Russian). October 5, 2020. 4456:Fleming, Amy (June 20, 2018). 4431:. Purseus Publishing. p. 4400:. July 3, 1972. Archived from 3004:Culhane, John (May 24, 2017). 1862:Arie de Graaf (May 24, 2004). 1411:"Hoezo heb jij geen kinderen?" 1205: 1172: 1146: 1121: 1020: 888: 631: 578: 544:cultural change; many are now 285:asymmetry of pleasure and pain 50:during the 1970s. The suffix - 13: 1: 6101:True Detective and Philosophy 5860:Work/Life Integration Project 5312:Sung, Sirin (June 23, 2003). 5173:10.1080/02673037.2018.1424808 4551:10.1080/02529203.2020.1806478 4522:(in Russian). March 15, 2022. 4307:10.1080/09644016.2021.1902700 4255:10.1126/science.162.3859.1243 3330:. Farrar, Straus, and Giroux. 2788:Perry, Sarah (July 8, 2014). 2341:American Journal of Sociology 2154:British Journal of Psychiatry 2147:Hofberg; Brockington (2000). 1013: 917:, from the television series 675:Partner did not want children 177:second demographic transition 6773:Disorders of sex development 5417:Phan, Duong (May 15, 2023). 5045:10.1007/978-981-10-0230-4_12 4975:Chinese Journal of Sociology 4926:"北京房价走势最新消息_2022年北京房价-城市房产网" 4879:The South China Morning Post 4838:Chinese Journal of Sociology 4228:"The Tragedy of the Commons" 3800:Wolf, Chion (July 9, 2020). 3643:Cain, Sian (July 25, 2020). 2978:Cain, Sian (July 25, 2020). 1098:10.1080/15017419.2013.781955 649:Children infringe on freedom 7: 6783:Reproductive system disease 6220:. Oxford University Press. 6193:10.1057/palgrave.fr.9400115 5088:10.1007/978-981-19-8891-2_6 4635:Population, Space and Place 3958:Brown, Tiffany Lee (2001). 3910:. Oxford University Press. 3496:Burkett, Elinor (c. 2000). 3434:"To Breed or Not to Breed?" 2877:Cain, Sian (May 29, 2019). 2562:Obstetrics & Gynecology 991: 926: 182:other opportunities in life 10: 7007: 6742:Obstetrics and gynaecology 5545:(in Dutch). May 28, 2019. 4578:Annual Review of Sociology 4394:"Behavior: Down with Kids" 3602:10.1007/s10584-020-02923-y 3268:"The Return of Patriarchy" 2678:10.1016/j.puhe.2007.06.003 2629:10.1038/s41598-018-29486-4 2278:10.1016/j.jadr.2021.100216 1670:10.1007/s10896-019-00062-2 1658:Journal of Family Violence 1537:10.1016/j.rbms.2019.11.002 1212:de Vaus, D. (April 2004). 1129:"Definition of CHILD-FREE" 1045:10.1007/s00355-021-01379-y 970:Fertility and intelligence 883: 835:Aging of the United States 832: 623: 609: 596: 517: 378:Some have argued that the 326: 29: 6917: 6886: 6813: 6765: 6717: 6681: 6658:Pregnant patients' rights 6613: 6573: 6523: 6480: 6431: 6423:Pre-conception counseling 6405: 6380:Abortion-rights movements 6355: 6109:10.1002/9781119280835.ch5 5212:10.3346/jkms.2018.33.e149 4988:10.1177/2057150X211040936 4851:10.1177/2057150X211040936 4764:10.1016/j.jce.2013.09.001 4686:10.1017/S0305741000016155 3883:Leone, Catherine (1986). 3245:. New York: Atria Books. 2287:10067/1810160151162165141 1181:Oxford English Dictionary 1033:Social Choice and Welfare 950:Abortion-rights movements 812: 785: 776: 752: 747: 739: 734: 726: 721: 713: 708: 700: 695: 687: 682: 674: 669: 661: 656: 648: 644: 640: 605: 569: 454:environmental degradation 215:breakdown of civilization 209:Some people face general 6544:Gamete Cryopreservation 6390:Circumcision controversy 6370:Compulsory sterilization 6156:10.1177/0891243202238982 5452:. OECD Family Database. 4539:Social Sciences in China 4427:The Childless Revolution 3502:. New York: Free Press. 1750:"Kindvrij vs kinderloos" 701:No compelling need/unfit 513: 495: 479:In Russia, the movement 369:higher ethical principle 365:Be fruitful and multiply 255:voluntary extinction of 239:incandescent light bulbs 219:Earned Income Tax Credit 124:psychological well-being 6991:Voluntary childlessness 6904:Social hygiene movement 6757:Transgender health care 6279:Voluntary childlessness 6216:Benatar, David (2008). 5830:The Wall Street Journal 5581:– via www.1tv.ru. 5330:10.1111/1467-9515.00344 5126:SSRN Electronic Journal 4175:Today's Christian Woman 4114:The Wall Street Journal 4051:The Wall Street Journal 3906:Benatar, David (2006). 2478:The Wall Street Journal 508: 491:Statistics and research 442:extinction of humankind 186:cost of raising a child 40:Voluntary childlessness 6732:Genitourinary medicine 6535:In vitro fertilization 6490:Hormonal contraception 6375:Contraceptive security 5370:10.25133/JPSSv27n1.004 4423:Cain, Madelyn (2001). 4295:Environmental Politics 1868:Statistics Netherlands 852: 740:Hard to get child care 727:Children cost too much 438:environmental movement 272: 202: 173:demographic transition 137:of humanity as a whole 105: 6986:Demographic economics 6395:Intersex human rights 5699:American Demographics 4007:10.3138/jcfs.42.4.421 960:Criticism of marriage 850: 266: 200: 169:postpartum depression 99: 6953:tax on childlessness 6709:Genital modification 6633:Unintended pregnancy 6365:Reproductive Justice 6045:The Evening Standard 5767:Sociological Inquiry 5507:"Wat kost een kind?" 5134:10.2139/ssrn.4655594 5017:10.22617/brf210280-2 4374:on December 18, 2023 3126:on December 22, 2023 2851:. October 23, 2014. 2800:on February 26, 2021 2168:10.1192/bjp.176.1.83 474:human overpopulation 333:Tax on childlessness 6653:Pregnancy from rape 6510:Intrauterine device 5801:Pew Research Center 5613:on January 21, 2024 4674:The China Quarterly 4246:1968Sci...162.1243H 4142:(August 15, 1988). 