1880:. The decomposition can be initiated by light, hot spots, chemical reaction, or pressure shock. Thus, chlorine dioxide is never handled as a pure gas, but is almost always handled in an aqueous solution in concentrations between 0.5 to 10 grams per liter. Its solubility increases at lower temperatures, so it is common to use chilled water (5 °C, 41 °F) when storing at concentrations above 3 grams per liter. In many countries, such as the United States, chlorine dioxide may not be transported at any concentration and is instead almost always produced on-site. In some countries, chlorine dioxide solutions below 3 grams per liter in concentration may be transported by land, but they are relatively unstable and deteriorate quickly.
2257:, reporting life-threatening reactions, and even death. The FDA has warned consumers that MMS can cause serious harm to health, and stated that it has received numerous reports of nausea, diarrhea, severe vomiting, and life-threatening low blood pressure caused by dehydration. This warning was repeated for a third time on 12 August 2019, and a fourth on 8 April 2020, stating that ingesting MMS is just as hazardous as ingesting bleach, and urging consumers not to use them or give these products to their children for any reason, as there is no scientific evidence showing that chlorine dioxide has any beneficial medical properties.
1122:
361:
216:
1092:
54:
44:
700:
70:
710:
705:
845:
4255:
1013:
1081:
850:
2049:
The use of chlorine dioxide in water treatment leads to the formation of the by-product chlorite, which is currently limited to a maximum of 1 part per million in drinking water in the USA. This EPA standard limits the use of chlorine dioxide in the US to relatively high-quality water, because this
1973:
upon exposure to free chlorine. Trihalomethanes are suspected carcinogenic disinfection by-products associated with chlorination of naturally occurring organics in raw water. Chlorine dioxide also produces 70% fewer halomethanes in the presence of natural organic matter compared to when elemental
1445:
All three methods can produce chlorine dioxide with high chlorite conversion yield. Unlike the other processes, the chlorite–sulfuric acid method is completely chlorine-free, although it suffers from the requirement of 25% more chlorite to produce an equivalent amount of chlorine dioxide.
848:
1900:) of municipal drinking water, treatment of water in oil and gas applications, disinfection in the food industry, microbiological control in cooling towers, and textile bleaching. As a disinfectant, it is effective even at low concentrations because of its unique qualities.
1998:
bacteria. Chlorine dioxide is superior to some other secondary water disinfection methods, in that chlorine dioxide is not negatively impacted by pH, does not lose efficacy over time, because the bacteria will not grow resistant to it, and is not negatively impacted by
2169:
streams and for odor control in the air scrubbers of animal byproduct (rendering) plants. It is also available for use as a deodorant for cars and boats, in chlorine dioxide-generating packages that are activated by water and left in the boat or car overnight.
1165:
shows a double bond to one oxygen and a single bond plus a three-electron bond to the other. The valence bond structure would be represented as the resonance hybrid depicted by
Pauling. The three-electron bond represents a bond that is
3061:
Volk, C. J.; Hofmann, R.; Chauret, C.; Gagnon, G. A.; Ranger, G.; Andrews, R. C. (2002). "Implementation of chlorine dioxide disinfection: Effects of the treatment change on drinking water quality in a full-scale distribution system".
2227:(FDA) has stated that ingestion or other internal use of chlorine dioxide, outside of supervised oral rinsing using dilute concentrations, has no health benefits of any kind, and it should not be used internally for any reason.
4083:
2058:
Chlorine dioxide has many applications as an oxidizer or disinfectant. Chlorine dioxide can be used for air disinfection and was the principal agent used in the decontamination of buildings in the United States after the
3558:
Coates, D. (2001). "An evaluation of the use of chlorine dioxide (Tristel One-Shot) in an automated washer/disinfector (Medivator) fitted with a chlorine dioxide generator for decontamination of flexible endoscopes".
1290:
Chlorine dioxide can decompose violently when separated from diluting substances. As a result, preparation methods that involve producing solutions of it without going through a gas-phase stage are often preferred.
851:
718:
2050:
minimizes chlorite concentration, or water that is to be treated with iron-based coagulants, because iron can reduce chlorite to chloride. The World Health
Organization also advises a 1ppm dosification.
1908:
Chlorine dioxide is sometimes used for bleaching of wood pulp in combination with chlorine, but it is used alone in ECF (elemental chlorine-free) bleaching sequences. It is used at moderately acidic
1853:
Chlorine dioxide is very different from elemental chlorine. One of the most important qualities of chlorine dioxide is its high water solubility, especially in cold water. Chlorine dioxide does not
1060:
above 11 °C, a reddish-brown liquid between 11 °C and −59 °C, and as bright orange crystals below −59 °C. It is usually handled as an aqueous solution. It is commonly used as a
680:
1624:. Modern technologies are based on methanol or hydrogen peroxide, as these chemistries allow the best economy and do not co-produce elemental chlorine. The overall reaction can be written as:
1282:
2575:
Aieta, E. Marco, and James D. Berg. "A Review of
Chlorine Dioxide in Drinking Water Treatment." Journal (American Water Works Association) 78, no. 6 (1986): 62-72. Accessed April 24, 2021.
1981:
7, in the presence of ammonia and amines, and for the control of biofilms in water distribution systems. Chlorine dioxide is used in many industrial water treatment applications as a
4091:
1857:; it remains a dissolved gas in solution. Chlorine dioxide is approximately 10 times more soluble in water than elemental chlorine but its solubility is very temperature-dependent.
849:
2245:", or "MMS", which when prepared according to the instructions produces chlorine dioxide. MMS has been marketed as a treatment for a variety of conditions, including HIV, cancer,
3452:
804:
2994:
Sorlini, S.; Collivignarelli, C. (2005). "Trihalomethane formation during chemical oxidation with chlorine, chlorine dioxide and ozone of ten
Italian natural waters".
1193:
The reaction of chlorine with oxygen under conditions of flash photolysis in the presence of ultraviolet light results in trace amounts of chlorine dioxide formation.
3506:
4649:
4171:
8571:
1813:
High-purity chlorine dioxide gas (7.7% in air or nitrogen) can be produced by the gas–solid method, which reacts dilute chlorine gas with solid sodium chlorite:
994:
7983:
1765:
The variant process using sodium chlorate, hydrogen peroxide and sulfuric acid has been increasingly used since 1999 for water treatment and other small-scale
2380:
2316:
936:
4029:
2677:
Vogt, H.; Balej, J.; Bennett, J. E.; Wintzer, P.; Sheikh, S. A.; Gallone, P.; Vasudevan, S.; Pelin, K. (2010). "Chlorine Oxides and
Chlorine Oxygen Acids".
2110:
Chlorine dioxide may be used as a fumigant treatment to "sanitize" fruits such as blueberries, raspberries, and strawberries that develop molds and yeast.
7856:
3914:
873:
8145:
7501:
1026:
4221:
8392:
2679:
4199:
3943:
3594:
2153:, disinfecting tablets containing chlorine dioxide are more effective against pathogens than those using household bleach, but typically cost more.
812:
3204:
Andrews, L.; Key, A.; Martin, R.; Grodner, R.; Park, D. (2002). "Chlorine dioxide wash of shrimp and crawfish an alternative to aqueous chlorine".
3729:
Kerémi B, Márta K, Farkas K, Czumbel LM, Tóth B, Szakács Z, Csupor D, Czimmer J, Rumbus Z, Révész P, Németh A, Gerber G, Hegyi P, Varga G (2020).
2215:
Chlorine dioxide has been fraudulently and illegally marketed as an ingestible cure for a wide range of diseases, including childhood autism and
2185:
Potential hazards with chlorine dioxide include poisoning and the risk of spontaneous ignition or explosion on contact with flammable materials.
808:
4114:
1762:, a valuable chemical for the pulp mill, is a side-product. These methanol-based processes provide high efficiency and can be made very safe.
3413:"Efficacy of Gaseous Chlorine Dioxide as a Sanitizer for Killing Salmonella, Yeasts, and Molds on Blueberries, Strawberries, and Raspberries"
2193:
2189:
2098:
that is activated into chlorine dioxide, though differing formulations are used in each product. Many other products on the EPA list contain
2083:
4287:
410:
43:
4054:
1758:
for the acidity. Two advantages of not using the chloride-based processes are that there is no formation of elemental chlorine, and that
7722:
3707:
3345:
2941:
2811:
2102:, which is similar in name but should not be confused with sodium chlorite because they have very different modes of chemical action.
800:
3367:
3630:
Gibbs, S. G.; Lowe, J. J.; Smith, P. W.; Hewlett, A. L. (2012). "Gaseous chlorine dioxide as an alternative for bedbug control".
7494:
2590:"Studies of free radical reactivity by the methods of flash photolysis. The photochemical reaction between chlorine and oxygen"
3182:
2644:
2410:
2349:
2275:
629:
3969:
1021:
764:
2288:
1944:
3477:
3837:
2014:
It is more effective as a disinfectant than chlorine in most circumstances against waterborne pathogenic agents such as
3232:
2696:
1174:
this idea is commonplace if the third electron is placed in an anti-bonding orbital. Later work has confirmed that the
3231:
Zhang, Zhe; McCann, Carole; Stout, Janet E.; Piesczynski, Steve; Hawks, Robert; Vidic, Radisav; Yu, Victor L. (2007).
1199:
53:
7487:
4259:
2917:
2888:
2860:
2780:
2747:
2529:
2241:
On 30 July and 1 October 2010, the United States Food and Drug
Administration warned against the use of the product "
2197:
1861:
1860:
At partial pressures above 10 kPa (1.5 psi) (or gas-phase concentrations greater than 10% volume in air at
991:
375:
3703:
859:
4703:
4280:
4084:"FDA warns consumers about the dangerous and potentially life threatening side effects of Miracle Mineral Solution"
3532:
3029:
Li, J.; Yu, Z.; Gao, M. (1996). "A pilot study on trihalomethane formation in water treated by chlorine dioxide".
1033:
4144:
3482:
2008:
4181:
3995:
3389:
2120:, such as under the trade name Tristel. It is also available in a trio consisting of a preceding pre-clean with
8796:
7715:
661:
259:
4122:
3918:
3780:"Daily use of chlorine dioxide effectively treats halitosis: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials"
8860:
4609:
4229:
4225:
4176:
4087:
2254:
2224:
758:
308:
211:
3900:
4273:
3605:
2223:
of chlorine dioxide as a supposed cure for childhood autism have suffered life-threatening ailments. The
1969:
prior to chlorination of drinking water to destroy natural water impurities that would otherwise produce
1965:, Belgium, changed from chlorine to chlorine dioxide. Its most common use in water treatment is as a pre-
339:
4172:"Press Announcements – FDA Warns Consumers of Serious Harm from Drinking Miracle Mineral Solution (MMS)"
2545:
Flesch, R.; Plenge, J.; Rühl, E. (2006). "Core-level excitation and fragmentation of chlorine dioxide".
784:
4913:
4581:
2242:
2236:
2201:
960:
947:
581:
3674:
2713:
796:
8850:
7708:
3944:"Parents are poisoning their children with bleach to 'cure' autism. These moms are trying to stop it"
3161:
2173:
In dilute concentrations, chlorine dioxide is an ingredient that acts as an antiseptic agent in some
223:
8855:
8830:
4359:
3778:
Szalai E, Tajti P, Szabó B, Hegyi P, Czumbel LM, Shojazadeh S, Varga G, Németh O, Keremi B (2023).
2772:
2091:
1961:." Chlorine dioxide was introduced as a drinking water disinfectant on a large scale in 1956, when
1171:
816:
356:
253:
146:
2113:
Chlorine dioxide may be used to disinfect poultry by spraying or immersing it after slaughtering.
699:
6143:
4879:
4195:
3302:"Protective effect of low-concentration chlorine dioxide gas against influenza A virus infection"
3157:
2188:
Chlorine dioxide is toxic, and limits on human exposure are required to ensure its safe use. The
1950:
3341:
153:
8845:
8840:
8768:
8754:
6714:
6700:
5888:
5786:
4437:
4388:
1889:
1869:
1601:
605:
1095:
Vapor-liquid equilibrium above an aqueous solution of chlorine dioxide at various temperatures
742:
704:
8782:
8698:
8182:
7600:
7315:
7051:
6160:
5939:
5871:
5495:
4947:
4424:
4380:
2402:
2007:, which are commonly used potable water corrosion inhibitors. In the United States, it is an
732:
692:
82:
4030:"Those coronavirus 'cures' you're hearing about? They're fake. Don't drink chlorine dioxide"
2945:
2764:
1121:
750:
8740:
8684:
8629:
8617:
8531:
8436:
8404:
8101:
8072:
8048:
7774:
7646:
7264:
7034:
7000:
6798:
6515:
6330:
6092:
6075:
5718:
5667:
4828:
4811:
4777:
4696:
4542:
4517:
4504:
4429:
4372:
3791:
3071:
3003:
2820:
2550:
2467:
2452:
2060:
1150:
1138:
709:
317:
193:
122:
8:
8726:
8709:
8563:
8543:
8518:
8489:
8281:
8206:
8165:
8121:
8060:
8036:
8015:
7908:
7896:
7742:
7652:
7371:
7281:
7127:
6742:
6672:
6616:
6417:
6389:
6313:
6296:
6279:
6245:
6194:
6126:
6058:
5922:
5854:
5820:
5769:
5633:
5475:
5465:
5425:
5228:
5204:
5061:
4981:
4964:
4930:
4794:
4621:
4530:
4492:
4471:
4350:
2765:
2099:
1158:
1111:
112:
7547:
3795:
3075:
3007:
2942:"AET – Reports – Science – Trends in World Bleached Chemical Pulp Production: 1990–2005"
2554:
2471:
1777:
Very pure chlorine dioxide can also be produced by electrolysis of a chlorite solution:
360:
215:
173:
8555:
8506:
8444:
8351:
8268:
8256:
8235:
8133:
7884:
7844:
7298:
7197:
7068:
6949:
6910:
6882:
6487:
6347:
6262:
6228:
6177:
5990:
5956:
5735:
5592:
5582:
5375:
5365:
5348:
5318:
5248:
5009:
4896:
4845:
4726:
4576:
4554:
4396:
4296:
3814:
3779:
3755:
3730:
3655:
3267:
3131:
3118:
3098:
2518:
2490:
1958:
1940:
1897:
1466:
26:
3746:
1916:
compounds produced. Chlorine dioxide (ECF technology) currently is the most important
1114:. It is an unusual "example of an odd-electron molecule stable toward dimerization" (
768:
8835:
8716:
8641:
8605:
8523:
8428:
8416:
8337:
8329:
8317:
8273:
8194:
8157:
8113:
8089:
8024:
7995:
7864:
7798:
7766:
7658:
7560:
7537:
7399:
7343:
7211:
7169:
7141:
7113:
7085:
7017:
6983:
6966:
6924:
6826:
6812:
6728:
6602:
6574:
6532:
6375:
6109:
6007:
5905:
5837:
5803:
5684:
5602:
5485:
5439:
5435:
5308:
5178:
5117:
5048:
4862:
4480:
4458:
4416:
4364:
4321:
4316:
4003:
3882:
3819:
3760:
3731:"Effects of Chlorine Dioxide on Oral Hygiene - A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis"
3704:"A Guide to Drinking Water Treatment and Sanitation for Backcountry & Travel Use"
3647:
3576:
3434:
3323:
3259:
3136:
3038:
2923:
2913:
2884:
2856:
2776:
2743:
2692:
2640:
2609:
2525:
2495:
2406:
2345:
2284:
2192:
has set a maximum level of 0.8 mg/L for chlorine dioxide in drinking water. The
2064:
2042:
1769:
applications, since it produce a chlorine-free product at high efficiency, over 95%.
