1256:
also found on work boots and children's hands, showing that agricultural families could take home these residues from their jobs. Urban and suburban children get most of their chlorpyrifos exposure from fruits and vegetables. A study done in North
Carolina on children's exposure showed that chlorpyrifos was detected in 50% of the food, dust, and air samples in both their homes and daycare, with the main route of exposure being through ingestion. Certain other populations with higher likely exposure to chlorpyrifos, such as people who apply pesticides, work on farms, or live in agricultural communities, have been measured in the US to excrete TCPy in their urine at levels that are 5 to 10 times greater than levels in the general population.
1043:
cohort of 7-year-old children was studied for neurological damage from prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos. The study determined that the exposed children had deficits in working memory and full scale intelligence quotient (IQ). In a study on groups of
Chinese infants, those exposed to chlorpyrifos showed significant decreases in motor functions such as reflexes, locomotion, and grasping at 9 months compared to those not exposed. Exposure to organophosphate pesticides in general has been increasingly associated with changes in children's cognitive, behavioral and motor performance. Infant girls were shown to be more susceptible to harmful effects from organophosphate insecticides than infant boys.
1229:, for three days in utero and then to low levels of chlorpyrifos for four days after birth experienced additional damage to the acetylcholine system upstream of the synapse that was not observed with either exposure alone. In both male and female rats, combined exposures to dexamethasone and chlorpyrifos decreased serotonin turnover in the synapse, for female rats with a greater-than-additive result. Rats that were co-exposed to dexamethasone and chlorpyrifos also exhibited complex behavioral differences from exposure to either chemical alone, including lessening or reversing normal sex differences in behavior. In the lab, in rats and neural cells co-exposed to both
780:
733:. As of August 18, 2021, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced a ban on the use of chlorpyrifos on food crops in the United States. Most home uses of chlorpyrifos had already been banned in the U.S. and Canada since 2001. It is banned in several other countries and jurisdictions as well. The chlorpyrifos ban on food crops is the result of a 1999 lawsuit filed by NRDC to force the EPA to take action on the riskiest pesticides, as well as five additional successful court orders obtained by Earthjustice to force the EPA to take action on a 2007 petition to ban chlorpyrifos filed by
359:
264:
1203:. In laboratory animals, additional PON1 protects against chlorpyrifos toxicity while individuals that do not produce PON1 are particularly susceptible. In humans, studies about the effect of PON1 activity on the toxicity of chlorpyrifos and other organophosphates are mixed, with modest yet inconclusive evidence that higher levels of PON1 activity may protect against chlorpyrifos exposure in adults; PON1 activity may be most likely to offer protection from low-level chronic doses. Human populations have
11964:
1399:
22:
1267:(CARB) documented chlorpyrifos in the air of California communities. Analyses indicate that children living in areas of high chlorpyrifos use are often exposed to levels that exceed EPA dosages. A study done in Washington state using passive air samplers showed that households who lived less than 250 meters from a fruit tree field had higher levels of chlorpyrifos concentrations in the air than households that were further away. Advocacy groups monitored air samples in
793:
11975:
1363:
98:
1126:
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89:
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environment. According to the
National Institutes of Health, the half-life for chlorpyrifos (i.e., the period of time that it takes for the active amount of the chemical to decrease by 50%) "can typically range from 33โ56 days for soil incorporated applications and 7โ15 days for surface applications"; in water, the half-life is about 25 days, and in the air, the half-life can range from four to ten days.
1028:. It is suggested that adolescents differ from adults in the metabolism of these compounds due to the maturation of organs in adolescents. This results in disruption in nervous system developmental processes, as observed in animal experiments. There are several studies observed in animals that show that chlorpyrifos alters the expression of essential genes that assist in the development of the brain.
648:
1698:
In 2006, to reduce childhood exposure, the EPA amended its chlorpyrifos tolerance on apples, grapes and tomatoes, reducing the grape and apple tolerances to 0.01 ppm and eliminating the tolerance on tomatoes. Chlorpyrifos is not allowed on crops such as spinach, squash, carrots, and tomatoes; any chlorpyrifos residue on these crops normally represents chlorpyrifos misuse or spray drift.
1694:โณThe ... exposures for chlorpyrifos are of risk concern ... for all population subgroups analyzed. Children (1โ2 years old) is the population subgroup with the highest risk estimate at 14,000% of the ssPADfood.โณ (This acronym refers to the steady-state population-adjusted dose for food, which is considered the maximum safe oral dose.)
1904:) did not set a usage limits for chlorpyrifos. In 2010, India barred Dow from commercial activity for 5 years after India's Central Bureau of Investigation found Dow guilty of bribing Indian officials in 2007 to allow the sale of chlorpyrifos. In 2020, the Indian government had published a draft bill to ban 27 pesticides including chlorpyrifos.
1349:
less walking; more grooming, particularly of the head; more difficulty righting themselves; and unusual abdominal spasms. Chlorpyrifos oxon appears to particularly inhibit acetylcholinesterase in bee gut tissue as opposed to head tissue. Other organophosphate pesticides impaired bee learning and memory of smells in the laboratory.
7635:
1837:
In Hawaii, a 2018 law introduced a complete ban on products containing chlorpyrifos, which went into effect on
January 1, 2023. Before that, starting in 2019, the law mandated temporary application permits and annual reporting as well as mandating a 100-foot buffer around schools during school hours.
1701:
Food handling establishments (places where food products are held, processed, prepared or served) are included in the food tolerance of 0.1 ppm for chlorpyrifos. Food handling establishments may use a 0.5% solution of chlorpyrifos solely for spot and/or crack and crevice treatments. Food items are to
1577:
In an 30 October 2015 statement Dow AgroSciences disagreed with the EPA's proposed revocation and "remain confident that authorized uses of chlorpyrifos products, as directed, offer wide margins of protection for human health and safety." In a
November 2016 press release, DOW argued that chlorpyrifos
1255:
Children of agricultural workers are more likely to come into contact with chlorpyrifos. A study done in an agricultural community in
Washington State showed that children who lived in closer proximity to farmlands had higher levels of chlorpyrifos residues from house dust. Chlorpyrifos residues were
800:
Chlorpyrifos was used in about 100 countries around the world to control insects in agricultural, residential, and commercial settings. Its use in residential applications is restricted in multiple countries. According to Dow, chlorpyrifos is registered for use in nearly 100 countries and is annually
1887:
released a statement in July 2019 which concluded that the approval criteria for chlorpyrifos which apply to human health are not met. Their literature review concluded that there is no evidence for reproductive toxicity in rats, but that chlorpyrifos is potentially genotoxic. The report stated that
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Based on 2006 EPA rules, chlorpyrifos has a tolerance of 0.1 part per million (ppm) residue on all food items unless a different tolerance has been set for that item or chlorpyrifos is not registered for use on that crop. EPA set approximately 112 tolerances pertaining to food products and supplies.
1674:
on food commodities. The FFDCA requires EPA to set limits, known as tolerances, for pesticide residue in human food and animal feed products based on risk quotients for acute and chronic exposure from food in humans. These tolerances limit the amount of chlorpyrifos that can be applied to crops. FDA
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banning all neurotoxic insecticide on all food crops. The court concluded, that by deciding to ban all uses of chlorpyrifos on food plants, the EPA ignored the long standing
American practice and prior court orders to evaluate each crop group on its own merits and "to keep a set of high-benefit uses
1573:
in PANNA v. EPA ordered the EPA to respond to PANNA's petition by "revok all tolerances for the insecticide chlorpyrifos", den the
Petition or a "proposed or final tolerance revocation" no later than 31 October 2015. The EPA was "unable to conclude that the risk from aggregate exposure from the use
934:
symptoms. Relatively mild poisoning can result in eye-watering, increased saliva and sweating, nausea, and headache. Intermediate exposure may lead to muscle spasms or weakness, vomiting, or diarrhea, and impaired vision. Symptoms of severe poisoning include seizures, unconsciousness, paralysis, and
820:
EPA estimated that, between 1987 and 1998, about 21 million pounds of chlorpyrifos were used annually in the US. In 2001, chlorpyrifos ranked 15th among pesticides used in the United States, with an estimated 8 to 11 million pounds applied. In 2007, it ranked 14th among pesticide ingredients used in
1612:
responded to the administration's decision saying they are "deeply alarmed" by Pruitt's decision to allow the pesticide's continued use. "There is a wealth of science demonstrating the detrimental effects of chlorpyrifos exposure to developing fetuses, infants, children and pregnant women. The risk
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in pollen and components of bee hives. A review of US studies, several
European countries, Brazil and India found chlorpyrifos in nearly 15% of hive pollen samples and just over 20% of honey samples. Because of its high toxicity and prevalence in pollen and honey, bees are considered to have higher
1259:
As of 2016, chlorpyrifos was the most used conventional insecticide in the US and was used in over 40 states; the top five states (in total pounds applied) are
California, North Dakota, Minnesota, Iowa, and Texas. It was used on over 50 crops, with the top five crops (in total pounds applied) being
1086:
Among 50 farm pesticides studied, chlorpyrifos was associated with higher risks of lung cancer among frequent pesticide applicators than among infrequent or non-users. Pesticide applicators as a whole were found to have a 50% lower cancer risk than the general public, likely due to their nearly 50%
1628:
In August, it was revealed that in fact Pruitt and other EPA officials had met with industry representatives on dozens of occasions in the weeks immediately prior to the March decision, promising them that it was "a new day" and assuring them that their wish to continue using chlorpyrifos had been
1597:
In November 2016, the EPA reassessed its ban proposal after taking into consideration recommendations made by the agency's Science Advisory Panel which had rejected the EPA's methodology in quantifying the risk posed by chlorpyrifos. Using a different methodology as suggested by the panel, the EPA
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Chlorpyrifos is one of the most widely used pest control products in the world. It is authorized for use in about 100 nations, including the U.S., Canada, the United Kingdom, Spain, France, Italy, Japan, Australia and New Zealand, where it is registered for protection of essentially every crop now
1348:
When exposed in the laboratory to chlorpyrifos at levels roughly estimated from measurements in hives, bee larvae experienced 60% mortality over 6 days, compared with 15% mortality in controls. Adult bees exposed to sub-lethal effects of chlorpyrifos (0.46 ng/bee) exhibited altered behaviors:
1211:
that may influence the effectiveness of PON1 at detoxifying chlorpyrifos oxon and the amount of PON1 available to do so. Some evidence indicates that children born to women with low PON1 may be particularly susceptible to chlorpyrifos exposure. Further, infants produce low levels of PON1 until six
1157:
and a stronger, longer-lasting signal to the next neuron. Only when new molecules of acetylcholinesterase have been synthesized can normal function return. Acute symptoms of chlorpyrifos poisoning only occur when more than 70% of acetylcholinesterase molecules are inhibited. This mechanism is well
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and established maximum and continuous concentration limits of 0.025 ppb and 0.015 ppb, respectively. Sale and possession of chlorpyrifos have been largely banned in California, as of 6 February โ 31 December 2020, respectively. The California ban has an exception that, "a few products that apply
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The EPA has not updated the approximately 112 tolerances pertaining to food products and supplies since 2006. However, in a 2016 report, EPA scientists had not been able to find any level of exposure to the pesticide that was safe. The EPA 2016 report states in part "... this assessment indicates
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Humans can be exposed to chlorpyrifos by way of ingestion (e.g., residue on treated produce, drinking water), inhalation (especially of indoor air), or absorption (i.e., through the skin). However, compared to other organophosphates, chlorpyrifos degrades relatively quickly once released into the
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Chlorpyrifos may affect other neurotransmitters, enzymes and cell signaling pathways, potentially at doses below those that substantially inhibit acetylcholinesterase. The extent of and mechanisms for these effects remain to be fully characterized. Laboratory experiments in rats and cell cultures
3046:
Eddleston, Michael; Eyer, Peter; Worek, Franz; Mohamed, Fahim; Senarathna, Lalith; von Meyer, Ludwig; Juszczak, Edmund; Hittarage, Ariyasena; Azhar, Shifa; Dissanayake, Wasantha; Sheriff, M. H. Rezvi; Szinicz, Ladislaus; Dawson, Andrew H.; Buckley, Nick A. (28 October 2005). "Differences between
1808:
Additional laws and guidelines may apply for individual US states. California, Hawaii, Maryland, New York, and Oregon, have banned chlorpyrifos on food grown and sold in their jurisdictions. These State bans remain in effect regardless whether chlorpyrifos is allowed on the federal level or not.
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After years of research without a conclusion and cognizant of the court order to issue a final ruling, the EPA proposed to eliminate all tolerances for chlorpyrifos ("Because tolerances are the maximum residue of a pesticide that can be in or on food, this proposed rule revoking all chlorpyrifos
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system. Moreover, experiments with zebrafish showed significant detriments to survivability, reproductive processes, and motor function. Varying doses created a 30%โ100% mortality rate of embryos after 90 days. Embryos were shown to have decreased mitosis, resulting in mortality or developmental
2136:
Sparks, Thomas C.; Crossthwaite, Andrew J.; Nauen, Ralf; Banba, Shinichi; Cordova, Daniel; Earley, Fergus; Ebbinghaus-Kintscher, Ulrich; Fujioka, Shinsuke; Hirao, Ayako; Karmon, Danny; Kennedy, Robert; Nakao, Toshifumi; Popham, Holly J.R.; Salgado, Vincent; Watson, Gerald B.; Wedel, Barbara J.;
1753:, EPA agreed to re-instate no-spray stream buffer zones in California, Oregon and Washington, restricting aerial spraying (300 ft.) and ground-based applications (60 ft.) near salmon populations. These buffers will remain until EPA makes a permanent decision in consultation with NMFS.
1319:(2013) all experienced insect, shrimp, or fish kills as a result of small releases of concentrated chlorpyrifos. The July 2013 release along the River Kennet poisoned insect life and shrimp along 15 km of the river, likely from a half a cup of concentrated chlorpyrifos washed down a drain.
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is 0.3 micrograms/kg/day. However, as of 2016, EPA scientists had not been able to find any level of exposure to the pesticide that was safe. The EPA 2016 report states in part "... this assessment indicates that dietary risks from food alone are of concern ..." The report also states that
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Twelve people who had been exposed to chlorpyrifos were studied over periods of 1 to 4.5 years. They were found to have a heightened immune responses to common allergens and increased antibiotic sensitivities, elevated CD26 cells, and a higher rate of autoimmunity, compared with control groups.
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and neurological changes such as slower motor development and attention problems. Children with prenatal exposure to chlorpyrifos have been shown to have lower IQs. They have also been shown to have a higher chance of developing autism, attention deficit problems, and developmental disorders. A
1023:
Epidemiological and experimental animal studies suggest that infants and children are more susceptible than adults to the effects of low-dose exposure. Chlorpyrifos has been suggested to have negative impacts on cognitive functions in the developing brain. The young have a decreased capacity to
5194:
Thomas, Kent W.; Dosemeci, Mustafa; Hoppin, Jane A.; Sheldon, Linda S.; Croghan, Carry W.; Gordon, Sydney M.; Jones, Martin L.; Reynolds, Stephen J.; Raymer, James H.; Akland, Gerald G.; Lynch, Charles F.; Knott, Charles E.; Sandler, Dale P.; Blair, Aaron E.; Alavanja, Michael C. (March 2010).
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requires owners and operators of agricultural businesses to comply with safety protocols for agricultural workers and pesticide handlers (those who mix, load and apply pesticides). For example, in 2005, the EPA filed an administrative complaint against JSH Farms, Inc. (Wapato, Washington) with
1242:
In 2011, EPA estimated that, in the general US population, people consume 0.009 micrograms of chlorpyrifos per kilogram of their body weight per day directly from food residue. Children are estimated to consume a greater quantity of chlorpyrifos per unit of body weight from food residue, with
1057:
in the brain develop. Exposure leads to reductions or reversals of normal gender differences. Exposure to low levels of chlorpyrifos early in rat life or as adults also affects metabolism and body weight. These rats show increased body weight as well as changes in liver function and chemical
946:
Acute poisoning is probably most common in agricultural areas in Asia, where many small farmers are affected. Poisoning may be due to occupational or accidental exposure or intentional self-harm. Precise numbers of chlorpyrifos poisonings globally are not available. Pesticides are used in an
1337:, with an oral LD50 of 360 ng/bee and a contact LD50 of 70 ng/bee. Guidelines for Washington state recommend that chlorpyrifos products should not be applied to flowering plants such as fruit trees within 4โ6 days of blossoming to prevent bees from directly contacting the residue.
