36:
208:
974:. When the reflexive follows can ergative–absolutive pronoun sequence, it indicates that one indirectly affected is the same as the ergative. When it follows an absolutive–dative pronoun sequence, it indicates that one indirectly affected is associated with the absolutive, perhaps as the whole in a part-whole relationship, or the owner.
1069:
Aside from certain secondary irregularities in the third person dual and third person plural, the pronominal subject of the transitive verb differs from the pronominal subject of the intransitive verb only in the case of the third person singular masculine and feminine. The difference between the two
1318:
also flourished from 1790s–1830s, then experienced a flood of
English and French new vocabulary. It was used by up to 100,000 speakers of 100 mother tongues in the 19th century. Then declined, was recorded by linguists in the 1930s, and died out by the early 1900s. The Chinook
1311:
is a
Chehalis word for those who lived on the south of the river). Most of the language family became extinct as separate groups by 1900, except a few hundreds who mixed with other groups. Around 120 people in 1945, though some 609 were reported in the 1970s, having by then mixed extensively
1073:
The phonetic parallelism would then be perfect among the absolutive, ergative, and possessive (see below). If we compare the theoretical forms *ag- "she" and *itc- "he" with the remaining subjective forms of the transitive verb, we obtain at once a perfectly regular and intelligible set of forms.
1296:
There were Lower and Upper
Chinookan groups, but only a single variety of the latter now survives: Wasco-Wishram (Wasco and Wishram were originally two separate, similar varieties). In 1990, there were 69 speakers (7 monolinguals) of Wasco-Wishram; in 2001, 5 speakers of Wasco
894:
status, functioning as appositives to the pronominal affixes. Word order functions purely pragmatically; constituents appear in decreasing order of newsworthiness. Clauses are combined by juxtaposition or particles, rather than subordinating
1287:
The possessive prefixes are followed by noun stem, perhaps including another nominalizer. Nominal suffixes indicate emphasis or contrast, specificity, succession in time, definiteness, plurality, and time, location, or similarity.
1283:
The possessive prefix for the first person singular ("my") is –gE (Wishram -g-, -k-; -x̩- before k-stops) when the noun is feminine, neuter, dual or plural, but -tcE-, -tci- (Wishram -tc-) when the noun is masculine.
1070:
sets of forms is for the most part indicated by position and, in part, by the use of a "post-pronominal" particle -g- which indicates that the preceding pronominal element is used as the subject of a transitive verb.
1229:
The possessive prefix for the third person singular is -ga- when the noun itself is feminine, neuter, dual, or plural. It is -tca- when the noun itself is masculine. It is preceded by the gender-number prefixes:
1207:, and final suffix. Initial prefixes serve primarily as nominalizers. Masculine prefixes appear with nouns designating male persons, feminine with those denoting female persons. The neuter may indicate
1211:. All are used for nouns referring to objects as well. Masculine prefixes appear with the large animals; feminine for small ones. Masculine prefixes also appear with nouns expressing qualities.
5057:
5113:
5118:
1172:
Verbs stems may be simplex or compound, the second member indicating direction, including motion out of, from water to shore or inland, toward water, into, down or up.
935:
prefix, directional prefix, and verb stem. The number of tense/aspect prefix distinctions varies among the languages. Kiksht shows six way tense distinctions: mythic
1353:
5128:
268:
4083:
239:. Although the last known native speaker of any Chinookan language died in 2012, the 2009-2013 American Community Survey found 270 self-identified speakers of
950:
The pronominal prefixes are obligatory, whether free nominals occur in the clause or not. Three can be seen in the
Kathlamet verb. The ergative refers to the
1304:), hence developed the Chinook Jargon – a pre-European contact language, with lexicon from at least Chinook, Chehalis, and Nootka or Nuu-chah-nulth.
1307:
Chinook people were quickly diminished by
European diseases: Numbered around 800 persons in 1800; they mixed with Chehalis (in fact, the very word
4074:
5067:
267:(Wasco-Wishram, Upper Chinook). For example, Ethnologue 15e classifies Kiksht as Lower Chinook, while others consider it instead Upper Chinook (
4963:
3939:
1576:
Bergmann, Mathias D. (2008). "'We Should Lose Much by Their
Absence': The Centrality of Chinookans and Kalapuyans to Life in Frontier Oregon".
1660:
2041:
5062:
5123:
4067:
4087:
1537:
1452:
1463:
3454:
3035:
691:
598:
3564:
1361:
4936:
834:
825:
642:
2536:
649:
5016:
4060:
3721:
1430:
1422:
79:
57:
50:
5072:
3697:
2936:
1653:
698:
605:
17:
4466:
4435:
2855:
2791:
2034:
1809:
3468:
2710:
3219:
4052:
3934:
3581:
2716:
2541:
2327:
2321:
2245:
5093:
3944:
3929:
3628:
2929:
2916:
2687:
2648:
684:
591:
1382:
867:
863:
5108:
4784:
3924:
3918:
3703:
2976:
2894:
2867:
2571:
2561:
1646:
735:
635:
5098:
5021:
4402:
3490:
3151:
2948:
2746:
2606:
2576:
2566:
2556:
2262:
2027:
1995:
1791:
1711:
1301:
843:
721:
419:
412:
5103:
3902:
3709:
3685:
3660:
3633:
3616:
2626:
2581:
2551:
2524:
2095:
2050:
1784:
1323:
filed an appeal stating that the
Chinook Nation made mistakes when applying for federal recognition.