1635:
1617:
1613:
1596:
Over 95% of the chlorine dioxide produced in the world today is made by reduction of
1447:
1372:
1049:
985:
3659:
3271:
3158:"Guidelines for drinking-water quality, 4th edition, incorporating the 1st addendum"
2329:
69:
8670:
8588:
8477:
8380:
8368:
8342:
8247:
8177:
8084:
7975:
7962:
7786:
7731:
7688:
7676:
7613:
7564:
7543:
7357:
7225:
7155:
6868:
6756:
6686:
6658:
6630:
6501:
6459:
5701:
5562:
5545:
5515:
5445:
5338:
5328:
5268:
5113:
5074:
5035:
4666:
4641:
4589:
3874:
3809:
3799:
3750:
3742:
3639:
3568:
3424:
3313:
3251:
3213:
3126:
3110:
3079:
3011:
2976:
2684:
2632:
2601:
2558:
2485:
2475:
2426:
2394:
2337:
2075:, and the surrounding Gulf Coast, chlorine dioxide was used to eradicate dangerous
1187:
1104:
1091:
519:
438:
4222:"FDA Warns Consumers of Serious Harm from Drinking Miracle Mineral Solution (MMS)"
2688:
2330:
Dobson, Stuart; Cary, Richard; International
Programme on Chemical Safety (2002).
281:
8809:
8675:
8658:
8501:
8456:
8363:
8299:
8223:
7945:
7932:
7876:
7839:
7810:
7754:
7470:
7466:
7385:
7183:
6896:
6840:
6770:
6560:
6445:
6403:
6041:
6024:
5973:
5650:
5535:
5525:
5415:
5395:
5298:
5258:
5139:
5087:
5022:
4760:
4689:
4342:
3804:
2819:, US Environmental Protection Agency: Office of Water, April 1999, archived from
2125:
2095:
2032:
1992:
Chlorine dioxide is less corrosive than chlorine and superior for the control of
1631:
1597:
1304:
1065:
242:
3429:
3412:
3015:
1604:. It is produced with high efficiency in a strong acid solution with a suitable
8218:
7937:
7822:
7239:
6784:
6644:
6546:
6431:
6211:
5752:
5405:
5385:
5152:
4743:
4658:
4450:
2909:
2636:
2562:
2372:
2331:
2090:
that meet its criteria for use in environmental measures against the causative
2027:
1986:
1970:
1954:
1913:
1759:
1621:
1605:
1004:
880:
554:
543:
3844:
2312:
924:
906:
788:
772:
8824:
8596:
8468:
7970:
7957:
7619:
7607:
7593:
7521:
6854:
5572:
5288:
5278:
5126:
5100:
4326:
4007:
3886:
2613:
2136:
2076:
1755:
1396:
1154:
1108:
780:
536:
508:
498:
204:
3996:"E.P.A. Threatens Legal Action Against Sellers of Fake Coronavirus Cleaners"
3275:
2927:
8649:
8583:
7834:
7527:
7055:
6718:
6704:
6588:
6147:
5505:
5499:
5455:
5238:
5191:
5165:
4917:
4334:
4149:
4115:"Group of SoCal parents secretly try to cure kids with autism using bleach"
3823:
3764:
3651:
3580:
3572:
3438:
3327:
3263:
3217:
2883:(Volume 1 ed.). Colleyville, Texas: Greg D. Simpson & Associates.
2499:
2132:
2087:
1893:
1766:
1348:
1340:
1115:
1069:
3843:. Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, US HHS. Archived from
3318:
3301:
3140:
3042:
2967:
Harrel, C. G. (1952). "Maturing and
Bleaching Agents in Producing Flour".
2813:
Alternative
Disinfectants and Oxidants Manual, chapter 4: Chlorine Dioxide
2480:
1638:
in a single reactor is believed to proceed through the following pathway:
872:
738:
8308:
8290:
7533:
7454:
6421:
5892:
5790:
4568:
3878:
3862:
3682:
2605:
2589:
2209:
2068:
1470:
879:
2980:
1465:
In the laboratory, chlorine dioxide can also be prepared by reaction of
858:
7551:
7449:
7319:
7131:
7038:
6802:
6164:
6130:
5943:
5875:
5612:
5479:
3122:
2576:
2341:
2166:
2121:
1994:
1921:
1854:
865:
530:
457:
224:
184:
7570:
7424:
7375:
7285:
7201:
6928:
6816:
6746:
6676:
6620:
6606:
6536:
6393:
6379:
6334:
6096:
6079:
6045:
5722:
5671:
5654:
5529:
5469:
5429:
5419:
5379:
5262:
5252:
5232:
5143:
5013:
4883:
4265:
3507:"Chlorine Dioxide Pouches Can Make Produce Safer and Reduce Spoilage"
2280:
2205:
2174:
2117:
2072:
2004:
746:
328:
3114:
3083:
3031:
Zhonghua Yufang Yixue Zazhi (Chinese
Journal of Preventive Medicine)
1242:
1003:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
7700:
7664:
7628:
7510:
7444:
7434:
7429:
7268:
7215:
7173:
7145:
7117:
7089:
7072:
7004:
6953:
6914:
6886:
6872:
6760:
6690:
6662:
6634:
6519:
6491:
6477:
6317:
6300:
6283:
6249:
6215:
6198:
6062:
5926:
5858:
5824:
5688:
5637:
5596:
5586:
5489:
5459:
5369:
5352:
5322:
5312:
5208:
5182:
5156:
5130:
5065:
4832:
4798:
4781:
4730:
4304:
3643:
3342:"Chlorine Dioxide & Chlorite | Public Health Statement | ATSDR"
3255:
2250:
2216:
2023:
2019:
1977:
Chlorine dioxide is also superior to chlorine when operating above
1962:
1873:
1751:
1609:
1454:
1344:
831:
22:
3097:
Pereira, M. A.; Lin, L. H.; Lippitt, J. M.; Herren, S. L. (1982).
2310:
824:
152:
145:
7637:
7439:
7403:
7347:
7302:
7229:
7159:
7021:
6987:
6970:
6900:
6844:
6830:
6774:
6732:
6578:
6564:
6407:
6351:
6266:
6232:
6181:
5994:
5960:
5773:
5739:
5705:
5606:
5566:
5519:
5292:
5282:
5272:
5104:
5078:
5039:
4985:
4968:
4951:
2855:(5th ed.). Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins. p. 215.
2162:
2150:
2143:
1982:
1966:
1627:
chlorate + acid + reducing agent → chlorine dioxide + by-products
866:
776:
488:
268:
3453:"How we know disinfectants should kill the COVID-19 coronavirus"
2767:
Inorganic Chemistry: An Industrial and Environmental Perspective
1912:(3.5 to 6). The use of chlorine dioxide minimizes the amount of
7361:
7187:
6788:
6648:
6550:
6505:
6463:
6449:
6435:
6113:
6011:
5909:
5841:
5807:
5549:
5539:
5509:
5449:
5399:
5342:
5332:
5302:
5242:
5195:
5169:
5091:
5052:
5026:
4934:
4900:
4815:
4764:
4254:
3915:"Occupational Safety and Health Guideline for Chlorine Dioxide"
3423:(6). International Association for Food Protection: 1165–1175.
3099:"Trihalomethanes as initiators and promoters of carcinogenesis"
2246:
2037:
2000:
1917:
1877:
1061:
47:
Structural formula of chlorine dioxide with assorted dimensions
2627:
Derby, R. I.; Hutchinson, W. S. (1953). "Chlorine(IV) Oxide".
7389:
7243:
5756:
4747:
4712:
2721:
2377:
Immediately Dangerous to Life or Health Concentrations (IDLH)
2220:
2015:
1928:
1064:. More recent developments have extended its applications in
292:
164:
135:
7479:
344:
7682:
6592:
6028:
5977:
5616:
5409:
5389:
4866:
4849:
4308:
4055:"Drinking bleach will not cure cancer or autism, FDA warns"
3230:
1957:
treatment in 1944 for destroying "taste and odor producing
1924:
is made using chlorine dioxide in ECF bleaching sequences.
1175:
973:
478:
3411:
Sy, Kaye V.; McWatters, Kay H.; Beuchat, Larry R. (2005).
2740:
The handbook of chlorination and alternative disinfectants
792:
7587:
6858:
5576:
4681:
3861:
López, María I.; Croce, Adela E.; Sicre, Juan E. (1994).
3838:"Toxicological Profile for Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite"
2714:"Mechanism of the Methanol Based ClO2 Generation Process"
2180:
1265:
1234:
1214:
1057:
4198:. U.S. Food and Drug Administration. November 20, 2015.
3728:
3060:
7557:
3203:
3096:
2676:
1978:
1909:
1080:
3392:. United States: Environmental Protection Agency. 2007
3390:"Anthrax spore decontamination using chlorine dioxide"
2993:
2524:. Mineola, New York: Dover Publications. p. 264.
2161:
Chlorine dioxide is used as an oxidant for destroying
1750:
The commercially more important production route uses
1178:
is indeed an incompletely-filled antibonding orbital.
3863:"Explosive decomposition of gaseous chlorine dioxide"
3777:
3629:
2381:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2317:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
2116:
Chlorine dioxide may be used for the disinfection of
1450:
may be efficiently used in small-scale applications.
1202:
675:
Highly toxic, corrosive, unstable, powerful oxidizer
3970:"Fake news: Chlorine dioxide won't stop coronavirus"
3901:"ATSDR: ToxFAQs™ for Chlorine Dioxide and Chlorite"
1945:
Portable water purification § Chlorine dioxide
3478:"List N: Disinfectants for Use Against SARS-CoV-2"
3410:
2517:
1276:
4145:"The fake cures for autism that can prove deadly"
2393:
1277:{\displaystyle {\ce {Cl2 + 2 O2 -> 2 ClO2 ^}}}
8822:
3533:"The truth behind the chlorinated chicken panic"
3368:"Air Disinfection with Chlorine Dioxide in Saps"
3064:Journal of Environmental Engineering and Science
2672:
2670:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2544:
1453:Addition of sulfuric acid or any strong acid to
280:
3860:
2626:
2460:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
1186:Chlorine dioxide was first prepared in 1811 by
847:
121:
4196:"'Miracle' Treatment Turns into Potent Bleach"
2738:White, George W.; White, Geo Clifford (1999).
2680:Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry
2142:Chlorine dioxide was shown to be effective in
1161:and two single bonds. However, Pauling in his
820:
7716:
7495:
4697:
4281:
3675:"How to Treat Backcountry Water on the Cheap"
3632:Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology
3365:
3233:"Safety and Efficacy of Chlorine Dioxide for
2906:Wood Chemistry: Fundamentals and Applications
2853:Disinfection, Sterilization, and Preservation
2653:
2515:
2453:"The Three-Electron Bond in Chlorine Dioxide"
2194:Occupational Safety and Health Administration
2190:United States Environmental Protection Agency
967:TWA 0.1 ppm (0.3 mg/m) ST 0.3 ppm (0.9 mg/m)
3771:
3722:
3366:Zhang, Y.-L.; Zheng, S.-Y.; Zhi, Q. (2007).
3299:
2846:
2844:
2842:
2840:
2588:Porter, George; Wright, Franklin J. (1953).
2587:
2212:) for people working with chlorine dioxide.
2131:Chlorine dioxide may be used for control of
1920:method worldwide. About 95% of all bleached
4078:
4076:
3504:
3244:Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology
3056:
3054:
3052:
7723:
7709:
7502:
7488:
4704:
4690:
4288:
4274:
3708:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
3595:"Tristel Wipes System Product Information"
3513:(July). USDA Agricultural Research Service
3346:Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
2874:
2872:
2806:
2804:
2802:
2800:
2798:
2796:
2794:
2792:
2737:
2547:International Journal of Mass Spectrometry
2105:
2079:from houses inundated by the flood water.
359:
214:
192:
3813:
3803:
3754:
3428:
3317:
3130:
2837:
2511:
2509:
2489:
2479:
2427:"mp-23207: ClO2 (Orthorhombic, Pbca, 61)"
2279:(91 ed.). Boca Raton, Florida, USA:
2082:In addressing the COVID-19 pandemic, the
1927:Chlorine dioxide has been used to bleach
1254:
1223:
316:
4073:
3993:
3672:
3049:
2903:
2733:
2731:
2450:
2336:. World Health Organization. p. 4.