3740:on October 14, 2020 3594:2020ClCh..163.1007S 3222:on January 31, 2019 2954:on October 14, 2018 2621:2018NatSR...811100R 1826:. December 17, 1998 269:Arthur Schopenhauer 232:Holocene Extinction 111:fear of missing out 6899:History of condoms 6788:Sexual dysfunction 6694:Sexual orientation 6648:Options counseling 6495:Male contraception 6418:Genetic counseling 6144:Gender and Society 6019:New Zealand Herald 5968:on August 19, 2022 5962:The New York Times 5668:The New York Times 5607:The Globe and Mail 5273:10.1111/jftr.12507 4950:. February 2, 2022 4948:"北京市薪资水平报告 (2022)" 4928:. February 2, 2022 4725:10.1111/twec.12105 4150:on January 7, 2007 3933:"The Cost of Kids" 3770:The New York Times 3438:The New York Times 3383:on August 31, 2022 3301:The New York Times 3151:The New York Times 2948:The New York Times 2609:Scientific Reports 1990:on October 1, 2017 1953:The Globe and Mail 1710:. Associated Press 898:In popular culture 853: 273: 249:, and support for 203: 106: 6968: 6967: 6668:Teenage pregnancy 6385:Genital integrity 6227:978-0-199-54926-9 6118:978-1-119-28078-1 5993:Iowa Public Radio 5907:Assimon, Jessie. 5836:on March 28, 2023 5097:978-981-19-8890-5 5054:978-981-10-0230-4 4713:The World Economy 4442:978-0-7382-0460-4 4404:on March 10, 2007 4368:Los Angeles Times 4140:Pope John Paul II 4057:on March 12, 2024 3960:"Motherhood Lite" 3917:978-0-199-29642-2 3444:on March 11, 2022 3307:on March 20, 2023 3297:"Aging Societies" 3252:978-1-9821-8161-1 2830:978-1-61205-093-5 2724:on August 1, 2018 2484:on March 12, 2024 2026:on August 5, 2013 1377:on March 29, 2024 1289:on March 12, 2024 1253:on March 16, 2023 985:Population ageing 757: 756: 393:coming out as gay 380:conscientiousness 340:work-life balance 211:existential angst 145:genetic disorders 16:(Redirected from 6998: 6981:Social movements 6930:Two-child policy 6925:One-child policy 6805:Gender dysphoria 6342: 6335: 6328: 6319: 6318: 6314: 6312: 6310: 6268: 6266: 6264: 6248: 6231: 6212: 6175: 6129: 6128: 6127: 6125: 6092: 6086: 6085: 6083: 6081: 6067: 6061: 6060: 6058: 6056: 6036: 6030: 6029: 6027: 6025: 6010: 6004: 6003: 6001: 5999: 5984: 5978: 5977: 5975: 5973: 5964:. Archived from 5953: 5947: 5946: 5944: 5942: 5936:Associated Press 5927: 5921: 5920: 5918: 5916: 5904: 5898: 5897: 5895: 5893: 5878: 5872: 5871: 5869: 5867: 5852: 5846: 5845: 5843: 5841: 5832:. Archived from 5821: 5812: 5811: 5809: 5807: 5792: 5783: 5782: 5762: 5756: 5755: 5721: 5715: 5714: 5712: 5710: 5691: 5685: 5684: 5682: 5680: 5658: 5652: 5651: 5649: 5647: 5632: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5618: 5609:. Archived from 5598: 5583: 5582: 5580: 5578: 5565: 5559: 5558: 5556: 5554: 5535: 5529: 5528: 5526: 5524: 5512:Algemeen Dagblad 5502: 5496: 5495: 5493: 5491: 5475: 5469: 5468: 5466: 5464: 5458: 5451: 5443: 5434: 5433: 5431: 5429: 5414: 5408: 5407: 5405: 5403: 5388: 5382: 5381: 5379: 5377: 5372: 5348: 5342: 5341: 5309: 5303: 5302: 5301:(Thesis thesis). 5292: 5286: 5285: 5275: 5251: 5242: 5241: 5231: 5191: 5185: 5184: 5167:(8): 1227–1245. 5152: 5146: 5145: 5117: 5108: 5107: 5106: 5104: 5071: 5065: 5064: 5063: 5061: 5028: 5022: 5021: 5019: 5007: 5001: 5000: 4990: 4966: 4960: 4959: 4957: 4955: 4944: 4938: 4937: 4935: 4933: 4922: 4916: 4915: 4913: 4911: 4896: 4890: 4889: 4887: 4885: 4870: 4864: 4863: 4853: 4829: 4823: 4822: 4782: 4776: 4775: 4743: 4737: 4736: 4704: 4698: 4697: 4665: 4659: 4658: 4647:10.1002/psp.2289 4626: 4620: 4619: 4609: 4569: 4563: 4562: 4530: 4524: 4523: 4512: 4506: 4505: 4497: 4491: 4490: 4479: 4473: 4472: 4470: 4468: 4453: 4447: 4446: 4430: 4420: 4414: 4413: 4411: 4409: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4381: 4379: 4370:. Archived from 4359: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4333: 4327: 4326: 4286: 4280: 4279: 4277: 4275: 4257: 4240:(3859): 1243–8. 4223: 4217: 4216: 4214: 4212: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4192: 4190: 4166: 4160: 4159: 4157: 4155: 4136: 4130: 4129: 4127: 4125: 4116:. Archived from 4105: 4096: 4095: 4093: 4091: 4073: 4067: 4066: 4064: 4062: 4053:. Archived from 4042: 4033: 4032: 4030: 4028: 4018: 3986: 3980: 3979: 3977: 3975: 3955: 3949: 3948: 3946: 3944: 3931:Tomasik, Brian. 3928: 3922: 3921: 3903: 3897: 3896: 3880: 3874: 3873: 3871: 3869: 3854: 3848: 3847: 3845: 3843: 3828: 3817: 3816: 3814: 3812: 3797: 3786: 3785: 3783: 3781: 3761: 3750: 3749: 3747: 3745: 3736:. Archived from 3725: 3719: 3718: 3716: 3714: 3699: 3693: 3692: 3690: 3688: 3666: 3660: 3659: 3657: 3655: 3640: 3634: 3633: 3631: 3629: 3588:(2): 1007–1023. 3573: 3562: 3561: 3559: 3557: 3535: 3514: 3513: 3501: 3493: 3480: 3479: 3477: 3475: 3460: 3454: 3453: 3451: 3449: 3440:. Archived from 3429: 3418: 3417: 3415: 3413: 3399: 3393: 3392: 3390: 3388: 3379:. Archived from 3368: 3357: 3356: 3338: 3332: 3331: 3323: 3317: 3316: 3314: 3312: 3303:. Archived from 3292: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3278: 3263: 3257: 3256: 3238: 3232: 3231: 3229: 3227: 3218:. Archived from 3207: 3198: 3197: 3195: 3193: 3178: 3167: 3166: 3164: 3162: 3157:on June 28, 2021 3153:. Archived from 3142: 3136: 3135: 3133: 3131: 3122:. Archived from 3111: 3105: 3104: 3102: 3100: 3085: 3076: 3075: 3073: 3071: 3056: 3047: 3046: 3044: 3042: 3027: 3021: 3020: 3018: 3016: 3001: 2995: 2994: 2992: 2990: 2975: 2964: 2963: 2961: 2959: 2950:. Archived from 2939: 2933: 2932: 2930: 2928: 2913: 2894: 2893: 2891: 2889: 2881:. The Observer. 