908:
707:
5031:
4882:
4864:
4527:
4110:
3949:
3756:
3393:
3381:
3213:
2275:
2268:
2084:
1880:
446:
44:
2954:
2879:
2282:
2232:
1980:
1218:-number prefixes are followed by possessive pronominal prefixes. These distinguish possessors by
542:
535:
432:
1319:
people were finally recognized by the US Govt. in Jan. 2001, but in the 90-day grace period the
4858:
4816:
4625:
4591:
4309:
3968:
3816:
3611:
3387:
3340:
2970:
2887:
2546:
2530:
2338:
2239:
2102:
2078:
1700:
1300:
Chinook-speaking groups were once powerful in trade, before and during early
European contact (
761:
483:
476:
332:
297:
240:
61:
3606:
5026:
4972:
4891:
4869:
4510:
4392:
4014:
3912:
3601:
3404:
3194:
3183:
3145:
2752:
2726:
2631:
2621:
2304:
2220:
2071:
1972:
795:
788:
252:
4924:
4917:
3715:
3440:
4851:
4699:
4265:
4231:
3989:
3746:
3554:
3527:
3510:
3478:
3376:
3090:
3015:
2942:
2721:
2698:
2670:
2601:
2512:
2293:
1990:
555:
510:
3874:
1628:
8:
5036:
4875:
4833:
4773:
4752:
4546:
4482:
4425:
4373:
4331:
4299:
4115:
3766:
3670:
3570:
3559:
3521:
3500:
3398:
3357:
3132:
3114:
3108:
3083:
3069:
2982:
2965:
2704:
2370:
2357:
2251:
2201:
2058:
1935:
1775:
1733:
496:
4947:
4903:
4827:
4727:
4713:
4643:
4533:
4349:
4293:
4286:
4197:
4181:
3680:
3675:
3665:
3648:
3643:
3638:
3622:
3591:
3586:
3539:
3533:
3484:
3429:
3352:
3236:
3200:
3161:
3103:
2910:
2905:
2616:
2375:
2344:
2310:
2298:
2257:
2132:
1738:
1686:
1669:
1601:
1593:
1564:
1516:
1508:
1482:
1219:
1215:
971:
928:
626:
517:
503:
469:
327:
322:
290:
264:
260:
228:
173:
4170:
3777:
3740:
198:
5011:
4953:
4706:
4689:
4664:
4650:
4505:
4368:
4363:
4325:
4208:
3691:
3596:
3576:
3515:
3495:
3206:
3167:
3138:
3126:
3063:
3009:
2987:
2960:
2900:
2873:
2692:
2653:
2643:
2611:
2484:
2410:
2392:
2386:
2288:
2206:
2120:
1898:
1859:
1798:
1743:
1605:
1568:
1533:
1520:
1448:
1426:
1418:
963:
959:
924:
891:
744:
528:
367:
354:
339:
112:
3782:
3771:
3751:
2089:
5041:
4986:
4979:
4897:
4838:
4766:
4759:
4678:
4636:
4601:
4559:
4540:
4515:
4476:
4455:
4449:
4412:
4319:
4217:
4163:
4156:
4149:
4128:
3999:
3859:
3849:
3844:
3798:
3792:
3761:
3654:
3549:
3473:
3411:
3363:
3298:
3291:
3284:
3277:
3270:
3259:
3243:
3178:
3173:
3156:
3097:
2991:
2923:
2834:
2801:
2769:
2665:
2637:
2586:
2507:
2491:
2477:
2459:
2452:
2438:
2398:
2380:
2364:
2350:
2172:
2155:
1985:
1959:
1924:
1868:
1848:
1825:
1764:
1755:
1720:
1629:
Aaron Clark, "Tribes strive to save native tongues (Wasco tribe's Kiksht language)"
1585:
1556:
1500:
967:
349:
132:
3839:
3787:
2779:
4844:
4801:
4794:
4671:
4657:
4607:
4521:
4496:
4419:
4385:
4379:
4276:
4242:
4142:
4104:
3994:
3869:
3854:
3823:
3544:
3505:
3370:
3316:
3188:
3050:
2816:
2811:
2676:
2591:
2472:
2465:
2445:
2427:
2332:
2315:
2114:
1953:
1948:
1943:
1913:
1874:
1727:
1410:
1320:
1188:
955:
951:
916:
782:
344:
142:
4910:
4742:
4720:
4573:
4552:
4444:
4338:
4258:
4251:
4190:
4135:
4004:
3864:
3833:
3804:
3435:
3321:
3304:
3254:
3249:
3120:
3057:
2827:
2821:
2741:
2736:
2682:
2659:
2404:
2226:
2183:
2166:
2160:
2138:
2126:
2010:
1918:
1907:
1887:
1839:
1832:
1818:
1332:
1315:
1200:
236:
232:
124:
4082:
5087:
4614:
4580:
4566:
4224:
4121:
3888:
3828:
3810:
3326:
3310:
3264:
3021:
2841:
2806:
2796:
2774:
2731:
2596:
2177:
2109:
1693:
1199:
Nouns contain an initial prefix, pronominal prefix, possessive prefix, inner
1180:
940:
912:
768:
728:
714:
675:
562:
453:
439:
405:
390:
379:
282:
178:
2019:
2785:
1560:
1208:
1184:
944:
460:
1589:
920:
887:
819:
1597:
1547:
Hymes, Dell (1 January 1987). "A pattern of verbal irony in
Chinookan".
1297:
remained; the last fully fluent speaker, Gladys
Thompson, died in 2012.
2432:
1512:
936:
896:
1638:
1223:
1176:
932:
669:
582:
576:
256:
192:
1447:. Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde Community of Oregon. 2012.
1504:
147:
207:
399:
1464:"Once-dying Chinook Language Finds Future in Voices of Children"
1383:"Detailed Languages Spoken at Home and Ability to Speak English"
4028:
Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
4009:
3907:
1204:
1074:
Including the "post-pronominal" -g-, the system is as follows:
883:
255:. There is some dispute over classification, and there are two
224:
167:
1354:"Last Fluent Speaker Of Oregon Tribal Language 'Kiksht' Dies"
879:
1351:
970:. Reflexive prefixes can serve as reciprocals and as
251:
Chinookan consisted of three languages with multiple
5114:
Indigenous languages of the Pacific Northwest Coast
1476:
Handbook of North American Indians: Northwest Coast
286:(also known as Chinook-proper or Coastal Chinook) †
5119:Indigenous languages of the North American Plateau
1549:International Journal of the Sociology of Language
223:are a small family of extinct languages spoken in
1478:. Smithsonian Institution Washington. p. 533
5085:
1484:Alphabetical Vocabulary of the Chinook Language,
5129:Endangered indigenous languages of the Americas
1615:Alphabetical Vocabulary of the Chinook Language
212:Pre-contact distribution of Chinookan languages
4783:
1491:Sapir, E. (1926). "A Chinookan Phonetic Law".
4068:
2049:
2035:
1654:
1493:International Journal of American Linguistics
962:of a transitive or the single argument of an
100:
4038:Families with more than 30 languages are in
1312:with other groups. Language is now extinct.
939:, remote past, recent past, immediate past,
4962:
1617:. New York: Cramoisy Press. pp. 11–26.
4075:
4061:
2042:
2028:
1661:
1647:
862:The vowels in the Chinookan languages are
302:(also known as Kiksht, Columbia Chinook) †
4084:Indigenous language families and isolates
1417:. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
80:Learn how and when to remove this message
4688:
1575:
43:This article includes a list of general
1461:
890:may accompany the verbs, but they have
137:2012, with the death of Gladys Thompson
14:
5086:
1668:
1527:
315:Consonants in the Chinookan languages
4056:
2023:
1642:
1612:
1546:
1530:The Languages of Native North America
1490:
1487:New York : Cramoisy Press, 1863.
1415:The languages of Native North America
1345:
878:As in many North American languages,
319:
294:(also known as Katlamat, Cathlamet) †
1352:Kristian Foden-Vencil (2012-07-17).
29:
1291:
1191:, successful completive and so on.
271:), and others a separate language.
24:
1445:As Our Elders Teach Us to Speak it
1437:
246:
49:it lacks sufficient corresponding
25:
5140:
1622:
1375:
966:, and the dative to the indirect
842:
833:
824:
794:
787:
767:
760:
734:
727:
720:
713:
706:
697:
690:
683:
648:
641:
634:
604:
597:
590:
561:
554:
541:
534:
516:
509:
502:
495:
482:
475:
459:
452:
445:
438:
431:
418:
411:
206:
34:
1462:Bartley, Nancy (19 June 2004).
1404:
978:Absolutive pronominal prefixes
5124:Languages of the United States
1532:. Cambridge University Press.
915:pronominal prefix, obligatory
13:
1:
1338:
1203:, root, a qualifying suffix,
1175:Suffixes include repetitive,
1078:Ergative pronominal prefixes
907:Verbs may contain an initial
873:
263:(Chinook, Lower Chinook) and
817:
780:
741:
667:
623:
574:
525:
466:
397:
359:
309:
7:
1578:Oregon Historical Quarterly
1326:
10:
5145:
1358:Oregon Public Broadcasting
5050:
5004:
4935:
4815:
4741:
4624:
4590:
4495:
4465:
4434:
4401:
4348:
4308:
4275:
4241:
4207:
4180:
4094:
4023:
3982:
3959:
3898:
3887:
3731:
3464:
3453:
3421:
3348:
3339:
3228:
3045:
3034:
3001:
2863:
2854:
2762:
2520:
2506:
2420:
2215:
2197:
2148:
2066:
2057:
2051:Primary language families
2004:
1971:
1934:
1897:
1858:
1808:
1774:
1754:
1710:
1676:
1633:Christian Science Monitor
1528:Mithun, Marianne (2001).