2311:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
1460:
1294:
1129:crystal shown in an arbitrary direction.
1120:
1090:
1079:
1075:
4112:
3300:Ogata, N.; Shibata, T. (January 2008).
3028:
2878:
2869:
2789:
2762:
2718:International Pulp Bleaching Conference
2053:
1343:applications has been made from sodium
1157:, proposed a structure that involved a
355:
258:
8823:
4295:
3557:
2969:Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
2966:
2742:(4th ed.). New York: John Wiley.
2711:
2506:
2306:
2304:
2302:
2300:
2272:
2181:Safety issues in water and supplements
1989:, process water, and food processing.
1848:
1630:As a typical example, the reaction of
503:−59 °C (−74 °F; 214 K)
205:
7704:
7483:
4685:
4269:
4202:from the original on November 1, 2017
3938:
3936:
3152:
3150:
2850:
2728:
1084:The structure according to Pauling's
387:Key: OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYSA-N
172:
7730:
4142:
3183:"Chlorine dioxide as a disinfectant"
2897:
2577:http://www.jstor.org/stable/41273622
2084:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency
1339:Traditionally, chlorine dioxide for
513:11 °C (52 °F; 284 K)
4027:
3673:Langlois, Krista (March 13, 2018).
3237:control in a Hospital Water System"
2365:
2297:
1125:A unit cell of the orthorhombic ClO
397:Key: OSVXSBDYLRYLIG-UHFFFAOYAC
271:
57:Spacefill model of chlorine dioxide
13:
4228:. February 3, 2011. Archived from
4113:Bartley, Lisa (October 29, 2016).
3933:
3147:
2594:Discussions of the Faraday Society
1934:
1772:
1708:which gives the overall reaction
1533:or with oxalic and sulfuric acid:
1176:highest occupied molecular orbital
843:
535:Soluble in alkaline solutions and
52:
42:
14:
8872:
7581:Additional chemicals (E1100–1599)
4247:
4090:. August 12, 2019. Archived from
3747:10.2174/1381612826666200515134450
3372:Journal of Environment and Health
3103:Environmental Health Perspectives
2631:. Vol. 4. pp. 152–158.
2276:Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
2230:
2225:U.S. Food and Drug Administration
2198:United States Department of Labor
1457:salts produces chlorine dioxide.
1137:crystallizes in the orthorhombic
4253:
3994:Friedman, Lisa (April 3, 2020).
2879:Simpson, Gregory Deward (2005).
1953:first used chlorine dioxide for
1303:can be prepared by oxidation of
1011:
708:
703:
698:
444:
68:
4214:
4188:
4164:
4143:Ryan, Frances (July 13, 2016).
4136:
4106:
4047:
4021:
3987:
3962:
3907:
3893:
3854:
3830:
3696:
3666:
3623:
3587:
3551:
3525:
3498:
3486:. United States. March 13, 2020
3483:Environmental Protection Agency
3470:
3457:Chemical & Engineering News
3445:
3404:
3382:
3359:
3334:
3293:
3224:
3197:
3175:
3090:
3022:
2987:
2960:
2934:
2851:Block, Seymour Stanton (2001).
2763:Swaddle, Thomas Wilson (1997).
2756:
2705:
2620:
2581:
2569:
2219:. Children who have been given
1056:that exists as yellowish-green
1007:(at 25 °C , 100 kPa).
2538:
2451:Brockway, L. O. (March 1933).
2444:
2419:
2387:
2323:
2266:
2253:. Many have complained to the
2149:For water purification during
1269:
1181:
662:Occupational safety and health
447:
1:
7509:
3735:Current Pharmaceutical Design
3561:Journal of Hospital Infection
2689:10.1002/14356007.a06_483.pub2
2260:
2156:
2128:and a low-level antioxidant.
1949:The water treatment plant at
1888:Chlorine dioxide is used for
941:(US health exposure limits):
4226:Food and Drug Administration
4177:Food and Drug Administration
4088:Food and Drug Administration
3867:J. Chem. Soc., Faraday Trans
3805:10.1371/journal.pone.0280377
2249:, acne, and, more recently,
2204:of 0.1 ppm in air (0.3
2124:and a succeeding rinse with
1974:chlorine or bleach is used.
1903:
21:Not to be confused with the
7:
3430:10.4315/0362-028x-68.6.1165
3306:Journal of General Virology
3016:10.1016/j.desal.2004.10.022
2771:. Academic Press. pp.
2273:Haynes, William M. (2010).
895:or concentration (LD, LC):
38:
10:
8877:
4914:Praseodymium(III,IV) oxide
4711:
3417:Journal of Food Protection
2881:Practical Chlorine Dioxide
2637:10.1002/9780470132357.ch51
2563:10.1016/j.ijms.2005.12.046
2243:Miracle Mineral Supplement
2237:Miracle Mineral Supplement
2234:
2202:permissible exposure limit
2086:has posted a list of many
1938:
1754:as the reducing agent and
1383:+ 4 HCl → 5 NaCl + 4 ClO
1144:
20:
7738:
7517:
7463:
7417:
7336:
7257:
7106:
6942:
6368:
5626:
5221:
5002:
4719:
4634:
4566:
4449:
4415:
4303:
3162:World Health Organization
2712:Ni, Y.; Wang, X. (1996).
2399:Chemistry of the Elements
2397:; Earnshaw, Alan (1997).
2196:(OSHA), an agency of the
1359:+ 2 HCl + NaOCl → 2 ClO
1170:than the double bond. In
1107:, and therefore, it is a
1001:
935:
891:
679:
659:
654:
598:
525:8 g/L at 20 °C
431:
406:
371:
105:
91:
81:
76:
67:
37:
7577:Miscellaneous (E900–999)
2063:. After the disaster of
1172:molecular orbital theory
1153:, a graduate student of
1118:being another example).
759:Precautionary statements
6144:Praseodymium(III) oxide
4880:Manganese(II,III) oxide
4635:Chlorine(I) derivatives
2683:. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH.
2106:Other disinfection uses
1951:Niagara Falls, New York
1883:
1371:or the sodium chlorite–
1347:or the sodium chlorite–
954:TWA 0.1 ppm (0.3 mg/m)
6715:Protactinium(IV) oxide
6701:Praseodymium(IV) oxide
5889:Einsteinium(III) oxide
5787:Californium(III) oxide
5205:Water (hydrogen oxide)
4720:Mixed oxidation states
4028:Spencer, Sarnac Hale.
3573:10.1053/jhin.2001.0956
3218:10.1006/fmic.2002.0493
2516:Linus Pauling (1988).
2333:Chlorine dioxide (gas)
1890:bleaching of wood pulp
1299:In the laboratory, ClO
1278:
1130:
1096:
1088:
854:
473:Yellow to reddish gas
58:
48:
7465:Oxides are sorted by
7316:Technetium(VII) oxide
7052:Protactinium(V) oxide
6161:Promethium(III) oxide
5940:Gadolinium(III) oxide
5872:Dysprosium(III) oxide
5496:Protactinium monoxide
4948:Terbium(III,IV) oxide
3319:10.1099/vir.0.83393-0
2904:Sjöström, E. (1993).
2481:10.1073/pnas.19.3.303
2403:Butterworth-Heinemann
2395:Greenwood, Norman N.
2011:-registered biocide.
1939:Further information:
1461:Reduction of chlorate
1295:Oxidation of chlorite
1279:
1124:
1103:has an odd number of
1094:
1083:
1076:Structure and bonding
913:94 mg/kg (oral, rat)
853:
56:
46:
7647:Potassium persulfate
7265:Dichlorine heptoxide
7035:Phosphorus pentoxide
7001:Dinitrogen pentoxide
6799:Technetium(IV) oxide
6516:Dinitrogen tetroxide
6331:Ytterbium(III) oxide
6093:Neodymium(III) oxide
6076:Manganese(III) oxide
5719:Berkelium(III) oxide
5668:Americium(III) oxide
4829:Dichlorine pentoxide
4812:Cobalt(II,III) oxide
4778:Chlorine perchlorate
4262:at Wikimedia Commons
4184:on January 12, 2017.
3879:10.1039/FT9949003391
3505:O'Brian, D. (2017).
2826:on September 5, 2015
2606:10.1039/df9531400023
2200:, has set an 8-hour
2094:. Some are based on
2061:2001 anthrax attacks
2054:Use in public crises
1696:HOCl + Cl + H → Cl
1200:
1151:Lawrence O. Brockway
1052:with the formula ClO
931:260 ppm (rat, 2 hr)
836:(fire diamond)
384:InChI=1S/ClO2/c2-1-3
8861:Explosive chemicals
7653:Ammonium persulfate
7372:Ruthenium tetroxide
7282:Manganese heptoxide
7128:Molybdenum trioxide
6743:Ruthenium(IV) oxide
6673:Plutonium(IV) oxide
6617:Neptunium(IV) oxide
6418:Californium dioxide
6390:Berkelium(IV) oxide
6314:Vanadium(III) oxide
6297:Tungsten(III) oxide
6280:Titanium(III) oxide
6246:Thallium(III) oxide
6195:Samarium(III) oxide
6127:Phosphorus trioxide
6059:Lutetium(III) oxide
5923:Europium(III) oxide
5855:Dinitrogen trioxide
5821:Chromium(III) oxide
5770:Caesium sesquioxide
5634:Actinium(III) oxide
5476:Phosphorus monoxide
5466:Palladium(II) oxide
5426:Manganese(II) oxide
5229:Aluminium(II) oxide
5062:Dichlorine monoxide
4982:Triuranium octoxide
4965:Tribromine octoxide
4931:Silver(I,III) oxide
4795:Chloryl perchlorate
4232:on February 3, 2011
3921:on December 4, 2012
3796:2023PLoSO..1880377S
3511:AgResearch Magazine
3076:2002JEES....1..323V
3008:2005Desal.176..103S
2981:10.1021/ie50505a030
2724:. pp. 454–462.
2629:Inorganic Syntheses
2555:2006IJMSp.249...68F
2472:1933PNAS...19..303B
2100:sodium hypochlorite
1849:Handling properties
1267:
1248:
1236:
1216:
1159:three-electron bond
520:Solubility in water
465: g·mol
394:InChI=1/ClO2/c2-1-3
34:
7538:acidity regulators
7337:+8 oxidation state
7299:Rhenium(VII) oxide
7258:+7 oxidation state
7198:Tellurium trioxide
7107:+6 oxidation state
7069:Tantalum pentoxide
6950:Antimony pentoxide
6943:+5 oxidation state
6911:Vanadium(IV) oxide
6883:Tungsten(IV) oxide
6488:Chromium(IV) oxide
6369:+4 oxidation state
6348:Yttrium(III) oxide
6263:Thulium(III) oxide
6229:Terbium(III) oxide
6178:Rhodium(III) oxide
5991:Holmium(III) oxide
5957:Gallium(III) oxide
5736:Bismuth(III) oxide
5627:+3 oxidation state
5593:Vanadium(II) oxide
5583:Titanium(II) oxide
5376:Germanium monoxide
5366:Europium(II) oxide
5349:Dinitrogen dioxide
5319:Chromium(II) oxide
5249:Berkelium monoxide
5222:+2 oxidation state
5010:Aluminium(I) oxide
5003:+1 oxidation state
4897:Mellitic anhydride
4846:Iron(II,III) oxide
4727:Antimony tetroxide
4417:Chlorine fluorides
4297:Chlorine compounds
4094:on August 14, 2019
4000:The New York Times
2549:. 249–250: 68–76.
2373:"Chlorine dioxide"
2139:in water intakes.
1959:phenolic compounds
1941:Water chlorination
1721:+ Cl + 2 H → ClO
1467:potassium chlorate
1274:
1255:
1224:
1204:
1131:
1097:
1089:
1034:Infobox references
976:(Immediate danger)
855:
97:Chlorine(IV) oxide
59:
49:
32:
27:dichlorine dioxide
8818:
8817:
7698:
7697:
7659:Potassium bromate
7640:
7631:
7571:Flavour enhancers
7565:anticaking agents
7477:
7476:
7400:Hassium tetroxide
7344:Iridium tetroxide
7212:Tungsten trioxide
7170:Selenium trioxide
7142:Polonium trioxide
7114:Chromium trioxide
7086:Vanadium(V) oxide
7018:Niobium pentoxide
6984:Bismuth pentoxide
6967:Arsenic pentoxide
6925:Zirconium dioxide
6827:Terbium(IV) oxide
6813:Tellurium dioxide
6729:Rhodium(IV) oxide
6603:Manganese dioxide
6575:Hafnium(IV) oxide
6533:Germanium dioxide
6376:Americium dioxide
6110:Nickel(III) oxide
6008:Indium(III) oxide
5906:Erbium(III) oxide
5838:Cobalt(III) oxide
5804:Cerium(III) oxide
5685:Antimony trioxide
5603:Yttrium(II) oxide
5486:Polonium monoxide
5436:Mercury(II) oxide
5309:Chlorine monoxide
5179:Thallium(I) oxide
5049:Dicarbon monoxide
4863:Lead(II,IV) oxide
4679:
4678:
4605:
4258:Media related to
4224:. United States:
4086:. United States:
4061:. August 12, 2019
3873:(22): 3391–3396.
3850:on June 14, 2019.
3741:(25): 3015–3025.