3251:
Eddleston, Michael; Eyer, Peter; Worek, Franz; Juszczak, Edmund; Alder, Nicola; Mohamed, Fahim; Senarathna, Lalith; Hittarage, Ariyasena; Azher, Shifa; Jeganathan, K.; Jayamanne, Shaluka; von Meyer, Ludwig; Dawson, Andrew H.; Sheriff, Mohamed Hussain Rezvi; Buckley, Nick A. (June 2009).
3199:
Pawar, Kirti S; Bhoite, Ramesh R.; Pillay, Chandrakant P.; Chavan, Sujata C.; Malshikare, Dhananjay S.; Garad, Saraswati G. (22 December 2006). "Continuous pralidoxime infusion versus repeated bolus injection to treat organophosphorus pesticide poisoning: a randomised controlled trial".
816:
and soil-born insects. The chemical became widely used in residential settings, on golf course turf, as a structural termite control agent, and in agriculture. Most residential use of chlorpyrifos has been phased out in the United States; however, agricultural use remains common.
4050:
Cao, Fangjie; Souders, Christopher L.; Li, Pengfei; Pang, Sen; Qiu, Lihong; Martyniuk, Christopher J. (2018). "Biological impacts of organophosphates chlorpyrifos and diazinon on development, mitochondrial bioenergetics, and locomotor activity in zebrafish (Danio rerio)".
1049:: In experiments with rats, early, short-term low-dose exposure to chlorpyrifos resulted in lasting neurological changes, with larger effects on emotional processing and cognition than on motor skills. Such rats exhibited behaviors consistent with depression and reduced
11584:
4862:
Qiao, Dan; Seidler, Frederic J.; Violin, Jonathan D.; Slotkin, Theodore A. (30 December 2003). "Nicotine is a developmental neurotoxicant and neuroprotectant: stage-selective inhibition of DNA synthesis coincident with shielding from effects of chlorpyrifos".
1892:, that it can be absorbed by ingestion, inhalation, and through the skin, and that epidemiological evidence supports the hypothesis that it is a human developmental neurotoxin that can cause early cognitive and behavioral deficits through prenatal exposure.
1691:
that dietary risks from food alone are of concern ..." the report also states that previous published risk assessments for "chlorpyrifos may not provide a ... human health risk assessment given the potential for neurodevelopmental outcomes."
1632:
On 9 August 2018 the U.S. 9th Circuit court of Appeals ruled that the EPA must ban chlorpyrifos within 60 days from that date. A spokesman for Dow DuPont stated that "all appellate options" would be considered. In contrast, Marisa Ordonia, a lawyer for
1598:
retained its decision to completely ban chlorpyrifos. The EPA concluded that, while "uncertainties" remain, a number of studies provide "sufficient evidence" that children experience neurodevelopment effects even at low levels of chlorpyrifos exposure.
1643:
On February 25, 2022 the EPA released a statement upholding its decision to revoke all tolerance standards on chlorpyrifos use, and sent letters to registered chlorpyrifos food producers confirming the ban to be in effect as of February 28, 2022.
3550:
Smith, Jordan Ned; Hinderliter, Paul M.; Timchalk, Charles; Bartels, Michael J.; Poet, Torka S. (1 August 2014). "A human life-stage physiologically based pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic model for chlorpyrifos: Development and validation".
947:
estimated 200,000+ suicides annually with tens of thousands due to chlorpyrifos. Organophosphates are thought to constitute two-thirds of ingested pesticides in rural Asia. Chlorpyrifos is among the commonly used pesticides used for self-harm.
3938:
Connors, Susan L.; Levitt, Pat; Matthews, Stephen G.; Slotkin, Theodore A.; Johnston, Michael V.; Kinney, Hannah C.; Johnson, William G.; Dailey, Rosa M.; Zimmerman, Andrew W. (March 2008). "Fetal Mechanisms in Neurodevelopmental Disorders".
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1629:
heard. Ryan Jackson, Pruitt's chief of staff, said in an 8 March email that he had "scared" career staff into going along with the political decision to deny the ban, adding "hey know where this is headed and they are documenting it well."
9268:
1686:
The Dow Chemical Company is actively opposed to tolerance restrictions on chlorpyrifos and is currently lobbying the White House to, among other goals, pressure EPA to reverse its proposal to revoke chlorpyrifos food residue tolerances.
994:(RCT) supported the use of higher doses of pralidoxime rather than lower doses. A subsequent double-blind RCT, that treated patients who self-poisoned, found no benefit of pralidoxime, including specifically in chlorpyrifos patients.
914:
in experimental animals is 32 to 1000 mg/kg. The dermal LD50 in rats is greater than 2000 mg/kg and 1000 to 2000 mg/kg in rabbits. The 4-hour inhalation of LC50 for chlorpyrifos in rats is greater than 200 mg/m.
1260:
soybeans, corn, alfalfa, oranges, and almonds. Additionally, crops with 30% or more of the crop treated (compared to total acres grown) include apples, asparagus, walnuts, table grapes, cherries, cauliflower, broccoli, and onions.
1800:
proposed penalties of $ 1,680 for using chlorpyrifos in 2004 without proper equipment. An adjacent property was contaminated with chlorpyrifos due to pesticide drift and the property owner suffered from eye and skin irritation.
1557:
baits with childproof packaging. In 2000, manufacturers reached an agreement with the EPA to voluntarily restrict the use of chlorpyrifos in places where children may be exposed, including homes, schools and day care centers.
1605:, appointed by the Trump administration, overturned the 2015 EPA revocation and denied the administrative petition by the Natural Resources Defense Council and the Pesticide Action Network North America to ban chlorpyrifos.
1233:
and chlorpyrifos, nicotine appears to protect against chlorpyrifos acetylcholinesterase inhibition and reduce its effects on neurodevelopment. In at least one study, nicotine appeared to enhance chlorpyrifos detoxification.
1107:
in 1966, which had a lower acute toxicity (WHO class III), but this appears to be no longer in commercial use. The molecule is similar to Chlorpyrifos ethyl, but with a O,O dimethyl chain. Proposed applications included
829:
Chlorpyrifos is normally supplied as a 23.5% or 50% liquid concentrate. The recommended concentration for direct-spray pin point application is 0.5% and for wide area application a 0.03โ0.12% mix is recommended (US).
4110:
Hoppin, Jane A.; Umbach, David M.; London, Stephanie J.; Alavanja, Michael C. R.; Sandler, Dale P. (1 March 2002). "Chemical predictors of wheeze among farmer pesticide applicators in the Agricultural Health Study".
1220:
Several studies have examined the effects of combined exposure to chlorpyrifos and other chemical agents, and these combined exposures can result in different effects during development. Female rats exposed first to
1243:
toddlers the highest at 0.025 micrograms of chlorpyrifos per kilogram of their body weight per day. People may also ingest chlorpyrifos from drinking water or from residue in food handling establishments. The EPA's
1852:
Chlorpyrifos is used agriculturally in Australia but household use was restricted to low strength solutions in 2001 and banned in 2020. There are 49 registered chlorpyrifos insecticide products, mostly as 500 g/L
3816:
Muรฑoz-Quezada, Maria Teresa; Lucero, Boris A.; Barr, Dana B.; Steenland, Kyle; Levy, Karen; Ryan, P. Barry; Iglesias, Veronica; Alvarado, Sergio; Concha, Carlos; Rojas, Evelyn; Vega, Catalina (December 2013).
1275:, in 2006 with comparable results. Grower and pesticide industry groups argued that the air levels documented in these studies are not high enough to cause significant exposure or adverse effects. A follow-up
1616:
Asked in April whether Pruitt had met with Dow Chemical Company executives or lobbyists before his decision, an EPA spokesman replied: "We have had no meetings with Dow on this topic." In June, after several
9278:
5696:
Giddings, Jeffrey M.; Williams, W. Martin; Solomon, Keith R.; Giesy, John P. (2014). "Risks to Aquatic Organisms from Use of Chlorpyrifos in the United States". In Giesy, John P.; Solomon, Keith R. (eds.).
1936:
Chlorpyrifos was banned under by Department of Agriculture for use in farming and agriculture with effective from year 2023. However it is still permitted for general use other than agriculture purpose.
6134:
of the European parliament and of the council of 16 February 1998, concerning the placing of biocidal products on the market. Published in the Official Journal of the European Communities, 24 April 1998
2371:
9173:
6516:
1745:, application limits and fish toxicity to the standard labeling requirements for all chlorpyrifos-based products. Manufacturers rejected the request. In February 2013 in Dow AgroSciences vs NMFS, the
1087:
lower smoking rate. However, chlorpyrifos applicators had a 15% lower cancer risk than the general public, which the study suggests indicates a link between chlorpyrifos application and lung cancer.
9238:
6156:
5353:
2282:
1485:
control in Singapore as of 2009. It was banned from residential use in South Africa as of 2010. It has been banned in the United Kingdom in 2016 apart from a limited use in drenching seedlings.
1079:
Adults may develop lingering health effects following acute exposure or repeated low-dose exposure. Among agricultural workers, chlorpyrifos has been associated with slightly increased risk of
1625:
at a hotel in Houston, Texas, on 9 March. Both men were featured speakers at an energy conference. An EPA spokesperson reported that the meeting was brief and the pesticide was not discussed.
11579:
6834:
4441:; Nadel, Lynn; Neubert, Diether; Schulte-Hermann, Rolf; Spencer, Peter S. (January 2008). "Review of the toxicology of chlorpyrifos with an emphasis on human exposure and neurodevelopment".
3333:
9288:
2792:
Rauh, Virginia A.; Perera, Frederica P.; Horton, Megan K.; Whyatt, Robin M.; Bansal, Ravi; Hao, Xuejun; Liu, Jun; Barr, Dana Boyd; Slotkin, Theodore A.; Peterson, Bradley S. (15 May 2012).
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1248:
previous published risk assessments for "chlorpyrifos may not provide a sufficiently health protective human health risk assessment given the potential for neurodevelopmental outcomes."
135:
Brodan, Bolton insecticide, Chlorpyrifos-ethyl, Cobalt, Detmol UA, Dowco 179, Dursban, Empire, Eradex, Hatchet, Lorsban, Nufos, Paqeant, Piridane, Scout, Stipend, Tricel, Warhawk, others
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5740:
1750:
1920:
Chlorpyrifos was banned under Thai law effective from 1 June 2020. Farmers were given 270 days to destroy their stock, while a 90-day deadline was also given to farmers to return the
1296:
and insects appear to be more sensitive to acute exposure than fish. Aquatic insects and animals appear to absorb chlorpyrifos directly from water rather than ingesting it with their
762:
5767:
7365:
9283:
1574:
of chlorpyrifos the safety standard of section 408(b)(2) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FFDCA)" and therefore proposed "to revoke all tolerances for chlorpyrifos."
9166:
6347:
2425:
1662:
Some states, including California, Hawaii, Maryland, New York, and Oregon, have banned chlorpyrifos on food grown and sold in their jurisdictions. Those bans remain in effect.
6756:
1647:
On 14 December, 2022 the EPA filed a Notice of Intent to Cancel (NOIC) for three chlorpyrifos pesticide products because they bear labeling for use on food, despite the ban.
9248:
9233:
7706:
714:
based on acute toxicity information dating to 1999. Exposure surpassing recommended levels has been linked to neurological effects, persistent developmental disorders, and
9607:
9253:
4682:
Levin, Edward D.; Cauley, Marty; Johnson, Joshua E.; Cooper, Ellen M.; Stapleton, Heather M.; Ferguson, P. Lee; Seidler, Frederic J.; Slotkin, Theodore A. (January 2014).
1749:
vacated EPA's order for these labeling requirements. In August 2014, in the settlement of a suit brought by environmental and fisheries advocacy groups against EPA in the
1637:, the organization that had conducted much of the legal work on the case, hailed the decision. The ruling was almost immediately appealed by Trump administration lawyers.
9653:
1860:
The Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicine Authority has been doing a Chlorpyrifos Chemical Review since July 2015, with the decision expected in August of 2024.
1481:
Chlorpyrifos was used to control insect infestations of homes and commercial buildings in Europe until it was banned from sale in 2008. Chlorpyrifos is restricted from
9159:
4562:"Prenatal dexamethasone augments the sex-selective developmental neurotoxicity of chlorpyrifos: Implications for vulnerability after pharmacotherapy for preterm labor"
3631:
Bouchard, Maryse F.; Chevrier, Jonathan; Harley, Kim G.; Kogut, Katherine; Vedar, Michelle; Calderon, Norma; Trujillo, Celina; Johnson, Caroline; Bradman, Asa (2011).
5252:
Curwin, Brian D.; Hein, Misty J.; Sanderson, Wayne T.; Striley, Cynthia; Heederik, Dick; Kromhout, Hans; Reynolds, Stephen J.; Alavanja, Michael C. (1 January 2007).
1340:
Risk assessments have primarily considered acute exposure, but more recently researchers have begun to investigate the effects of chronic, low-level exposure through
1659:
in place." The court ordered the EPA to reevaluate whether "chlorpyrifos can be safely used on crops like sugar beets, soybeans, and certain fruits and vegetables".
5703:. Reviews of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, Continuation of Residue Reviews. Vol. 231. Cham: Springer International Publishing. pp. 119โ162.
1978:
11747:
9243:
9085:
4321:
Slotkin, T A (15 July 2004). "Cholinergic systems in brain development and disruption by neurotoxicants: nicotine, environmental tobacco smoke, organophosphates".
4178:
Lee, Won Jin; Blair, Aaron; Hoppin, Jane A.; Lubin, Jay H.; Rusiecki, Jennifer A.; Sandler, Dale P.; Dosemeci, Mustafa; Alavanja, Michael C. R. (1 December 2004).
1569:(collectively, PANNA) submitted an administrative petition requesting a chlorpyrifos ban, citing harm to the brains of developing children. On 10 August 2015, the
7218:
725:, the use of chlorpyrifos was banned as of 1 April 2016 (with one minor exception). As of 2020, chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-methyl were banned throughout the
3488:
Timofeeva, Olga A.; Levin, Edward D. (2010). "Lasting Behavioral Consequences of Organophosphate Pesticide Exposure During Development". In R. Krieger (ed.).
1769:
Act). In the event of an environmental release above its reportable quantity of 1 lb or 0.454 kg, facilities are required to immediately notify the
10841:
7432:
Total Maximum Daily Loads for Chlorpyrifos and Diazinon for the Pajaro River Watershed Monterey, Santa Clara, Santa Cruz, and San Benito Counties, California
2735:
Chishti, Zia; Hussain, Sarfraz; Arshad, Khaliq R.; Khalid, Azeem; Arshad, Muhammad (2013). "Microbial degradation of chlorpyrifos in liquid media and soil".
2054:
1746:
1651:
1470:
938:
Children are more likely to experience muscle weakness rather than twitching; excessive saliva rather than sweat or tears; seizures; and sleepiness or coma.
730:
588:
10846:
7171:
6996:
5145:"Exposures of 129 Preschool Children to Organochlorines, Organophosphates, Pyrethroids, and Acid Herbicides at Their Homes and Daycares in North Carolina"
1549:
Chlorpyrifos is sold in restricted-use products for certified pesticide applicators to use in agriculture and other settings, such as golf courses or for
1010:
in 2011. Thai investigators came to no conclusion on the subject, but maintain that chlorpyrifos was not responsible and that the deaths were not linked.
11712:
10746:
10742:
10738:
10734:
10711:
10707:
2290:
1067:
and lower motor functions were observed. The same study showed that chlorpyrifos had more severe morphological deformities and mortality in embryos than
5794:
2620:
7219:"Regulatory Developments: Court of Appeals Issues Landmark Ruling Vacating Biological Opinion Concerning Effects of Three Pesticides on Salmon Species"
6295:
3595:
661:
7725:"Statement on the available outcomes of the human health assessment in the context of the pesticides peer review of the active substance chlorpyrifos"
7434:. 895 Aerovista Place, Suite 101, San Luis Obispo, California 93401: CALIFORNIA REGIONAL WATER QUALITY CONTROL BOARD CENTRAL COAST REGION. p. 65.
7021:
11742:
11198:
9258:
6407:
6844:
6644:
5301:
Egeghy, Peter P.; Cohen Hubal, Elaine A.; Tulve, Nicolle S.; Melnyk, Lisa J.; Morgan, Marsha K.; Fortmann, Roy C.; Sheldon, Linda S. (24 May 2011).
4227:
Thrasher, JD; Madison, R; Broughton, A (MarchโApril 1993). "Immunologic abnormalities in humans exposed to chlorpyrifos: preliminary observations".
11702:
7680:
3341:
2400:
6933:
5627:
2532:
1924:
for destruction, as their possession is considered illegal by the Department of Agriculture. After deadline, any person who possesses the illegal
1741:(NMFS) recommended limits on the use of chlorpyrifos in California, Idaho, Oregon and Washington and requested that manufacturers voluntarily add
10558:
9513:
9371:
7460:
2676:
2477:
1834:
chlorpyrifos in granular form, representing less than one percent of agricultural use of chlorpyrifos, will be allowed to remain on the market."