1270:
1245:
1235:
1149:
1146:
1137:
1123:
1101:
1095:
1082:
1046:
1043:
1034:
1020:
1015:
1001:
995:
982:
818:
781:
668:
575:
398:
353:
348:
343:
338:
331:
326:
321:
205:
191:
186:
161:
143:Linguistic classification
141:
131:
118:
108:
99:
94:
2868:Arnhem/Macro-Gunwinyguan
1194:
958:, the absolutive to the
902:
4035:have no living members.
1474:Suttles, Wayne (1990).
101:
64:more precise citations.
27:Extinct language family
5068:Unclassified languages
4015:Unclassified languages
3969:list of sign languages
2937:Northeastern Tasmanian
1613:Gibbs, George (1863).
1561:10.1515/ijsl-1987-6509
866:. Stress is marked as
3990:Constructed languages
1590:10.1353/ohq.2008.0080
1187:, purposive, future,
2537:Binanderean–Goilalan
882:constitute complete
5094:Chinookan languages
5017:Algonquian–Wakashan
3819:(Maku-Auari/Jukude)
3722:Tequiraca–Canichana
3565:Harákmbut–Katukinan
2328:Northwest Caucasian
2322:Northeast Caucasian
2246:Chukotko-Kamchatkan
1079:
979:
316:
221:Chinookan languages
5109:Penutian languages
5005:Proposed groupings
4095:Language families
3441:Tarascan/Purépecha
2930:Northern Tasmanian
2688:South Bougainville
2649:North Bougainville
1996:Southern Tsimshian
1670:Penutian languages
1389:. US Census Bureau
1077:
977:
314:
5099:Language families
5081:
5080:
5063:Extinct languages
5000:
4999:
4996:
4995:
4811:
4810:
4737:
4736:
4491:
4490:
4467:Takelma–Kalapuyan
4050:
4049:
4000:Language isolates
3978:
3977:
3883:
3882:
3449:
3448:
3335:
3334:
3030:
3029:
2977:Western Tasmanian
2895:Eastern Tasmanian
2850:
2849:
2572:East Geelvink Bay
2502:
2501:
2193:
2192:
2017:
2016:
2011:extinct languages
1792:Northern Kalapuya
1539:978-0-521-29875-9
1454:978-0-295-99186-3
1302:Lewis & Clark
1281:
1280:
1170:
1169:
1067:
1066:
860:
859:
747:
678:
629:
585:
531:
472:
408:
393:
387:
382:
375:
370:
363:
217:
216:
90:
89:
82:
16:(Redirected from
5136:
5104:Chinookan tribes
5073:Linguistic areas
4960:
4959:
4781:
4780:
4686:
4685:
4399:
4398:
4178:
4177:
4077:
4070:
4063:
4054:
4053:
3896:
3895:
3850:Huaorani/Waorani
3734:(extant in 2000)
3698:Esmeralda–Yaruro
3469:Andoque–Urequena
3462:
3461:
3346:
3345:
3152:Plateau Penutian
3043:
3042:
3018:(Northern Daly?)
2861:
2860:
2747:Northwest Papuan
2711:Trans–New Guinea
2577:East New Britain
2552:Central Solomons
2518:
2517:
2263:Great Andamanese
2213:
2212:
2064:
2063:
2044:
2037:
2030:
2021:
2020:
1785:Central Kalapuya
1663:
1656:
1649:
1640:
1639:
1618:
1609:
1572:
1543:
1524:
1471:
1458:
1411:Mithun, Marianne
1398:
1397:
1395:
1394:
1379:
1373:
1372:
1370:
1369:
1360:. Archived from
1349:
1292:Sociolinguistics
1233:
1232:
1080:
1076:
980:
976:
931:/middle prefix,
869:
865:
846:
837:
828:
798:
791:
771:
764:
743:
738:
731:
724:
717:
710:
701:
694:
687:
674:
652:
645:
638:
625:
608:
601:
594:
581:
565:
558:
545:
538:
527:
520:
513:
506:
499:
486:
479:
468:
463:
456:
449:
442:
435:
422:
415:
404:
391:
385:
378:
373:
366:
361:
317:
313:
259:codes assigned:
210:
201:
104:
92:
91:
85:
78:
74:
71:
65:
60:this article by
51:inline citations
38:
37:
30:
21:
18:Chinook language
5144:
5143:
5139:
5138:
5137:
5135:
5134:
5133:
5084:
5083:
5082:
5077:
5046:
4992:
4958:
4940:linguistic area
4939:
4931:
4820:linguistic area
4819:
4807:
4779:
4733:
4684:
4629:linguistic area
4628:
4620:
4594:linguistic area
4593:
4586:
4487:
4461:
4430:
4397:
4344:
4304:
4271:
4237:
4203:
4176:
4096:
4090:
4081:
4051:
4046:
4045:
4019:
4005:Mixed languages
3974:
3955:
3890:
3879:
3733:
3727:
3582:Katembri–Taruma
3456:
3445:
3417:
3331:
3224:
3037:
3026:
2997:
2846:
2758:
2717:Turama–Kikorian
2627:Lower Mamberamo
2582:East Strickland
2510:
2498:
2416:
2204:
2199:
2189:
2144:
2053:
2048:
2018:
2013:
2000:
1981:Coast Tsimshian
1967:
1930:
1893:
1881:Southern Patwin
1854:
1804:
1770:
1750:
1706:
1672:
1667:
1625:
1540:
1455:
1443:
1440:
1438:Further reading
1407:
1402:
1401:
1392:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1376:
1367:
1365:
1350:
1346:
1341:
1329:
1294:
1197:
956:transitive verb
909:tense or aspect
905:
886:in themselves.