2874: 2865: 2864: 2862: 2860: 2841: 2835: 2834: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2807: 2805: 2796:. Archived from 2785: 2768: 2767: 2765: 2763: 2740: 2734: 2733: 2731: 2729: 2720:. Archived from 2709: 2700: 2699: 2689: 2657: 2651: 2650: 2640: 2600: 2594: 2593: 2557: 2551: 2550: 2548: 2546: 2531: 2525: 2524: 2522: 2520: 2500: 2494: 2493: 2491: 2489: 2480:. Archived from 2469: 2463: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2443: 2432: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2407: 2401: 2400: 2398: 2396: 2381: 2375: 2374: 2364: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2316:on July 19, 2022 2312:. Archived from 2301: 2292: 2291: 2289: 2257: 2251: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2231: 2222: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2202: 2181: 2180: 2170: 2144: 2138: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2118: 2109: 2108: 2106: 2104: 2089: 2076: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2051: 2036: 2035: 2033: 2031: 2022:. Archived from 2011: 2000: 1999: 1997: 1995: 1986:. Archived from 1975: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1944: 1931: 1930: 1926: 1917: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1893: 1884: 1883: 1881: 1879: 1859: 1836: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1816: 1803: 1802: 1800: 1798: 1783: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1745: 1720: 1719: 1717: 1715: 1703: 1697: 1696: 1694: 1692: 1649: 1643: 1642: 1640: 1638: 1618: 1597: 1596: 1594: 1592: 1587:on June 16, 2017 1583:. Archived from 1572: 1559: 1558: 1548: 1516: 1473: 1472: 1470: 1468: 1446: 1433: 1432: 1430: 1428: 1406: 1387: 1386: 1384: 1382: 1373:. Archived from 1362: 1349: 1348: 1346: 1344: 1324: 1299: 1298: 1296: 1294: 1285:. Archived from 1274: 1263: 1262: 1260: 1258: 1249:. Archived from 1238: 1229: 1228: 1226: 1224: 1209: 1203: 1202: 1176: 1170: 1169: 1167: 1165: 1150: 1144: 1143: 1141: 1139: 1125: 1119: 1118: 1100: 1076: 1067: 1066: 1056: 1024: 943: 938: 937: 638: 637: 618:Eastern European 527:one-child policy 485:Edward Lisovskii 481:Childfree Russia 291:, and a form of 247:anthropocentrism 27:Lifestyle choice 21: 7006: 7005: 7001: 7000: 6999: 6997: 6996: 6995: 6971: 6970: 6969: 6964: 6913: 6882: 6855:United Kingdom 6809: 6761: 6752:Sexual medicine 6713: 6689:Gender identity 6677: 6623:Maternal health 6609: 6569: 6565:fertility fraud 6526: 6519: 6476: 6427: 6401: 6351: 6346: 6308: 6306: 6305:. July 12, 2010 6293: 6275: 6262: 6260: 6228: 6181:Feminist Review 6138: 6136:Further reading 6133: 6132: 6123: 6121: 6119: 6093: 6089: 6079: 6077: 6069: 6068: 6064: 6054: 6052: 6037: 6033: 6023: 6021: 6011: 6007: 5997: 5995: 5985: 5981: 5971: 5969: 5954: 5950: 5940: 5938: 5928: 5924: 5914: 5912: 5905: 5901: 5891: 5889: 5879: 5875: 5865: 5863: 5854: 5853: 5849: 5839: 5837: 5822: 5815: 5805: 5803: 5793: 5786: 5763: 5759: 5722: 5718: 5708: 5706: 5705:on July 2, 2005 5693: 5692: 5688: 5678: 5676: 5659: 5655: 5645: 5643: 5633: 5626: 5616: 5614: 5599: 5586: 5576: 5574: 5567: 5566: 5562: 5552: 5550: 5537: 5536: 5532: 5522: 5520: 5503: 5499: 5489: 5487: 5476: 5472: 5462: 5460: 5456: 5449: 5447:"Childlessness" 5445: 5444: 5437: 5427: 5425: 5415: 5411: 5401: 5399: 5390: 5389: 5385: 5375: 5373: 5349: 5345: 5310: 5306: 5293: 5289: 5252: 5245: 5192: 5188: 5161:Housing Studies 5153: 5149: 5118: 5111: 5102: 5100: 5098: 5072: 5068: 5059: 5057: 5055: 5029: 5025: 5009: 5008: 5004: 4967: 4963: 4953: 4951: 4946: 4945: 4941: 4931: 4929: 4924: 4923: 4919: 4909: 4907: 4897: 4893: 4883: 4881: 4871: 4867: 4830: 4826: 4803:10.2307/2137436 4783: 4779: 4744: 4740: 4705: 4701: 4666: 4662: 4627: 4623: 4570: 4566: 4531: 4527: 4514: 4513: 4509: 4498: 4494: 4481: 4480: 4476: 4466: 4464: 4454: 4450: 4443: 4421: 4417: 4407: 4405: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4377: 4375: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4344: 4334: 4330: 4287: 4283: 4273: 4271: 4224: 4220: 4210: 4208: 4203: 4202: 4198: 4188: 4186: 4167: 4163: 4153: 4151: 4137: 4133: 4123: 4121: 4120:on July 8, 2022 4106: 4099: 4089: 4087: 4076:Levine, Carol. 4074: 4070: 4060: 4058: 4043: 4036: 4026: 4024: 3987: 3983: 3973: 3971: 3956: 3952: 3942: 3940: 3929: 3925: 3918: 3904: 3900: 3881: 3877: 3867: 3865: 3855: 3851: 3841: 3839: 3829: 3820: 3810: 3808: 3798: 3789: 3779: 3777: 3762: 3753: 3743: 3741: 3734:The Independent 3726: 3722: 3712: 3710: 3700: 3696: 3686: 3684: 3676:Financial Times 3667: 3663: 3653: 3651: 3641: 3637: 3627: 3625: 3582:Climatic Change 3574: 3565: 3555: 3553: 3536: 3517: 3510: 3494: 3483: 3473: 3471: 3461: 3457: 3447: 3445: 3430: 3421: 3411: 3409: 3401: 3400: 3396: 3386: 3384: 3369: 3360: 3353: 3339: 3335: 3324: 3320: 3310: 3308: 3293: 3286: 3276: 3274: 3264: 3260: 3253: 3239: 3235: 3225: 3223: 3208: 3201: 3191: 3189: 3179: 3170: 3160: 3158: 3143: 3139: 3129: 3127: 3112: 3108: 3098: 3096: 3086: 3079: 3069: 3067: 3057: 3050: 3040: 3038: 3028: 3024: 3014: 3012: 3002: 2998: 2988: 2986: 2976: 2967: 2957: 2955: 2940: 2936: 2926: 2924: 2914: 2897: 2887: 2885: 2875: 2868: 2858: 2856: 2843: 2842: 2838: 2831: 2817: 2813: 2803: 2801: 2786: 2771: 2761: 2759: 2741: 2737: 2727: 2725: 2710: 2703: 2658: 2654: 2601: 2597: 2558: 2554: 2544: 2542: 2532: 2528: 2518: 2516: 2501: 2497: 2487: 2485: 2470: 2466: 2456: 2454: 2452:ABC (Australia) 2444: 2435: 2425: 2423: 2408: 2404: 2394: 2392: 2390:The Independent 2382: 2378: 2333: 2329: 2319: 2317: 2302: 2295: 2258: 2254: 2244: 2242: 2232: 2225: 2215: 2213: 2203: 2184: 2145: 2141: 2131: 2129: 2119: 2112: 2102: 2100: 2090: 2079: 2069: 2067: 2060:The Daily Beast 2052: 2039: 2029: 2027: 2012: 2003: 1993: 1991: 1976: 1972: 1962: 1960: 1945: 1934: 1927: 1920: 1910: 1908: 1895: 1894: 1887: 1877: 1875: 1860: 1839: 1829: 1827: 1818: 1817: 1806: 1796: 1794: 1784: 1775: 1765: 1763: 1755:Mondiaal Nieuws 1746: 1723: 1713: 1711: 1704: 1700: 1690: 1688: 1650: 1646: 1636: 1634: 1619: 1600: 1590: 1588: 1573: 1562: 1517: 1476: 1466: 1464: 1447: 1436: 1426: 1424: 1407: 1390: 1380: 1378: 1371:Financial Times 1363: 1352: 1342: 1340: 1325: 1302: 1292: 1290: 1275: 1266: 1256: 1254: 1239: 1232: 1222: 1220: 1210: 1206: 1191: 1179: 1177: 1173: 1163: 1161: 1151: 1147: 1137: 1135: 1127: 1126: 1122: 1077: 1070: 1025: 1021: 1016: 994: 989: 939: 932: 929: 913:One character, 900: 891: 886: 837: 831: 815: 810: 801: 788: 779: 759: 758: 745: 732: 719: 706: 693: 680: 667: 654: 634: 626: 614: 612:Aging of Europe 608: 599: 581: 572: 522: 516: 511: 498: 493: 411: 335: 327:Main articles: 325: 91: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 7004: 6994: 6993: 6988: 6983: 6966: 6965: 6963: 6962: 6957: 6956: 6955: 6950: 6945: 