1640:
On August 18, 2021 the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) announced a ban on the use of chlorpyrifos on food crops in the United States.
7837:
7091:"Tolerances and Exemptions for Pesticide Chemical Residues in Food [ 40 CFR 180 ] : (Protection of Environment [ 40 CFR ])"
6206:
10879:
10298:
10294:
10290:
10286:
9523:
9480:
9431:
1621:
requests, the EPA released a copy of Pruitt's March meeting schedule which showed that a meeting had been scheduled between Pruitt and Dow CEO
1409:
32:
5958:
Williamson, Sally M.; Moffat, Christopher; Gomersall, Martha A. E.; Saranzewa, Nastja; Connolly, Christopher N.; Wright, Geraldine A. (2013).
5744:
11634:
9908:
9485:
9351:
8505:
3882:
Perera, FP (2005). "A Summary of Recent Findings on Birth Outcomes and Developmental Effects of Prenatal ETS, PAH, and Pesticide Exposures".
2313:
1912:
Chlorpyrifos is currently approved in New Zealand for commercial use in crops, as a veterinary medicine, and as a timber treatment chemical.
1578:
was "a critical tool for growers of more than 50 different types of crops in the United States" with limited or no viable alternatives." The
6373:
3438:
Flaskos, J. (25 February 2012). "The developmental neurotoxicity of organophosphorus insecticides: A direct role for the oxon metabolites".
1765:(TRI), based on EPA assessments. Chlorpyrifos is not on the reporting list. It is on the list of hazardous substances under CERCLA (aka the
11887:
11601:
9466:
9366:
8910:
8040:
6071:
5771:
5657:
5568:
3168:
Buckley, Nick A.; Eddleston, Michael; Li, Yi; Bevan, Marc; Robertson, Jane (2011). "Oximes for acute organophosphate pesticide poisoning".
2238:
1901:
408:
181:
7194:"Registrants' Response to EPA's April 29, 2010 Letter: Implementation of Chlorpyrifos, Diazinon and Malathion Salmonid BiOp-Davids letter"
5479:"Passive Sampling for Indoor and Outdoor Exposures to Chlorpyrifos, Azinphos-Methyl, and Oxygen Analogs in a Rural Agricultural Community"
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10477:
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9642:
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9336:
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1788:(PEL) of 0.2 mg/m3 for chlorpyrifos, based on an 8-hour time weighted average (TWA) exposure. However, the rule was remanded by the
2852:
2372:"The EPA is banning chlorpyrifos, a pesticide widely used on food crops, after 14 years of pressure from environmental and labor groups"
1683:
tolerances means that if this approach is finalized, all agricultural uses of chlorpyrifos would cease."), and then solicited comments.
1473:
and should be restricted. In 2021, the European Union submitted a proposal to list chlorpyrifos in Annex A to the Stockholm Convention.
10223:
8849:
8635:
5453:
4975:
1844:
In 2003, Dow agreed to pay $ 2 million to New York state, in response to a lawsuit to end Dow's advertising of Dursban as "safe".
1812:
1618:
5890:"Four common pesticides, their mixtures and a formulation solvent in the hive environment have high oral toxicity to honey bee larvae"
5535:
11663:
9968:
9456:
6615:
6492:
5197:"Urinary biomarker, dermal, and air measurement results for 2,4-D and chlorpyrifos farm applicators in the Agricultural Health Study"
4437:
Eaton, David L.; Daroff, Robert B.; Autrup, Herman; Bridges, James; Buffler, Patricia; Costa, Lucio G.; Coyle, Joseph; McKhann, Guy;
1497:
1158:
established for acute chlorpyrifos poisoning and also some lower-dose health impacts. It is also the primary insecticidal mechanism.
4684:"Prenatal dexamethasone augments the neurobehavioral teratology of chlorpyrifos: Significance for maternal stress and preterm labor"
2590:
779:
12029:
11707:
11569:
10163:
7797:
5378:
4503:. Emerging health issues from chronic pesticide exposure: Innovative methodologies and effects on molecular cell and tissue level.
4154:
1702:
be removed or protected during treatment. Food handling establishment tolerances may be modified or exempted under FFDCA sec. 408.
1502:
In the United States, several laws directly or indirectly regulate the use of pesticides. These laws, which are implemented by the
7863:
4627:"Prenatal dexamethasone, as used in preterm labor, worsens the impact of postnatal chlorpyrifos exposure on serotonergic pathways"
12049:
11677:
9923:
9798:
7090:
7048:
4807:"Reversal of chlorpyrifos neurobehavioral teratogenicity in mice by nicotine administration and neural stem cell transplantation"
4805:
Billauer-Haimovitch, Hana; Slotkin, Theodore A.; Dotan, Sharon; Langford, Rachel; Pinkas, Adi; Yanai, Joseph (28 December 2009).
2700:
Simon, David; Helliwell, Stuart; Robards, Kevin (1998). "Analytical chemistry of chlorpyrifos and diuron in aquatic ecosystems".
2110:
1880:
On 6 December 2019, the European Union (EU) announced that it will no longer permit sales of chlorpyrifos after 31 January 2020.
729:, where they may no longer be used. The EU also applied to have chlorpyrifos listed as a persistent organic pollutant under the
7961:
7266:
3751:
Silver, Monica K.; Shao, Jie; Zhu, Binquan; Chen, Minjian; Xia, Yankai; Kaciroti, Niko; Lozoff, Betsy; Meeker, John D. (2017).
2558:
1562:
7386:
6181:
6108:"UNEP/POPS/POPRC.17/5 โ Proposal to list chlorpyrifos in Annex A to the Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants"
6107:
3753:"Prenatal naled and chlorpyrifos exposure is associated with deficits in infant motor function in a cohort of Chinese infants"
1776:
In 1995, Dow paid a $ 732,000 EPA penalty for not forwarding reports it had received on 249 chlorpyrifos poisoning incidents.
12034:
11668:
11616:
11521:
5716:
3505:
2342:
2139:"Insecticides, biologics and nematicides: Updates to IRAC's mode of action classification - a tool for resistance management"
2022:
951:
7918:
6438:
3993:. Prenatal Programming and Toxicity II (PPTOX II): Role of Environmental Stressors in the Developmental Origins of Disease.
12008:
11871:
11682:
11611:
11536:
11355:
6965:
6816:
3691:
Rauh, Virginia; Arunajadai, Srikesh; Horton, Megan; Perera, Frederica; Hoepner, Lori; Barr, Dana B.; Whyatt, Robin (2011).
2878:
6539:
4941:
12039:
11859:
11737:
10720:
10633:
7724:
7510:
2737:
1819:
Subbasin as part of the Columbia River National Strategic Plan, which is based on EPA'S 2006โ11 National Strategic Plan.
1711:
6079:
Pesticide Action Network North America, Oakland, CA. WWW. Pan-europe. Info/News/PR/121009_Chlorpyrifos_as_POP_final. PDF
5602:"Heather Hansen, "Proper Pest Management Keeps Washington Fruit Crop Healthy", Seattle Post Intellegencer, Jan 19, 2007"
1985:
656:
10872:
10689:
9493:
7536:
6131:
3407:
3311:
11876:
11835:
11800:
11785:
11767:
11692:
11471:
5254:"Urinary pesticide concentrations among children, mothers and fathers living in farm and non-farm households in Iowa"
2500:
2086:
1841:
Florida did not ban chlorpyrifos completely, but introduced a concentration limit of 21 ug/L in drinking water.
1738:
1566:
1462:
1439:
734:
373:
66:
7120:
6934:
US Environmental Protection Agency Office of Pesticide Programs Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Chlorpyrifos
5088:"Dietary Intake and Its Contribution to Longitudinal Organophosphorus Pesticide Exposure in Urban/Suburban Children"
3819:"Neurodevelopmental effects in children associated with exposure to organophosphate pesticides: A systematic review"
842:
through several routes. Simon et al. 1998 report that insects are exposed to chlorpyrifos through ingesting treated
12054:
11881:
11717:
11648:
11643:
9773:
8307:
5303:"Review of pesticide urinary biomarker measurements from selected US EPA children's observational exposure studies"
5001:
3100:"Longitudinal trends in organophosphate incidents reported to the National Pesticide Information Center, 1995โ2007"
2652:
1823:
1723:
1002:
Chlorpyrifos poisoning was described by New Zealand scientists as the likely cause of death of several tourists in
7121:"Designation of Hazardous Substances [ 40 CFR 116 ] : (Protection of Environment [ 40 CFR ])"
5143:
Morgan, Marsha; Wilson, Nancy; Chuang, Jane; Morgan, Marsha K.; Wilson, Nancy K.; Chuang, Jane C. (3 April 2014).
668:
11820:
11727:
11591:
11506:
11269:
7753:
7150:
6880:
1655:
1053:. In rats, low-level exposure during development has its greatest neurotoxic effects during the period in which
11849:
11722:
11559:
11526:
9312:
8302:
6782:
6443:
2516:
Bob Egelko (9 May 2019). "Newsom banning chemical on crops: Action outlaws pesticide Trump EPA wants to save".
1889:
1884:
1789:
1609:
1570:
1264:
1150:
1059:
871:
700:
569:
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2452:
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11015:
10865:
9988:
5801:
4750:
Lee, Sookwang; Poet, Torka S.; Smith, Jordan N.; Busby-Hjerpe, Andrea L.; Timchalk, Charles (30 March 2010).
3693:"Seven-Year Neurodevelopmental Scores and Prenatal Exposure to Chlorpyrifos, a Common Agricultural Pesticide"
3382:
3363:
2627:
7587:
6299:
5031:"Children's Exposure to Chlorpyrifos and Parathion in an Agricultural Community in Central Washington State"
11988:
11854:
10836:
10575:
9189:
7445:
6973:
316:
259:
1212:
months to several years after birth, likely increasing the risk from chlorpyrifos exposure early in life.
11908:
11606:
11564:
10918:
9783:
8455:
6839:
6465:
4495:
Costa, Lucio G.; Giordano, Gennaro; Cole, Toby B.; Marsillach, Judit; Furlong, Clement E. (10 May 2013).
3596:"7-Year Neurodevelopmental Scores and Prenatal Exposure to Chlorpyrifos, a Common Agricultural Pesticide"
991:
855:
801:
applied to approximately 8.5 million crop acres. The crops with the most usefulness include cotton,
754:
337:
221:
6966:"Compliance Policy Guides โ CPG Sec. 575.100 Pesticide Residues in Food and Feed โ Enforcement Criteria"
11903:
10468:
10446:
8949:
8262:
7954:
7929:
6940:
6858:
6234:"Concentrations and temporal trends in pesticide biomarkers in urine of Swedish adolescents, 2000โ2017"
5635:
4374:"Organophosphate-sensitive lipases modulate brain lysophospholipids, ether lipids and endocannabinoids"
4180:"Cancer incidence among pesticide applicators exposed to chlorpyrifos in the Agricultural Health Study"
2536:
1796:
1785:
1328:
1307:
Concentrated chlorpyrifos released into rivers killed insects, shrimp and fish. In Britain, the rivers
1176:
612:
599:
2683:
954:
shrank sharply from over 200 in the year 2000 to less than 50 in 2003, following the residential ban.
11933:
11653:
9217:
9134:
8382:
8277:
8093:
8025:
6588:
3606:
1958:
1714:
and falls under the CWA amendments of 1977 and 1978. The regulation is inclusive of all chlorpyrifos
907:
867:
711:
692:
9151:
6757:"Scott Pruitt, Trump's EPA chief met with Dow Chemical exec before rolling back a ban on pesticides"
6210:
5406:"Community Exposures to Airborne Agricultural Pesticides in California: Ranking of Inhalation Risks"
583:
acute toxic, environmental hazard, combustible, reacts strongly with amines, strong acids, caustics
12044:
11795:
11156:
11148:
10991:
10663:
10316:
10213:
9938:
7439:
5960:"Exposure to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors alters the physiology and motor function of honeybees"
4752:"Effect of in vivo nicotine exposure on chlorpyrifos pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in rats"
1770:
1762:
1458:
738:
354:
48:
7313:
6325:
2987:
Gunnell, David; Eddleston, Michael; Phillips, Michael R.; Konradsen, Flemming (21 December 2007).
1710:
Chlorpyrifos in waterways is regulated as a hazardous substance under section 311(b)(2)(A) of the
11775:
11687:
11128:
11003:
9127:
8138:
7890:
7613:
2853:
The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classifiยณcation 2009
7069:
6518:
Dow AgroSciences, U.S. Farmers Disagree with U.S. EPA Proposal to Revoke Chlorpyrifos Tolerances
6082:
6015:"Exposure to multiple cholinergic pesticides impairs olfactory learning and memory in honeybees"
5668:
5575:
2910:
2221:
The WHO Recommended Classification of Pesticides by Hazard and Guidelines to Classification 2019
1171:
signaling and increase rat symptoms of depression; change the expression or activity of several
11843:
11763:
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9106:
9066:
8118:
7772:
1523:
1133:
Primarily, chlorpyrifos and other organophosphate pesticides interfere with signaling from the
1054:
7022:"POISON FRUIT: Dow Chemical Wants Farmers to Keep Using a Pesticide Linked to Autism and ADHD"
6562:
2856:
12059:
11865:
11815:
11810:
11554:
11302:
10581:
10502:
9120:
7947:
7416:
6688:
6671:
4497:"Paraoxonase 1 (PON1) as a genetic determinant of susceptibility to organophosphate toxicity"
2426:"Canada Quietly Bans Chlorpyrifos, While EPA's 60-Day Deadline For Action Rapidly Approaches"
1854:
550:
5460:
4372:
Casida, John E.; Nomura, Daniel K.; Vose, Sarah C.; Fujioka, Kazutoshi (25 September 2008).
695:
that has been used on crops, animals, and buildings, and in other settings, to kill several
11978:
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5901:
5842:
5601:
5542:
4763:
4695:
4573:
4508:
4385:
4330:
4060:
3998:
3987:"Does early-life exposure to organophosphate insecticides lead to prediabetes and obesity?"
3891:
3830:
3764:
3254:"Pralidoxime in acute organophosphorus insecticide poisoningโA randomised controlled trial"
3111:
2805:
2750:
2709:
2154:
987:
982:, which reduces the pesticide's impact. However, atropine does not affect acetylcholine at
704:
325:
110:
7193:
6903:
6494:
Chlorpyrifos Tolerance Revocations: A Proposed Rule by the Environmental Protection Agency
2597:
812:
Chlorpyrifos was first registered for use in the United States in 1965 for the control of
241:
157:
8:
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8287:
8282:
8098:
8083:
6506:
Docket number EPA-HQ-OPP-2015-0653. This report is no longer available on the EPA website
2256:
1542:). As a pesticide, chlorpyrifos is not regulated under the Toxic Substances Control Act (
1279:
study in Lindsay also showed that people there display above-normal chlorpyrifos levels.
1272:
979:
851:
715:
147:
11994:
7485:
5905:
5846:
5454:"S Kegley et al., "Secondhand Pesticides", Pesticide Action Network North America, 2003"
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Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information.
1038:
studies, chlorpyrifos exposure during gestation or childhood has been linked with lower
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6817:"Court Orders E.P.A. To Ban Chlorpyrifos, Pesticide Tied to Children's Health Problems"
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Slotkin, Theodore A.; Card, Jennifer; Infante, Alice; Seidler, Frederic J. (May 2013).
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1949:, eventually reacting 3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol with diethylthiophosphoryl chloride.
1457:
Chlorpyrifos is not regulated under international law or treaty. Organizations such as
1312:
1268:
983:
911:
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3213:
3060:
2794:"Brain anomalies in children exposed prenatally to a common organophosphate pesticide"
2721:
1979:"California Department of Pestidicide Regulation โ Chlorpyrifos Product List May 2015"
1675:
enforces EPA's pesticide tolerances and determines "action levels" for the unintended
1417:
382:
InChI=1S/C9H11Cl3NO3PS/c1-3-14-17(18,15-4-2)16-9-7(11)5-6(10)8(12)13-9/h5H,3-4H2,1-2H3
40:
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2018:
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InChI=1/C9H11Cl3NO3PS/c1-3-14-17(18,15-4-2)16-9-7(11)5-6(10)8(12)13-9/h5H,3-4H2,1-2H3
44:
10765:
7244:
6348:"Chlorpyrifos; Receipt of Requests For End-Use Product Amendments and Cancellations"
4474:
4096:
3919:
3524:
3237:
3084:
3047:
organophosphorus insecticides in human self-poisoning: a prospective cohort study".