876:
334:
312:
307:
249:
247:Family division
237:Chinook peoples
213:
197:
170:(Upper Chinook)
120:
86:
75:
69:
66:
56:Please help to
55:
39:
35:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5142:
5132:
5131:
5126:
5121:
5116:
5111:
5106:
5101:
5096:
5079:
5078:
5076:
5075:
5070:
5065:
5060:
5058:Classification
5054:
5052:
5048:
5047:
5045:
5044:
5039:
5034:
5032:Macro-Chibchan
5029:
5024:
5019:
5014:
5008:
5006:
5002:
5001:
4998:
4997:
4994:
4993:
4991:
4990:
4983:
4976:
4968:
4966:
4957:
4956:
4951:
4943:
4941:
4933:
4932:
4930:
4929:
4921:
4914:
4907:
4900:
4895:
4888:
4887:
4886:
4879:
4867:
4865:Tequistlatecan
4862:
4855:
4848:
4841:
4836:
4831:
4823:
4821:
4813:
4812:
4809:
4808:
4806:
4805:
4798:
4790:
4788:
4778:
4777:
4770:
4763:
4756:
4748:
4746:
4739:
4738:
4735:
4734:
4732:
4731:
4724:
4717:
4710:
4703:
4695:
4693:
4683:
4682:
4675:
4668:
4661:
4654:
4647:
4640:
4632:
4630:
4622:
4621:
4619:
4618:
4611:
4604:
4598:
4596:
4588:
4587:
4585:
4584:
4577:
4570:
4563:
4556:
4549:
4544:
4537:
4530:
4528:Tequistlatecan
4525:
4518:
4513:
4508:
4502:
4500:
4493:
4492:
4489:
4488:
4486:
4485:
4480:
4472:
4470:
4463:
4462:
4460:
4459:
4452:
4447:
4441:
4439:
4432:
4431:
4429:
4428:
4423:
4416:
4408:
4406:
4396:
4395:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4383:
4371:
4366:
4361:
4355:
4353:
4346:
4345:
4343:
4342:
4335:
4328:
4323:
4315:
4313:
4306:
4305:
4303:
4302:
4297:
4290:
4282:
4280:
4273:
4272:
4270:
4269:
4262:
4255:
4247:
4245:
4239:
4238:
4236:
4235:
4228:
4221:
4213:
4211:
4205:
4204:
4202:
4201:
4194:
4186:
4184:
4175:
4174:
4167:
4160:
4153:
4146:
4139:
4132:
4125:
4118:
4113:
4108:
4100:
4098:
4092:
4091:
4080:
4079:
4072:
4065:
4057:
4048:
4047:
4044:
4043:
4036:
4029:
4025:
4024:
4021:
4020:
4018:
4017:
4012:
4007:
4002:
3997:
3992:
3986:
3984:
3980:
3979:
3976:
3975:
3973:
3972:
3963:
3961:
3957:
3956:
3954:
3953:
3947:
3942:
3937:
3932:
3930:Indo-Pakistani
3927:
3922:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3899:
3893:
3885:
3884:
3881:
3880:
3878:
3877:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3857:
3852:
3847:
3842:
3837:
3831:
3826:
3821:
3813:
3808:
3801:
3796:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3769:
3764:
3759:
3754:
3749:
3744:
3737:
3735:
3729:
3728:
3726:
3725:
3719:
3713:
3707:
3701:
3695:
3689:
3683:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3663:
3658:
3651:
3646:
3641:
3636:
3631:
3629:Piaroa–Saliban
3626:
3619:
3614:
3609:
3604:
3599:
3594:
3589:
3584:
3579:
3574:
3567:
3562:
3557:
3552:
3547:
3542:
3537:
3530:
3525:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3481:
3476:
3471:
3465:
3459:
3451:
3450:
3447:
3446:
3444:
3443:
3438:
3433:
3425:
3423:
3419:
3418:
3416:
3415:
3408:
3401:
3396:
3394:Tequistlatecan
3391:
3384:
3379:
3374:
3367:
3360:
3355:
3349:
3343:
3337:
3336:
3333:
3332:
3330:
3329:
3324:
3319:
3314:
3307:
3302:
3295:
3288:
3281:
3274:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3240:
3232:
3230:
3226:
3225:
3223:
3222:
3217:
3210:
3203:
3198:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3176:
3171:
3164:
3159:
3154:
3149:
3142:
3135:
3130:
3123:
3118:
3111:
3106:
3101:
3094:
3087:
3080:
3073:
3066:
3061:
3054:
3046:
3040:
3032:
3031:
3028:
3027:
3025:
3024:
3019:
3013:
3005:
3003:
2999:
2998:
2996:
2995:
2985:
2980:
2973:
2968:
2963:
2958:
2952:
2945:
2940:
2933:
2926:
2921:
2917:Marrku–Wurrugu
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2891:
2884:
2876:
2871:
2864:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2848:
2847:
2845:
2844:
2839:
2831:
2825:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2783:
2777:
2772:
2766:
2764:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2756:
2750:
2744:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2707:
2702:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2680:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2641:
2634:
2629:
2624:
2619:
2614:
2609:
2604:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2584:
2579:
2574:
2569:
2564:
2559:
2554:
2549:
2544:
2539:
2534:
2527:
2521:
2515:
2504:
2503:
2500:
2499:
2497:
2496:
2488:
2481:
2475:
2470:
2462:
2457:
2449:
2442:
2435:
2430:
2424:
2422:
2418:
2417:
2415:
2414:
2408:
2402:
2396:
2390:
2384:
2378:
2373:
2368:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2342:
2335:
2330:
2325:
2318:
2313:
2308:
2301:
2296:
2291:
2286:
2279:
2276:Hurro-Urartian
2272:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2248:
2243:
2236:
2229:
2224:
2216:
2210:
2195:
2194:
2191:
2190:
2188:
2187:
2181:
2175:
2170:
2163:
2158:
2152:
2150:
2146:
2145:
2143:
2142:
2136:
2130:
2124:
2118:
2112:
2107:
2099:
2092:
2087:
2082:
2075:
2067:
2061:
2055:
2054:
2047:
2046:
2039:
2032:
2024:
2015:
2014:
2005:
2002:
2001:
1999:
1998:
1993:
1988:
1983:
1977:
1975:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1965:
1964:
1963:
1956:
1946:
1940:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1929:
1928:
1921:
1916:
1911:
1903:
1901:
1895:
1894:
1892:
1891:
1884:
1877:
1872:
1864:
1862:
1856:
1855:
1853:
1852:
1845:
1844:
1843:
1836:
1822:
1814:
1812:
1806:
1805:
1803:
1802:
1795:
1788:
1780:
1778:
1772:
1771:
1769:
1768:
1760:
1758:
1752:
1751:
1749:
1748:
1747:
1746:
1741:
1731:
1724:
1716:
1714:
1708:
1707:
1705:
1704:
1697:
1690:
1682:
1680:
1674:
1673:
1666:
1665:
1658:
1651:
1643:
1637:
1636:
1624:
1623:External links
1621:
1620:
1619:
1610:
1573:
1555:(65): 97–110.
1544:
1538:
1525:
1505:10.1086/463761
1499:(1): 105–110.
1488:
1481:George Gibbs,
1479:
1472:
1459:
1453:
1439:
1436:
1435:
1434:
1406:
1403:
1400:
1399:
1387:www.census.gov
1374:
1343:
1342:
1340:
1337:
1336:
1335:
1333:Chinook jargon
1328:
1325:
1321:Quinault Tribe
1316:Chinook Jargon
1293:
1290:
1279:
1278:
1275:
1272:
1268:
1267:
1264:
1261:
1257:
1256:
1253:
1250:
1247:
1243:
1242:
1239:
1238:Lower Chinook
1236:
1226:, and number.