3706:. United States:
3611:on April 15, 2016
3344:. United States:
3206:Food Microbiology
2646:978-0-470-13235-7
2520:General chemistry
2431:Materials Project
2412:978-0-08-037941-8
2351:978-92-4-153037-8
2065:Hurricane Katrina
1636:hydrochloric acid
1618:hydrochloric acid
1614:hydrogen peroxide
1448:hydrogen peroxide
1373:hydrochloric acid
1258:
1249:
1246:
1227:
1207:
1163:General Chemistry
1105:valence electrons
1086:General Chemistry
1050:chemical compound
1042:Chemical compound
1040:
1039:
992:Safety Data Sheet
986:Safety data sheet
733:Hazard statements
575:10 atm m mol
340:CompTox Dashboard
154:Interactive image
147:Interactive image
63:
62:
33:Chlorine dioxide
16:Chemical compound
8868:
8851:Gases with color
8806:
8792:
8778:
8764:
8750:
8736:
8722:
8712:
8705:
8694:
7928:
7927:
7926:
7918:
7917:
7732:Oxygen compounds
7725:
7718:
7711:
7702:
7701:
7689:Benzoyl peroxide
7677:Azodicarbonamide
7671:Chlorine dioxide
7638:
7629:
7601:Improving agents
7594:Synthetic glazes
7504:
7497:
7490:
7481:
7480:
7358:Osmium tetroxide
7226:Uranium trioxide
7156:Rhenium trioxide
6869:Titanium dioxide
6757:Selenium dioxide
6687:Polonium dioxide
6659:Platinum dioxide
6631:Nitrogen dioxide
6502:Curium(IV) oxide
6474:Chlorine dioxide
6460:Cerium(IV) oxide
5702:Arsenic trioxide
5563:Thorium monoxide
5546:Disulfur dioxide
5516:Silicon monoxide
5446:Nickel(II) oxide
5339:Copper(II) oxide
5329:Cobalt(II) oxide
5269:Bromine monoxide
5114:Mercury(I) oxide
5075:Gallium(I) oxide
5036:Caesium monoxide
4706:
4699:
4692:
4683:
4682:
4603:
4407:
4290:
4283:
4276:
4267:
4266:
4260:chlorine dioxide
4257:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4218:
4212:
4211:
4209:
4207:
4192:
4186:
4185:
4180:. Archived from
4168:
4162:
4161:
4159:
4157:
4140:
4134:
4133:
4131:
4129:
4110:
4104:
4103:
4101:
4099:
4080:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4066:
4051:
4045:
4044:
4042:
4040:
4025:
4019:
4018:
4016:
4014:
3991:
3985:
3984:
3982:
3980:
3966:
3960:
3959:
3957:
3955:
3940:
3931:
3930:
3928:
3926:
3917:. Archived from
3911:
3905:
3904:
3897:
3891:
3890:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3849:
3842:
3834:
3828:
3827:
3817:
3807:
3775:
3769:
3768:
3758:
3726:
3720:
3719:
3717:
3715:
3710:. April 10, 2009
3700:
3694:
3693:
3691:
3689:
3670:
3664:
3663:
3627:
3621:
3620:
3618:
3616:
3610:
3604:. Archived from
3599:
3591:
3585:
3584:
3555:
3549:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3529:
3523:
3522:
3520:
3518:
3502:
3496:
3495:
3493:
3491:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3465:
3463:
3449:
3443:
3442:
3432:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3397:
3386:
3380:
3379:
3363:
3357:
3356:
3354:
3352:
3338:
3332:
3331:
3321:
3297:
3291:
3290:
3288:
3286:
3281:on July 19, 2011
3280:
3274:. Archived from
3250:(8): 1009–1012.
3241:
3228:
3222:
3221:
3201:
3195:
3194:
3192:
3190:
3179:
3173:
3172:
3170:
3168:
3154:
3145:
3144:
3134:
3094:
3088:
3087:
3058:
3047:
3046:
3026:
3020:
3019:
3002:(1–3): 103–111.
2991:
2985:
2984:
2964:
2958:
2957:
2955:
2953:
2948:on July 30, 2017
2944:. Archived from
2938:
2932:
2931:
2901:
2895:
2894:
2876:
2867:
2866:
2848:
2835:
2834:
2833:
2831:
2825:
2818:
2808:
2787:
2786:
2770:
2760:
2754:
2753:
2735:
2726:
2725:
2709:
2703:
2702:
2674:
2651:
2650:
2624:
2618:
2617:
2585:
2579:
2573:
2567:
2566:
2542:
2536:
2535:
2523:
2513:
2504:
2503:
2493:
2483:
2457:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2423:
2417:
2416:
2401:(2nd ed.).
2391:
2385:
2384:
2369:
2363:
2362:
2360:
2358:
2327:
2321:
2320:
2308:
2295:
2294:
2290:978-1-43982077-3
2283:. p. 4–58.
2270:
2026:– including the
1868:may explosively
1855:react with water
1842:
1831:
1830:
1826:
1821:
1810:
1804:
1803:
1799:
1794:
1746:
1735:
1734:
1730:
1725:
1720:
1719:
1716:
1705:
1692:
1682:
1681:
1678:
1673:
1672:
1669:
1661:
1659:
1658:
1655:
1651:+ Cl + H → ClO
1650:
1649:
1646:
1593:
1565:
1551:
1550:
1546:
1541:
1530:
1503:
1502:
1498:
1494:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1432:
1411:
1410:
1407:
1395:or the chlorite–
1392:
1368:
1336:
1325:
1324:
1320:
1315:
1283:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1273:
1272:
1266:
1263:
1256:
1250:
1247:
1244:
1238:
1235:
1232:
1225:
1215:
1212:
1205:
1188:Sir Humphry Davy
1099:The molecule ClO
1046:Chlorine dioxide
1024:
1018:
1015:
1014:
925:lowest published
882:
875:
868:
861:
846:
826:
822:
818:
814:
810:
806:
802:
798:
794:
790:
786:
782:
778:
774:
770:
766:
752:
748:
744:
740:
712:
707:
702:
646:
619:
599:Thermochemistry
576:
574:
464:
449:
446:
439:Chemical formula
364:
363:
348:
346:
320:
284:
273:
262:
260:Chlorine+dioxide
243:Gmelin Reference
226:
218:
207:
196:
176:
156:
149:
125:
86:Chlorine dioxide
72:
39:
35:
31:
8876:
8875:
8871:
8870:
8869:
8867:
8866:
8865:
8856:Explosive gases
8831:Chlorine oxides
8821:
8820:
8819:
8814:
8804:
8800:
8795:
8790:
8786:
8781:
8776:
8772:
8767:
8762:
8758:
8753:
8748:
8744:
8739:
8734:
8730:
8725:
8720:
8715:
8708:
8702:
8697:
8692:
8688:
8683:
8679:
8666:
8662:
8653:
8645:
8637:
8633:
8625:
8621:
8613:
8609:
8600:
8592:
8579:
8575:
8567:
8559:
8551:
8547:
8539:
8535:
8527:
8514:
8510:
8497:
8493:
8485:
8481:
8472:
8464:
8460:
8452:
8448:
8440:
8432:
8424:
8420:
8412:
8408:
8400:
8396:
8388:
8384:
8376:
8372:
8359:
8355:
8346:
8333:
8325:
8321:
8312:
8303:
8294:
8285:
8277:
8264:
8260:
8251:
8243:
8239:
8231:
8227:
8214:
8210:
8202:
8198:
8190:
8186:
8173:
8169:
8161:
8153:
8149:
8141:
8137:
8129:
8125:
8117:
8109:
8105:
8097:
8093:
8080:
8076:
8068:
8064:
8056:
8052:
8044:
8040:
8032:
8028:
8019:
8011:
8003:
7999:
7991:
7987:
7979:
7966:
7953:
7949:
7941:
7925:
7922:
7921:
7920:
7916:
7913:
7912:
7911:
7909:
7904:
7900:
7892:
7888:
7880:
7872:
7868:
7860:
7852:
7848:
7830:
7826:
7818:
7814:
7806:
7802:
7794:
7790:
7782:
7778:
7770:
7762:
7758:
7750:
7746:
7734:
7729:
7699:
7694:
7625:
7608:Packaging gases
7584:
7513:
7508:
7478:
7473:
7471:Category:Oxides
7467:oxidation state
7459:
7413:
7409:
7395:
7386:Xenon tetroxide
7381:
7367:
7353:
7332:
7328:
7324:
7311:
7307:
7294:
7290:
7277:
7273:
7253:
7249:
7235:
7221:
7207:
7193:
7184:Sulfur trioxide
7179:
7165:
7151:
7137:
7123:
7102:
7098:
7094:
7081:
7077:
7064:
7060:
7047:
7043:
7030:
7026:
7013:
7009:
6996:
6992:
6979:
6975:
6962:
6958:
6938:
6934:
6920:
6906:
6897:Uranium dioxide
6892:
6878:
6864:
6850:
6841:Thorium dioxide
6836:
6822:
6808:
6794:
6780:
6771:Silicon dioxide
6766:
6752:
6738:
6724:
6710:
6696:
6682:
6668:
6654:
6640:
6626:
6612:
6598:
6584:
6570:
6561:Iridium dioxide
6556:
6542:
6528:
6524:
6511:
6497:
6483:
6469:
6455:
6446:Carbon trioxide
6441:
6427:
6413:
6404:Bromine dioxide
6399:
6385:
6364:
6360:
6356:
6343:
6339:
6326:
6322:
6309:
6305:
6292:
6288:
6275:
6271:
6258:
6254:
6241:
6237:
6224:
6220:
6207:
6203:
6190:
6186:
6173:
6169:
6156:
6152:
6139:
6135:
6122:
6118:
6105:
6101:
6088:
6084:
6071:
6067:
6054:
6050:
6042:Lanthanum oxide
6037:
6033:
6025:Iron(III) oxide
6020:
6016:
6003:
5999:
5986:
5982:
5974:Gold(III) oxide
5969:
5965:
5952:
5948:
5935:
5931:
5918:
5914:
5901:
5897:
5884:
5880:
5867:
5863:
5850:
5846:
5833:
5829:
5816:
5812:
5799:
5795:
5782:
5778:
5765:
5761:
5748:
5744:
5731:
5727:
5714:
5710:
5697:
5693:
5680:
5676:
5663:
5659:
5651:Aluminium oxide
5646:
5642:
5622:
5558:
5554:
5536:Sulfur monoxide
5526:Strontium oxide
5416:Magnesium oxide
5396:Iodine monoxide
5361:
5357:
5299:Carbon monoxide
5259:Beryllium oxide
5217:
5213:
5200:
5187:
5174:
5161:
5148:
5140:Potassium oxide
5135:
5122:
5109:
5096:
5088:Iodine(I) oxide
5083:
5070:
5057:
5044:
5031:
5023:Copper(I) oxide
5018:
4998:
4994:
4990:
4977:
4973:
4960:
4956:
4943:
4939:
4926:
4922:
4909:
4905:
4892:
4888:
4875:
4871:
4858:
4854:
4841:
4837:
4824:
4820:
4807:
4803:
4790:
4786:
4773:
4769:
4761:Carbon suboxide
4756:
4752:
4739:
4735:
4715:
4710:
4680:
4675:
4670:
4662:
4653:
4645:
4630:
4625:
4617:
4613:
4602:
4593:
4585:
4562:
4558:
4550:
4546:
4538:
4534:
4525:
4521:
4512:
4508:
4500:
4496:
4488:
4484:
4475:
4467:
4451:Chlorine oxides
4445:
4441:
4433:
4411:
4405:
4401:
4397:
4392:
4384:
4376:
4368:
4354:
4346:
4338:
4330:
4299:
4294:
4250:
4245:
4235:
4233:
4220:
4219:
4215:
4205:
4203:
4194:
4193:
4189:
4170:
4169:
4165:
4155:
4153:
4141:
4137:
4127:
4125:
4111:
4107:
4097:
4095:
4082:
4081:
4074:
4064:
4062:
4053:
4052:
4048:
4038:
4036:
4026:
4022:
4012:
4010:
3992:
3988:
3978:
3976:
3968:
3967:
3963:
3953:
3951:
3942:
3941:
3934:
3924:
3922:
3913:
3912:
3908:
3899:
3898:
3894:
3859:
3855:
3847:
3840:
3836:
3835:
3831:
3790:(1): e0280377.
3776:
3772:
3727:
3723:
3713:
3711:
3702:
3701:
3697:
3687:
3685:
3671:
3667:
3628:
3624:
3614:
3612:
3608:
3597:
3593:
3592:
3588:
3556:
3552:
3542:
3540:
3531:
3530:
3526:
3516:
3514:
3503:
3499:
3489:
3487:
3476:
3475:
3471:
3461:
3459:
3451:
3450:
3446:
3409:
3405:
3395:
3393:
3388:
3387:
3383:
3364:
3360:
3350:
3348:
3340:
3339:
3335:
3312:(pt 1): 60–67.
3298:
3294:
3284:
3282:
3278:
3239:
3229:
3225:
3202:
3198:
3188:
3186:
3181:
3180:
3176:
3166:
3164:
3156:
3155:
3148:
3115:10.2307/3429432
3095:
3091:
3084:10.1139/s02-026
3059:
3050:
3027:
3023:
2992:
2988:
2965:
2961:
2951:
2949:
2940:
2939:
2935:
2920:
2902:
2898:
2891:
2877:
2870:
2863:
2849:
2838:
2829:
2827:
2823:
2816:
2810:
2809:
2790:
2783:
2761:
2757:
2750:
2736:
2729:
2710:
2706:
2699:
2675:
2654:
2647:
2625:
2621:
2586:
2582:
2574:
2570:
2543:
2539:
2532:
2514:
2507:
2455:
2449:
2445:
2435:
2433:
2425:
2424:
2420:
2413:
2405:. p. 845.