2562:
1199:(PON1) detoxifies chlorpyrifos oxon, the more toxic metabolite of chlorpyrifos, via
1145:
acetylcholinesterase, preventing this enzyme from deactivating acetylcholine in the
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3948:
3899:
3854:
3838:
3788:
3772:
3720:
3704:
3660:
3644:
3560:
3493:
3447:
3283:
3265:
3209:
3177:
3173:
3137:
3119:
3056:
3018:
3000:
2948:
2823:
2813:
2758:
2717:
2162:
1946:
1869:
1172:
1134:
843:
539:
431:
5888:
Zhu, Wanyi; Schmehl, Daniel R.; Mullin, Christopher A.; Frazier, James L. (2014).
4240:
2762:
11790:
11496:
11458:
11428:
11274:
11207:
11072:
11057:
10981:
10948:
10730:
10699:
10613:
10608:
10416:
9703:
9693:
9673:
9113:
9032:
8415:
8400:
5914:
5855:
4124:
3776:
3451:
3270:
2167:
2138:
1726:
for chlorpyrifos, but has established a drinking water guideline of 2 ug/L.
1676:
1519:
1466:
1226:
1208:
1180:
1095:, thyroid gland, myelin, and the subjects also had more anti-nuclear antibodies.
696:
305:
11998:
7912:
7907:
7681:"Fรธdevaremyndighed: Frygtet sprรธjtegift skader bรธrns udvikling og skal forbydes"
6731:"EPA chief met with Dow Chemical CEO before deciding not to ban toxic pesticide"
5708:
3903:
3842:
3564:
1345:
risk from chlorpyrifos exposure via their diet than from many other pesticides.
11913:
11077:
11042:
10938:
10023:
9943:
9698:
9668:
9508:
8930:
8410:
8249:
7798:"Dow raided by CBI: profited $ 330,000 by bribing officials to license Dursban"
7338:
4342:
3633:"Prenatal Exposure to Organophosphate Pesticides and IQ in 7-Year-Old Children"
2067:
Sangster J; LOGKOW Databank. Sangster Res. Lab., Montreal Quebec, Canada (1994)
1622:
1244:
1109:
950:
In the US, the number of incidents of chlorpyrifos exposure reported to the US
883:
839:
726:
722:
639:
10331:
7934:
7486:"Agreement Reached to End Sale of Chlorpyrifos in California by February 2020"
6250:
5477:
Gibbs, Jenna L.; Yost, Michael G.; Negrete, Maria; Fenske, Richard A. (2017).
5029:
Fenske, Richard A.; Lu, Chensheng; Barr, Dana; Needham, Larry (5 April 2002).
4822:
4775:
4707:
4585:
4520:
4450:
4397:
4288:
4275:
Costa, Lucio G. (April 2006). "Current issues in organophosphate toxicology".
4072:
2989:"The global distribution of fatal pesticide self-poisoning: Systematic review"
2953:
2936:
2206:
2050:
1534:); the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act (
12023:
11918:
11438:
11246:
11107:
11087:
10998:
10963:
10401:
10233:
10008:
9973:
9848:
9503:
9182:
9014:
8895:
8839:
8811:
8718:
8708:
8540:
8520:
8186:
8151:
7939:
7924:
6794:
6697:
6408:"EPA Proposes Ending Use of Certain Pesticide on Foods, Citing Risk to Water"
6385:
6282:... , as chlorpyrifos has never been approved for plant protection in Sweden.
6259:
6038:
5976:
5923:
5502:
5279:
5220:
5111:
5054:
4911:
Chlorpyrifos Preliminary Human Health Risk Assessment for Registration Review
4884:
4830:
4783:
4715:
4650:
4593:
4528:
4458:
4405:
4350:
4296:
4205:
4132:
4080:
4018:
3960:
3850:
3784:
3716:
3656:
3572:
3459:
3279:
3221:
3133:
3068:
3014:
2962:
2770:
2176:
1734:
1276:
1222:
1196:
975:
931:
924:
891:
528:
518:
252:
6783:"E.P.A. Promised 'a New Day' for the Agriculture Industry, Documents Reveal"
5536:
Air Monitoring for Chlorpyrifos in the Yakima Valley, Washington, April 2006
5270:
5253:
5161:
5086:
Lu, Chensheng; Barr, Dana B.; Pearson, Melanie A.; Waller, Lance A. (2008).
3005:
2937:"Patterns and problems of deliberate self-poisoning in the developing world"
2818:
710:
Chlorpyrifos is considered moderately hazardous to humans (Class II) by the
699:, including insects and worms. It acts on the nervous systems of insects by
11968:
11928:
11443:
11264:
11256:
11097:
11082:
10928:
10757:
10548:
10441:
10396:
10361:
10351:
10346:
10193:
10073:
9978:
9883:
9518:
9401:
9386:
9057:
8999:
8994:
8900:
8875:
8806:
8801:
8771:
8743:
8698:
8693:
8688:
8673:
8620:
8525:
8495:
8395:
8357:
8239:
8229:
8214:
8209:
8199:
8176:
8156:
8005:
7970:
7868:
7823:
6705:
6277:
6056:
5995:
5941:
5874:
5726:
5520:
5439:
5338:
5287:
5238:
5180:
5129:
5072:
4892:
4848:
4791:
4733:
4668:
4625:
Slotkin, Theodore A.; Card, Jennifer; Seidler, Frederic J. (January 2014).
4611:
4546:
4466:
4423:
4358:
4304:
4213:
4140:
4088:
4036:
3968:
3911:
3868:
3802:
3734:
3674:
3580:
3467:
3297:
3229:
3185:
3151:
3124:
3076:
3032:
2970:
2837:
2778:
2621:"Pesticide Industry Sales and Usage Report: 2006 and 2007 Market Estimates"
2184:
1925:
1742:
1634:
1602:
1316:
1308:
1092:
1039:
1035:
7366:"Three Companies Penalized for Pesticide Violations on Yakama Reservation"
5421:
5404:
Lee, S; McLaughlin, R; Harnly, M; Gunier, R; Kreutzer, R (December 2002).
5319:
4248:
4196:
4179:
3098:
Stone, David L.; Sudakin, Daniel L.; Jenkins, Jeffrey J. (20 April 2009).
2105:
1582:
quoted the Dow AgroSciences' statement disagreeing with the EPA findings.
1488:
Chlorpyrifos has not been permitted for agricultural use in Sweden at all
11958:
11544:
11501:
11433:
11413:
11390:
11365:
11169:
11164:
11142:
11135:
11092:
11062:
11032:
10888:
10785:
10623:
10543:
10487:
10381:
10228:
9993:
9893:
9768:
9723:
9567:
9562:
9557:
9490:
9451:
9396:
9381:
9361:
9346:
9072:
8989:
8890:
8880:
8791:
8767:
8758:
8738:
8733:
8723:
8683:
8658:
8640:
8450:
8234:
8204:
8194:
8146:
8123:
8030:
8020:
7974:
7925:
Chlorpyrifos Pesticide Information Profile โ Extension Toxicology Network
7562:
7124:
5046:
1058:
indicators similar to prediabetes, likely associated with changes to the
1025:
1007:
971:
718:. Exposure during pregnancy may harm the mental development of children.
10326:
5700:
Risks to Aquatic Organisms from Use of Chlorpyrifos in the United States
3708:
3648:
2659:
2401:"EPA Will Ban A Farming Pesticide Linked To Health Problems In Children"
792:
11759:
11511:
11476:
11405:
11192:
11067:
11027:
10896:
10857:
10810:
10806:
10538:
10528:
10523:
10436:
10411:
10371:
10366:
10356:
10341:
10282:
10277:
10088:
9948:
9933:
9903:
9878:
9853:
9808:
9803:
9793:
9763:
9733:
9597:
9587:
9532:
9527:
9498:
9475:
9441:
9406:
9391:
9356:
9331:
9185:
9024:
9004:
8935:
8925:
8915:
8905:
8885:
8865:
8796:
8786:
8753:
8748:
8728:
8713:
8703:
8678:
8668:
8663:
8650:
8600:
8570:
8510:
8490:
8475:
8470:
8465:
8445:
8367:
8342:
8332:
8224:
8219:
8171:
8161:
8088:
8035:
8015:
8000:
6030:
5212:
4804:
2909:
Christensen, K.; Harper, B.; Luukinen, B.; Buhl, K.; Stone, D. (2009).
2077:
Lide, David R. (2015โ2016). "Physical Constants of Organic Compounds".
1293:
1184:
1138:
1083:, a whistling sound while breathing due to obstruction of the airways.
1003:
986:
and thus is a partial treatment. Pralidoxime is intended to reactivate
474:
232:
7891:"Chlorpyrifos | Banned for use in Malaysia | Health hazards"
6904:"EPA sets limits on the amount of pesticides that may remain in foods"
6323:
5792:
5103:
1587:
under cultivation. No other pesticide has been more thoroughly tested.
97:
11805:
11516:
11448:
11423:
11385:
11350:
11342:
11324:
11309:
11297:
11241:
11218:
11186:
11181:
10971:
10649:
10533:
10482:
10391:
10386:
10376:
10218:
10153:
10148:
10138:
10093:
10063:
10058:
10043:
10028:
9998:
9963:
9953:
9858:
9738:
9728:
9718:
9688:
9683:
9678:
9602:
9577:
9542:
9471:
9446:
9416:
9376:
9326:
9181:
8970:
8965:
8960:
8945:
8844:
8781:
8763:
8580:
8560:
8550:
8530:
8515:
8430:
8405:
8372:
8272:
8166:
8060:
8050:
7995:
7982:
6374:"E.P.A., Citing Risks to Children, Signs Accord to Limit Insecticide"
3605:. Columbia Center for Children's Environmental Health. Archived from
1766:
1554:
1200:
1168:
500:
7417:"Chemicals Considered or Listed Under Proposition 65 - Chlorpyrifos"
4942:"A Strong Case Against a Pesticide Does Not Faze E.P.A. Under Trump"
4751:
1125:
910:
classifies chlorpyrifos as Class II: moderately hazardous. The oral
890:
follow acute poisoning or from long-term exposure to low doses, and
638:
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their
11780:
11370:
11319:
11175:
11115:
10943:
10913:
10816:
10518:
10451:
10406:
10336:
10304:
10203:
10183:
10173:
10038:
9958:
9888:
9873:
9758:
9753:
9658:
9592:
9537:
9461:
9411:
9341:
9321:
9140:
9042:
9037:
9009:
8984:
8940:
8920:
8625:
8610:
8500:
8485:
8440:
8390:
8327:
8108:
8065:
8045:
8010:
7990:
6901:
5494:
2746:
2150:
1921:
1830:
1550:
1301:
1230:
1068:
1064:
1063:
dysfunctions. In the experiments where embryos did survive, spinal
963:
280:
6466:"Pesticide Action Network v. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency"
5957:
5741:"Ban on domestic sale of insecticide welcomed by fisheries groups"
4380:. Proceedings of the IX International Meeting on Cholinesterases.
2048:
1761:
EPCRA designates the chemicals that facilities must report to the
1091:
Autoantibodies were directed toward smooth muscle, parietal cell,
180:
11236:
10953:
10923:
10553:
10461:
10426:
10198:
10098:
10068:
10053:
10003:
9898:
9843:
9838:
9833:
9828:
9823:
9818:
9813:
9788:
9743:
9637:
9632:
9552:
9547:
9421:
8978:
8870:
8821:
8615:
8605:
8585:
8575:
8535:
8460:
8352:
8322:
7661:
7588:"Dow AgroSciences agrees to pay $ 2M to state over pesticide ads"
7267:"EPA Settlement Creates Pesticide-Free Zones For Salmon โ Law360"
6593:
5307:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
5149:
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
3875:
2986:
1719:
1613:
to infant and children's health and development is unambiguous."
1482:
1146:
1050:
895:
813:
508:
292:
6207:"Changes to authorisations for products containing chlorpyrifos"
5541:(Report). Pesticide Action Network North America. Archived from
3815:
2619:
Grube, Arthur; Donaldson, David; Kiely, Timothy; Wu, La (2011).
2015:
Agrochemicals: Composition, Production, Toxicology, Applications
1526:(ESA); the Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (
11380:
11338:
10908:
10078:
9868:
9627:
9622:
9617:
9612:
9426:
9200:
8590:
8480:
8347:
8337:
8257:
8055:
7042:
7040:
7038:
3549:
1730:
1715:
1538:); and the Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act (
1535:
1154:
1142:
1080:
806:
212:
88:
7824:"PRD Live - 27 เดเตเดเดจเดพเดถเดฟเดจเดฟเดเดณเตเดเต เดจเดฟเดฐเตเดงเดจเดคเตเดคเต เดชเดฟเดจเตเดคเตเดฃเดเตเดเต เดธเดเดธเตเดฅเดพเดจเด"
6994:
5534:
Kegley, Susan; Tupper, Karl; Wangand, Andrew (December 2006).
3492:(Third ed.). New York: Academic Press. pp. 837โ846.
2591:"Interim Reregistration Eligibility Decision for Chlorpyrifos"
1928:
will be fined one million baht, jailed for 10 years, or both.
1868:
Chlorpyrifos was never approved for use in Denmark, except on
1465:
state that chlorpyrifos meets the four criteria (persistence,
11334:
10986:
10456:
10178:
10168:
10018:
9913:
9263:
8545:
8362:
6672:"Deregulation and the Assault on Science and the Environment"
5566:
2908:
1815:
added chlorpyrifos to the list of targeted reductions in the
1539:
1531:
1527:
1507:
1167:
suggest that exposure to low doses of chlorpyrifos may alter
967:
802:
192:
170:
11953:
9608:
Octamethylene-bis(5-dimethylcarbamoxyisoquinolinium bromide)
7035:
6238:
Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology
5695:
5300:
3937:
2314:"NGOs call on Health Canada to expedite ban on chlorpyrifos"
2135:
1153:, chlorpyrifos leads to a build-up of acetylcholine between
342:
10721:
10634:
9654:
2-Ethoxycarbonyl-1-methylvinyl cyclohexyl methylphosphonate
9047:
8317:
7935:
CDC โ NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards โ Chlorpyrifos
7666:
The Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicine Authority
7046:
6232:
Norรฉn, Erika; Lindh, Christian; et al. (1 July 2020).
5569:"Airborne Poisons: Pesticides in Our Air and in Our Bodies"
5193:
4867:. Role of Prenatal Drugs of Abuse on Neuronal Development.
4494:
3630:
1543:
1511:
1334:
1297:
847:
809:, and fruit trees, including oranges, bananas, and apples.
625:
495:
271:
10690:
7921:(archived version) โ National Pesticide Information Center
7838:"First step towards reassessing controversial insecticide"
7642:. Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority
7616:. Australian Pesticides and Veterinary Medicines Authority
6645:"Trump admin appeals ruling ordering EPA to ban pesticide"
5660:
Airborne Poisons: Pesticides in Our Air, and in Our Bodies
5251:
5201:
Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology
4976:"Chlorpyrifos Revised Human Health Risk Assessment (2016)"
4113:
American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine
4109:
3690:
3250:
2734:
2239:"Common Insecticide May Harm Boys' Brains More Than Girls"
2081:(96 ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. pp. 3โ122.
1829:
California included regulation limits for chlorpyrifos in
1751:
U.S. District Court for the Western District of Washington
1670:
The use of chlorpyrifos in agriculture can leave chemical
923:
Acute poisoning results mainly from interference with the
11231:
8312:
7461:"The end in sight for a perilous pesticide in California"
7387:"Water Quality Total Maximum Daily Loads (TMDLs) Program"
7049:"Section 180.342 โ Chlorpyrifos; tolerances for residues"
6997:"Proposal to Revoke Chlorpyrifos Food Residue Tolerances"
5628:"Douglas Fischer, "Toxins permeate Central Valley town",
5403:
4559:
3045:
2850:
2218:
1515:
1503:
7245:"ODA Pesticides Interim court ordered pesticide buffers"
6589:"U.S. EPA denies petition to ban pesticide chlorpyrifos"
6487:
6485:
6324:
U.S. EPA, Office of Pesticide Programs (February 2002).
5142:
4861:
4749:
4681:
4436:
4226:
1945:
Chlorpyrifos is produced via a multistep synthesis from
1469:, long-range transport, and toxicity) in Annex D of the
6231:
5887:
5634:. Origin.insidebayarea.com. 16 May 2007. Archived from
4969:
4967:
4965:
4963:
4371:
3198:
3167:
7734:. European Food Safety Authority Journal. 31 July 2019
7640:
Public Chemical Registration Information System Search
6902:
US EPA Office of Pesticide Programs (20 August 2015).
5829:
Sanchez-Bayo, Francisco; Goka, Koichi (9 April 2014).