1209:indefiniteness
1196:
1193:
1183:, completive,
1179:, involuntary
1168:
1167:
1164:
1160:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1151:
1148:
1145:
1142:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1128:
1125:
1121:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1110:
1109:
1106:
1103:
1100:
1097:
1093:
1092:
1089:
1086:
1083:
1065:
1064:
1061:
1057:
1056:
1053:
1049:
1048:
1045:
1042:
1039:
1036:
1032:
1031:
1028:
1025:
1022:
1018:
1017:
1014:
1010:
1009:
1006:
1003:
1000:
997:
993:
992:
989:
986:
983:
972:medio-passives
904:
901:
875:
872:
858:
857:
855:
853:
851:
849:
847:
840:
838:
831:
829:
822:
816:
815:
813:
811:
809:
807:
805:
803:
801:
799:
792:
785:
779:
778:
776:
774:
772:
765:
758:
756:
754:
752:
750:
748:
740:
739:
732:
725:
718:
711:
704:
702:
695:
688:
681:
679:
672:
666:
665:
663:
661:
659:
657:
655:
653:
646:
639:
632:
630:
622:
621:
619:
617:
615:
613:
611:
609:
602:
595:
588:
586:
579:
573:
572:
570:
568:
566:
559:
552:
550:
548:
546:
539:
532:
524:
523:
521:
514:
507:
500:
493:
491:
489:
487:
480:
473:
465:
464:
457:
450:
443:
436:
429:
427:
425:
423:
416:
409:
402:
396:
395:
388:
383:
376:
371:
364:
358:
357:
352:
347:
342:
337:
330:
325:
320:
311:
308:
306:
305:
304:
303:
295:
287:
273:
248:
245:
233:Columbia River
215:
214:
211:
203:
202:
195:
189:
188:
187:Language codes
184:
183:
182:
181:
176:
171:
163:
159:
158:
157:
156:
145:
139:
138:
135:
129:
128:
125:Columbia River
122:
116:
115:
110:
106:
105:
97:
96:
88:
87:
42:
40:
33:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5141:
5130:
5127:
5125:
5122:
5120:
5117:
5115:
5112:
5110:
5107:
5105:
5102:
5100:
5097:
5095:
5092:
5091:
5089:
5074:
5071:
5069:
5066:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5056:
5055:
5053:
5049:
5043:
5040:
5038:
5035:
5033:
5030:
5028:
5025:
5023:
5020:
5018:
5015:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5007:
5003:
4989:
4988:
4984:
4982:
4981:
4977:
4975:
4974:
4970:
4969:
4967:
4965:
4961:
4955:
4952:
4950:
4949:
4945:
4944:
4942:
4938:
4934:
4927:
4926:
4922:
4920:
4919:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4908:
4906:
4905:
4901:
4899:
4896:
4894:
4893:
4889:
4885:
4884:
4880:
4878:
4877:
4873:
4872:
4871:
4868:
4866:
4863:
4861:
4860:
4856:
4854:
4853:
4849:
4847:
4846:
4842:
4840:
4837:
4835:
4832:
4830:
4829:
4825:
4824:
4822:
4818:
4814:
4804:
4803:
4799:
4797:
4796:
4792:
4791:
4789:
4786:
4785:Calusa–Tunica
4782:
4776:
4775:
4771:
4769:
4768:
4764:
4762:
4761:
4757:
4755:
4754:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4744:
4740:
4730:
4729:
4725:
4723:
4722:
4718:
4716:
4715:
4711:
4709:
4708:
4704:
4702:
4701:
4697:
4696:
4694:
4691:
4687:
4681:
4680:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4669:
4667:
4666:
4662:
4660:
4659:
4655:
4653:
4652:
4648:
4646:
4645:
4641:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4633:
4631:
4627:
4623:
4617:
4616:
4612:
4610:
4609:
4605:
4603:
4600:
4599:
4597:
4595:
4589:
4583:
4582:
4578:
4576:
4575:
4571:
4569:
4568:
4564:
4562:
4561:
4557:
4555:
4554:
4550:
4548:
4545:
4543:
4542:
4538:
4536:
4535:
4531:
4529:
4526:
4524:
4523:
4519:
4517:
4514:
4512:
4509:
4507:
4504:
4503:
4501:
4498:
4494:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4478:
4474:
4473:
4471:
4468:
4464:
4458:
4457:
4453:
4451:
4448:
4446:
4443:
4442:
4440:
4437:
4433:
4427:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4417:
4415:
4414:
4410:
4409:
4407:
4404:
4400:
4394:
4391:
4387:
4384:
4382:
4381:
4377:
4376:
4375:
4372:
4370:
4367:
4365:
4362:
4360:
4357:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4347:
4341:
4340:
4336:
4334:
4333:
4329:
4327:
4324:
4322:
4321:
4317:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4307:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4295:
4291:
4289:
4288:
4284:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4274:
4268:
4267:
4263:
4261:
4260:
4256:
4254:
4253:
4249:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4240:
4234:
4233:
4229:
4227:
4226:
4222:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4214:
4212:
4210:
4206:
4200:
4199:
4195:
4193:
4192:
4188:
4187:
4185:
4183:
4179:
4173:
4172:
4168:
4166:
4165:
4161:
4159:
4158:
4154:
4152:
4151:
4147:
4145:
4144:
4140:
4138:
4137:
4133:
4131:
4130:
4126:
4124:
4123:
4119:
4117:
4114:
4112:
4109:
4107:
4106:
4102:
4101:
4099:
4093:
4089:
4088:North America
4085:
4078:
4073:
4071:
4066:
4064:
4059:
4058:
4055:
4041:
4037:
4034:
4030:
4027:
4026:
4022:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4006:
4003:
4001:
3998:
3996:
3993:
3991:
3988:
3987:
3985:
3981:
3971:
3970:
3965:
3964:
3962:
3958:
3951:
3948:
3946:
3943:
3941:
3940:Original Thai
3938:
3936:
3933:
3931:
3928:
3926:
3923:
3921:
3920:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3900:
3897:
3894:
3892:
3886:
3876:
3873:
3871:
3868:
3866:
3863:
3861:
3858:
3856:
3853:
3851:
3848:
3846:
3843:
3841:
3838:
3835:
3832:
3830:
3827:
3825:
3822:
3820:
3818:
3814:
3812:
3809:
3807:
3806:
3802:
3800:
3797:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3773:
3770:
3768:
3765:
3763:
3760:
3758:
3755:
3753:
3750:
3748:
3745:
3742:
3739:
3738:
3736:
3730:
3723:
3720:
3717:
3714:
3711:
3708:
3705:
3704:Hibito–Cholón
3702:
3699:
3696:
3693:
3690:
3687:
3684:
3682:
3679:
3677:
3674:
3672:
3669:
3667:
3664:
3662:
3659:
3657:
3656:
3652:
3650:
3647:
3645:
3642:
3640:
3637:
3635:
3632:
3630:
3627:
3625:
3624:
3620:
3618:
3615:
3613:
3610:
3608:
3605:
3603:
3600:
3598:
3595:
3593:
3590:
3588:
3585:
3583:
3580:
3578:
3575:
3573:
3572:
3568:
3566:
3563:
3561:
3558:
3556:
3553:
3551:
3548:
3546:
3543:
3541:
3538:
3536:
3535:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3523:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3486:
3482:
3480:
3477:
3475:
3472:
3470:
3467:
3466:
3463:
3460:
3458:
3452:
3442:
3439:
3437:
3434:
3432:
3431:
3427:
3426:
3424:
3420:
3414:
3413:
3409:
3407:
3406:
3402:
3400:
3397:
3395:
3392:
3390:
3389:
3385:
3383:
3380:
3378:
3375:
3373:
3372:
3368:
3366:
3365:
3361:
3359:
3356:
3354:
3351:
3350:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3338:
3328:
3325:
3323:
3320:
3318:
3315:
3313:
3312:
3308:
3306:
3303:
3301:
3300:
3296:
3294:
3293:
3289:
3287:
3286:
3282:
3280:
3279:
3275:
3273:
3272:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3245:
3241:
3239:
3238:
3234:
3233:
3231:
3227:
3221:
3220:Yuman–Cochimí
3218:
3216:
3215:
3211:
3209:
3208:
3204:
3202:
3199:
3197:
3196:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3169:
3165:
3163:
3160:
3158:
3155:
3153:
3150:
3148:
3147:
3143:
3141:
3140:
3136:
3134:
3131:
3129:
3128:
3124:
3122:
3119:
3117:
3116:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3099:
3095:
3093:
3092:
3088:
3086:
3085:
3081:
3079:
3078:
3074:
3072:
3071:
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3059:
3055:
3053:
3052:
3048:
3047:
3044:
3041:
3039:
3033:
3023:
3020:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3011:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3000:
2993:
2989:
2986:
2984:
2981:
2979:
2978:
2974:
2972:
2969:
2967:
2964:
2962:
2959:
2956:
2955:Southern Daly
2953:
2951:
2950:
2946:
2944:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2934:
2932:
2931:
2927:
2925:
2922:
2919:
2918:
2914:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2885:
2882:
2881:
2880:Darwin Region
2877:
2875:
2872:
2869:
2866:
2865:
2862:
2859:
2857:
2853:
2843:
2840:
2838:
2836:
2832:
2829:
2826:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2787:
2784:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2767:
2765:
2761:
2754:
2751:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2712:
2708:
2706:
2703:
2701:
2700:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2689:
2686:
2684:
2681:
2679:
2678:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2661:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2645:
2642:
2640:
2639:
2635:
2633:
2630:
2628:
2625:
2623:
2620:
2618:
2615:
2613:
2610:
2608:
2605:
2603:
2600:
2598:
2595:
2593:
2590:
2588:
2585:
2583:
2580:
2578:
2575:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2565:
2563:
2562:Demta–Sentani
2560:
2558:
2555:
2553:
2550:
2548:
2545:
2543:
2540:
2538:
2535:
2533:
2532:
2528:
2526:
2523:
2522:
2519:
2516:
2514:
2509:
2505:
2495:
2493:
2489:
2487:
2486:
2482:
2479:
2476:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2467:
2463:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2450:
2448:
2447:
2443:
2441:
2440:
2436:
2434:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2423:
2419:
2412:
2409:
2406:
2403:
2400:
2397:
2394:
2391:
2388:
2385:
2382:
2379:
2377:
2374:
2372:
2369:
2367:
2366:
2362:
2360:
2359:
2355:
2353:
2352:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2341:
2340:
2336:
2334:
2331:
2329:
2326:
2324:
2323:
2319:
2317:
2314:
2312:
2309:
2307:
2306:
2302:
2300:
2297:
2295:
2292:
2290:
2287:
2285:
2284:
2283:Indo-European
2280:
2278:
2277:
2273:
2271:
2270:
2266:
2264:
2261:
2259:
2256:
2254:
2253:
2249:
2247:
2244:
2242:
2241:
2237:
2235:
2234:
2233:Austroasiatic
2230:
2228:
2225:
2223:
2222:
2218:
2217:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2203:
2196:
2185:
2182:
2179:
2176:
2174:
2171:
2169:
2168:
2164:
2162:
2159:
2157:
2154:
2153:
2151:
2147:
2140:
2137:
2134:
2131:
2128:
2125:
2122:
2119:
2116:
2113:
2111:
2108:
2105:
2104:
2100:
2098:
2097:
2093:
2091:
2088:
2086:
2083:
2081:
2080:
2076:
2074:
2073:
2069:
2068:
2065:
2062:
2060:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2033:
2031:
2026:
2025:
2022:
2012:
2008:
2003:
1997:
1994:
1992:
1989:
1987:
1984:
1982:
1979:
1978:
1976:
1974:
1970:
1962:
1961:
1957:
1955:
1952:
1951:
1950:
1947:
1945:
1942:
1941:
1939:
1937:
1933:
1927:
1926:
1922:
1920:
1917:
1915:
1912:
1910:
1909:
1905:
1904:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1890:
1889:
1885:
1883:
1882:
1878:
1876:
1873:
1871:
1870:
1866:
1865:
1863:
1861:
1857:
1851:
1850:
1846:
1842:
1841:
1837:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1829:
1828:
1827:
1823:
1821:
1820:
1816:
1815:
1813:
1811:
1807:
1801:
1800:
1796:
1794:
1793:
1789:
1787:
1786:
1782:
1781:
1779:
1777:
1773:
1767:
1766:
1762:
1761:
1759:
1757:
1753:
1745:
1742:
1740:
1737:
1736:
1735:
1732:
1730:
1729:
1725:
1723:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1715:
1713:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1701:Upper Chinook
1698:
1696:
1695:
1694:Lower Chinook
1691:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1683:
1681:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1664:
1659:
1657:
1652:
1650:
1645:
1644:
1641:
1635:, 23 May 2008
1634:
1630:
1627:
1626:
1616:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1550:
1545:
1541:
1535:
1531:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1489:
1486:
1485:
1480:
1477:
1473:
1469:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1441:
1432:
1431:0-521-29875-X
1428:
1424:
1423:0-521-23228-7
1420:
1416:
1412:
1409:
1408:
1388:
1384:
1378:
1364:on 2019-10-10
1363:
1359:
1355:
1348:
1344:
1334:
1331:
1330:
1324:
1322:
1317:
1313:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1298:
1289:
1285:
1276:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1262:
1259:
1258:
1254:
1251:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1237:
1234:
1231:
1227:
1225:
1221:
1217:
1212:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1192:
1190:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1173:
1165:
1162:
1161:
1157:
1154:
1153:
1143:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1129:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1111:
1107:
1104:
1098:
1094:
1090:
1087:
1084:
1081:
1075:
1071:
1062:
1059:
1058:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1012:
1011:
1007:
1004:
998:
994:
990:
987:
984:
981:
975:
973:
969:
965:
961:
957:
953:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
922:
918:
914:
910:
900:
898:
893:
889:
885:
881:
871:
856:
854:
852:
850:
848:
845:
841:
839:
836:
832:
830:
827:
823:
821:
814:
812:
810:
808:
806:
804:
802:
800:
797:
793:
790:
786:
784:
777:
775:
773:
770:
766:
763:
759:
757:
755:
753:
751:
749:
746:
742:
737:
733:
730:
726:
723:
719:
716:
712:
709:
705:
703:
700:
696:
693:
689:
686:
682:
680:
677:
673:
671:
664:
662:
660:
658:
656:
654:
651:
647:
644:
640:
637:
633:
631:
628:
624:
620:
618:
616:
614:
612:
610:
607:
603:
600:
596:
593:
589:
587:
584:
580:
578:
571:
569:
567:
564:
560:
557:
553:
551:
549:
547:
544:
540:
537:
533:
530:
526:
522:
519:
515:
512:
508:
505:
501:
498:
494:
492:
490:
488:
485:
481:
478:
474:
471:
467:
462:
458:
455:
451:
448:
444:
441:
437:
434:
430:
428:
426:
424:
421:
417:
414:
410:
407:
403:
401:
394:
389:
384:
381:
377:
372:
369:
365:
360:
356:
351:
346:
341:
336:
329:
324:
318:
301:
300:
299:Upper Chinook
296:
293:
292:
288:
285:
284:
283:Lower Chinook
280:
279:
278:
275:
274:
272:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
244:
242:
241:Upper Chinook
238:
234:
230:
226:
222:
209:
204:
200:
196:
194:
190:
185:
180:
179:Lower Chinook
177:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
164:
160:
155:
152:
151:
149:
146:
144:
140:
136:
134:
130:
126:
123:
117:
114:
111:
107:
103:
98:
93:
84:
81:
73:
63:
59:
53:
52:
46:
41:
32:
31:
19:
5022:Aztec–Tanoan
4985:
4978:
4973:Guanahatabey
4971:
4964:Pre-Arawakan
4946:
4923:
4916:
4909:
4902:
4890:
4881:
4874:
4859:Oto-Manguean
4857:
4850:
4843:
4826:
4817:Mesoamerican
4800:
4793:
4772:
4765:
4758:
4751:
4726:
4719:
4712:
4705:
4698:
4677:
4670:
4663:
4656:
4649:
4642:
4635:
4626:Coahuiltecan
4613:
4606:
4579:
4572:
4565:
4558:
4551:
4539:
4532:
4520:
4475:
4454:
4436:Coast Oregon
4418:
4411:
4378:
4358:
4337:
4330:
4318:
4310:Macro-Siouan
4292:
4285:
4264:
4257:
4250:
4230:
4223:
4216:
4196:
4189:
4169:
4162:
4155:
4148:
4141:
4134:
4127:
4120:
4103:
4097:and isolates
4039:
4032:
4031:Families in
3966:
3917:
3815:
3803:
3653:
3621:
3612:Pano-Tacanan
3569:
3532:
3520:
3491:Arutani–Sape
3483:
3428:
3410:
3403:
3388:Oto-Manguean
3386:
3369:
3362:
3309:
3297:
3290:
3283:
3276:
3269:
3242:
3235:
3212:
3205:
3193:
3166:
3144:
3137:
3125:
3113:
3096:
3089:
3082:
3076:
3075:
3068:
3056:
3049:
3008:
2975:
2971:Western Daly
2949:Pama–Nyungan
2947:
2935:
2928:
2915:
2893:
2888:Eastern Daly
2886:
2878:
2833:
2709:
2697:
2675:
2658:
2636:
2607:Kaure–Kosare
2567:Doso–Turumsa
2557:Chimbu–Wahgi
2547:Bulaka River
2531:Austronesian
2529:
2490:
2483:
2464:
2451:
2444:
2437:
2363:
2356:
2349:
2339:Sino-Tibetan
2337:
2320:
2303:
2281:
2274:
2267:
2250:
2240:Austronesian
2238:
2231:
2219:
2165:
2103:Nilo-Saharan
2101:
2094:
2079:Austronesian
2077:
2070:
2006:
1958:
1923:
1906:
1886:
1879:
1867:
1847:
1838:
1831:
1824:
1817:
1810:Coast Oregon
1797:
1790:
1783:
1763:
1726:
1719:
1699:
1692:
1685:
1677:
1632:
1614:
1584:(1): 34–59.