6940: 6932: 6927: 6921: 6919: 6915: 6914: 6912: 6911: 6906: 6901: 6896: 6890: 6888: 6884: 6883: 6881: 6880: 6879: 6878: 6873: 6871:teen pregnancy 6863: 6862: 6861: 6853: 6848: 6843: 6838: 6833: 6828: 6823: 6817: 6815: 6811: 6810: 6808: 6807: 6802: 6801: 6800: 6790: 6785: 6780: 6775: 6769: 6767: 6763: 6762: 6760: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6723: 6721: 6715: 6714: 6712: 6711: 6706: 6701: 6696: 6691: 6685: 6683: 6679: 6678: 6676: 6675: 6670: 6665: 6660: 6655: 6650: 6645: 6640: 6635: 6630: 6625: 6619: 6617: 6611: 6610: 6608: 6607: 6606: 6605: 6597: 6596: 6595: 6585: 6579: 6577: 6571: 6570: 6568: 6567: 6562: 6557: 6556: 6555: 6550: 6542: 6537: 6531: 6529: 6521: 6520: 6518: 6517: 6512: 6507: 6502: 6497: 6492: 6486: 6484: 6478: 6477: 6475: 6474: 6469: 6468: 6467: 6462: 6452: 6447: 6437: 6435: 6429: 6428: 6426: 6425: 6420: 6415: 6409: 6407: 6403: 6402: 6400: 6399: 6398: 6397: 6392: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6361: 6359: 6353: 6352: 6345: 6344: 6337: 6330: 6322: 6316: 6315: 6291: 6285: 6274: 6273:External links 6271: 6270: 6269: 6249: 6232: 6226: 6213: 6176: 6137: 6134: 6131: 6130: 6117: 6087: 6062: 6031: 6005: 5979: 5948: 5922: 5899: 5873: 5847: 5813: 5784: 5757: 5716: 5686: 5653: 5624: 5584: 5560: 5530: 5497: 5470: 5435: 5409: 5398:. July 7, 2017 5383: 5343: 5324:(4): 342–360. 5304: 5287: 5266:(3): 526–541. 5243: 5186: 5147: 5109: 5096: 5066: 5053: 5023: 5002: 4981:(4): 593–618. 4961: 4939: 4917: 4891: 4865: 4844:(4): 593–618. 4824: 4797:(2): 299–320. 4777: 4758:(2): 436–449. 4738: 4719:(3): 481–500. 4699: 4660: 4621: 4584:(1): 471–492. 4564: 4545:(4): 169–184. 4525: 4507: 4492: 4487:Evening Moscow 4474: 4448: 4441: 4415: 4385: 4354: 4328: 4301:(1): 152–172. 4281: 4218: 4196: 4161: 4131: 4097: 4068: 4034: 4001:(4): 421–438. 3981: 3950: 3923: 3916: 3898: 3875: 3849: 3818: 3787: 3751: 3720: 3694: 3661: 3635: 3563: 3515: 3508: 3481: 3455: 3419: 3394: 3358: 3351: 3333: 3318: 3284: 3272:Foreign Policy 3258: 3251: 3233: 3199: 3168: 3137: 3106: 3077: 3048: 3022: 2996: 2965: 2934: 2895: 2866: 2836: 2829: 2811: 2769: 2735: 2701: 2672:(2): 161–172. 2652: 2595: 2568:(4): 873–878. 2552: 2526: 2495: 2464: 2433: 2402: 2376: 2353:10.1086/688892 2347:(3): 886–929. 2327: 2293: 2252: 2223: 2182: 2139: 2110: 2077: 2037: 2001: 1970: 1932: 1918: 1885: 1837: 1820:"Sui genocide" 1804: 1773: 1721: 1698: 1664:(8): 793–802. 1644: 1598: 1560: 1474: 1434: 1388: 1350: 1300: 1264: 1230: 1204: 1189: 1171: 1145: 1120: 1091:(4): 333–347. 1068: 1018: 1017: 1015: 1012: 1011: 1010: 1005: 1000: 993: 990: 988: 987: 982: 977: 972: 967: 962: 957: 952: 946: 945: 944: 941:Society portal 928: 925: 920:True Detective 899: 896: 890: 887: 885: 882: 830: 827: 814: 811: 809: 806: 800: 799:United Kingdom 797: 787: 784: 778: 775: 755: 754: 750: 749: 746: 743: 741: 737: 736: 733: 730: 728: 724: 723: 720: 717: 715: 711: 710: 707: 704: 702: 698: 697: 694: 691: 689: 685: 684: 681: 678: 676: 672: 671: 668: 665: 663: 659: 658: 655: 652: 650: 646: 645: 643: 641: 636: 635: 633: 630: 625: 622: 607: 604: 598: 595: 586:social housing 580: 577: 571: 568: 541:premarital sex 520:Aging of China 515: 512: 510: 507: 497: 494: 492: 489: 410: 407: 324: 321: 228:climate change 224:overpopulation 165:cellular aging 153:sleep deprived 90: 87: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 7003: 6992: 6989: 6987: 6984: 6982: 6979: 6978: 6976: 6961: 6958: 6954: 6951: 6949: 6948:child benefit 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6935: 6933: 6931: 6928: 6926: 6923: 6922: 6920: 6916: 6910: 6907: 6905: 6902: 6900: 6897: 6895: 6892: 6891: 6889: 6885: 6877: 6876:birth control 6874: 6872: 6869: 6868: 6867: 6866:United States 6864: 6860: 6857: 6856: 6854: 6852: 6849: 6847: 6844: 6842: 6839: 6837: 6834: 6832: 6829: 6827: 6824: 6822: 6819: 6818: 6816: 6812: 6806: 6803: 6799: 6796: 6795: 6794: 6791: 6789: 6786: 6784: 6781: 6779: 6776: 6774: 6771: 6770: 6768: 6764: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6724: 6722: 6720: 6716: 6710: 6707: 6705: 6702: 6700: 6697: 6695: 6692: 6690: 6687: 6686: 6684: 6680: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6663:Prenatal care 6661: 6659: 6656: 6654: 6651: 6649: 6646: 6644: 6641: 6639: 6636: 6634: 6631: 6629: 6626: 6624: 6621: 6620: 6618: 6616: 6612: 6604: 6601: 6600: 6598: 6594: 6591: 6590: 6589: 6586: 6584: 6581: 6580: 6578: 6576: 6572: 6566: 6563: 6561: 6558: 6554: 6551: 6549: 6546: 6545: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6532: 6530: 6528: 6522: 6516: 6515:Sterilization 6513: 6511: 6508: 6506: 6503: 6501: 6498: 6496: 6493: 6491: 6488: 6487: 6485: 6483: 6482:Contraception 6479: 6473: 6470: 6466: 6463: 6461: 6458: 6457: 6456: 6453: 6451: 6450:Birth spacing 6448: 6446: 6445:childlessness 6442: 6441:Childfreeness 6439: 6438: 6436: 6434: 6430: 6424: 6421: 6419: 6416: 6414: 6413:Sex education 6411: 6410: 6408: 6404: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6388: 6387: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6360: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6343: 6338: 6336: 6331: 6329: 6324: 6323: 6320: 6304: 6300: 6296: 6292: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6280: 6277: 6276: 6259: 6255: 6250: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6233: 6229: 6223: 6219: 6214: 6210: 6206: 6202: 6198: 6194: 6190: 6186: 6182: 6177: 6173: 6169: 6165: 6161: 6157: 6153: 6150:(1): 122–35. 6149: 6145: 6140: 6139: 6120: 6114: 6110: 6106: 6102: 6098: 6091: 6076: 6072: 6066: 6050: 6046: 6042: 6035: 6020: 6017:. Lifestyle. 6016: 6009: 5994: 5990: 5983: 5967: 5963: 5959: 5952: 5937: 5933: 5926: 5910: 5903: 5888: 5884: 5877: 5861: 5857: 5851: 5835: 5831: 5827: 5820: 5818: 5802: 5798: 5791: 5789: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5768: 5761: 5753: 5749: 5745: 5741: 5738:: 1045–1056. 