5476:
3686:
3684:
3383:"Thai experts: Bed bug spray didn't kill Kiwi tourist"
2791:
990:, but the benefit of oxime treatment is questioned. A
6670:
Samet, Jonathan M.; Burke, Thomas A. (2 April 2020).
6482:
6146:"Prohibition on the use of chlorpyrifos in Singapore"
4935:
4933:
4931:
2699:
2618:
2283:"EU-Wide ban of Chlorpyrifos and Chlorpyrifos-methyl"
2055:
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health
1652:
United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit
1471:
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
1071:, another commonly used organophosphate insecticide.
731:
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants
6881:"EPA Continues Work to Reduce Chlorpyrifos Exposure"
5768:"Domestic source 'likely' cause of Kennet pollution"
4960:
3334:"Sarah Carter's likely cause of death โ insecticide"
2530:
2257:"UK to ban sales and use of chlorpyrifos from April"
11713:
2024 United Kingdom Shigatoxigenic E. coli outbreak
6616:"Federal appeals court orders EPA to ban pesticide"
6541:
EPA Urged to Ban Widely-Used Pesticide Chlorpyrifos
5824:
5822:
5533:
5085:
5028:
4177:
3681:
3097:
2855:(Report). World Health Organization. Archived from
2131:
2129:
1872:grown in greenhouses. This use was banned in 2012.
7861:
7511:"Hawaii to ban pesticides containing chlorpyrifos"
7172:"New Limits on Pesticide Uses Will Protect Salmon"
6781:Lipton, Eric; Rabin, Roni Caryn (18 August 2017).
5953:
5951:
4928:
4624:
2904:
2902:
2900:
2898:
2896:
2728:
1120:
533:160 ยฐC; 320 ยฐF; 433 K (decomposes)
9218:
6581:
5831:"Pesticide Residues and Bees โ A Risk Assessment"
3809:
3750:
12021:
6008:
5828:
5819:
5743:. FishUpdate.com. 28 August 2013. Archived from
4049:
3483:
3481:
3479:
3477:
2930:
2928:
2126:
1161:
304:
6725:
6723:
6182:"Harmful pesticide banned in SA โ South Africa"
5948:
5691:
5689:
4265:12th Ed. British Crop Protection Council (BCPC)
2893:
2490:
2451:April 20; Sass, 2022 Jennifer (20 April 2022).
2100:
2098:
2008:
2006:
1333:Acute exposure to chlorpyrifos can be toxic to
1187:system; and influence other chemical pathways.
156:
126:-(3,5,6-trichloropyridin-2-yl) phosphorothioate
10563:Many of the other AChE inhibitors listed above
7969:
7339:"OSHA PEL Project Documentation: Chlorpyrifos"
7151:"Hazardous Substances Data Bank: Chlorpyrifos"
4316:
4314:
4155:"Lung Cancer in the Agricultural Health Study"
3980:
3978:
3933:
3931:
3929:
3487:
3433:
3431:
3429:
3380:
3312:"Toxin 'likely' cause of Sarah Carter's death"
3163:
3161:
2982:
2980:
1722:in any solution or mixture. EPA has not set a
1141:, chlorpyrifos-oxon, binds permanently to the
941:
10873:
10503:
9167:
7955:
7915:, National Pesticide Information Center (PDF)
7292:NIH U.S National Library of Medicine WebWISER
6509:
6296:"Summary of the Toxic Substances Control Act"
6209:. Health and Safety Executive. Archived from
3474:
2925:
2012:
1530:); the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (
1406:The examples and perspective in this section
918:
29:The examples and perspective in this article
11888:Spanish Agency for Food Safety and Nutrition
11703:2017โ2018 South African listeriosis outbreak
11602:1985 Austrian diethylene glycol wine scandal
10842:Muscarinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
9299:
7864:"Farmers given 90 days to hand in chemicals"
7802:International Campaign for Justice in Bhopal
6720:
6639:
6637:
5793:Washington State Department of Agriculture.
5686:
4490:
4488:
4486:
4484:
2450:
2095:
2003:
1902:Food Safety and Standards Authority of India
1813:Oregon's Department of Environmental Quality
778:
11826:United Kingdom food information regulations
10847:Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor modulators
10726:Tooltip Vesicle-associated membrane protein
10639:Tooltip Vesicular acetylcholine transporter
10593:
7047:Code of Federal Regulations (1 July 2010).
6928:
6926:
6924:
6922:
6920:
6780:
4311:
3975:
3926:
3426:
3172:(2). John Wiley & Sons, Ltd: CD005085.
3158:
2977:
2476:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (
1592:Statement Dow AgroSciences October 30, 2015
10880:
10866:
10695:Tooltip Synaptosomal-associated protein 25
9174:
9160:
7962:
7948:
7773:"Dow AgroSciences Blacklisted for Bribing"
7429:
7391:Oregon Department of Environmental Quality
7144:
7142:
6669:
6544:, Environment News Service, 5 January 2016
4904:
4902:
4745:
4743:
4365:
2515:
2365:
2363:
1424:, or create a new section, as appropriate.
749:The industrial synthesis of chlorpyrifos (
701:inhibiting the acetylcholinesterase enzyme
357:
262:
240:
11664:2008 United States salmonellosis outbreak
7754:"เดตเดฟเดทเดคเตเดคเดฟเตฝ เดฎเตเดเตเดเดฟเดเตเดเตเดณเดฟเดเตเดเต เดฎเตเดณเดเตเด เดเตเดฐเดฏเตเด"
6687:
6634:
6532:
6405:
6267:
6249:
6046:
5985:
5975:
5931:
5913:
5864:
5854:
5510:
5429:
5328:
5318:
5269:
5228:
5170:
5160:
5119:
5062:
4838:
4723:
4658:
4601:
4536:
4481:
4430:
4413:
4268:
4195:
4026:
3858:
3792:
3724:
3664:
3525:"Chlorpyrifos | Pesticide Action Network"
3287:
3269:
3141:
3123:
3022:
3004:
2952:
2934:
2827:
2817:
2336:
2334:
2166:
2076:
1498:Pesticide regulation in the United States
1440:Learn how and when to remove this message
1115:
324:
67:Learn how and when to remove this message
11708:2018 Australian strawberry contamination
11570:Morinaga Milk arsenic poisoning incident
10887:
7363:
6917:
6851:
6689:10.1146/annurev-publhealth-040119-094056
6436:
6345:
6293:
4908:
4184:Journal of the National Cancer Institute
2588:
2343:"US bans chlorpyrifos on all food crops"
2275:
2249:
2049:NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards.
1779:
1679:residues onto crops without tolerances.
1553:control. It may also be sold in ant and
1263:Air monitoring studies conducted by the
1124:
1103:The Dow Chemical Company also developed
791:
11678:2011 United States listeriosis outbreak
9799:Dimethyl 4-(methylthio)phenyl phosphate
7707:"Search | The National Law Review"
7678:
7158:U.S National Library of Medicine TOXNET
7139:
6835:"What is the Insecticide Chlorpyrifos?"
6439:"Chlorpyrifos returns to the US market"
6072:"Chlorpyrifos as a possible global POP"
4899:
4740:
4320:
3984:
3490:Hayes' Handbook of Pesticide Toxicology
3437:
3170:Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
2913:. National Pesticide Information Center
2394:
2392:
2369:
2360:
2311:
2305:
2111:Insecticide Resistance Action Committee
1476:
1190:
901:
898:and children even at very small doses.
703:. Chlorpyrifos was patented in 1966 by
353:
12022:
11693:2015 Mozambique funeral beer poisoning
11270:Ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EDTA)
7537:"New Hawaii law bans use of pesticide"
7019:
6814:
6663:
6437:Erickson, Britt E. (6 November 2023).
6432:
6430:
6428:
6371:
5599:
5379:"CARB Chlorpyrifos Monitoring Studies"
3881:
3553:Regulatory Toxicology and Pharmacology
2418:
2340:
2331:
2236:
2044:
2042:
2040:
2038:
2036:
2034:
1784:In 1989, OSHA established a workplace
1563:Pesticide Action Network North America
1282:
1098:
861:
846:. They also found it to enter through
253:
10861:
9989:Methylfluorophosphonylcholine (MFPCh)
9239:2-(ฮฑ-Naphthoyl)ethyltrimethylammonium
9155:
7943:
7770:
7458:
7311:
6069:
5795:"Bee Kill Prevention for Tree Fruits"
5351:
5024:
5022:
4939:
4274:
3746:
3744:
3519:
3517:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2561:. Pestmanagement.info. Archived from
2559:"NASS Agricultural Chemical Database"
2453:"EPA Bans Chlorpyrifos On Food Crops"
2232:
2230:
2143:Pesticide Biochemistry and Physiology
1215:
952:National Pesticide Information Center
523:43 ยฐC (109 ยฐF; 316 K)
385:Key: SBPBAQFWLVIOKP-UHFFFAOYSA-N
220:
200:
11984:
11872:Institute for Food Safety and Health
11612:Australian meat substitution scandal
11580:Moroccan oil poisoning disaster 1959
11356:Arsenic contamination of groundwater
7679:Hecklen, Alexander (6 August 2019).
7264:
6995:US Environmental Protection Agency.
6521:, Dow AgroSciences, 10 November 2016
6143:
5765:
5658:"Californians For Pesticide Reform,
4255:
3408:"Thais deny tourists' deaths linked"
2398:
2389:
2223:(Report). World Health Organization.
1792:and no PELs are in place presently.
1601:On 29 March 2017, EPA Administrator
1452:
1392:
1356:
1292:Among freshwater aquatic organisms,
783:Industrial synthesis of chlorpyrifos
15:
12004:
11860:Food Information and Control Agency
10786:
9289:N,N-Dimethylaminoethylchloroacetate
7771:Kumar, Devesh (18 September 2010).
7478:
7148:
6425:
6406:Beckerman, Josh (31 October 2015).
6019:The Journal of Experimental Biology
5600:Hansen, Heather (18 January 2007).
5567:Californians for Pesticide Reform.
4323:Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology
3953:10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2007.10.009
3364:"Thailand death cover-up suspected"
2911:"Chlorpyrifos Technical Fact Sheet"
2738:Journal of Environmental Management
2070:
2031:
2017:. Toronto: Wiley-VCH. p. 541.
1822:In 2017, chlorpyrifos was included
1712:Federal Water Pollution Control Act
1315:(2001), Wey (2002 & 2003), and
395:Key: SBPBAQFWLVIOKP-UHFFFAOYAG
295:
279:
13:
7862:APINYA WIPATAYOTIN (29 May 2020).
7842:Environmental Protection Authority
7288:"Chlorpyrifos โ CERCLA Quantities"
7020:Lerner, Sharon (14 January 2017).
5019:
4643:10.1016/j.brainresbull.2013.10.014
3741:
3514:
3498:10.1016/B978-0-12-374367-1.00033-1
2851:World Health Organization (2010).
2577:
2533:"Chlorpyrifos and Responsible Use"
2509:
2341:Trager, Rebecca (27 August 2021).
2227:
2219:World Health Organization (2019).
1724:drinking water regulatory standard
1183:enzymes; affect components of the
882:Chlorpyrifos exposure may lead to
821:agriculture in the United States.
464:
416:Clc1c(OP(=S)(OCC)OCC)nc(Cl)c(Cl)c1
14:
12071:
11877:International Food Safety Network
11801:International Food Safety Network
11522:Variant CreutzfeldtโJakob disease
11472:Acid-hydrolyzed vegetable protein
11199:Shigatoxigenic and verotoxigenic
9223:Tooltip Choline acetyltransferase
7919:Chlorpyrifos Technical Fact Sheet
7913:CHLORPYRIFOS โ GENERAL FACT SHEET
7901:
6372:Revkin, Andrew C. (9 June 2000).
6144:Yong, Koh Chin (1 January 2009).
5483:Environmental Health Perspectives
5410:Environmental Health Perspectives
5092:Environmental Health Perspectives
5035:Environmental Health Perspectives
4940:Rabin, Roni Caryn (16 May 2017).
3697:Environmental Health Perspectives
3637:Environmental Health Perspectives
2935:Eddleston, M. (1 November 2000).
2430:Beyond Pesticides Daily News Blog
2312:Meshkat, Nazanin (26 July 2021).
2079:Handbook of Chemistry and Physics
1888:chlorpyrifos is clearly a potent
1875:
1739:National Marine Fisheries Service
1650:However, on November 2, 2023 the
1567:Natural Resources Defense Council
1237:
997:
877:
770:-diethyl phosphorochloridothioate
735:Natural Resources Defense Council
12003:
11993:
11983:
11974:
11973:
11962:
11952:
11882:Ministry of Food and Drug Safety
11718:Kobayashi red yeast rice scandal
11649:2008 Canada listeriosis outbreak
11644:ICA meat repackaging controversy
10283:Fasciculins (green mamba toxins)
9774:Dicyclohexyl phosphorofluoridate
7883:
7855:
7830:
7816:
7790:
7764:
7746:
7717:
7699:
7672:
7654:
7628:
7606:
7580:
7555:
7529:
7503:
7452:
7423:
7409:
7379:
7357:
7331:
7312:Fried, John J. (20 March 1996).
7305:
7280:
7258:
7237:
7211:
7186:
7164:
7113:
7083:
7062:
7013:
6988:
6958:
6895:
6873:
6843:. 10 August 2018. Archived from
6827:
6808:
6774:
6749:
6608:
6555:
6458:
6399:
6365:
6339:
6317:
6287:
6225:
6199:
6174:
6137:
6125:
6100:
6063:
6002:
5770:. Farmers Weekly. Archived from
4973:
4229:Archives of Environmental Health
3593:
2399:Romo, Vanessa (18 August 2021).
2370:Solomon, Gina (24 August 2021).
2237:Israel, Brett (21 August 2012).
2106:"Interactive MoA Classification"
1654:nixed a 2021 rule issued by the
1491:
1397:
1361:
1207:in the sequence of PON1 and its
1137:acetylcholine. One chlorpyrifos
646:
455:
449:
443:
96:
87:
20:
12030:Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors
11821:Quality Assurance International
11728:Food safety incidents in Taiwan
11698:2017 Brazil Operation Weak Meat
11592:1971 Iraq poison grain disaster
11507:Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon
10214:Tetraethyl pyrophosphate (TEPP)
9939:Hexaethyl tetraphosphate (HETP)
7908:Chlorpyrifos General Fact Sheet
7636:"APVMA PubCRIS database search"
7563:"New Requirements Under Act 45"
6444:Chemical & Engineering News
5881:
5786:
5766:Case, Philip (1 October 2013).
5759:
5733:
5650:
5620:
5593:
5560:
5527:
5470:
5446:
5397:
5371:
5345:
5294:
5245:
5187:
5136:
5079:
4994:
4855:
4798:
4756:Chemico-Biological Interactions
4675:
4618:
4553:
4378:Chemico-Biological Interactions
4220:
4171:
4147:
4103:
4043:
3624:
3587:
3543:
3400:
3374:
3356:
3326:
3304:
3244:
3192:
3091:
3039:
2871:
2844:
2785:
2693:
2669:
2645:
2612:
2551:
2524:
2495:. William Andrew. p. 313.
2484:
2444:
1747:Fourth Circuit Court of Appeals
1729:In 2009, to protect threatened
1656:Environmental Protection Agency
1287:
1151:inhibiting acetylcholinesterase
1121:Acetylcholine neurotransmission
935:suffocation from lung failure.
930:pathway, leading to a range of
872:acetylcholinesterase inhibition
642:(at 25 ยฐC , 100 kPa).
12050:Suspected endocrine disruptors
11850:European Food Safety Authority
11723:Food safety incidents in China
11560:1858 Bradford sweets poisoning
11527:Water fluoridation controversy
9284:N,N-Dimethylaminoethylacrylate
7662:"Chlorpyrifos Chemical Review"
6939:(Report). 2006. Archived from
6815:Lipton, Eric (9 August 2018).
6676:Annual Review of Public Health
5258:Annals of Occupational Hygiene
4688:Neurotoxicology and Teratology
4566:Neurotoxicology and Teratology
4443:Critical Reviews in Toxicology
4053:Neurotoxicology and Teratology
4011:10.1016/j.reprotox.2010.07.012
3381:Hayden Donnell (11 May 2011).
3178:10.1002/14651858.CD005085.pub2
2212:
2199:
2061:
1971:
1940:
1907:
1890:acetylcholinesterase inhibitor
1885:European Food Safety Authority
1610:American Academy of Pediatrics
1571:Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals
1265:California Air Resources Board
1129:Structure of chlorpyrifos-oxon
1024:detoxify chlorpyrifos and its
1018:
824:
570:Occupational safety and health
467:
458:
437:
1:
10837:Receptor/signaling modulators
10609:Hemicholinium-3 (hemicholine)
10508:Tooltip Butyrylcholinesterase
7459:Elias, Tom (27 August 2019).