1581:
1577:
1552:
1548:
1529:
1496:
1492:
1483:
1475:
1467:
1444:
1414:
1405:Bibliography
1391:. Retrieved
1386:
1377:
1366:. Retrieved
1362:the original
1357:
1347:
1314:
1308:
1306:
1299:
1295:
1286:
1282:
1228:
1213:
1198:
1174:
1171:
1072:
1068:
964:intransitive
949:
906:
877:
861:
298:
289:
281:
276:
250:
220:
218:
162:Subdivisions
153:
121:distribution
76:
67:
48:
5027:Macro-Mayan
4892:Uto-Aztecan
4870:Totozoquean
4700:Coahuilteco
4511:Palaihnihan
4393:Tsimshianic
3925:Germanosign
3829:Mura-Pirahã
3710:Lule–Vilela
3686:Bora-Witoto
3661:Uru–Chipaya
3634:Ticuna–Yuri
3617:Peba–Yaguan
3602:Nambikwaran
3405:Uto-Aztecan
3341:Mesoamerica
3195:Uto-Aztecan
3184:Tsimshianic
3146:Palaihnihan
3016:Malak-Malak
2753:Papuan Gulf
2727:West Papuan
2632:Lower Sepik
2622:Lakes Plain
2525:Arai–Samaia
2513:the Pacific
2221:Afroasiatic
2096:Niger–Congo
2072:Afroasiatic
1973:Tsimshianic
1277:(ic-, is-)
1201:nominalizer
820:Approximant
62:introducing
5088:Categories
4883:Mixe–Zoque
4852:Misumalpan
4774:Chitimacha
4266:Algonquian
4232:Athabaskan
4111:Yuki–Wappo
3919:Francosign
3767:Chiquitano
3747:Alacalufan
3555:Guaicuruan
3528:Chapacuran
3511:Cahuapanan
3479:Araucanian
3382:Mixe–Zoque
3377:Misumalpan
3091:Comecrudan
2943:Nyulnyulan
2722:Upper Yuat
2699:Torricelli
2671:Senu River
2602:Foja Range
2508:New Guinea
2433:Burushaski
2294:Kartvelian
2269:Hmong–Mien
2085:Khoe–Kwadi
1413:. (1999).
1393:2017-11-17
1368:2013-02-26
1339:References
929:reciprocal
917:absolutive
897:inflection
874:Morphology
269:discussion
231:along the
229:Washington
119:Geographic
45:references
5037:Tolatecan
4937:Caribbean
4925:Alagüilac
4918:Purépecha
4904:Cuitlatec
4876:Totonacan
4834:Jicaquean
4753:Muskogean
4728:Mamulique
4714:Comecrudo
4644:Karankawa
4547:Jicaquean
4534:Chimariko
4483:Kalapuyan
4426:Sahaptian
4374:Yok-Utian
4359:Chinookan
4332:Iroquoian
4300:Chimakuan
4116:Chumashan
3950:Tanzanian
3891:languages
3788:Hodï/Joti
3732:Isolates
3671:Yanomaman
3607:Otomákoan
3571:Jirajaran
3560:Guajiboan
3522:Catacaoan
3501:Barbacoan
3430:Cuitlatec
3399:Totonacan
3358:Jicaquean
3237:Chimariko
3133:Muskogean
3115:Kalapuyan
3109:Iroquoian
3084:Chumashan
3077:Chinookan
3070:Chimakuan
2988:Yangmanic
2983:Worrorran
2966:Wagaydyic
2856:Australia
2705:Trans-Fly
2371:Yeniseian
2358:Tyrsenian
2252:Dravidian
2009:indicate
1936:Yok-Utian
1776:Kalapuyan
1739:Nez Perce
1734:Sahaptian
1687:Kathlamet
1678:Chinookan
1606:159916157
1569:151596199
1521:144740621
1468:Canku Ota
1246:Singular
1224:clusivity
1189:usitative
1177:causative
933:adverbial
925:reflexive
676:voiceless
670:Fricative
583:voiceless
577:Affricate
406:voiceless
310:Phonology
291:Kathlamet
277:Chinookan
257:ISO 639-3
253:varieties
193:Glottolog
174:Kathlamet
109:Ethnicity
4948:Arawakan
4828:Chibchan
4707:Cotoname
4665:Quinigua
4651:Maratino
4350:Penutian
4294:Wakashan
4287:Salishan
4198:Eskimoan
4182:Eskaleut
3983:See also
3960:Isolates
3935:Japanese
3875:Yuracaré
3757:Candoshi
3716:Macro-Jê
3681:Zaparoan
3676:Zamucoan
3666:Witotoan
3649:Tucanoan
3644:Tiniguan
3639:Timotean
3623:Quechuan
3592:Matacoan
3587:Mascoian
3577:Jivaroan
3540:Chibchan
3534:Charruan
3485:Arawakan
3422:Isolates
3353:Chibchan
3229:Isolates
3201:Wakashan
3162:Salishan
3104:Eskaleut
3010:Giimbiyu
3002:Isolates
2911:Jarrakan
2906:Iwaidjan
2763:Isolates
2617:Kutubuan
2485:Sumerian
2421:Isolates
2376:Yukaghir
2345:Tungusic
2311:Mongolic
2299:Koreanic
2258:Eskaleut
2149:Isolates
2133:Ubangian
1799:Yoncalla
1744:Sahaptin
1598:20615823
1327:See also
1241:Wishram
923:prefix,
919:prefix,
913:ergative
911:prefix,
888:Nominals
627:ejective
470:ejective
335:alveolar
328:Alveolar
323:Bilabial
199:chin1490
148:Penutian
70:May 2022
5012:Amerind
4987:Ciguayo
4980:Macorix
4954:Cariban
4928: ?
4787: ?
4767:Atakapa
4760:Natchez
4745: ?
4692: ?
4690:Pakawan
4679:Tonkawa
4637:Aranama
4592:Pueblo
4560:Salinan
4541:Esselen
4506:Shastan
4499: ?
4477:Takelma
4469: ?
4456:Siuslaw
4438: ?
4413:Klamath
4405: ?
4403:Plateau
4369:Maiduan
4364:Wintuan
4352: ?
4326:Caddoan
4312: ?
4279: ?
4218:Tlingit
4209:Na-Dene
4164:Waikuri
4157:Timucua
4150:Kutenai
4129:Beothuk
4033:italics
4010:Pidgins
3995:Creoles
3945:Swedish
3913:Chinese
3860:Urarina
3845:Puinave
3799:Itonama
3793:Irantxe
3762:Chimane
3692:Chimuan
3597:Nadahup
3516:Cariban
3496:Aymaran
3457:America
3299:Waikuri
3292:Tonkawa
3285:Timucua
3278:Takelma
3271:Siuslaw
3260:Kutenai
3244:Esselen
3207:Wintuan
3168:Shastan
3139:Na-Dene
3127:Maiduan
3064:Caddoan
3038:America
2992:Wagiman
2990:(incl.