5737: 5733: 5729: 5728: 5720: 5704: 5700: 5696: 5690: 5679:September 17, 5674: 5670: 5669: 5664: 5657: 5642: 5638: 5631: 5629: 5612: 5608: 5604: 5597: 5595: 5593: 5591: 5589: 5572: 5571: 5564: 5548: 5544: 5540: 5534: 5518: 5514: 5513: 5508: 5501: 5485: 5481: 5474: 5455: 5448: 5442: 5440: 5424: 5420: 5413: 5397: 5393: 5387: 5371: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5354: 5347: 5339: 5335: 5331: 5327: 5323: 5319: 5315: 5308: 5300: 5299: 5291: 5283: 5279: 5274: 5269: 5265: 5261: 5257: 5250: 5248: 5239: 5235: 5230: 5225: 5221: 5217: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5201: 5197: 5190: 5182: 5178: 5174: 5170: 5166: 5162: 5158: 5151: 5143: 5139: 5135: 5131: 5127: 5123: 5116: 5114: 5099: 5093: 5089: 5085: 5081: 5077: 5070: 5056: 5050: 5046: 5042: 5038: 5034: 5027: 5018: 5013: 5006: 4998: 4994: 4989: 4984: 4980: 4976: 4972: 4965: 4949: 4943: 4927: 4921: 4906: 4902: 4895: 4880: 4876: 4869: 4861: 4857: 4852: 4847: 4843: 4839: 4835: 4828: 4820: 4816: 4812: 4808: 4804: 4800: 4796: 4792: 4788: 4781: 4773: 4769: 4765: 4761: 4757: 4753: 4749: 4742: 4734: 4730: 4726: 4722: 4718: 4714: 4710: 4703: 4695: 4691: 4687: 4683: 4679: 4675: 4671: 4664: 4656: 4652: 4648: 4644: 4640: 4636: 4632: 4625: 4617: 4613: 4608: 4603: 4599: 4595: 4591: 4587: 4583: 4579: 4575: 4568: 4560: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4544: 4540: 4536: 4529: 4521: 4517: 4511: 4503: 4496: 4488: 4484: 4478: 4463: 4459: 4452: 4444: 4438: 4434: 4429: 4428: 4419: 4403: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4373: 4369: 4365: 4358: 4343: 4339: 4332: 4324: 4320: 4316: 4312: 4308: 4304: 4300: 4296: 4292: 4285: 4269: 4265: 4261: 4256: 4251: 4247: 4243: 4239: 4235: 4234: 4229: 4222: 4206: 4200: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4165: 4149: 4145: 4141: 4135: 4119: 4115: 4111: 4104: 4102: 4085: 4081: 4080: 4072: 4056: 4052: 4048: 4041: 4039: 4022: 4017: 4012: 4008: 4004: 4000: 3996: 3992: 3985: 3969: 3965: 3961: 3954: 3938: 3934: 3927: 3919: 3913: 3909: 3902: 3894: 3890: 3886: 3879: 3864: 3863:Science Daily 3860: 3853: 3838: 3834: 3827: 3825: 3823: 3807: 3803: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3775: 3771: 3767: 3760: 3758: 3756: 3739: 3735: 3731: 3724: 3709: 3705: 3698: 3682: 3678: 3677: 3672: 3665: 3650: 3646: 3639: 3623: 3619: 3615: 3611: 3607: 3603: 3599: 3595: 3591: 3587: 3583: 3579: 3572: 3570: 3568: 3551: 3547: 3546: 3541: 3534: 3532: 3530: 3528: 3526: 3524: 3522: 3520: 3511: 3509:0-684-86303-0 3505: 3500: 3492: 3490: 3488: 3486: 3470: 3466: 3459: 3443: 3439: 3435: 3428: 3426: 3424: 3408: 3404: 3398: 3382: 3378: 3374: 3367: 3365: 3363: 3354: 3352:0-06-042312-9 3348: 3344: 3337: 3329: 3322: 3306: 3302: 3298: 3291: 3289: 3273: 3269: 3262: 3254: 3248: 3244: 3237: 3221: 3217: 3213: 3206: 3204: 3188: 3185:. Lifestyle. 3184: 3177: 3175: 3173: 3156: 3152: 3148: 3141: 3125: 3121: 3117: 3110: 3095: 3091: 3084: 3082: 3066: 3062: 3055: 3053: 3037: 3033: 3026: 3011: 3007: 3000: 2985: 2981: 2974: 2972: 2970: 2953: 2949: 2945: 2938: 2923: 2919: 2912: 2910: 2908: 2906: 2904: 2902: 2900: 2884: 2880: 2873: 2871: 2854: 2850: 2846: 2840: 2832: 2826: 2822: 2815: 2799: 2795: 2791: 2784: 2782: 2780: 2778: 2776: 2774: 2758: 2754: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2723: 2719: 2715: 2708: 2706: 2697: 2693: 2688: 2683: 2679: 2675: 2671: 2667: 2666:Public Health 2663: 2656: 2648: 2644: 2639: 2634: 2630: 2626: 2622: 2618: 2614: 2610: 2606: 2599: 2591: 2587: 2583: 2579: 2575: 2571: 2567: 2563: 2556: 2541: 2537: 2530: 2514: 2510: 2506: 2499: 2483: 2479: 2475: 2468: 2453: 2449: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2421: 2417: 2413: 2406: 2391: 2387: 2380: 2372: 2368: 2363: 2358: 2354: 2350: 2346: 2342: 2338: 2331: 2315: 2311: 2307: 2300: 2298: 2288: 2283: 2279: 2275: 2271: 2267: 2263: 2256: 2241: 2237: 2230: 2228: 2212: 2209:. Lifestyle. 2208: 2201: 2199: 2197: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2189: 2187: 2178: 2174: 2169: 2164: 2160: 2156: 2155: 2150: 2143: 2128: 2124: 2117: 2115: 2099: 2095: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2065: 2061: 2057: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2044: 2042: 2025: 2021: 2017: 2010: 2008: 2006: 1989: 1985: 1981: 1974: 1958: 1954: 1950: 1943: 1941: 1939: 1937: 1925: 1923: 1906: 1902: 1898: 1892: 1890: 1873: 1869: 1865: 1858: 1856: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1844: 1842: 1825: 1824:The Economist 1821: 1815: 1813: 1811: 1809: 1793: 1789: 1782: 1780: 1778: 1761: 1757: 1756: 1751: 1744: 1742: 1740: 1738: 1736: 1734: 1732: 1730: 1728: 1726: 1709: 1702: 1691:September 15, 1687: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1667: 1663: 1659: 1655: 1648: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1617: 1615: 1613: 1611: 1609: 1607: 1605: 1603: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1571: 1569: 1567: 1565: 1556: 1552: 1547: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1515: 1513: 1511: 1509: 1507: 1505: 1503: 1501: 1499: 1497: 1495: 1493: 1491: 1489: 1487: 1485: 1483: 1481: 1479: 1462: 1458: 1457: 1452: 1445: 1443: 1441: 1439: 1422: 1418: 1417: 1412: 1405: 1403: 1401: 1399: 1397: 1395: 1393: 1376: 1372: 1368: 1361: 1359: 1357: 1355: 1338: 1334: 1330: 1323: 1321: 1319: 1317: 1315: 1313: 1311: 1309: 1307: 1305: 1288: 1284: 1283:National Post 1280: 1273: 1271: 1269: 1252: 1248: 1244: 1237: 1235: 1219: 1215: 1208: 1200: 1196: 1192: 1190:9780717285006 1186: 1182: 1175: 1160: 1156: 1149: 1134: 1130: 1124: 1116: 1112: 1108: 1104: 1099: 1094: 1090: 1086: 1082: 1075: 1073: 1064: 1060: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1042: 1038: 1034: 1030: 1023: 1019: 1009: 1006: 1004: 1001: 999: 996: 995: 986: 983: 981: 978: 976: 973: 971: 968: 966: 963: 961: 958: 956: 953: 951: 948: 947: 942: 936: 931: 924: 922: 921: 916: 911: 909: 905: 895: 881: 879: 878: 871: 867: 865: 860: 858: 849: 845: 841: 836: 829:United States 826: 823: 819: 808:North America 805: 796: 792: 783: 774: 771: 767: 763: 751: 742: 738: 729: 725: 716: 712: 703: 699: 690: 686: 677: 673: 664: 660: 651: 647: 642: 639: 629: 621: 619: 613: 603: 594: 590: 587: 576: 567: 565: 559: 556: 554: 549: 547: 542: 536: 533: 528: 521: 506: 504: 503:childlessness 488: 486: 482: 477: 475: 471: 467: 463: 459: 455: 451: 447: 443: 439: 435: 430: 428: 427: 421: 417: 406: 405:restaurants. 