7364:U.S. EPA (22 February 2005).
6294:U.S. EPA (22 February 2013).
5381:. Cdpr.ca.gov. Archived from
4877:10.1016/S0165-3806(03)00222-0
4241:10.1080/00039896.1993.9938400
3985:Slotkin, T. A. (April 2011).
3214:10.1016/S0140-6736(06)69862-0
3061:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)67598-8
2763:10.1016/j.jenvman.2012.10.032
2722:10.1016/S0003-2670(97)00680-6
2289:. August 2020. Archived from
1964:
1803:
1790:U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals
1352:
1162:Non-cholinesterase mechanisms
593:(US health exposure limits):
12035:Organophosphate insecticides
11855:Food and Drug Administration
11537:Food contamination incidents
9304:Tooltip Acetylcholinesterase
6974:Food and Drug Administration
5915:10.1371/journal.pone.0077547
5856:10.1371/journal.pone.0094482
5354:"Chlorpyrifos Status Update"
4865:Developmental Brain Research
4125:10.1164/ajrccm.165.5.2106074
3777:10.1016/j.envint.2017.05.015
3452:10.1016/j.toxlet.2011.11.026
3271:10.1371/journal.pmed.1000104
2653:"Dursban Pro specimen label"
2493:Pesticide Synthesis Handbook
2168:10.1016/j.pestbp.2020.104587
1847:
1756:
1074:
1013:
957:
744:
7:
11909:Food and drink prohibitions
11683:Bihar school meal poisoning
11607:United Kingdom BSE outbreak
11565:1900 English beer poisoning
10919:Antibiotic use in livestock
10598:Tooltip Choline transporter
10544:Profenamine (ethopropazine)
9784:Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
9249:4-(1-Naphthylvinyl)pyridine
9234:1-(-Benzoylethyl)pyridinium
8456:Diisopropyl fluorophosphate
7687:(in Danish). Danmarks Radio
7430:California (11 July 2013).
7095:Code of Federal Regulations
6840:National Geographic Society
6563:"The Facts on Chlorpyrifos"
6153:National Environment Agency
5709:10.1007/978-3-319-03865-0_5
3904:10.1016/j.neuro.2004.07.007
3843:10.1016/j.neuro.2013.09.003
3565:10.1016/j.yrtph.2013.10.005
2013:Muller, Franz, ed. (2000).
1952:
1931:
1915:
1824:California's Proposition 65
1737:under CWA and ESA, EPA and
1420:, discuss the issue on the
992:randomized controlled trial
942:Frequency of acute exposure
833:
755:3,5,6-trichloro-2-pyridinol
43:, discuss the issue on the
10:
12076:
12040:Organothiophosphate esters
11904:Curing (food preservation)
10977:Monosodium glutamate (MSG)
10447:Dimethylcarbamoyl fluoride
9254:Acetylseco hemicholinium-3
6303:(Overviews and Factsheets)
5606:Seattle Post-Intelligencer
4811:Behavioural Brain Research
4445:. 38 Suppl 2 (s2): 1โ125.
4343:10.1016/j.taap.2003.06.001
2626:. U.S. EPA. Archived from
2531:The Dow Chemical Company.
2137:Wessels, Frank J. (2020).
1863:
1797:Worker Protection Standard
1786:permissible exposure limit
1665:
1619:Freedom of Information Act
1495:
1329:Pesticide toxicity to bees
1326:
1177:neuropathy target esterase
962:Poisoning is treated with
919:Symptoms of acute exposure
868:organophosphate pesticides
741:of North America (PANNA).
619:TWA 0.2 mg/m ST 0.6 mg/m
513:1.398 g/cm (43.5 ยฐC)
11947:
11934:Genetically modified food
11896:
11834:
11786:Food labeling regulations
11758:
11654:2008 Chinese milk scandal
11535:
11457:
11404:
11333:
11283:
11255:
11217:
11106:
11014:
10962:
10895:
10829:
10775:
10679:
10662:
10632:
10591:
10574:
10501:
9297:
9216:
9199:
9135:Purpureocillium lilacinum
9056:
9023:
8858:
8820:
8649:
8381:
8248:
8185:
8137:
8094:Chromated copper arsenate
8074:
8026:m-Cumenyl methylcarbamate
7981:
6346:U.S. EPA (27 June 2001).
6251:10.1038/s41370-020-0212-8
4909:U.S. EPA (30 June 2011).
4823:10.1016/j.bbr.2009.08.006
4776:10.1016/j.cbi.2010.01.024
4708:10.1016/j.ntt.2013.10.004
4586:10.1016/j.ntt.2013.02.002
4521:10.1016/j.tox.2012.07.011
4451:10.1080/10408440802272158
4398:10.1016/j.cbi.2008.04.008
4289:10.1016/j.cca.2005.10.008
4073:10.1016/j.ntt.2018.10.001
3757:Environment International
1959:Organophosphate poisoning
1855:emulsifiable concentrates
1370:This section needs to be
1006:, Thailand who developed
908:World Health Organization
888:Persistent health effects
712:World Health Organization
693:organophosphate pesticide
636:
587:
567:
562:
424:
404:
369:
140:
132:
109:
104:
95:
86:
11796:Food safety in Australia
10992:High-fructose corn syrup
10317:Methanesulfonyl fluoride
8139:Insect growth regulators
7444:: CS1 maint: location (
7070:"Chlorpyrifos โ PubChem"
6859:"Chlorpyriphos l US EPA"
5977:10.3389/fphys.2013.00013
2677:"Strike-Out 500WP label"
2491:Thomas A. Unger (1996).
1895:
1771:National Response Center
1763:Toxics Release Inventory
1705:
1580:Environment News Service
966:and simultaneously with
739:Pesticide Action Network
12055:Suspected fetotoxicants
11776:Acceptable daily intake
11688:2013 horse meat scandal
11129:Clostridium perfringens
9494:+glycopyrronium bromide
9128:Paenibacillus popilliae
7930:EPA's Chlorpyrifos Page
7223:Bergeson & Campbell
7149:GCF (10 January 2008).
5964:Frontiers in Physiology
5162:10.3390/ijerph110403743
4631:Brain Research Bulletin
3991:Reproductive Toxicology
3006:10.1186/1471-2458-7-357
2954:10.1093/qjmed/93.11.715
2819:10.1073/pnas.1203396109
2518:San Francisco Chronicle
1322:
906:For acute effects, the
787:
11844:Centre for Food Safety
11659:2008 Irish pork crisis
11361:Benzene in soft drinks
9244:3-Chloro-4-stillbazole
9107:Metarhizium anisopliae
9086:Beauveria brongniartii
9067:Bacillus thuringiensis
8119:Lead hydrogen arsenate
7592:Albany Business Review
7314:"The Pesticide Puzzle"
6070:Watts, Meriel (2012).
6009:Williamson, Sally M.;
3387:The New Zealand Herald
3125:10.1186/1476-069X-8-18
2881:. Pmep.cce.cornell.edu
2702:Analytica Chimica Acta
1595:
1524:Endangered Species Act
1130:
1116:Mechanisms of toxicity
797:
784:
753:) is made by reacting
11866:Food Standards Agency
11816:Organic certification
11811:Nutrition facts label
11555:Esing Bakery incident
11343:environment pollution
9121:Lecanicillium lecanii
7154:(Reference Resources)
5422:10.1289/ehp.021101175
5320:10.3390/ijerph8051727
5271:10.1093/annhyg/mel062
2207:U.S. patent 3,244,586
1780:Occupational exposure
1584:
1245:acceptable daily dose
1128:
870:chlorpyrifos acts by
795:
782:
558:4.96 (octanol/water)
11635:2006 North American
11293:Acesulfame potassium
11122:Campylobacter jejuni
11016:Intestinal parasites
10889:Consumer food safety
10805:Atracotoxins (e.g.,
10432:Tetrahydrocannabinol
9779:Diisopropylphosphate
8268:Carbon tetrachloride
7711:www.natlawreview.com
6326:"Chlorpyrifos Facts"
6011:Wright, Geraldine A.
5352:Vogel, Dana (2016).
5047:10.1289/ehp.02110549
4277:Clinica Chimica Acta
4263:The Pesticide Manual
3344:on 14 September 2011
3104:Environmental Health
2565:on 27 September 2011
1477:National regulations
1418:improve this section
1408:may not represent a
1191:Paraoxonase activity
988:acetylcholinesterase
980:muscarinic receptors
902:Acute health effects
716:autoimmune disorders
705:Dow Chemical Company
111:Preferred IUPAC name
49:create a new article
41:improve this article
31:may not represent a
11939:Conspiracy theories
11492:Heterocyclic amines
11396:Shellfish poisoning
10791:Tooltip Latrophilin
10493:Trimedoxime bromide
10422:Stercuronium iodide
10239:Tricresyl phosphate
9714:Chlorpyrifos-methyl
9100:Metarhizium acridum
8830:Chlorantraniliprole
8426:Chlorpyrifos-methyl
8099:Copper(II) arsenate
8084:Aluminium phosphide
8076:Inorganic compounds
7893:. 19 February 2024.
7465:Ventura County Star
7174:. 11 September 2009
6651:. 24 September 2018
6620:Washington Examiner
6412:Wall Street Journal
5906:2014PLoSO...977547Z
5847:2014PLoSO...994482S
4768:2010CBI...184..449L
4700:2014NTxT...41...35L
4578:2013NTxT...37....1S
4513:2013Toxgy.307..115C
4390:2008CBI...175..355C
4335:2004ToxAP.198..132S
4197:10.1093/jnci/djh324
4167:on 15 October 2011.
4065:2018NTxT...70...18C
4003:2011RepTx..31..297S
3941:Pediatric Neurology
3896:2005NeuTx..26..573P
3835:2013NeuTx..39..158M
3769:2017EnInt.106..248S
3709:10.1289/ehp.1003160
3649:10.1289/ehp.1003185
3531:. 11 September 2015
3208:(9553): 2136โ2141.
3116:2009EnvHe...8...18S
3055:(9495): 1452โ1459.
2810:2012PNAS..109.7871R
2755:2013JEnvM.114..372C
2714:1998AcAC..360....1S
2600:on 19 November 2012
2287:Eurofins Scientific
2243:Scientific American
2159:2020PBioP.16704587S
2114:. 16 September 2020
1283:Effects on wildlife
1273:Lindsay, California
1175:enzymes, including
1105:Chlorpyrifos methyl
1099:Chlorpyrifos methyl
984:nicotinic receptors
862:Mechanism of action
540:Solubility in water
490:Colorless crystals
482: gยทmol
83:
11597:Toxic oil syndrome
11550:Swill milk scandal
11376:Diethylstilbestrol
11048:Diphyllobothriasis
10310:Onchidella binneyi
9652:Organophosphates:
9093:Isaria fumosorosea
9079:Beauveria bassiana
8975:Piperonyl butoxide
8776:chrysanthemic acid
8114:Diatomaceous earth
7777:The Economic Times
7594:. 15 December 2003
7225:. 25 February 2013
6883:. 14 December 2022
6861:. 29 December 2014
6847:on 11 August 2018.
6821:The New York Times
6787:The New York Times
6378:The New York Times
6031:10.1242/jeb.083931
5807:on 30 October 2014
5213:10.1038/jes.2009.6
5006:toxnet.nlm.nih.gov
4946:The New York Times
4439:Mobley, William C.
4261:Tomlin CDS (2000)
3612:on 2 February 2016
3440:Toxicology Letters
2665:on 24 August 2009.
2318:The Globe and Mail
1677:drift of pesticide
1225:, a treatment for
1216:Combined exposures
1149:. By irreversibly
1131:
1047:Animal experiments
978:from binding with
974:. Atropine blocks
894:effects appear in
856:respiratory system
798:
785:
689:chlorpyrifos ethyl
669:Infobox references
628:(Immediate danger)
81:
12017:
12016:
11924:Food preservation
11733:Foodborne illness
11285:Sugar substitutes
11038:Cryptosporidiosis
11020:parasitic disease
10934:HGH controversies
10901:food contaminants
10855:
10854:
10825:
10824:
10673:
10658:
10657:
10585:
10570:
10569:
10209:Tetrachlorvinphos
10084:Pirimiphos-methyl
10034:Oxydemeton-methyl
9984:Methyl phenkapton
9210:
9149:
9148:
8950:+milbemycin oxime
8631:Tetrachlorvinphos
8596:Pirimiphos-methyl
8556:Oxydemeton-methyl
8104:Copper(I) cyanide
7397:on 21 August 2014
6735:Los Angeles Times
6497:, 6 November 2015
6305:on 21 August 2014
6162:on 21 August 2014
6132:Directive 98/8/EC
6088:on 22 August 2014
6025:(10): 1799โ1807.
5774:on 10 August 2014
5718:978-3-319-03864-3
5662:, May 16th, 2007"
5638:on 8 January 2016
5632:, May 15th, 2007"
5630:Tri-Valley Herald
5548:on 10 August 2014
5466:on 21 April 2006.
5104:10.1289/ehp.10912
4190:(23): 1781โ1789.
3507:978-0-12-374367-1
2993:BMC Public Health
2804:(20): 7871โ7876.
2689:on 11 March 2011.
2589:U.S. EPA (2002).
2024:978-3-527-29852-5
1991:on 1 January 2019
1870:ornamental plants
1453:International law
1450:
1449:
1442:
1391:
1390:
1205:genetic variation
928:neurotransmission
886:at higher doses.
687:), also known as
677:Chemical compound
675:
674:
338:CompTox Dashboard
182:Interactive image
77:
76:
69:
51:, as appropriate.
12067:
12007:
12006:
11997:
11987:
11986:
11977:
11976:
11969:Drink portal
11967:
11966:
11965:
11957:
11956:
11868:(United Kingdom)
11617:Jack in the Box
11588:
11575:Minamata disease
11487:Food irradiation
11467:4-Hydroxynonenal
11315:Sodium cyclamate
11158:Escherichia coli
11150:Escherichia coli
10882:
10875:
10868:
10859:
10858:
10792:
10788:
10727:
10723:
10696:
10692:
10677:
10676:
10667:
10640:
10636:
10599:
10595:
10589:
10588:
10579:
10509:
10505:
10473:Asoxime chloride
10049:Parathion-methyl
9749:Demeton-S-methyl
9305:
9301:
9224:
9220:
9214:
9213:
9204:
9176:
9169:
9162:
9153:
9152:
8835:Cyantraniliprole
8566:Parathion-methyl
8436:Demeton-S-methyl
8383:Organophosphorus
7964:
7957:
7950:
7941:
7940:
7895:
7894:
7887:
7881:
7880:
7878:
7876:
7859:
7853:
7852:
7850:
7848:
7834:
7828:
7827:
7820:
7814:
7813:
7811:
7809:
7804:. 21 August 2007
7794:
7788:
7787:
7785:
7783:
7768:
7762:
7761:
7750:
7744:
7743:
7741:
7739:
7729:
7721:
7715:
7714:
7703:
7697:
7696:
7694:
7692:
7676:
7670:
7669:
7658:
7652:
7651:
7649:
7647:
7632:
7626:
7625:
7623:
7621:
7610:
7604:
7603:
7601:
7599:
7584:
7578:
7577:
7575:
7573:
7559:
7553:
7552:
7550:
7548:
7533:
7527:
7526:
7524:
7522:
7507:
7501:
7500:
7498:
7496:
7482:
7476:
7475:
7473:
7471:
7456:
7450:
7449:
7443:
7435:
7427:
7421:
7420:
7413:
7407:
7406:
7404:
7402:
7393:. Archived from
7383:
7377:
7376:
7374:
7372:
7361:
7355:
7354:
7352:
7350:
7335:
7329:
7328:
7326:
7324:
7309:
7303:
7302:
7300:
7298:
7284:
7278:
7277:
7275:
7273:
7265:McLernon, Sean.