2392:
2388:
2371:
2370:
2366:
2356:
2354:
2352:
2328:
2324:
2309:
2298:
2291:
2271:
2267:
2263:
2239:
2233:
2183:
2159:
2126:deionized water
2108:
2096:sodium chlorite
2056:
2043:Cryptosporidium
1971:trihalomethanes
1947:
1937:
1935:Water treatment
1906:
1886:
1867:
1851:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1832:
1828:
1824:
1823:
1820:
1816:
1811:
1809:
1805:
1801:
1797:
1796:
1792:
1788:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1773:Other processes
1748:
1744:
1740:
1736:
1732:
1728:
1727:
1724:
1717:
1714:
1713:
1711:
1706:
1703:
1699:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1686:
1683:+ 2 H → 2 ClO
1679:
1676:
1675:
1670:
1667:
1666:
1664:
1662:
1656:
1653:
1652:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1641:
1632:sodium chlorate
1628:
1598:sodium chlorate
1594:
1591:
1587:
1583:
1579:
1575:
1571:
1567:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1543:
1540:
1536:
1531:
1528:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1495:
1492:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1476:
1463:
1446:Alternatively,
1443:
1440:
1433:
1430:
1429:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1408:
1405:
1404:
1402:
1393:
1390:
1386:
1382:
1378:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1354:
1337:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1322:
1318:
1317:
1314:
1310:
1307:with chlorine:
1305:sodium chlorite
1302:
1297:
1268:
1264:
1259:
1243:
1237:
1233:
1228:
1213:
1208:
1203:
1201:
1198:
1197:
1184:
1147:
1136:
1128:
1102:
1078:
1066:food processing
1055:
1043:
1036:
1031:
1030:
1029: ?)
1020:
1016:
1012:
1008:
977:
964:
951:
928:
922:
910:
904:
887:
886:
885:
884:
877:
870:
863:
856:
852:
844:
761:
735:
721:
695:
672:
647:
644:
638:
634:
631:
630:Std enthalpy of
623:257.22 J K mol
620:
617:
610:
607:
590:
572:
570:
567:
565:
556:
522:
462:
452:
441:
427:
424:
419:
414:
413:
402:
399:
398:
395:
389:
388:
385:
379:
378:
367:
349:
342:
323:
303:
287:
274:
245:
236:
199:
179:
159:
139:
128:
115:
101:
100:
87:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
8874:
8864:
8863:
8858:
8853:
8848:
8843:
8838:
8833:
8816:
8815:
8813:
8812:
8807:
8802:
8798:
8793:
8788:
8784:
8779:
8774:
8770:
8765:
8760:
8756:
8751:
8746:
8742:
8737:
8732:
8728:
8723:
8718:
8713:
8706:
8700:
8695:
8690:
8686:
8681:
8677:
8673:
8668:
8664:
8660:
8656:
8651:
8647:
8643:
8639:
8635:
8631:
8627:
8623:
8619:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8598:
8594:
8590:
8586:
8581:
8577:
8573:
8569:
8565:
8561:
8557:
8553:
8549:
8545:
8541:
8537:
8533:
8529:
8525:
8521:
8516:
8512:
8508:
8504:
8499:
8495:
8491:
8487:
8483:
8479:
8475:
8470:
8466:
8462:
8458:
8454:
8450:
8446:
8442:
8438:
8434:
8430:
8426:
8422:
8418:
8414:
8410:
8406:
8402:
8398:
8394:
8390:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8361:
8357:
8353:
8349:
8344:
8340:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8323:
8319:
8315:
8310:
8306:
8301:
8297:
8292:
8288:
8283:
8279:
8275:
8271:
8266:
8262:
8258:
8254:
8249:
8245:
8241:
8237:
8233:
8229:
8225:
8221:
8216:
8212:
8208:
8204:
8200:
8196:
8192:
8188:
8184:
8180:
8175:
8171:
8167:
8163:
8159:
8155:
8151:
8147:
8143:
8139:
8135:
8131:
8127:
8123:
8119:
8115:
8111:
8107:
8103:
8099:
8095:
8091:
8087:
8082:
8078:
8074:
8070:
8066:
8062:
8058:
8054:
8050:
8046:
8042:
8038:
8034:
8030:
8026:
8022:
8017:
8013:
8009:
8005:
8001:
7997:
7993:
7989:
7985:
7981:
7977:
7973:
7968:
7964:
7960:
7955:
7951:
7947:
7943:
7939:
7935:
7930:
7923:
7914:
7906:
7902:
7898:
7894:
7890:
7886:
7882:
7878:
7874:
7870:
7866:
7862:
7858:
7854:
7850:
7846:
7842:
7837:
7832:
7828:
7824:
7820:
7816:
7812:
7808:
7804:
7800:
7796:
7792:
7788:
7784:
7780:
7776:
7772:
7768:
7764:
7760:
7756:
7752:
7748:
7744:
7739:
7736:
7735:
7728:
7727:
7720:
7713:
7705:
7696:
7695:
7693:
7692:
7686:
7680:
7674:
7668:
7662:
7656:
7650:
7644:
7635:
7624:
7623:
7620:Foaming agents
7617:
7611:
7605:
7597:
7591:
7583:
7582:
7579:
7574:
7568:
7555:
7541:
7531:
7525:
7518:
7515:
7514:
7507:
7506:
7499:
7492:
7484:
7475:
7474:
7464:
7461:
7460:
7458:
7457:
7452:
7447:
7442:
7437:
7432:
7427:
7421:
7419:
7415:
7414:
7412:
7411:
7407:
7397:
7393:
7383:
7379:
7369:
7365:
7355:
7351:
7340:
7338:
7334:
7333:
7331:
7330:
7326:
7322:
7313:
7309:
7305:
7296:
7292:
7288:
7279:
7275:
7271:
7261:
7259:
7255:
7254:
7252:
7251:
7247:
7240:Xenon trioxide
7237:
7233:
7223:
7219:
7209:
7205:
7195:
7191:
7181:
7177:
7167:
7163:
7153:
7149:
7139:
7135:
7125:
7121:
7110:
7108:
7104:
7103:
7101:
7100:
7096:
7092:
7083:
7079:
7075:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7049:
7045:
7041:
7032:
7028:
7024:
7015:
7011:
7007:
6998:
6994:
6990:
6981:
6977:
6973:
6964:
6960:
6956:
6946:
6944:
6940:
6939:
6937:
6936:
6932:
6922:
6918:
6908:
6904:
6894:
6890:
6880:
6876:
6866:
6862:
6852:
6848:
6838:
6834:
6824:
6820:
6810:
6806:
6796:
6792:
6785:Sulfur dioxide
6782:
6778:
6768:
6764:
6754:
6750:
6740:
6736:
6726:
6722:
6712:
6708:
6698:
6694:
6684:
6680:
6670:
6666:
6656:
6652:
6645:Osmium dioxide
6642:
6638:
6628:
6624:
6614:
6610:
6600:
6596:
6586:
6582:
6572:
6568:
6558:
6554:
6547:Iodine dioxide
6544:
6540:
6530:
6526:
6522:
6513:
6509:
6499:
6495:
6485:
6481:
6471:
6467:
6457:
6453:
6443:
6439:
6432:Carbon dioxide
6429:
6425:
6415:
6411:
6401:
6397:
6387:
6383:
6372:
6370:
6366:
6365:
6363:
6362:
6358:
6354:
6345:
6341:
6337:
6328:
6324:
6320:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6294:
6290:
6286:
6277:
6273:
6269:
6260:
6256:
6252:
6243:
6239:
6235:
6226:
6222:
6218:
6212:Scandium oxide
6209:
6205:
6201:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6175:
6171:
6167:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6141:
6137:
6133:
6124:
6120:
6116:
6107:
6103:
6099:
6090:
6086:
6082:
6073:
6069:
6065:
6056:
6052:
6048:
6039:
6035:
6031:
6022:
6018:
6014:
6005:
6001:
5997:
5988:
5984:
5980:
5971:
5967:
5963:
5954:
5950:
5946:
5937:
5933:
5929:
5920:
5916:
5912:
5903:
5899:
5895:
5886:
5882:
5878:
5869:
5865:
5861:
5852:
5848:
5844:
5835:
5831:
5827:
5818:
5814:
5810:
5801:
5797:
5793:
5784:
5780:
5776:
5767:
5763:
5759:
5753:Boron trioxide
5750:
5746:
5742:
5733:
5729:
5725:
5716:
5712:
5708:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5682:
5678:
5674:
5665:
5661:
5657:
5648:
5644:
5640:
5630:
5628:
5624:
5623:
5621:
5620:
5610:
5600:
5590:
5580:
5570:
5560:
5556:
5552:
5543:
5533:
5523:
5513:
5503:
5493:
5483:
5473:
5463:
5453:
5443:
5433:
5423:
5413:
5406:Lead(II) oxide
5403:
5393:
5386:Iron(II) oxide
5383:
5373:
5363:
5359:
5355:
5346:
5336:
5326:
5316:
5306:
5296:
5286:
5276:
5266:
5256:
5246:
5236:
5225:
5223:
5219:
5218:
5216:
5215:
5211:
5202:
5198:
5189:
5185:
5176:
5172:
5163:
5159:
5153:Rubidium oxide
5150:
5146:
5137:
5133:
5124:
5120:
5111:
5107:
5098:
5094:
5085:
5081:
5072:
5068:
5059:
5055:
5046:
5042:
5033:
5029:
5020:
5016:
5006:
5004:
5000:
4999:
4997:
4996:
4992:
4988:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4962:
4958:
4954:
4945:
4941:
4937:
4928:
4924:
4920:
4911:
4907:
4903:
4894:
4890:
4886:
4877:
4873:
4869:
4860:
4856:
4852:
4843:
4839:
4835:
4826:
4822:
4818:
4809:
4805:
4801:
4792:
4788:
4784:
4775:
4771:
4767:
4758:
4754:
4750:
4744:Boron suboxide
4741:
4737:
4733:
4723:
4721:
4717:
4716:
4709:
4708:
4701:
4694:
4686:
4677:
4676:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4664:
4660:
4656:
4651:
4647:
4643:
4638:
4636:
4632:
4631:
4629:
4628:
4623:
4619:
4615:
4611:
4607:
4600:
4596:
4591:
4587:
4583:
4579:
4573:
4571:
4564:
4563:
4561:
4560:
4556:
4552:
4548:
4544:
4540:
4536:
4532:
4528:
4523:
4519:
4514:
4510:
4506:
4502:
4498:
4494:
4490:
4486:
4482:
4478:
4473:
4469:
4465:
4461:
4455:
4453:
4447:
4446:
4444:
4443:
4439:
4435:
4431:
4427:
4421:
4419:
4413:
4412:
4410:
4409:
4403:
4399:
4394:
4390:
4386:
4382:
4378:
4374:
4370:
4366:
4362:
4357:
4352:
4348:
4344:
4340:
4336:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4319:
4313:
4311:
4301:
4300:
4293:
4292:
4285:
4278:
4270:
4264:
4263:
4249:
4248:External links
4246:
4244:
4243:
4213:
4187:
4163:
4135:
4105:
4072:
4046:
4020:
3986:
3961:
3950:. May 21, 2019
3932:
3906:
3892:
3853:
3829:
3770:
3721:
3695:
3665:
3644:10.1086/665320
3622:
3602:Ethical Agents
3586:
3550:
3539:. May 29, 2019
3524:
3497:
3469:
3444:
3403:
3381:
3358:
3333:
3292:
3256:10.1086/518847
3223:
3212:(4): 261–267.
3196:
3174:
3146:
3089:
3070:(5): 323–330.
3048:
3033:(in Chinese).
3021:
2986:
2959:
2933:
2918:
2910:Academic Press
2896:
2889:
2868:
2861:
2836:
2788:
2781:
2755:
2748:
2727:
2704:
2698:978-3527306732
2697:
2652:
2645:
2619:
2580:
2568:
2537:
2530:
2505:
2466:(3): 303–307.