402: 399: 394: 390: 384: 381: 376: 374: 370: 366: 362: 358: 354: 348: 346: 345:paid time off 341: 334: 330: 320: 316: 313: 312:David Benatar 308: 303: 301: 296: 294: 290: 286: 282: 278: 270: 265: 261: 259: 258: 252: 248: 244: 240: 235: 233: 229: 225: 220: 216: 212: 207: 199: 195: 192: 187: 183: 178: 174: 170: 166: 162: 158: 157:complications 154: 150: 146: 141: 138: 133: 128: 125: 121: 117: 112: 103: 98: 94: 86: 84: 83:birth control 80: 75: 73: 69: 65: 61: 57: 53: 49: 45: 44:childfreeness 41: 37: 33: 19: 6960:Abortion law 6943:bachelor tax 6593:vulvovaginal 6527:reproduction 6440: 6309:September 4, 6307:. Retrieved 6298: 6263:December 29, 6261:. Retrieved 6257: 6236: 6217: 6184: 6180: 6147: 6143: 6122:, retrieved 6100: 6090: 6078:. Retrieved 6074: 6065: 6053:. Retrieved 6044: 6034: 6022:. Retrieved 6018: 6008: 5998:December 18, 5996:. Retrieved 5992: 5982: 5972:December 18, 5970:. Retrieved 5966:the original 5961: 5951: 5939:. Retrieved 5935: 5925: 5913:. Retrieved 5902: 5890:. Retrieved 5886: 5876: 5864:. Retrieved 5859: 5850: 5838:. Retrieved 5834:the original 5829: 5806:September 1, 5804:. Retrieved 5800: 5770: 5766: 5760: 5731: 5725: 5719: 5709:December 12, 5707:. Retrieved 5703:the original 5698: 5689: 5677:. Retrieved 5666: 5656: 5644:. Retrieved 5640: 5615:. Retrieved 5611:the original 5606: 5575:. Retrieved 5573:(in Russian) 5569: 5563: 5551:. Retrieved 5542: 5533: 5521:. Retrieved 5515:(in Dutch). 5510: 5500: 5488:. Retrieved 5483: 5473: 5461:. Retrieved 5426:. Retrieved 5422: 5412: 5400:. Retrieved 5396:Vietnam News 5395: 5386: 5374:. Retrieved 5363:(1): 53–69. 5360: 5356: 5346: 5321: 5317: 5307: 5297: 5290: 5263: 5259: 5206:(19): e149. 5203: 5199: 5189: 5164: 5160: 5150: 5125: 5101:, retrieved 5079: 5069: 5058:, retrieved 5036: 5026: 5005: 4978: 4974: 4964: 4952:. Retrieved 4942: 4930:. Retrieved 4920: 4908:. Retrieved 4904: 4894: 4882:. Retrieved 4878: 4868: 4841: 4837: 4827: 4794: 4790: 4780: 4755: 4751: 4741: 4716: 4712: 4702: 4677: 4673: 4663: 4638: 4634: 4624: 4581: 4577: 4567: 4542: 4538: 4528: 4519: 4510: 4495: 4486: 4477: 4465:. Retrieved 4462:The Guardian 4461: 4451: 4426: 4418: 4406:. Retrieved 4402:the original 4397: 4388: 4376:. Retrieved 4372:the original 4367: 4357: 4345:. Retrieved 4341: 4331: 4298: 4294: 4284: 4272:. Retrieved 4237: 4231: 4221: 4209:. Retrieved 4199: 4189:December 12, 4187:. Retrieved 4178: 4174: 4164: 4154:December 12, 4152:. Retrieved 4148:the original 4134: 4122:. Retrieved 4118:the original 4113: 4088:. Retrieved 4078: 4071: 4059:. Retrieved 4055:the original 4050: 4027:December 12, 4025:. Retrieved 3998: 3994: 3984: 3972:. Retrieved 3963: 3953: 3941:. Retrieved 3926: 3907: 3901: 3884: 3878: 3866:. Retrieved 3862: 3852: 3840:. Retrieved 3836: 3809:. Retrieved 3805: 3778:. Retrieved 3769: 3742:. Retrieved 3738:the original 3733: 3723: 3711:. Retrieved 3707: 3697: 3685:. Retrieved 3674: 3664: 3652:. Retrieved 3649:The Guardian 3648: 3638: 3628:November 23, 3626:. Retrieved 3585: 3581: 3554:. Retrieved 3545:The Guardian 3543: 3472:. Retrieved 3468: 3458: 3446:. Retrieved 3442:the original 3437: 3410:. Retrieved 3406: 3397: 3387:September 1, 3385:. Retrieved 3381:the original 3376: 3342: 3336: 3327: 3321: 3309:. Retrieved 3305:the original 3300: 3275:. Retrieved 3271: 3261: 3242: 3236: 3224:. Retrieved 3220:the original 3215: 3190:. Retrieved 3186: 3159:. Retrieved 3155:the original 3150: 3140: 3130:December 21, 3128:. Retrieved 3124:the original 3119: 3109: 3097:. Retrieved 3093: 3068:. Retrieved 3064: 3039:. Retrieved 3035: 3025: 3013:. Retrieved 3009: 2999: 2987:. Retrieved 2984:The Guardian 2983: 2956:. Retrieved 2952:the original 2947: 2937: 2925:. Retrieved 2921: 2886:. Retrieved 2883:The Guardian 2882: 2857:. Retrieved 2848: 2839: 2820: 2814: 2802:. Retrieved 2798:the original 2793: 2760:. Retrieved 2749:The Guardian 2748: 2738: 2726:. Retrieved 2722:the original 2718:Boston Globe 2717: 2669: 2665: 2655: 2615:(1): 11100. 2612: 2608: 2598: 2565: 2561: 2555: 2543:. Retrieved 2539: 2529: 2519:November 13, 2517:. Retrieved 2509:The Guardian 2508: 2498: 2486:. Retrieved 2482:the original 2477: 2467: 2455:. Retrieved 2451: 2424:. Retrieved 2415: 2405: 2393:. Retrieved 2389: 2379: 2344: 2340: 2330: 2318:. Retrieved 2314:the original 2310:The Atlantic 2309: 2269: 2265: 2255: 2243:. Retrieved 2239: 2214:. Retrieved 2210: 2161:(1): 83–85. 2158: 2152: 2142: 2130:. Retrieved 2126: 2101:. Retrieved 2097: 2068:. Retrieved 2059: 2028:. Retrieved 2024:the original 2019: 1992:. Retrieved 1988:the original 1984:The Atlantic 1983: 1973: 1961:. Retrieved 1952: 1909:. Retrieved 1900: 1876:. Retrieved 1866:(in Dutch). 1828:. Retrieved 1823: 1795:. Retrieved 1792:The Guardian 1791: 1764:. Retrieved 1758:(in Dutch). 1753: 1712:. Retrieved 1701: 1689:. Retrieved 1661: 1657: 1647: 1635:. Retrieved 1629:(in Dutch). 1626: 1589:. Retrieved 1585:the original 1580: 1528: 1524: 1465:. Retrieved 1459:(in Dutch). 1454: 1425:. Retrieved 1419:(in Dutch). 