7262:
7256:
7255:
7253:
7251:
7241:
7235:
7234:
7232:
7230:
7215:
7209:
7208:
7206:
7204:
7198:
7190:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7179:
7168:
7162:
7161:
7155:
7146:
7137:
7136:
7134:
7132:
7123:. Archived from
7117:
7111:
7110:
7108:
7106:
7097:. Archived from
7087:
7081:
7080:
7078:
7076:
7066:
7060:
7059:
7057:
7055:
7044:
7033:
7032:
7030:
7028:
7017:
7011:
7010:
7008:
7006:
7001:
6992:
6986:
6985:
6983:
6981:
6970:
6962:
6956:
6955:
6953:
6951:
6945:
6938:
6930:
6915:
6914:
6912:
6910:
6899:
6893:
6892:
6890:
6888:
6877:
6871:
6870:
6868:
6866:
6855:
6849:
6848:
6831:
6825:
6824:
6812:
6806:
6805:
6803:
6801:
6778:
6772:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6761:Business Insider
6753:
6747:
6746:
6744:
6742:
6727:
6718:
6717:
6691:
6667:
6661:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6641:
6632:
6631:
6629:
6627:
6612:
6606:
6605:
6604:
6602:
6585:
6579:
6578:
6576:
6574:
6559:
6553:
6552:
6551:
6549:
6536:
6530:
6529:
6528:
6526:
6513:
6507:
6505:
6504:
6502:
6489:
6480:
6479:
6477:
6475:
6470:
6462:
6456:
6455:
6453:
6451:
6434:
6423:
6422:
6420:
6418:
6403:
6397:
6396:
6394:
6392:
6369:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6358:
6352:Federal Register
6343:
6337:
6336:
6334:
6332:
6321:
6315:
6314:
6312:
6310:
6304:
6298:. Archived from
6291:
6285:
6284:
6271:
6253:
6229:
6223:
6222:
6220:
6218:
6213:on 8 August 2021
6203:
6197:
6196:
6194:
6192:
6178:
6172:
6171:
6169:
6167:
6161:
6155:. Archived from
6150:
6141:
6135:
6129:
6123:
6122:
6120:
6118:
6104:
6098:
6097:
6095:
6093:
6087:
6081:. Archived from
6076:
6067:
6061:
6060:
6050:
6006:
6000:
5999:
5989:
5979:
5955:
5946:
5945:
5935:
5917:
5885:
5879:
5878:
5868:
5858:
5826:
5817:
5816:
5814:
5812:
5806:
5800:. Archived from
5799:
5790:
5784:
5783:
5781:
5779:
5763:
5757:
5756:
5754:
5752:
5747:on 12 April 2018
5737:
5731:
5730:
5693:
5684:
5683:
5681:
5679:
5673:
5667:. Archived from
5666:
5654:
5648:
5647:
5645:
5643:
5624:
5618:
5617:
5615:
5613:
5597:
5591:
5590:
5588:
5586:
5580:
5574:. Archived from
5573:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5555:
5553:
5547:
5540:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5514:
5474:
5468:
5467:
5465:
5459:. Archived from
5458:
5450:
5444:
5443:
5433:
5401:
5395:
5394:
5392:
5390:
5375:
5369:
5368:
5366:
5364:
5349:
5343:
5342:
5332:
5322:
5313:(5): 1727โ1754.
5298:
5292:
5291:
5273:
5249:
5243:
5242:
5232:
5191:
5185:
5184:
5174:
5164:
5155:(4): 3743โ3764.
5140:
5134:
5133:
5123:
5083:
5077:
5076:
5066:
5026:
5017:
5016:
5014:
5012:
4998:
4992:
4991:
4989:
4987:
4971:
4958:
4957:
4955:
4953:
4937:
4926:
4925:
4923:
4921:
4915:
4906:
4897:
4896:
4871:(1โ2): 183โ190.
4859:
4853:
4852:
4842:
4802:
4796:
4795:
4747:
4738:
4737:
4727:
4679:
4673:
4672:
4662:
4622:
4616:
4615:
4605:
4557:
4551:
4550:
4540:
4492:
4479:
4478:
4434:
4428:
4427:
4417:
4384:(1โ3): 355โ364.
4369:
4363:
4362:
4318:
4309:
4308:
4272:
4266:
4259:
4253:
4252:
4224:
4218:
4217:
4199:
4175:
4169:
4168:
4166:
4160:. Archived from
4159:
4151:
4145:
4144:
4107:
4101:
4100:
4047:
4041:
4040:
4030:
3982:
3973:
3972:
3935:
3924:
3923:
3879:
3873:
3872:
3862:
3813:
3807:
3806:
3796:
3748:
3739:
3738:
3728:
3703:(8): 1196โ1201.
3688:
3679:
3678:
3668:
3643:(8): 1189โ1195.
3628:
3622:
3621:
3619:
3617:
3611:
3600:
3594:Rauh, Virginia.
3591:
3585:
3584:
3547:
3541:
3540:
3538:
3536:
3521:
3512:
3511:
3485:
3472:
3471:
3435:
3424:
3423:
3421:
3419:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3395:
3393:
3378:
3372:
3371:
3368:NZ Herald Online
3360:
3354:
3353:
3351:
3349:
3340:. Archived from
3330:
3324:
3323:
3321:
3319:
3308:
3302:
3301:
3291:
3273:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3196:
3190:
3189:
3165:
3156:
3155:
3145:
3127:
3095:
3089:
3088:
3043:
3037:
3036:
3026:
3008:
2984:
2975:
2974:
2956:
2932:
2923:
2922:
2920:
2918:
2906:
2891:
2890:
2888:
2886:
2875:
2869:
2868:
2866:
2864:
2848:
2842:
2841:
2831:
2821:
2789:
2783:
2782:
2732:
2726:
2725:
2697:
2691:
2690:
2688:
2682:. Archived from
2681:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2658:. Archived from
2657:
2649:
2643:
2642:
2640:
2638:
2633:on 18 March 2015
2632:
2625:
2616:
2610:
2609:
2607:
2605:
2596:. Archived from
2595:
2586:
2575:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2555:
2549:
2548:
2546:
2544:
2535:. Archived from
2528:
2522:
2521:
2513:
2507:
2506:
2488:
2482:
2481:
2475:
2467:
2465:
2463:
2448:
2442:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2422:
2416:
2415:
2413:
2411:
2396:
2387:
2386:
2384:
2382:
2376:The Conversation
2367:
2358:
2357:
2355:
2353:
2338:
2329:
2328:
2326:
2324:
2309:
2303:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2268:
2253:
2247:
2246:
2234:
2225:
2224:
2216:
2210:
2209:
2203:
2197:
2196:
2170:
2133:
2124:
2123:
2121:
2119:
2102:
2093:
2092:
2074:
2068:
2065:
2059:
2058:
2046:
2029:
2028:
2010:
2001:
2000:
1998:
1996:
1990:
1984:. Archived from
1983:
1975:
1947:3-methylpyridine
1593:
1445:
1438:
1434:
1431:
1425:
1401:
1400:
1393:
1386:
1383:
1377:
1365:
1364:
1357:
1173:serine hydrolase
1135:neurotransmitter
659:
653:
650:
649:
481:
469:
466:
460:
457:
451:
445:
439:
432:Chemical formula
362:
361:
346:
344:
328:
308:
297:
283:
266:
255:
244:
224:
204:
184:
160:
100:
91:
84:
80:
72:
65:
61:
58:
52:
24:
23:
16:
12075:
12074:
12070:
12069:
12068:
12066:
12065:
12064:
12045:Chloropyridines
12020:
12019:
12018:
12013:
11963:
11961:
11959:Food portal
11951:
11943:
11892:
11830:
11791:Food libel laws
11754:
11582:
11531:
11497:Modified starch
11459:Food processing
11453:
11400:
11329:
11279:
11275:Sodium benzoate
11251:
11213:
11208:Vibrio cholerae
11102:
11073:Gnathostomiasis
11058:Fasciolopsiasis
11010:
10958:
10949:Mercury in fish
10891:
10886:
10856:
10851:
10821:
10790:
10771:
10731:Botulinum toxin
10725:
10700:Botulinum toxin
10694:
10666:
10654:
10638:
10628:
10614:Triethylcholine
10597:
10578:
10566:
10507:
10497:
10417:Rosmarinic acid
10184:Sulfotep (TEDP)
9854:Ethylsarin (GE)
9734:Cyclosarin (GF)
9704:Chlorfenvinphos
9694:Carbophenothion
9674:Azinphos-methyl
9303:
9293:
9259:Acryloylcholine
9222:
9203:
9195:
9180:
9150:
9145:
9114:Nomuraea rileyi
9052:
9019:
8859:Other chemicals
8854:
8816:
8645:
8416:Chlorfenvinphos
8401:Azinphos-methyl
8377:
8250:Organochlorides
8244:
8181:
8133:
8129:Scheele's Green
8070:
7977:
7968:
7904:
7899:
7898:
7889:
7888:
7884:
7874:
7872:
7860:
7856:
7846:
7844:
7836:
7835:
7831:
7826:(in Malayalam).
7822:
7821:
7817:
7807:
7805:
7796:
7795:
7791:
7781:
7779:
7769:
7765:
7760:(in Malayalam).
7752:
7751:
7747:
7737:
7735:
7727:
7723:
7722:
7718:
7705:
7704:
7700:
7690:
7688:
7677:
7673:
7660:
7659:
7655:
7645:
7643:
7634:
7633:
7629:
7619:
7617:
7612:
7611:
7607:
7597:
7595:
7586:
7585:
7581:
7571:
7569:
7567:hdoa.hawaii.gov
7561:
7560:
7556:
7546:
7544:
7535:
7534:
7530:
7520:
7518:
7509:
7508:
7504:
7494:
7492:
7490:www.cdpr.ca.gov
7484:
7483:
7479:
7469:
7467:
7457:
7453:
7440:cite conference
7437:
7436:
7428:
7424:
7415:
7414:
7410:
7400:
7398:
7385:
7384:
7380:
7370:
7368:
7362:
7358:
7348:
7346:
7337:
7336:
7332:
7322:
7320:
7318:Chicago Tribune
7310:
7306:
7296:
7294:
7286:
7285:
7281:
7271:
7269:
7263:
7259:
7249:
7247:
7243:
7242:
7238:
7228:
7226:
7217:
7216:
7212:
7202:
7200:
7196:
7192:
7191:
7187:
7177:
7175:
7170:
7169:
7165:
7153:
7147:
7140:
7130:
7128:
7127:on 29 July 2014
7119:
7118:
7114:
7104:
7102:
7101:on 29 July 2014
7089:
7088:
7084:
7074:
7072:
7068:
7067:
7063:
7053:
7051:
7045:
7036:
7026:
7024:
7018:
7014:
7004:
7002:
6999:
6993:
6989:
6979:
6977:
6968:
6964:
6963:
6959:
6949:
6947:
6943:
6936:
6932:
6931:
6918:
6908:
6906:
6900:
6896:
6886:
6884:
6879:
6878:
6874:
6864:
6862:
6857:
6856:
6852:
6833:
6832:
6828:
6813:
6809:
6799:
6797:
6779:
6775:
6765:
6763:
6755:
6754:
6750:
6740:
6738:
6729:
6728:
6721:
6668:
6664:
6654:
6652:
6643:
6642:
6635:
6625:
6623:
6622:. 9 August 2018
6614:
6613:
6609:
6600:
6598:
6597:, 29 March 2017
6587:
6586:
6582:
6572:
6570:
6569:. 27 April 2017
6561:
6560:
6556:
6547:
6545:
6538:
6537:
6533:
6524:
6522:
6515:
6514:
6510:
6500:
6498:
6491:
6490:
6483:
6473:
6471:
6468:
6464:
6463:
6459:
6449:
6447:
6435:
6426:
6416:
6414:
6404:
6400:
6390:
6388:
6370:
6366:
6356:
6354:
6344:
6340:
6330:
6328:
6322:
6318:
6308:
6306:
6302:
6292:
6288:
6230:
6226:
6216:
6214:
6205:
6204:
6200:
6190:
6188:
6180:
6179:
6175:
6165:
6163:
6159:
6148:
6142:
6138:
6130:
6126:
6116:
6114:
6106:
6105:
6101:
6091:
6089:
6085:
6074:
6068:
6064:
6013:(15 May 2013).
6007:
6003:
5956:
5949:
5886:
5882:
5827:
5820:
5810:
5808:
5804:
5797:
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5787:
5777:
5775:
5764:
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5750:
5748:
5739:
5738:
5734:
5719:
5694:
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5675:
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5664:
5656:
5655:
5651:
5641:
5639:
5626:
5625:
5621:
5611:
5609:
5608:. Seattlepi.com
5598:
5594:
5584:
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5538:
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5528:
5475:
5471:
5463:
5456:
5452:
5451:
5447:
5416:(12): 1175โ84.
5402:
5398:
5388:
5386:
5385:on 20 July 2007
5377:
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5027:
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4983:
4980:Regulations.gov
4974:Drew, Danette.
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4048:
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3983:
3976:
3936:
3927:
3884:NeuroToxicology
3880:
3876:
3823:NeuroToxicology
3814:
3810:
3749:
3742:
3689:
3682:
3629:
3625:
3615:
3613:
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3391:
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3361:
3357:
3347:
3345:
3332:
3331:
3327:
3317:
3315:
3310:
3309:
3305:
3264:(6): e1000104.
3249:
3245:
3197:
3193:
3166:
3159:
3096:
3092:
3044:
3040:
2985:
2978:
2947:(11): 715โ731.
2933:
2926:
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2914:
2907:
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2884:
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2862:
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2351:
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2347:Chemistry World
2339:
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2320:
2310:
2306:
2296:
2294:
2293:on 16 June 2022
2281:
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2263:. 30 March 2016
2255:
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2104:
2103:
2096:
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2075:
2071:
2066:
2062:
2047:
2032:
2025:
2011:
2004:
1994:
1992:
1988:
1981:
1977:
1976:
1972:
1967:
1955:
1943:
1934:
1918:
1910:
1898:
1878:
1866:
1850:
1806:
1782:
1759:
1708:
1668:
1594:
1591:
1520:Clean Water Act
1518:, include: the
1500:
1494:
1479:
1467:bioaccumulation
1455:
1446:
1435:
1429:
1426:
1415:
1402:
1398:
1387:
1381:
1378:
1375:
1366:
1362:
1355:
1331:
1325:
1290:
1285:
1240:
1227:premature labor
1218:
1209:promoter region
1193:
1181:endocannabinoid
1164:
1123:
1118:
1101:
1077:
1055:sex differences
1036:epidemiological
1021:
1016:
1000:
960:
944:
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904:
880:
864:
836:
827:
790:
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655:
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11948:
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11916:
11914:Food marketing
11911:
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11898:
11897:Related topics
11894:
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11482:Food additives
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11469:
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11172:
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11139:
11132:
11125:
11118:
11112:
11110:
11108:Microorganisms
11104:
11103:
11101:
11100:
11095:
11090:
11085:
11080:
11078:Paragonimiasis
11075:
11070:
11065:
11060:
11055:
11050:
11045:
11043:Cyclosporiasis
11040:
11035:
11030:
11024:
11022:
11012:
11011:
11009:
11008:
11007:
11006:
10996:
10995:
10994:
10984:
10979:
10974:
10968:
10966:
10964:Food additives
10960:
10959:
10957:
10956:
10951:
10946:
10941:
10939:Lead poisoning
10936:
10931:
10926:
10921:
10916:
10911:
10905:
10903:
10893:
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10884:
10877:
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10819:
10814:
10799:
10798:
10781:
10779:
10773:
10772:
10770:
10769:
10766:ฮณ-bungarotoxin
10762:ฮฒ-bungarotoxin
10751:
10750:
10716:
10715:
10685:
10683:
10674:
10660:
10659:
10656:
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10464:
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10364:
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10314:
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10280:
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10266:
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10211:
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10101:
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10081:
10076:
10071:
10066:
10061:
10056:
10051:
10046:
10041:
10036:
10031:
10026:
10024:Novichok agent
10021:
10016:
10011:
10006:
10001:
9996:
9991:
9986:
9981:
9976:
9971:
9966:
9961:
9956:
9951:
9946:
9944:Isofluorophate
9941:
9936:
9931:
9926:
9921:
9916:
9911:
9906:
9901:
9896:
9891:
9886:
9881:
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9866:
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9846:
9841:
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9811:
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9801:
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9791:
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9781:
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9766:
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9756:
9751:
9746:
9741:
9736:
9731:
9726:
9721:
9716:
9711:
9706:
9701:
9699:Chlorethoxyfos
9696:
9691:
9686:
9681:
9676:
9671:
9669:Azinphos-ethyl
9666:
9661:
9656:
9646:
9645:
9640:
9635:
9630:
9625:
9620:
9615:
9610:
9605:
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9565:
9560:
9555:
9550:
9545:
9540:
9535:
9530:
9521:
9516:
9511:
9509:Pyridostigmine
9506:
9501:
9496:
9488:
9483:
9478:
9469:
9464:
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9454:
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9053:
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9035:
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9027:
9021:
9020:
9018:
9017:
9012:
9007:
9002:
8997:
8992:
8987:
8982:
8968:
8963:
8958:
8953:
8943:
8938:
8933:
8931:Hydramethylnon
8928:
8923:
8918:
8913:
8908:
8903:
8898:
8893:
8888:
8883:
8878:
8873:
8868:
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8804:
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8751:
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8696:
8691:
8686:
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8671:
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8661:
8655:
8653:
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8646:
8644:
8643:
8638:
8633:
8628:
8623:
8618:
8613:
8608:
8603:
8598:
8593:
8588:
8583:
8578:
8573:
8568:
8563:
8558:
8553:
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8513:
8508:
8503:
8498:
8493:
8488:
8483:
8478:
8473:
8468:
8463:
8458:
8453:
8448:
8443:
8438:
8433:
8428:
8423:
8418:
8413:
8411:Chlorethoxyfos
8408:
8403:
8398:
8393:
8387:
8385:
8379:
8378:
8376:
8375:
8370:
8365:
8360:
8355:
8350:
8345:
8340:
8335:
8330:
8325:
8320:
8315:
8310:
8305:
8300:
8295:
8290:
8285:
8280:
8275:
8270:
8265:
8260:
8254:
8252:
8246:
8245:
8243:
8242:
8237:
8232:
8227:
8222:
8217:
8212:
8207:
8202:
8197:
8191:
8189:
8187:Neonicotinoids
8183:
8182:
8180:
8179:
8174:
8169:
8164:
8159:
8154:
8149:
8143:
8141:
8135:
8134:
8132:
8131:
8126:
8121:
8116:
8111:
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8101:
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8072:
8071:
8069:
8068:
8063:
8058:
8053:
8048:
8043:
8038:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8018:
8013:
8008:
8003:
7998:
7993:
7987:
7985:
7979:
7978:
7967:
7966:
7959:
7952:
7944:
7938:
7937:
7932:
7927:
7922:
7916:
7910:
7903:
7902:External links
7900:
7897:
7896:
7882:
7854:
7829:
7815:
7789:
7763:
7758:ManoramaOnline
7745:
7716:
7698:
7671:
7668:. 27 May 2014.