2443:
2418:
2411:
2386:
2364:
2350:
2322:
2296:
2289:
2264:
2262:
2259:
2235:Main article:
2232:
2231:Pseudomedicine
2229:
2182:
2179:
2158:
2155:
2137:quagga mussels
2107:
2104:
2055:
2052:
1987:cooling towers
1955:drinking water
1936:
1933:
1914:organochlorine
1905:
1902:
1885:
1882:
1865:
1850:
1847:
1838:
1834:
1818:
1815:
1807:
1790:
1786:
1782:
1779:
1774:
1771:
1760:sodium sulfate
1742:
1738:
1722:
1710:
1701:
1697:
1694:
1688:
1684:
1663:
1640:
1626:
1622:sulfur dioxide
1606:reducing agent
1602:pulp bleaching
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1573:
1569:
1562:
1558:
1554:
1538:
1535:
1526:
1522:
1518:
1514:
1510:
1506:
1490:
1486:
1482:
1478:
1475:
1462:
1459:
1438:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1401:
1388:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1364:
1360:
1356:
1353:
1332:
1328:
1312:
1309:
1300:
1296:
1293:
1288:
1287:
1271:
1262:
1253:
1241:
1231:
1222:
1219:
1211:
1183:
1180:
1146:
1143:
1134:
1126:
1100:
1077:
1074:
1053:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1032:
1010:
1009:
1005:standard state
1002:
999:
998:
989:
982:
981:
978:
972:
969:
968:
965:
959:
956:
955:
952:
946:
943:
942:
933:
932:
929:
920:
918:
915:
914:
911:
902:
900:
897:
896:
889:
888:
878:
871:
864:
857:
842:
841:
840:
839:
837:
828:
827:
813:P371+P380+P375
805:P305+P351+P338
762:
757:
754:
753:
743:H300+H310+H330
736:
731:
728:
727:
722:
717:
714:
713:
696:
691:
688:
687:
677:
676:
673:
670:
667:
666:
657:
656:
652:
651:
650:104.60 kJ/mol
648:
642:
636:
628:
625:
624:
621:
615:
604:
601:
600:
596:
595:
592:
588:
578:
577:
568:
563:
553:
550:
549:
546:
544:Vapor pressure
540:
539:
533:
527:
526:
523:
518:
515:
514:
511:
505:
504:
501:
495:
494:
491:
485:
484:
481:
475:
474:
471:
467:
466:
460:
454:
453:
450:
442:
437:
434:
433:
429:
428:
426:
425:
422:
420:
417:
409:
408:
407:
404:
403:
401:
400:
396:
393:
392:
390:
386:
383:
382:
374:
373:
372:
369:
368:
366:
365:
352:
350:
338:
335:
334:
331:
325:
324:
322:
321:
313:
311:
305:
304:
302:
301:
297:
295:
289:
288:
286:
285:
277:
275:
267:
264:
263:
256:
250:
249:
246:
241:
238:
237:
235:
234:
230:
228:
220:
219:
209:
201:
200:
198:
197:
189:
187:
181:
180:
178:
177:
169:
167:
161:
160:
158:
157:
150:
142:
140:
133:
130:
129:
127:
126:
118:
116:
111:
108:
107:
103:
102:
99:
98:
94:
93:
89:
88:
85:
79:
78:
74:
73:
65:
64:
61:
60:
50:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
8873:
8862:
8859:
8857:
8854:
8852:
8849:
8847:
8846:Free radicals
8844:
8842:
8841:Disinfectants
8839:
8837:
8834:
8832:
8829:
8828:
8826:
8811:
8808:
8805:
8794:
8791:
8780:
8777:
8766:
8763:
8752:
8749:
8738:
8735:
8724:
8721:
8714:
8711:
8707:
8704:
8696:
8693:
8682:
8680:
8674:
8672:
8669:
8667:
8657:
8655:
8648:
8646:
8640:
8638:
8628:
8626:
8616:
8614:
8604:
8602:
8595:
8593:
8587:
8585:
8582:
8580:
8570:
8568:
8562:
8560:
8554:
8552:
8542:
8540:
8530:
8528:
8522:
8520:
8517:
8515:
8505:
8503:
8500:
8498:
8488:
8486:
8476:
8474:
8467:
8465:
8455:
8453:
8443:
8441:
8435:
8433:
8427:
8425:
8415:
8413:
8403:
8401:
8391:
8389:
8379:
8377:
8367:
8365:
8362:
8360:
8350:
8348:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8328:
8326:
8316:
8314:
8307:
8305:
8298:
8296:
8289:
8287:
8280:
8278:
8272:
8270:
8267:
8265:
8255:
8253:
8246:
8244:
8234:
8232:
8222:
8220:
8217:
8215:
8205:
8203:
8193:
8191:
8181:
8179:
8176:
8174:
8164:
8162:
8156:
8154:
8144:
8142:
8132:
8130:
8120:
8118:
8112:
8110:
8100:
8098:
8088:
8086:
8083:
8081:
8071:
8069:
8059:
8057:
8047:
8045:
8035:
8033:
8023:
8021:
8014:
8012:
8006:
8004:
7994:
7992:
7982:
7980:
7974:
7972:
7969:
7967:
7961:
7959:
7956:
7954:
7944:
7942:
7936:
7934:
7931:
7929:
7907:
7905:
7895:
7893:
7883:
7881:
7875:
7873:
7863:
7861:
7855:
7853:
7843:
7841:
7838:
7836:
7833:
7831:
7821:
7819:
7809:
7807:
7797:
7795:
7785:
7783:
7773:
7771:
7765:
7763:
7753:
7751:
7741:
7740:
7737:
7733:
7726:
7721:
7719:
7714:
7712:
7707:
7706:
7703:
7690:
7687:
7684:
7681:
7678:
7675:
7672:
7669:
7666:
7663:
7660:
7657:
7654:
7651:
7648:
7645:
7642:
7636:
7633:
7627:
7626:
7621:
7618:
7615:
7612:
7609:
7606:
7604:
7602:
7598:
7595:
7592:
7589:
7586:
7585:
7580:
7578:
7575:
7572:
7569:
7566:
7562:
7559:
7556:
7553:
7549:
7545:
7542:
7539:
7535:
7532:
7529:
7528:Preservatives
7526:
7523:
7520:
7519:
7516:
7512:
7505:
7500:
7498:
7493:
7491:
7486:
7485:
7482:
7472:
7468:
7462:
7456:
7453:
7451:
7448:
7446:
7443:
7441:
7438:
7436:
7433:
7431:
7428:
7426:
7423:
7422:
7420:
7416:
7405:
7401:
7398:
7391:
7387:
7384:
7377:
7373:
7370:
7363:
7359:
7356:
7349:
7345:
7342:
7341:
7339:
7335:
7321:
7317:
7314:
7304:
7300:
7297:
7287:
7283:
7280:
7270:
7266:
7263:
7262:
7260:
7256:
7245:
7241:
7238:
7231:
7227:
7224:
7217:
7213:
7210:
7203:
7199:
7196:
7189:
7185:
7182:
7175:
7171:
7168:
7161:
7157:
7154:
7147:
7143:
7140:
7133:
7129:
7126:
7119:
7115:
7112:
7111:
7109:
7105:
7091:
7087:
7084:
7074:
7070:
7067:
7057:
7053:
7050:
7040:
7036:
7033:
7023:
7019:
7016:
7006:
7002:
6999:
6989:
6985:
6982:
6972:
6968:
6965:
6955:
6951:
6948:
6947:
6945:
6941:
6930:
6926:
6923:
6916:
6912:
6909:
6902:
6898:
6895:
6888:
6884:
6881:
6874:
6870:
6867:
6860:
6856:
6853:
6846:
6842:
6839:
6832:
6828:
6825:
6818:
6814:
6811:
6804:
6800:
6797:
6790:
6786:
6783:
6776:
6772:
6769:
6762:
6758:
6755:
6748:
6744:
6741:
6734:
6730:
6727:
6720:
6716:
6713:
6706:
6702:
6699:
6692:
6688:
6685:
6678:
6674:
6671:
6664:
6660:
6657:
6650:
6646:
6643:
6636:
6632:
6629:
6622:
6618:
6615:
6608:
6604:
6601:
6594:
6590:
6587:
6580:
6576:
6573:
6566:
6562:
6559:
6552:
6548:
6545:
6538:
6534:
6531:
6521:
6517:
6514:
6507:
6503:
6500:
6493:
6489:
6486:
6479:
6475:
6472:
6465:
6461:
6458:
6451:
6447:
6444:
6437:
6433:
6430:
6423:
6419:
6416:
6409:
6405:
6402:
6395:
6391:
6388:
6381:
6377:
6374:
6373:
6371:
6367:
6353:
6349:
6346:
6336:
6332:
6329:
6319:
6315:
6312:
6302:
6298:
6295:
6285:
6281:
6278:
6268:
6264:
6261:
6251:
6247:
6244:
6234:
6230:
6227:
6217:
6213:
6210:
6200:
6196:
6193:
6183:
6179:
6176:
6166:
6162:
6159:
6149:
6145:
6142:
6132:
6128:
6125:
6115:
6111:
6108:
6098:
6094:
6091:
6081:
6077:
6074:
6064:
6060:
6057:
6047:
6043:
6040:
6030:
6026:
6023:
6013:
6009:
6006:
5996:
5992:
5989:
5979:
5975:
5972:
5962:
5958:
5955:
5945:
5941:
5938:
5928:
5924:
5921:
5911:
5907:
5904:
5894:
5890:
5887:
5877:
5873:
5870:
5860:
5856:
5853:
5843:
5839:
5836:
5826:
5822:
5819:
5809:
5805:
5802:
5792:
5788:
5785:
5775:
5771:
5768:
5758:
5754:
5751:
5741:
5737:
5734:
5724:
5720:
5717:
5707:
5703:
5700:
5690:
5686:
5683:
5673:
5669:
5666:
5656:
5652:
5649:
5639:
5635:
5632:
5631:
5629:
5625:
5618:
5614:
5611:
5608:
5604:
5601:
5598:
5594:
5591:
5588:
5584:
5581:
5578:
5574:
5573:Tin(II) oxide
5571:
5568:
5564:
5561:
5551:
5547:
5544:
5541:
5537:
5534:
5531:
5527:
5524:
5521:
5517:
5514:
5511:
5507:
5504:
5501:
5497:
5494:
5491:
5487:
5484:
5481:
5477:
5474:
5471:
5467:
5464:
5461:
5457:
5454:
5451:
5447:
5444:
5441:
5437:
5434:
5431:
5427:
5424:
5421:
5417:
5414:
5411:
5407:
5404:
5401:
5397:
5394:
5391:
5387:
5384:
5381:
5377:
5374:
5371:
5367:
5364:
5354:
5350:
5347:
5344:
5340:
5337:
5334:
5330:
5327:
5324:
5320:
5317:
5314:
5310:
5307:
5304:
5300:
5297:
5294:
5290:
5289:Calcium oxide
5287:
5284:
5280:
5279:Cadmium oxide
5277:
5274:
5270:
5267:
5264:
5260:
5257:
5254:
5250:
5247:
5244:
5240:
5237:
5234:
5230:
5227:
5226:
5224:
5220:
5210:
5206:
5203:
5197:
5193:
5190:
5184:
5180:
5177:
5171:
5167:
5164:
5158:
5154:
5151:
5145:
5141:
5138:
5132:
5128:
5127:Nitrous oxide
5125:
5119:
5115:
5112:
5106:
5102:
5101:Lithium oxide
5099:
5093:
5089:
5086:
5080:
5076:
5073:
5067:
5063:
5060:
5054:
5050:
5047:
5041:
5037:
5034:
5028:
5024:
5021:
5015:
5011:
5008:
5007:
5005:
5001:
4987:
4983:
4980:
4970:
4966:
4963:
4953:
4949:
4946:
4936:
4932:
4929:
4919:
4915:
4912:
4902:
4898:
4895:
4885:
4881:
4878:
4868:
4864:
4861:
4851:
4847:
4844:
4834:
4830:
4827:
4817:
4813:
4810:
4800:
4796:
4793:
4783:
4779:
4776:
4766:
4762:
4759:
4749:
4745:
4742:
4732:
4728:
4725:
4724:
4722:
4718:
4714:
4707:
4702:
4700:
4695:
4693:
4688:
4687:
4684:
4672:
4665:
4663:
4657:
4655:
4648:
4646:
4640:
4639:
4637:
4633:
4627:
4620:
4618:
4608:
4606:
4597:
4595:
4588:
4586:
4580:
4578:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4570:
4565:
4559:
4553:
4551:
4541:
4539:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4515:
4513:
4503:
4501:
4491:
4489:
4479:
4477:
4470:
4468:
4462:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4454:
4452:
4448:
4442:
4436:
4434:
4428:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4420:
4418:
4414:
4408:
4395:
4393:
4387:
4385:
4379:
4377:
4371:
4369:
4363:
4361:
4358:
4356:
4349:
4347:
4341:
4339:
4333:
4331:
4325:
4323:
4320:
4318:
4315:
4314:
4312:
4310:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4291:
4286:
4284:
4279:
4277:
4272:
4271:
4268:
4261:
4256:
4252:
4251:
4231:
4227:
4223:
4217:
4201:
4197:
4191:
4183:
4179:
4178:
4173:
4167:
4152:
4151:
4146:
4139:
4124:
4120:
4116:
4109:
4093:
4089:
4085:
4079:
4077:
4060:
4056:
4050:
4035:
4031:
4024:
4009:
4005:
4001:
3997:
3990:
3975:
3971:
3965:
3949:
3945:
3939:
3937:
3920:
3916:
3910:
3902:
3896:
3888:
3884:
3880:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3846:
3839:
3833:
3825:
3821:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3801:
3797:
3793:
3789:
3785:
3781:
3774:
3766:
3762:
3757:
3752:
3748:
3744:
3740:
3736:
3732:
3725:
3709:
3705:
3699:
3684:
3680:
3676:
3669:
3661:
3657:
3653:
3649:
3645:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3626:
3607:
3603:
3596:
3590:
3582:
3578:
3574:
3570:
3566:
3562:
3554:
3538:
3537:The Big Issue
3534:
3528:
3512:
3508:
3501:
3485:
3484:
3479:
3473:
3458:
3454:
3448:
3440:
3436:
3431:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3407:
3391:
3385:
3378:(4): 245–246.
3377:
3373:
3369:
3362:
3347:
3343:
3337:
3329:
3325:
3320:
3315:
3311:
3307:
3303:
3296:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3265:
3261:
3257:
3253:
3249:
3245:
3238:
3236:
3227:
3219:
3215:
3211:
3207:
3200:
3184:
3178:
3163:
3159:
3153:
3151:
3142:
3138:
3133:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3108:
3104:
3100:
3093:
3085:
3081:
3077:
3073:
3069:
3065:
3057:
3055:
3053:
3044:
3040:
3036:
3032:
3025:
3017:
3013:
3009:
3005:
3001:
2997:
2990:
2982:
2978:
2975:(1): 95–100.
2974:
2970:
2963:
2947:
2943:
2937:
2929:
2925:
2921:
2919:0-12-647480-X
2915:
2911:
2907:
2900:
2892:
2890:0-9771985-0-2
2886:
2882:
2875:
2873:
2864:
2862:0-683-30740-1
2858:
2854:
2847:
2845:
2843:
2841:
2822:
2815:
2814:
2807:
2805:
2803:
2801:
2799:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2784:
2782:0-12-678550-3
2778:
2774:
2769:
2768:
2759:
2751:
2749:0-471-29207-9
2745:
2741:
2734:
2732:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2708:
2700:
2694:
2690:
2686:
2682:
2681:
2673:
2671:
2669:
2667:
2665:
2663:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2648:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2630:
2623:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2595:
2591:
2584:
2578:
2572:
2564:
2560:
2556:
2552:
2548:
2541:
2533:
2531:0-486-65622-5
2527:
2522:
2521:
2512:
2510:
2501:
2497:
2492:
2487:
2482:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2454:
2447:
2432:
2428:
2422:
2414:
2408:
2404:
2400:
2396:
2390:
2382:
2378:
2374:
2368:
2353:
2347:
2343:
2339:
2335:
2334:
2326:
2318:
2314:
2307:
2305:
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2301:
2292:
2286:
2282:
2278:
2277:
2269:
2265:
2258:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2238:
2228:
2226:
2222:
2218:
2213:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2186:
2178:
2176:
2171:
2168:
2164:
2154:
2152:
2147:
2146:eradication.