1414: 1379:. Retrieved 1375:the original 1370: 1341:. Retrieved 1332: 1291:. Retrieved 1287:the original 1282: 1255:. Retrieved 1251:the original 1247:Boston Globe 1246: 1221:. Retrieved 1217: 1207: 1180: 1174: 1162:. Retrieved 1158: 1148: 1136:. Retrieved 1132: 1123: 1088: 1084: 1036: 1032: 1022: 955:Antinatalism 918: 912: 903: 901: 892: 875: 872: 868: 861: 857:Generation X 854: 842: 838: 824: 820: 816: 802: 793: 789: 780: 772: 768: 764: 760: 627: 615: 600: 591: 582: 573: 560: 557: 550: 537: 532:urbanization 523: 499: 478: 431: 424: 412: 403: 385: 377: 357:Christianity 349: 336: 317: 306: 304: 297: 281:antinatalism 277:misanthropic 274: 257:Homo sapiens 256: 251:deep ecology 236: 222:environment— 208: 204: 142: 129: 107: 92: 76: 71: 67: 63: 59: 55: 51: 43: 39: 38: 36: 6846:Philippines 6778:Infertility 6737:Gynaecology 6704:Transgender 6472:Sperm theft 6465:foster care 6187:(1): 5–19. 5641:Global News 5617:January 26, 4954:February 2, 4932:February 2, 4910:January 16, 4342:Global News 4274:January 25, 4211:December 8, 4016:1765/101421 3964:Utne Reader 3943:January 10, 3556:October 30, 3277:November 1, 2927:February 1, 1963:January 14, 1955:. Toronto. 1901:Medicinenet 1054:2268/266029 1039:(1): 1–35. 908:Emma Gannon 889:New Zealand 782:children. 632:Netherlands 620:countries. 579:South Korea 420:No Kidding! 275:But these ( 191:Millennials 161:hemorrhoids 140:processes. 132:babysitting 6975:Categories 6938:baby bonus 6934:Financial 6814:By country 6638:childbirth 6628:Obstetrics 6560:Sperm bank 6288:Reason.com 5941:August 30, 5486:(in Dutch) 5463:January 2, 5423:VN Express 4905:Sixth Tone 4884:January 9, 3548:. London. 3094:VN Express 1911:August 27, 1790:. Family. 1159:BBC Future 1014:References 1008:Quiverfull 915:Rust Cohle 906:(2020) by 902:The novel 833:See also: 610:See also: 553:lying flat 518:See also: 300:soccer mom 293:narcissism 120:tokophobia 64:child-free 6851:Singapore 6766:Disorders 6727:Andrology 6615:Pregnancy 6599:Research 6455:Parenting 6406:Education 6209:144655316 6172:145086015 6124:August 1, 6080:March 17, 6055:March 17, 6043:. Books. 5911:. Parents 5840:March 28, 5402:March 17, 5338:0144-5596 5282:1756-2570 5220:1598-6357 5181:0267-3037 5142:1556-5068 4997:2057-150X 4860:2057-150X 4811:0098-7921 4772:0147-5967 4733:0378-5920 4694:1468-2648 4680:: 17–50. 4655:1544-8444 4598:0360-0572 4559:0252-9203 4467:March 25, 4378:March 12, 4347:March 12, 4323:233666068 4315:0964-4016 4124:March 12, 4090:April 18, 4061:March 12, 3868:March 17, 3842:March 17, 3837:Live Mint 3811:March 17, 3780:March 17, 3744:March 12, 3713:March 12, 3647:. Books. 3618:226983864 3610:0165-0009 3412:March 17, 3377:Bloomberg 3226:April 21, 3099:March 17, 3041:April 17, 3015:March 25, 2982:. Books. 2888:March 17, 2762:March 12, 2757:0261-3077 2728:March 12, 2545:April 21, 2488:April 30, 2457:March 25, 2426:March 25, 2216:March 17, 2132:March 17, 2127:BBC Radio 2103:March 25, 2070:March 17, 2030:August 4, 1994:March 12, 1830:March 17, 1797:March 17, 1686:149446087 1678:1573-2851 1591:March 12, 1531:: 19–27. 1381:March 29, 1293:March 12, 1257:March 12, 1199:76-188038 1138:March 12, 1115:144352218 1107:1745-3011 1063:210146775 470:resources 450:biosphere 289:suffering 72:childfree 68:childfree 60:childless 56:childfree 48:feminists 18:Childfree 6841:Pakistan 6719:Medicine 6699:Intersex 6682:Identity 6643:Abortion 6525:Assisted 6500:Safe sex 6460:adoption 6433:Planning 6049:Archived 6024:March 9, 5673:Archived 5577:July 13, 5547:Archived 5517:Archived 5454:Archived 5376:June 28, 5238:29736162 4616:30078932 4520:RBC News 4408:March 6, 4268:Archived 4183:Archived 4084:Archived 4021:Archived 3974:July 25, 3968:Archived 3937:Archived 3893:29721613 3774:Archived 3681:Archived 3654:March 9, 3622:Archived 3550:Archived 3474:March 7, 3448:April 7, 3192:March 7, 3187:Fox News 3161:April 9, 3070:April 9, 2989:March 9, 2859:April 4, 2853:Archived 2804:March 7, 2696:17826810 2647:30038336 2590:23797296 2582:17012448 2513:Archived 2420:Archived 2371:28082749 2177:10789333 2064:Archived 1957:Archived 1905:Archived 1872:Archived 1760:Archived 1631:Archived 1555:31938736 1461:Archived 1421:Archived 1337:Archived 1333:BBC News 1223:March 8, 1164:June 30, 998:Natalism 992:Antonyms 927:See also 466:scarcity 464:and the 389:insanity 79:celibate 6887:History 6836:Ireland 6588:Women's 6299:Doublex 6245:3050988 6201:1395859 6164:3081818 5915:June 1, 5892:June 1, 5866:June 1, 5752:4122892 5553:May 30, 5523:May 30, 5490:May 30, 5428:May 18, 5229:5934522 4819:2137436 4607:6070151 4264:5699198 4242:Bibcode 4233:Science 3687:May 31, 3590:Bibcode 3216:Reuters 2687:2367232 2638:6056536 2617:Bibcode 2362:5222535 1878:May 31, 1766:May 30, 1637:May 30, 1581:Fortune 1546:6953767 1467:May 30, 1427:May 30, 1343:May 31, 884:Oceania 744: 731: 718: 705: 692: 679: 666: 653: 624:Belgium 597:Vietnam 373:orphans 353:Judaism 149:vectors 6918:Policy 6798:clinic 6575:Health 6505:Condom 6357:Rights 6283:Curlie 6258:Medium 6243: 6224: 6207: 6199: 6170: 6162: 6115: 5887:Forbes 5750: 5646:May 4, 5336: 5280: 5236: 5226: 5218: 5179: 5140: 5103:May 5, 5094: 5060:May 5, 5051: 4995: 4858: 4817: 4809: 4770: 4731: 4692: 4653: 4614: 4604: 4596: 4557: 4439: 4321: 4313: 4262: 3914: 3891: 3616: 3608: 3506: 3349: 3311:May 4, 3249: 2958:May 4, 2849:qz.com 2827: 2794:Quartz 2755: 2694: 2684: 2645: 2635: 2588: 2580: 2395:May 5, 2369: 2359: 2320:May 5, 2245:May 5, 2175: 2098:YouGov 1714:May 4, 1684: 1676: 1553: 1543: 1197: 1187: 1113: 1105: 1061: 1003:Parent 813:Canada 786:Sweden 777:Russia 606:Europe 570:Taiwan 460:. The 398:disown 359:, and 175:. The 6826:India 6821:China 6583:Men's 6553:Sperm 6303:Slate 6205:S2CID 6197:JSTOR 6168:S2CID 6160:JSTOR 5748:JSTOR 5734:(4). 5543:Quest 5484:Trouw 5457:(PDF) 5450:(PDF) 4815:JSTOR 4641:(2). 