2961:Tangkic
2901:Garawan
2874:Bunuban
2835:Tambora
2802:Maybrat
2770:Abinomn
2693:Teberan
2654:Pauwasi
2644:Mairasi
2612:Kiwaian
2492:Tambora
2478:Shompen
2460:Kusunda
2453:Kenaboi
2439:Elamite
2411:Siangic
2393:Kho-Bwa
2387:Hrusish
2305:Kra–Dai
2289:Japonic
2198:Eurasia
2173:Sandawe
2156:Bangime
2121:Songhay
2007:Italics
1991:Nisga’a
1986:Gitksan
1925:Nisenan
1899:Maiduan
1869:Nomlaki
1860:Wintuan
1849:Siuslaw
1765:Takelma
1756:Takelma
1721:Klamath
1712:Plateau
1513:1263359
1425:(hbk);
1309:Chinook
1274:c-, s-
1185:stative
1181:passive
1144:*i-tc-
1091:Plural
991:Plural
960:patient
941:present
892:adjunct
884:clauses
864:/aiɛəu/
400:Plosive
368:lateral
362:central
355:Glottal
340:Palatal
154:Chinook
150: ?
133:Extinct
113:Chinook
95:Chinook
58:improve
5042:Waroid
4898:Xincan
4839:Lencan
4802:Calusa
4795:Tunica
4672:Solano
4658:Naolan
4602:Tanoan
4516:Pomoan
4450:Coosan
4445:Alsean
4420:Molala
4380:Yokuts
4320:Siouan
4171:Pericú
4143:Cayuse
3908:BANZSL
3870:Yamana
3855:Trumai
3824:Movima
3778:Fulniô
3741:Aikanã
3655:Tupian
3550:Chonan
3474:Arauan
3412:Xincan
3364:Lencan
3317:Yokuts
3214:Yukian
3179:Tanoan
3174:Siouan
3157:Pomoan
3098:Coosan
2924:Mirndi
2817:Porome
2812:Pawaia
2666:Senagi
2638:Madang
2587:Eleman
2542:Border
2473:Nihali
2466:Minoan
2446:Hattic
2428:Basque
2399:Mijiic
2381:Digaro
2365:Uralic
2351:Turkic
2202:Europe
2059:Africa
1960:Ohlone
1944:Yokuts
1914:Konkow
1875:Patwin
1826:Coosan
1819:Alsean
1728:Molala
1604:
1596:
1567:
1536:
1519:
1511:
1451:
1429:
1421:
1260:neut.
1255:(w)ɑ-
1220:person
1216:gender
1205:plural
1163:neut.
1158:*a-g-
1141:masc.
1133:mc-g-
1130:mt-g-
1119:lx-g-
1116:lx-g-
1113:incl.
1108:nc-g-
1105:nt-g-
1099:excl.
1085:Sing.
1060:neut.
1038:masc.
1013:incl.
999:excl.
985:Sing.
968:object
945:future
943:, and
921:dative
745:voiced
529:voiced
350:Uvular
225:Oregon
168:Kiksht
127:Valley
102:Tsinúk
47:, but
5051:Lists
4911:Huave
4845:Mayan
4721:Garza
4608:Keres
4574:Washo
4553:Karuk
4522:Yuman
4497:Hokan
4386:Utian
4339:Yuchi
4277:Mosan
4259:Yurok
4252:Wiyot
4243:Algic
4191:Aleut
4136:Bidai
4105:Haida
3865:Warao
3834:Nukak
3805:Kunza
3783:Guató
3772:Cofán
3752:Camsá
3545:Choco
3506:Boran
3455:South
3436:Huave
3371:Mayan
3322:Yuchi
3305:Washo
3255:Karuk
3250:Haida
3189:Utian
3121:Keres
3058:Alsea
3051:Algic
3036:North
2828:Taiap
2822:Sulka
2677:Sepik
2592:Engan
2333:Ongan
2316:Nivkh
2184:Shabo
2167:Jalaa
2161:Hadza
2115:Mande
1954:Miwok
1949:Utian
1919:Maidu
1908:Chico
1888:Wintu
1840:Miluk
1833:Hanis
1602:S2CID
1594:JSTOR
1565:S2CID
1517:S2CID
1509:JSTOR
1271:Dual
1249:fem.
1195:Nouns
1166:l-g-
1155:fem.
1150:l-g-
1147:c-g-
1088:Dual
1052:fem.
1005:nt'-
988:Dual
954:of a
952:agent
903:Verbs
880:verbs
783:Nasal
386:plain
374:plain
345:Velar
333:Post-
4743:Gulf
4615:Zuni
4581:Yana
4567:Seri
4225:Eyak
4122:Adai
4040:bold
3967:See
3903:Arab
3889:Sign
3840:Páez
3817:Maku
3811:Leco
3327:Zuni
3311:Yana
3265:Seri
3022:Tiwi
2842:Wiru
2807:Mpur
2797:Kuot
2780:Anêm
2775:Abun
2742:Yuat
2737:Yawa
2683:Skou
2660:Ramu
2511:and
2405:Miju
2227:Ainu
2207:Asia
2205:and
2178:Laal
2139:Kadu
2127:Ijaw
2090:Kx'a
1553:1987
1534:ISBN
1449:ISBN
1427:ISBN
1419:ISBN
1266:ii-
1214:The
1138:3rd
1124:2nd
1096:1st
1035:3rd
1030:mc-
1027:mt-
1021:2nd
1016:lx-
1008:nc-
996:1st
937:past
392:lab.
380:lab.
227:and
219:The
4086:of
2792:Kol
2786:Ata
2732:Yam
2597:Fas
2110:Tuu
1586:doi
1582:109
1557:doi
1501:doi
1263:L-
1252:ʋ̄
1127:m-
1102:n-
1063:l-
1055:a-
1047:l-
1044:c-
1041:i-
1024:m-
1002:n-
868:/á/
650:tʃʼ
643:tɬʼ
636:tsʼ
518:qʼʷ
504:kʼʷ
265:wac
261:chh
235:by
5090::
2994:)?
1631:,
1600:.
1592:.
1580:.
1563:.
1551:.
1515:.
1507:.
1495:.
1466:.
1385:.
1356:.
1222:,
947:.
899:.
870:.
769:ɣʷ
729:χʷ
715:xʷ
606:tʃ
599:tɬ
592:ts
563:ɡʷ
511:qʼ
497:kʼ
484:tʼ
477:pʼ
454:qʷ
440:kʷ
243:.
4076:e
4069:t
4062:v
4042:.
3952:?
3836:?
3795:?
3774:?
3743:?
3724:?
3718:?
3712:?
3706:?
3700:?
3694:?
3688:?
2957:?
2920:?
2883:?
2870:?
2837:?
2830:?
2824:?
2788:?
2782:?
2755:?
2749:?
2494:?
2480:?
2468:?
2455:?
2413:?
2407:?
2401:?
2395:?
2389:?
2383:?
2209:)
2200:(
2186:?
2180:?
2141:?
2135:?
2129:?
2123:?
2117:?
2106:?
2043:e
2036:t
2029:v
1662:e
1655:t
1648:v
1608:.
1588::
1571:.
1559::
1542:.
1523:.
1503::
1497:4
1470:.
1457:.
1433:.
1396:.
1371:.
927:/
844:j
835:l
826:w
796:n
789:m
762:ɣ
736:h
722:χ
708:x
699:ʃ
692:ɬ
685:s
556:ɡ
543:d
536:b
461:ʔ
447:q
433:k
420:t
413:p
83:)
77:(
72:)
68:(
54:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