2145:
2140:
2138:
2134:
2129:
2127:
2123:
2119:
2114:
2111:
2103:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2089:
2088:disinfectants
2085:
2080:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2066:
2062:
2051:
2047:
2045:
2044:
2039:
2035:
2034:
2029:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2012:
2010:
2006:
2002:
1997:
1996:
1990:
1988:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1972:
1968:
1964:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1946:
1942:
1932:
1930:
1925:
1923:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1901:
1899:
1895:
1891:
1881:
1879:
1875:
1871:
1863:
1858:
1856:
1846:
1814:
1778:
1770:
1768:
1763:
1761:
1757:
1756:sulfuric acid
1753:
1709:
1639:
1637:
1633:
1625:
1623:
1619:
1615:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1600:, for use in
1599:
1534:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1458:
1456:
1451:
1449:
1400:
1398:
1397:sulfuric acid
1376:
1374:
1352:
1350:
1346:
1342:
1308:
1306:
1292:
1286:
1260:
1251:
1239:
1229:
1220:
1217:
1209:
1196:
1195:
1194:
1191:
1189:
1179:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1155:Linus Pauling
1152:
1142:
1141:space group.
1140:
1123:
1119:
1117:
1113:
1110:
1106:
1093:
1087:
1082:
1073:
1071:
1067:
1063:
1059:
1051:
1047:
1035:
1028:
1023:
1006:
1000:
996:
993:
990:
987:
984:
983:
979:
975:
971:
970:
966:
963:(Recommended)
962:
958:
957:
953:
950:(Permissible)
949:
945:
944:
940:
939:
934:
930:
926:
917:
916:
912:
908:
899:
898:
894:
890:
883:
876:
869:
862:
838:
835:
834:
830:
829:
763:
760:
756:
755:
737:
734:
730:
729:
726:
723:
720:
716:
715:
711:
706:
701:
697:
694:
690:
689:
685:
683:
678:
674:
669:
668:
664:
663:
658:
653:
649:
641:
633:
627:
626:
622:
614:
609:
603:
602:
597:
593:
587:
583:
580:
579:
569:
562:
558:
552:
551:
547:
545:
542:
541:
538:
537:sulfuric acid
534:
532:
529:
528:
524:
521:
517:
516:
512:
510:
509:Boiling point
507:
506:
502:
500:
499:Melting point
497:
496:
492:
490:
487:
486:
482:
480:
477:
476:
472:
469:
468:
461:
459:
456:
455:
443:
440:
436:
435:
430:
421:
416:
415:
412:
405:
391:
381:
380:
377:
370:
362:
358:
357:DTXSID5023958
354:
353:
351:
341:
337:
336:
332:
330:
327:
326:
319:
315:
314:
312:
310:
307:
306:
299:
298:
296:
294:
291:
290:
283:
279:
278:
276:
270:
266:
265:
261:
257:
255:
252:
251:
247:
244:
240:
239:
232:
231:
229:
227:
222:
221:
217:
213:
210:
208:
206:ECHA InfoCard
203:
202:
195:
191:
190:
188:
186:
183:
182:
175:
171:
170:
168:
166:
163:
162:
155:
151:
148:
144:
143:
141:
137:
132:
131:
124:
120:
119:
117:
114:
110:
109:
104:
96:
95:
90:
84:
80:
75:
71:
66:
55:
51:
45:
41:
40:
36:
28:
24:
19:
8007:
7670:
7599:
7576:
7534:Antioxidants
6589:Lead dioxide
6473:
5506:Radium oxide
5456:Nitric oxide
5239:Barium oxide
5192:Sodium oxide
5166:Silver oxide
4598:
4569:oxyfluorides
4516:
4463:
4234:. Retrieved
4230:the original
4216:
4204:. Retrieved
4190:
4182:the original
4175:
4166:
4154:. Retrieved
4150:The Guardian
4148:
4138:
4126:. Retrieved
4118:
4108:
4096:. Retrieved
4092:the original
4063:. Retrieved
4058:
4049:
4037:. Retrieved
4033:
4023:
4011:. Retrieved
3999:
3989:
3977:. Retrieved
3974:Detroit News
3973:
3964:
3952:. Retrieved
3947:
3923:. Retrieved
3919:the original
3909:
3895:
3870:
3866:
3856:
3845:the original
3832:
3787:
3783:
3773:
3738:
3734:
3724:
3714:February 10,
3712:. Retrieved
3698:
3688:February 10,
3686:. Retrieved
3678:
3668:
3638:(5): 495–9.
3635:
3631:
3625:
3613:. Retrieved
3606:the original
3601:
3589:
3567:(1): 55–65.
3564:
3560:
3553:
3541:. Retrieved
3536:
3527:
3515:. Retrieved
3510:
3500:
3488:. Retrieved
3481:
3472:
3460:. Retrieved
3456:
3447:
3420:
3416:
3406:
3396:November 27,
3394:. Retrieved
3384:
3375:
3371:
3361:
3351:November 25,
3349:. Retrieved
3336:
3309:
3305:
3295:
3285:November 27,
3283:. Retrieved
3276:the original
3247:
3243:
3234:
3226:
3209:
3205:
3199:
3189:November 25,
3187:. Retrieved
3177:
3167:November 29,
3165:. Retrieved
3106:
3102:
3092:
3067:
3063:
3037:(1): 10–13.
3034:
3030:
3024:
2999:
2996:Desalination
2995:
2989:
2972:
2968:
2962:
2952:February 26,
2950:. Retrieved
2946:the original
2936:
2905:
2899:
2880:
2852:
2830:November 27,
2828:, retrieved
2821:the original
2812:
2766:
2758:
2739:
2717:
2707:
2678:
2628:
2622:
2597:
2593:
2583:
2571:
2546:
2540:
2519:
2463:
2459:
2446:
2434:. Retrieved
2430:
2421:
2398:
2389:
2376:
2367:
2355:. Retrieved
2332:
2325:
2274:
2268:
2240:
2214:
2187:
2184:
2172:
2160:
2148:
2141:
2130:
2115:
2112:
2109:
2081:
2057:
2048:
2041:
2031:
2013:
1993:
1991:
1985:, including
1976:
1948:
1926:
1907:
1898:chlorination
1894:disinfection
1892:and for the
1887:
1859:
1852:
1844:
1812:
1776:
1767:disinfection
1764:
1749:
1707:
1629:
1595:
1532:
1464:
1452:
1444:
1394:
1370:
1363:+ 3 NaCl + H
1349:hypochlorite
1341:disinfection
1338:
1298:
1289:
1284:
1192:
1185:
1167:
1162:
1148:
1132:
1116:nitric oxide
1109:paramagnetic
1098:
1085:
1070:disinfectant
1045:
1044:
937:
892:
832:
724:
681:
671:Main hazards
660:
639:
612:
585:
560:
293:RTECS number
106:Identifiers
92:Other names
18:
7552:emulsifiers
7548:stabilisers
7455:Oxypnictide
6855:Tin dioxide
4604:(predicted)
4206:December 6,
3925:December 8,
3683:Sierra Club
3615:November 1,
3543:February 5,
3109:: 151–156.
2436:November 3,
2342:10665/42421
2217:coronavirus
2175:mouthwashes
2092:coronavirus
2069:New Orleans
1471:oxalic acid
1182:Preparation
907:median dose
893:Lethal dose
719:Signal word
665:(OHS/OSH):
555:Henry's law
493:2.757 g dm
470:Appearance
432:Properties
212:100.030.135
174:CHEBI:29415
8825:Categories
7622:(E990–999)
7616:(E950–969)
7614:Sweeteners
7610:(E930–949)
7603:(E920–929)
7596:(E910–919)
7590:(E900–909)
7573:(E600–699)
7567:(E500–599)
7561:regulators
7554:(E400–499)
7544:Thickeners
7540:(E300–399)
7530:(E200–299)
7524:(E100–199)
7450:Superoxide
5613:Zinc oxide
4119:ABC 7 News
4098:August 16,
4065:August 13,
3235:Legionella
3185:. Lenntech
2357:August 17,
2261:References
2167:wastewater
2157:Other uses
2122:surfactant
2118:endoscopes
2005:phosphates
1995:Legionella
1922:kraft pulp
693:Pictograms
548:>1 atm
531:Solubility
458:Molar mass
318:8061YMS4RM
185:ChemSpider
134:3D model (
123:10049-04-4
113:CAS Number
83:IUPAC name
7683:Carbamide
7632:-cysteine
7511:E numbers
7425:Oxocarbon
4567:Chlorine
4305:Chlorides
4156:March 24,
4128:March 24,
4034:USA TODAY
4008:0362-4331
3887:0956-5000
3490:March 28,
3462:March 28,
2614:0366-9033
2281:CRC Press
2073:Louisiana
1918:bleaching
1904:Bleaching
1870:decompose
1789:O → ClO
1270:↑
1149:In 1933,
1068:and as a
817:P403+P233
809:P306+P360
801:P304+P340
797:P301+P310
684:labelling
632:formation
606:Std molar
329:UN number
300:FO3000000
233:233-162-8
225:EC Number
8836:Bleaches
7665:Chlorine
7641:-cystine
7445:Peroxide
7435:Oxyanion
7430:Suboxide
4236:April 5,
4200:Archived
4059:NBC News
4039:April 3,
4013:April 3,
3979:April 3,
3948:NBC News
3824:36634129
3784:PLOS ONE
3765:32410557
3660:14105046
3652:22476276
3581:11358471
3517:June 21,
3439:15954703
3328:18089729
3272:40554616
3264:17620253
2928:58509724
2500:16577512
2383:(NIOSH).
2319:(NIOSH).
2251:COVID-19
2036:and the
2024:protozoa
2020:bacteria
1963:Brussels
1896:(called
1874:chlorine
1864:) of ClO
1752:methanol
1610:methanol
1608:such as
1455:chlorate
1420:→ 2 ClO
1399:method:
1375:method:
1351:method:
1345:chlorite
1240:→
833:NFPA 704
655:Hazards
557:constant
23:chlorite
8810:more...
7685:(E927b)
7522:Colours
7440:Ozonide
7418:Related
3954:May 21,
3815:9836286
3792:Bibcode
3756:8383470
3141:7151756
3132:1569022
3123:3429432
3072:Bibcode
3043:8758861
3004:Bibcode
2551:Bibcode
2491:1085967
2468:Bibcode
2313:"#0116"
2163:phenols
2151:camping
2038:oocysts
2033:Giardia
2016:viruses
1983:biocide
1967:oxidant
1827:⁄
1800:⁄
1731:⁄
1576:→ KHSO
1547:⁄
1499:⁄
1441:O + HCl
1379:5 NaClO
1355:2 NaClO
1321:⁄
1145:History
1112:radical
1027:what is
1025: (
995:Archive
608:entropy
594:3.0(5)
582:Acidity
559: (
489:Density
269:PubChem
25:ion or
7691:(E928)
7679:(E927)
7673:(E926)
7667:(E925)
7661:(E924)
7655:(E923)
7649:(E922)
7643:(E921)
7634:(E920)
7563:&
7550:&
7536:&
4713:Oxides
4006:
3885:
3822:
3812:
3763:
3753:
3679:Sierra
3658:
3650:
3579:
3437:
3326:
3270:
3262:
3139:
3129:
3121:
3041:
2926:
2916:
2887:
2859:
2779:
2775:–199.
2746:
2695:
2643:
2612:
2600:: 23.