4319:S2CID 3614:S2CID 3469:Stuff 3010:Slate 2586:S2CID 1682:S2CID 1627:Quest 1456:Quest 1416:Trouw 1111:S2CID 1059:S2CID 904:Olive 551:The " 514:China 496:World 361:Islam 102:stork 6859:teen 6831:Iran 6540:ICSI 6311:2011 6265:2022 6241:SSRN 6222:ISBN 6126:2024 6113:ISBN 6082:2021 6057:2021 6026:2021 6000:2023 5974:2023 5943:2022 5917:2016 5894:2016 5868:2016 5842:2023 5808:2022 5711:2006 5681:2017 5648:2023 5619:2024 5579:2024 5555:2020 5525:2020 5492:2020 5465:2017 5430:2023 5404:2021 5378:2024 5334:ISSN 5278:ISSN 5234:PMID 5216:ISSN 5177:ISSN 5138:ISSN 5105:2024 5092:ISBN 5062:2024 5049:ISBN 4993:ISSN 4956:2022 4934:2022 4912:2023 4886:2022 4856:ISSN 4807:ISSN 4768:ISSN 4729:ISSN 4690:ISSN 4651:ISSN 4612:PMID 4594:ISSN 4555:ISSN 4469:2021 4437:ISBN 4410:2007 4398:Time 4380:2024 4349:2024 4311:ISSN 4276:2008 4260:PMID 4213:2006 4191:2006 4156:2006 4126:2024 4092:2007 4063:2024 4029:2019 3976:2016 3945:2013 3912:ISBN 3889:OCLC 3870:2021 3844:2021 3813:2021 3806:WNPR 3782:2021 3746:2024 3715:2024 3689:2020 3656:2021 3630:2020 3606:ISSN 3558:2020 3504:ISBN 3476:2021 3450:2023 3414:2021 3389:2022 3347:ISBN 3313:2023 3279:2020 3247:ISBN 3228:2023 3194:2021 3163:2023 3132:2023 3120:CNBC 3101:2020 3072:2023 3065:CNBC 3043:2023 3017:2021 2991:2021 2960:2023 2929:2021 2890:2021 2861:2018 2825:ISBN 2806:2021 2764:2024 2753:ISSN 2730:2024 2692:PMID 2643:PMID 2578:PMID 2547:2023 2521:2022 2490:2024 2459:2021 2428:2021 2416:Time 2397:2023 2367:PMID 2322:2023 2247:2023 2218:2021 2173:PMID 2134:2021 2105:2021 2072:2021 2032:2013 2020:TIME 1996:2024 1965:2019 1913:2020 1880:2020 1832:2021 1799:2021 1768:2020 1716:2023 1693:2022 1674:ISSN 1639:2020 1593:2024 1551:PMID 1469:2020 1429:2020 1383:2024 1345:2020 1295:2024 1259:2024 1225:2024 1195:LCCN 1185:ISBN 1166:2023 1140:2024 1103:ISSN 965:DINK 509:Asia 432:The 426:Time 418:and 331:and 243:LEDs 52:free 6548:Egg 6281:at 6189:doi 6152:doi 6105:doi 6075:BBC 5775:doi 5740:doi 5365:doi 5326:doi 5268:doi 5224:PMC 5208:doi 5169:doi 5130:doi 5084:doi 5041:doi 5012:doi 4983:doi 4846:doi 4799:doi 4760:doi 4721:doi 4682:doi 4643:doi 4602:PMC 4586:doi 4547:doi 4303:doi 4250:doi 4238:162 4011:hdl 4003:doi 3708:NPR 3598:doi 3586:163 3407:BBC 3036:NPR 2922:CNN 2682:PMC 2674:doi 2670:122 2633:PMC 2625:doi 2570:doi 2566:108 2540:NPR 2357:PMC 2349:doi 2345:122 2282:hdl 2274:doi 2240:CNN 2211:CBC 2163:doi 2159:176 1666:doi 1541:PMC 1533:doi 1093:doi 1049:hdl 1041:doi 722:18% 709:23% 696:26% 683:28% 670:35% 657:54% 468:of 307:not 66:or 42:or 6977:: 6301:. 6297:. 6256:. 6203:. 6195:. 6185:75 6183:. 6166:. 6158:. 6148:17 6146:. 6111:, 6099:, 6073:. 6047:. 5991:. 5960:. 5934:. 5885:. 5858:. 5828:. 5816:^ 5799:. 5787:^ 5771:75 5769:. 5746:. 5732:68 5730:. 5697:. 5671:. 5665:. 5639:. 5627:^ 5605:. 5587:^ 5541:. 5509:. 5482:. 5438:^ 5421:. 5394:. 5361:27 5359:. 5355:. 5332:. 5322:37 5320:. 5316:. 5276:. 5264:15 5262:. 5258:. 5246:^ 5232:. 5222:. 5214:. 5204:33 5202:. 5198:. 5175:. 5165:33 5163:. 5159:. 5136:. 5128:. 5124:. 5112:^ 5090:, 5078:, 5047:, 5035:, 4991:. 4977:. 4973:. 4903:. 4877:. 4854:. 4840:. 4836:. 4813:. 4805:. 4795:22 4793:. 4789:. 4766:. 4756:42 4750:. 4727:. 4717:37 4715:. 4711:. 4688:. 4678:93 4676:. 4672:. 4649:. 4639:26 4637:. 4633:. 4610:. 4600:. 4592:. 4582:41 4580:. 4576:. 4553:. 4543:41 4541:. 4537:. 4485:. 4460:. 4435:. 4433:20 4396:. 4366:. 4340:. 4317:. 4309:. 4299:31 4297:. 4293:. 4266:. 4258:. 4248:. 4236:. 4230:. 4179:25 4177:. 4173:. 4112:. 4100:^ 4049:. 4037:^ 4019:. 4009:. 3999:42 3997:. 3993:. 3966:. 3962:. 3935:. 3861:. 3835:. 3821:^ 3804:. 3790:^ 3772:. 3768:. 3754:^ 3732:. 3706:. 3679:. 3673:. 3620:. 3612:. 3604:. 3596:. 3584:. 3580:. 3566:^ 3542:. 3518:^ 3484:^ 3467:. 3436:. 3422:^ 3405:. 3375:. 3361:^ 3299:. 3287:^ 3270:. 3214:. 3202:^ 3171:^ 3149:. 3118:. 3092:. 3080:^ 3063:. 3051:^ 3034:. 3008:. 2968:^ 2946:. 2920:. 2898:^ 2869:^ 2847:. 2792:. 2772:^ 2751:. 2747:. 2716:. 2704:^ 2690:. 2680:. 2668:. 2664:. 2641:. 2631:. 2623:. 2611:. 2607:. 2584:. 2576:. 2564:. 2538:. 2511:. 2507:. 2476:. 2450:. 2436:^ 2418:. 2414:. 2388:. 2365:. 2355:. 2343:. 2339:. 2308:. 2296:^ 2280:. 2272:. 2268:. 2264:. 2238:. 2226:^ 2185:^ 2171:. 2157:. 2151:. 2125:. 2113:^ 2096:. 2080:^ 2062:. 2058:. 2040:^ 2018:. 2004:^ 1982:. 1951:. 1935:^ 1921:^ 1903:. 1899:. 1888:^ 1870:. 1840:^ 1822:. 1807:^ 1776:^ 1724:^ 1680:. 1672:. 1662:35 1660:. 1656:. 1601:^ 1579:. 1563:^ 1549:. 1539:. 1527:. 1523:. 1477:^ 1437:^ 1391:^ 1369:. 1353:^ 1335:. 1331:. 1303:^ 1281:. 1267:^ 1245:. 1233:^ 1216:. 1193:. 1157:. 1131:. 1109:. 1101:. 1089:16 1087:. 1083:. 1071:^ 1057:. 1047:. 1037:59 1035:. 1031:. 748:5% 735:7% 476:. 355:, 226:, 6443:/ 6341:e 6334:t 6327:v 6313:. 6267:. 6247:. 6230:. 6211:. 6191:: 6174:. 6154:: 6107:: 6084:. 6059:. 6028:. 6002:. 5976:. 5945:. 5919:. 5896:. 5870:. 5844:. 5810:. 5781:. 5777:: 5754:. 5742:: 5713:. 5683:. 5650:. 5621:. 5557:. 5527:. 5494:. 5467:. 5432:. 5406:. 5380:. 5367:: 5340:. 5328:: 5284:. 5270:: 5240:. 5210:: 5183:. 5171:: 5144:. 5132:: 5086:: 5043:: 5020:. 5014:: 4999:. 4985:: 4979:7 4958:. 4936:. 4914:. 4888:. 4862:. 4848:: 4842:7 4821:. 4801:: 4774:. 4762:: 4735:. 4723:: 4696:. 4684:: 4657:. 4645:: 4618:. 4588:: 4561:. 4549:: 4471:. 4445:. 4412:. 4382:. 4351:. 4325:. 4305:: 4278:. 4252:: 4244:: 4215:. 4193:. 4158:. 4128:. 4094:. 4065:. 4031:. 4013:: 4005:: 3978:. 3947:. 3920:. 3895:. 3872:. 3846:. 3815:. 3784:. 3748:. 3717:. 3691:. 3658:. 3632:. 3600:: 3592:: 3560:. 3512:. 3478:. 3452:. 3416:. 3391:. 3355:. 3315:. 3281:. 3255:. 3230:. 3196:. 3165:. 3134:. 3103:. 3074:. 3045:. 3019:. 2993:. 2962:. 2931:. 2892:. 2863:. 2833:. 2808:. 2766:. 2732:. 2698:. 2676:: 2649:. 2627:: 2619:: 2613:8 2592:. 2572:: 2549:. 2523:. 2492:. 2461:. 2430:. 2399:. 2373:. 2351:: 2324:. 2290:. 2284:: 2276:: 2270:6 2249:. 2220:. 2179:. 2165:: 2136:. 2107:. 2074:. 2034:. 1998:. 1967:. 1915:. 1882:. 1834:. 1801:. 1770:. 1718:. 1695:. 1668:: 1641:. 1595:. 1557:. 1535:: 1529:9 1471:. 1431:. 1385:. 1347:. 1297:. 1261:. 1227:. 1201:. 1168:. 1142:. 1117:. 1095:: 1065:. 1051:: 1043:: 34:. 20:)

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.

Knowledge

Voluntary childlessness

Index