2528:
2498:
2488:
2409:
2348:
2287:
2247:autism
2221:enemas
2144:bedbug
2022:, and
2001:silica
1878:oxygen
1841:+ NaCl
1837:→ ClO
1793:+ NaOH
1660:+ HOCl
1428:+ 2 SO
1424:+ HClO
1335:+ NaCl
1331:→ ClO
1168:weaker
1062:bleach
1022:verify
1019:
988:(SDS)
980:5 ppm
725:Danger
483:Acrid
411:SMILES
77:Names
7588:Waxes
4360:BaClF
4309:acids
3848:(PDF)
3841:(PDF)
3656:S2CID
3609:(PDF)
3598:(PDF)
3279:(PDF)
3268:S2CID
3240:(PDF)
3119:JSTOR
2824:(PDF)
2817:(PDF)
2722:TAPPI
2456:(PDF)
2133:zebra
2028:cysts
1929:flour
1872:into
1817:NaClO
1781:NaClO
1674:+ ClO
1634:with
1580:+ ClO
1517:+ ClO
1469:with
1412:+ 2 H
1403:4 ClO
1387:+ 2 H
1311:NaClO
1048:is a
938:NIOSH
463:67.45
376:InChI
333:9191
282:24870
248:1265
194:23251
165:ChEBI
136:JSmol
4650:ClSO
4642:ClNO
4599:ClOF
4582:ClOF
4577:ClOF
4389:TiCl
4381:SiCl
4343:HClO
4335:HClO
4327:HClO
4322:HClO
4307:and
4238:2018
4208:2017
4158:2019
4130:2019
4100:2019
4067:2019
4041:2020
4015:2020
4004:ISSN
3981:2020
3956:2019
3927:2012
3883:ISSN
3820:PMID
3761:PMID
3716:2021
3690:2021
3648:PMID
3617:2012
3577:PMID
3545:2020
3519:2018
3492:2020
3464:2020
3435:PMID
3398:2009
3353:2021
3324:PMID
3287:2009
3260:PMID
3191:2021
3169:2021
3137:PMID
3039:PMID
2954:2016
2924:OCLC
2914:ISBN
2885:ISBN
2857:ISBN
2832:2009
2777:ISBN
2744:ISBN
2693:ISBN
2641:ISBN
2610:ISSN
2526:ISBN
2496:PMID
2438:2022
2407:ISBN
2359:2020
2346:ISBN
2285:ISBN
2135:and
2077:mold
2003:and
1943:and
1884:Uses
1876:and
1584:+ CO
1537:KClO
1521:+ CO
1477:KClO
1139:Pbca
974:IDLH
825:P501
821:P405
793:P284
789:P283
785:P280
781:P271
777:P264
773:P260
769:P220
765:P210
751:H372
747:H314
739:H271
571:4.01
479:Odor
423:O=Cl
418:O==O
309:UNII
254:MeSH
8801:PtF
8676:NbO
8671:NbO
8642:NaO
8564:MoO
8556:MoO
8524:MnO
8519:MnO
8502:MgO
8429:IrO
8338:HgO
8330:HfO
8274:GeO
8269:GeO
8219:FeO
8178:CuO
8158:CsO
8114:CrO
8085:CoO
8008:ClO
7976:CeO
7971:CdO
7963:CaO
7958:CaO
7877:BrO
7857:BiO
7840:BeO
7835:BaO
7767:AmO
4659:ClN
4622:ClO
4610:ClO
4590:ClO
4555:ClO
4464:ClO
4459:ClO
4438:ClF
4430:ClF
4425:ClF
4373:CCl
4365:BCl
4351:HSO
4317:HCl
4123:ABC
3875:doi
3810:PMC
3800:doi
3751:PMC
3743:doi
3640:doi
3569:doi
3425:doi
3314:doi
3252:doi
3214:doi
3127:PMC
3111:doi
3080:doi
3012:doi
3000:176
2977:doi
2773:198
2685:doi
2633:doi
2602:doi
2559:doi
2486:PMC
2476:doi
2338:hdl
2255:FDA
2165:in
2067:in
2040:of
2030:of
2009:EPA
1862:STP
1785:+ H
1741:+ H
1712:ClO
1700:+ H
1687:+ H
1665:ClO
1642:ClO
1620:or
1588:+ H
1525:+ H
1481:+ H
1437:+ H
1257:ClO
1133:ClO
1058:gas
961:REL
948:PEL
682:GHS
643:298
616:298
345:EPA
272:CID
8827::
8717:OF
8710:OF
8685:Nd
8659:Na
8650:Na
8589:NO
8584:NO
8572:Mo
8544:Mn
8532:Mn
8507:Mg
8490:Lu
8478:Li
8469:Li
8457:La
8437:KO
8417:In
8364:IO
8352:Ho
8343:Hg
8257:Ga
8248:Ga
8236:Fe
8224:Fe
8207:Eu
8195:Er
8183:Dy
8166:Cs
8152:12
8146:Cr
8134:Cr
8122:Cr
8102:Co
8090:Co
8073:Cl
8061:Cl
8049:Cl
8037:Cl
8025:Cl
8016:Cl
7996:Ce
7984:Ce
7938:CO
7933:CO
7910:Br
7897:Br
7885:Br
7865:Bi
7845:Bi
7811:Au
7799:As
7787:As
7775:Am
7755:Al
7743:Ag
7558:pH
7546:,
7469:.
7404:Hs
7390:Xe
7376:Ru
7362:Os
7348:Ir
7320:Tc
7303:Re
7286:Mn
7269:Cl
7244:Xe
7202:Te
7174:Se
7160:Re
7146:Po
7132:Mo
7118:Cr
7073:Ta
7056:Pa
7022:Nb
6988:Bi
6971:As
6954:Sb
6929:Zr
6873:Ti
6859:Sn
6845:Th
6831:Tb
6817:Te
6803:Tc
6775:Si
6761:Se
6747:Ru
6733:Rh
6719:Pa
6705:Pr
6691:Po
6677:Pu
6663:Pt
6649:Os
6621:Np
6607:Mn
6593:Pb
6579:Hf
6565:Ir
6537:Ge
6506:Cm
6492:Cr
6478:Cl
6464:Ce
6422:Cf
6408:Br
6394:Bk
6380:Am
6335:Yb
6284:Ti
6267:Tm
6250:Tl
6233:Tb
6216:Sc
6199:Sm
6182:Rh
6165:Pm
6148:Pr
6114:Ni
6097:Nd
6080:Mn
6063:Lu
6046:La
6029:Fe
6012:In
5995:Ho
5978:Au
5961:Ga
5944:Gd
5927:Eu
5910:Er
5893:Es
5876:Dy
5842:Co
5825:Cr
5808:Ce
5791:Cf
5774:Cs
5740:Bi
5723:Bk
5706:As
5689:Sb
5672:Am
5655:Al
5638:Ac
5619:O)
5617:Zn
5609:O)
5599:O)
5589:O)
5587:Ti
5579:O)
5577:Sn
5569:O)
5567:Th
5542:O)
5532:O)
5530:Sr
5522:O)
5520:Si
5512:O)
5510:Ra
5502:O)
5500:Pa
5492:O)
5490:Po
5482:O)
5472:O)
5470:Pd
5462:O)
5452:O)
5450:Ni
5442:O)
5440:Hg
5432:O)
5430:Mn
5422:O)
5420:Mg
5412:O)
5410:Pb
5402:O)
5392:O)
5390:Fe
5382:O)
5380:Ge
5372:O)
5370:Eu
5345:O)
5343:Cu
5335:O)
5333:Co
5325:O)
5323:Cr
5315:O)
5313:Cl
5305:O)
5295:O)
5293:Ca
5285:O)
5283:Cd
5275:O)
5273:Br
5265:O)
5263:Be
5255:O)
5253:Bk
5245:O)
5243:Ba
5235:O)
5233:Al
5214:O)
5201:O)
5196:Na
5188:O)
5183:Tl
5175:O)
5170:Ag
5162:O)
5157:Rb
5149:O)
5136:O)
5123:O)
5118:Hg
5110:O)
5105:Li
5097:O)
5084:O)
5079:Ga
5071:O)
5066:Cl
5058:O)
5045:O)
5040:Cs
5032:O)
5027:Cu
5019:O)
5014:Al
4969:Br
4952:Tb
4935:Ag
4925:11
4918:Pr
4904:12
4884:Mn
4867:Pb
4850:Fe
4833:Cl
4816:Co
4799:Cl
4782:Cl
4751:12
4731:Sb
4667:Cl
4543:Cl
4531:Cl
4518:Cl
4505:Cl
4493:Cl
4481:Cl
4472:Cl
4406:Cl
4355:Cl
4174:.
4147:.
4121:.
4117:.
4075:^
4057:.
4032:.
4002:.
3998:.
3972:.
3946:.
3935:^
3881:.
3871:90
3869:.
3865:.
3818:.
3808:.
3798:.
3788:18
3786:.
3782:.
3759:.
3749:.
3739:26
3737:.
3733:.
3681:.
3677:.
3654:.
3646:.
3636:33
3634:.
3600:.
3575:.
3565:48
3563:.
3535:.
3509:.
3480:.
3455:.
3433:.
3421:68
3419:.
3415:.
3376:24
3374:.
3370:.
3322:.
3310:89
3308:.
3304:.
3266:.
3258:.
3248:28
3246:.
3242:.
3210:19
3208:.
3160:.
3149:^
3135:.
3125:.
3117:.
3107:46
3105:.
3101:.
3078:.
3066:.
3051:^
3035:30
3010:.
2998:.
2973:44
2971:.
2922:.
2912:.
2908:.
2871:^
2839:^
2791:^
2730:^
2720:.
2716:.
2691:.
2655:^
2639:.
2608:.
2598:14
2596:.
2592:.
2557:.
2508:^
2494:.
2484:.
2474:.
2464:19
2462:.
2458:.
2429:.
2379:.
2375:.
2344:.
2315:.
2299:^
2206:mg
2177:.
2071:,
2046:.
2018:,
1979:pH
1931:.
1910:pH
1833:Cl
1822:+
1795:+
1737:Cl
1726:+
1616:,
1612:,
1572:SO
1566:+
1542:+
1493:→
1473::
1431:2−
1416:SO
1327:Cl
1316:+
1245:UV
1206:Cl
1190:.
1072:.
997:.
921:Lo
919:LC
903:50
901:LD
881:OX
823:,
819:,
815:,
811:,
807:,
803:,
799:,
795:,
791:,
787:,
783:,
779:,
775:,
771:,
767:,
749:,
745:,
741:,
686::
635:(Δ
591:)
584:(p
445:Cl
8803:6
8799:2
8797:O
8789:2
8787:F
8785:6
8783:O
8775:2
8773:F
8771:5
8769:O
8761:2
8759:F
8757:4
8755:O
8747:2
8745:F
8743:3
8741:O
8733:2
8731:F
8729:2
8727:O
8719:2
8703:F
8701:2
8699:O
8691:3
8689:O
8687:2
8678:2
8665:2
8663:O
8661:2
8654:O
8652:2
8644:2
8636:5
8634:O
8632:2
8630:N
8624:4
8622:O
8620:2
8618:N
8612:3
8610:O
8608:2
8606:N
8601:O
8599:2
8597:N
8591:2
8578:3
8576:O
8574:2
8566:3
8558:2
8550:7
8548:O
8546:2
8538:3
8536:O
8534:2
8526:2
8513:3
8511:O
8509:2
8496:3
8494:O
8492:2
8484:2
8482:O
8480:2
8473:O
8471:2
8463:3
8461:O
8459:2
8451:2
8449:O
8447:2
8445:K
8439:2
8431:2
8423:3
8421:O
8419:2
8411:9
8409:O
8407:4
8405:I
8399:6
8397:O
8395:2
8393:I
8387:5
8385:O
8383:2
8381:I
8375:4
8373:O
8371:2
8369:I
8358:3
8356:O
8354:2
8347:O
8345:2
8332:2
8324:2
8322:O
8320:2
8318:H
8313:O
8311:2
8309:H
8304:O
8302:2
8300:H
8295:O
8293:2
8291:H
8286:O
8284:2
8282:H
8276:2
8263:3
8261:O
8259:2
8252:O
8250:2
8242:4
8240:O
8238:3
8230:3
8228:O
8226:2
8213:3
8211:O
8209:2
8201:3
8199:O
8197:2
8189:3
8187:O
8185:2
8172:3
8170:O
8168:2
8160:2
8150:O
8148:5
8140:5
8138:O
8136:2
8128:3
8126:O
8124:2
8116:3
8108:4
8106:O
8104:3
8096:3
8094:O
8092:2
8079:7
8077:O
8075:2
8067:6
8065:O
8063:2
8055:4
8053:O
8051:2
8043:3
8041:O
8039:2
8031:2
8029:O
8027:2
8020:O
8018:2
8010:2
8002:3
8000:O
7998:2
7990:4
7988:O
7986:3
7978:2
7965:2
7952:2
7950:O
7948:3
7946:C
7940:2
7924:8
7919:O
7915:3
7903:5
7901:O
7899:2
7891:3
7889:O
7887:2
7879:2
7871:5
7869:O
7867:2
7859:2
7851:3
7849:O
7847:2
7829:3
7827:O
7825:2
7823:B
7817:3
7815:O
7813:2
7805:5
7803:O
7801:2
7793:3
7791:O
7789:2
7781:3
7779:O
7777:2
7769:2
7761:3
7759:O
7757:2
7749:4
7747:O
7745:4
7724:e
7717:t
7710:v
7639:L
7630:L
7503:e
7496:t
7489:v
7410:)
7408:4
7406:O
7402:(
7396:)
7394:4
7392:O
7388:(
7382:)
7380:4
7378:O
7374:(
7368:)
7366:4
7364:O
7360:(
7354:)
7352:4
7350:O
7346:(
7329:)
7327:7
7325:O
7323:2
7318:(
7312:)
7310:7
7308:O
7306:2
7301:(
7295:)
7293:7
7291:O
7289:2
7284:(
7278:)
7276:7
7274:O
7272:2
7267:(
7250:)
7248:3
7246:O
7242:(
7236:)
7234:3
7232:O
7230:U
7228:(
7222:)
7220:3
7218:O
7216:W
7214:(
7208:)
7206:3
7204:O
7200:(
7194:)
7192:3
7190:O
7188:S
7186:(
7180:)
7178:3
7176:O
7172:(
7166:)
7164:3
7162:O
7158:(
7152:)
7150:3
7148:O
7144:(
7138:)
7136:3
7134:O
7130:(
7124:)
7122:3
7120:O
7116:(
7099:)
7097:5
7095:O
7093:2
7090:V
7088:(
7082:)
7080:5
7078:O
7076:2
7071:(
7065:)
7063:5
7061:O
7059:2
7054:(
7048:)
7046:5
7044:O
7042:2
7039:P
7037:(
7031:)
7029:5
7027:O
7025:2
7020:(
7014:)
7012:5
7010:O
7008:2
7005:N
7003:(
6997:)
6995:5
6993:O
6991:2
6986:(
6980:)
6978:5
6976:O
6974:2
6969:(
6963:)
6961:5
6959:O
6957:2
6952:(
6935:)
6933:2
6931:O
6927:(
6921:)
6919:2
6917:O
6915:V
6913:(
6907:)
6905:2
6903:O
6901:U
6899:(
6893:)
6891:2
6889:O
6887:W
6885:(
6879:)
6877:2
6875:O
6871:(
6865:)
6863:2
6861:O
6857:(
6851:)
6849:2
6847:O
6843:(
6837:)
6835:2
6833:O
6829:(
6823:)
6821:2
6819:O
6815:(
6809:)
6807:2
6805:O
6801:(
6795:)
6793:2
6791:O
6789:S
6787:(
6781:)
6779:2
6777:O
6773:(
6767:)
6765:2
6763:O
6759:(
6753:)
6751:2
6749:O
6745:(
6739:)
6737:2
6735:O
6731:(
6725:)
6723:2
6721:O
6717:(
6711:)
6709:2
6707:O
6703:(
6697:)
6695:2
6693:O
6689:(
6683:)
6681:2
6679:O
6675:(
6669:)
6667:2
6665:O
6661:(
6655:)
6653:2
6651:O
6647:(
6641:)
6639:2
6637:O
6635:N
6633:(
6627:)
6625:2
6623:O
6619:(
6613:)
6611:2
6609:O
6605:(
6599:)
6597:2
6595:O
6591:(
6585:)
6583:2
6581:O
6577:(
6571:)
6569:2
6567:O
6563:(
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