7653:
7627:
7614:"Chlorpyrifos"
7605:
7579:
7554:
7543:. 14 June 2018
7528:
7517:. 14 June 2018
7502:
7477:
7451:
7422:
7408:
7378:
7356:
7330:
7304:
7279:
7257:
7236:
7210:
7185:
7163:
7138:
7112:
7082:
7061:
7034:
7012:
6987:
6957:
6946:on 20 May 2008
6916:
6894:
6872:
6850:
6826:
6807:
6773:
6748:
6737:. 27 June 2017
6719:
6682:(1): 347โ361.
6662:
6633:
6607:
6580:
6567:Fact Check.Org
6554:
6531:
6508:
6481:
6457:
6424:
6398:
6364:
6338:
6316:
6286:
6244:(4): 756โ767.
6224:
6198:
6173:
6136:
6124:
6099:
6062:
6001:
5947:
5880:
5818:
5785:
5758:
5732:
5717:
5685:
5674:on 7 June 2013
5649:
5619:
5592:
5581:on 7 June 2013
5559:
5526:
5495:10.1289/ehp425
5489:(3): 333โ341.
5469:
5445:
5396:
5370:
5344:
5293:
5244:
5207:(2): 119โ134.
5186:
5135:
5098:(4): 537โ542.
5078:
5041:(5): 549โ553.
5018:
4993:
4959:
4927:
4898:
4854:
4817:(2): 499โ504.
4797:
4762:(3): 449โ457.
4739:
4674:
4617:
4552:
4480:
4429:
4364:
4329:(2): 132โ151.
4310:
4267:
4254:
4219:
4170:
4146:
4119:(5): 683โ689.
4102:
4042:
3997:(3): 297โ301.
3974:
3947:(3): 163โ176.
3925:
3890:(4): 573โ587.
3874:
3808:
3740:
3680:
3623:
3586:
3559:(3): 580โ597.
3542:
3513:
3506:
3473:
3425:
3399:
3373:
3355:
3325:
3303:
3243:
3191:
3157:
3090:
3038:
2976:
2924:
2892:
2879:"Chlorpyrifos"
2870:
2859:on 8 July 2004
2843:
2784:
2727:
2692:
2668:
2644:
2611:
2576:
2550:
2539:on 23 May 2014
2523:
2508:
2501:
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2417:
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2330:
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2274:
2248:
2226:
2211:
2198:
2125:
2094:
2087:
2069:
2060:
2030:
2023:
2002:
1969:
1968:
1966:
1963:
1962:
1961:
1954:
1951:
1942:
1939:
1933:
1930:
1917:
1914:
1909:
1906:
1897:
1894:
1877:
1876:European Union
1874:
1865:
1862:
1849:
1846:
1805:
1802:
1781:
1778:
1758:
1755:
1707:
1704:
1667:
1664:
1623:Andrew Liveris
1589:
1493:
1490:
1478:
1475:
1454:
1451:
1448:
1447:
1412:of the subject
1410:worldwide view
1405:
1403:
1396:
1389:
1388:
1369:
1367:
1360:
1354:
1351:
1327:Main article:
1324:
1321:
1289:
1286:
1284:
1281:
1239:
1238:Human exposure
1236:
1217:
1214:
1192:
1189:
1163:
1160:
1122:
1119:
1117:
1114:
1110:vector control
1100:
1097:
1076:
1073:
1034:: In multiple
1020:
1017:
1015:
1012:
999:
998:Tourist deaths
996:
959:
956:
943:
940:
920:
917:
903:
900:
884:acute toxicity
879:
878:Human toxicity
876:
863:
860:
840:enters insects
835:
832:
826:
823:
796:Use in the USA
789:
786:
746:
743:
727:European Union
723:United Kingdom
676:
673:
672:
667:
645:
644:
640:standard state
637:
634:
633:
630:
624:
621:
620:
617:
611:
608:
607:
604:
598:
595:
594:
585:
584:
581:
578:
575:
574:
565:
564:
560:
559:
556:
547:
546:
543:
538:
535:
534:
531:
525:
524:
521:
515:
514:
511:
505:
504:
498:
492:
491:
488:
484:
483:
477:
471:
470:
461:
452:
446:
440:
435:
430:
427:
426:
422:
421:
419:
418:
415:
407:
406:
405:
402:
401:
399:
398:
394:
391:
390:
388:
384:
381:
380:
372:
371:
370:
367:
366:
364:
363:
350:
348:
336:
333:
332:
330:
329:
321:
319:
313:
312:
310:
309:
301:
299:
291:
288:
287:
285:
284:
276:
274:
268:
267:
257:
249:
248:
246:
245:
237:
235:
229:
228:
226:
225:
217:
215:
209:
208:
206:
205:
197:
195:
189:
188:
186:
185:
177:
175:
168:
165:
164:
162:
161:
153:
151:
146:
143:
142:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
114:
113:
107:
106:
102:
101:
93:
92:
75:
74:
35:of the subject
33:worldwide view
28:
26:
19:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
12072:
12061:
12058:
12056:
12053:
12051:
12048:
12046:
12043:
12041:
12038:
12036:
12033:
12031:
12028:
12027:
12025:
12010:
12002:
12000:
11996:
11992:
11990:
11982:
11980:
11972:
11970:
11960:
11955:
11950:
11949:
11946:
11940:
11937:
11935:
11932:
11930:
11927:
11925:
11922:
11920:
11919:Food politics
11917:
11915:
11912:
11910:
11907:
11905:
11902:
11901:
11899:
11895:
11889:
11886:
11884:(South Korea)
11883:
11880:
11878:
11875:
11873:
11870:
11867:
11864:
11861:
11858:
11856:
11853:
11851:
11848:
11845:
11842:
11841:
11839:
11837:
11833:
11827:
11824:
11822:
11819:
11817:
11814:
11812:
11809:
11807:
11804:
11802:
11799:
11797:
11794:
11792:
11789:
11787:
11784:
11782:
11779:
11777:
11774:
11773:
11771:
11769:
11765:
11761:
11757:
11749:
11748:United States
11746:
11744:
11741:
11739:
11736:
11735:
11734:
11731:
11729:
11726:
11724:
11721:
11719:
11716:
11714:
11711:
11709:
11706:
11704:
11701:
11699:
11696:
11694:
11691:
11689:
11686:
11684:
11681:
11679:
11676:
11674:
11672:
11669:2011 Germany
11667:
11665:
11662:
11660:
11657:
11655:
11652:
11650:
11647:
11645:
11642:
11640:
11638:
11633:
11631:
11629:
11626:1996 Odwalla
11624:
11622:
11620:
11615:
11613:
11610:
11608:
11605:
11603:
11600:
11598:
11595:
11593:
11590:
11586:
11581:
11578:
11576:
11573:
11571:
11568:
11566:
11563:
11561:
11558:
11556:
11553:
11551:
11548:
11546:
11543:
11542:
11540:
11538:
11534:
11528:
11525:
11523:
11520:
11518:
11515:
11513:
11510:
11508:
11505:
11503:
11500:
11498:
11495:
11493:
11490:
11488:
11485:
11483:
11480:
11478:
11475:
11473:
11470:
11468:
11465:
11464:
11462:
11460:
11456:
11450:
11447:
11445:
11442:
11440:
11437:
11435:
11432:
11430:
11427:
11425:
11422:
11420:
11417:
11415:
11412:
11411:
11409:
11407:
11403:
11397:
11394:
11392:
11389:
11387:
11384:
11382:
11379:
11377:
11374:
11372:
11369:
11367:
11364:
11362:
11359:
11357:
11354:
11352:
11349:
11348:
11346:
11344:
11340:
11336:
11332:
11326:
11323:
11321:
11318:
11316:
11313:
11311:
11308:
11304:
11301:
11300:
11299:
11296:
11294:
11291:
11290:
11288:
11286:
11282:
11276:
11273:
11271:
11268:
11266:
11263:
11262:
11260:
11258:
11257:Preservatives
11254:
11248:
11247:Methamidophos
11245:
11243:
11240:
11238:
11235:
11233:
11230:
11228:
11225:
11224:
11222:
11220:
11216:
11210:
11209:
11205:
11203:
11202:
11197:
11195:
11194:
11190:
11188:
11185:
11183:
11180:
11178:
11177:
11173:
11171:
11168:
11166:
11163:
11161:
11159:
11155:
11153:
11151:
11147:
11145:
11144:
11140:
11138:
11137:
11133:
11131:
11130:
11126:
11124:
11123:
11119:
11117:
11114:
11113:
11111:
11109:
11105:
11099:
11096:
11094:
11091:
11089:
11088:Toxoplasmosis
11086:
11084:
11081:
11079:
11076:
11074:
11071:
11069:
11066:
11064:
11061:
11059:
11056:
11054:
11051:
11049:
11046:
11044:
11041:
11039:
11036:
11034:
11031:
11029:
11026:
11025:
11023:
11021:
11017:
11013:
11005:
11002:
11001:
11000:
10999:Vegetable oil
10997:
10993:
10990:
10989:
10988:
10985:
10983:
10980:
10978:
10975:
10973:
10970:
10969:
10967:
10965:
10961:
10955:
10952:
10950:
10947:
10945:
10942:
10940:
10937:
10935:
10932:
10930:
10927:
10925:
10922:
10920:
10917:
10915:
10912:
10910:
10907:
10906:
10904:
10902:
10898:
10894:
10890:
10883:
10878:
10876:
10871:
10869:
10864:
10863:
10860:
10848:
10845:
10843:
10840:
10838:
10835:
10832:
10831:
10828:
10818:
10815:
10812:
10808:
10804:
10801:
10800:
10797:
10794:
10789:
10783:
10782:
10780:
10778:
10774:
10767:
10763:
10759:
10758:Bungarotoxins
10756:
10753:
10752:
10748:
10744:
10740:
10736:
10732:
10729:
10728:inactivators:
10724:
10718:
10717:
10713:
10709:
10705:
10701:
10698:
10697:inactivators:
10693:
10687:
10686:
10684:
10682:
10678:
10675:
10671:
10665:
10661:
10651:
10648:
10645:
10644:
10642:
10637:
10631:
10625:
10622:
10619:
10618:
10615:
10612:
10610:
10607:
10604:
10603:
10601:
10596:
10590:
10587:
10583:
10577:
10573:
10562:
10560:
10559:ZINC-12613047
10557:
10555:
10552:
10550:
10547:
10545:
10542:
10540:
10537:
10535:
10532:
10530:
10527:
10525:
10522:
10520:
10517:
10514:
10513:
10511:
10506:
10500:
10494:
10491:
10489:
10486:
10484:
10481:
10479:
10476:
10474:
10470:
10467:
10466:
10463:
10460:
10458:
10455:
10453:
10450:
10448:
10445:
10443:
10440:
10438:
10435:
10433:
10430:
10428:
10425:
10423:
10420:
10418:
10415:
10413:
10410:
10408:
10405:
10403:
10402:Lactucopicrin
10400:
10398:
10395:
10393:
10390:
10388:
10385:
10383:
10380:
10378:
10375:
10373:
10370:
10368:
10365:
10363:
10360:
10358:
10355:
10353:
10350:
10348:
10345:
10343:
10340:
10338:
10335:
10333:
10330:
10328:
10325:
10322:
10321:
10318:
10315:
10312:
10311:
10306:
10303:
10300:
10296:
10292:
10288:
10284:
10281:
10279:
10275:
10272:
10270:
10267:
10265:
10262:
10260:
10257:
10255:
10252:
10250:
10247:
10245:
10242:
10240:
10237:
10235:
10234:Trichloronate
10232:
10230:
10227:
10225:
10222:
10220:
10217:
10215:
10212:
10210:
10207:
10205:
10202:
10200:
10197:
10195:
10192:
10190:
10187:
10185:
10182:
10180:
10177:
10175:
10172:
10170:
10167:
10165:
10162:
10160:
10157:
10155:
10152:
10150:
10147:
10145:
10142:
10140:
10137:
10135:
10132:
10130:
10127:
10125:
10122:
10120:
10117:
10115:
10112:
10110:
10107:
10105:
10102:
10100:
10097:
10095:
10092:
10090:
10087:
10085:
10082:
10080:
10077:
10075:
10072:
10070:
10067:
10065:
10062:
10060:
10057:
10055:
10052:
10050:
10047:
10045:
10042:
10040:
10037:
10035:
10032:
10030:
10027:
10025:
10022:
10020:
10017:
10015:
10012:
10010:
10009:Monocrotophos
10007:
10005:
10002:
10000:
9997:
9995:
9992:
9990:
9987:
9985:
9982:
9980:
9977:
9975:
9974:Methamidophos
9972:
9970:
9967:
9965:
9962:
9960:
9957:
9955:
9952:
9950:
9947:
9945:
9942:
9940:
9937:
9935:
9932:
9930:
9927:
9925:
9922:
9920:
9917:
9915:
9912:
9910:
9907:
9905:
9902:
9900:
9897:
9895:
9892:
9890:
9887:
9885:
9882:
9880:
9877:
9875:
9872:
9870:
9867:
9865:
9862:
9860:
9857:
9855:
9852:
9850:
9849:Echothiophate
9847:
9845:
9842:
9840:
9837:
9835:
9832:
9830:
9827:
9825:
9822:
9820:
9817:
9815:
9812:
9810:
9807:
9805:
9802:
9800:
9797:
9795:
9792:
9790:
9787:
9785:
9782:
9780:
9777:
9775:
9772:
9770:
9767:
9765:
9762:
9760:
9757:
9755:
9752:
9750:
9747:
9745:
9742:
9740:
9737:
9735:
9732:
9730:
9727:
9725:
9722:
9720:
9717:
9715:
9712:
9710:
9707:
9705:
9702:
9700:
9697:
9695:
9692:
9690:
9687:
9685:
9682:
9680:
9677:
9675:
9672:
9670:
9667:
9665:
9662:
9660:
9657:
9655:
9651:
9650:Irreversible:
9648:
9647:
9644:
9641:
9639:
9636:
9634:
9631:
9629:
9626:
9624:
9621:
9619:
9616:
9614:
9611:
9609:
9606:
9604:
9601:
9599:
9596:
9594:
9591:
9589:
9586:
9584:
9581:
9579:
9576:
9574:
9571:
9569:
9566:
9564:
9561:
9559:
9556:
9554:
9551:
9549:
9546:
9544:
9541:
9539:
9536:
9534:
9531:
9529:
9525:
9522:
9520:
9517:
9515:
9514:Quilostigmine
9512:
9510:
9507:
9505:
9504:Physostigmine
9502:
9500:
9497:
9495:
9492:
9489:
9487:
9484:
9482:
9479:
9477:
9474:; Stigmines:
9473:
9470:
9468:
9465:
9463:
9460:
9458:
9455:
9453:
9450:
9448:
9445:
9443:
9440:
9438:
9435:
9433:
9430:
9428:
9425:
9423:
9420:
9418:
9415:
9413:
9410:
9408:
9405:
9403:
9400:
9398:
9395:
9393:
9390:
9388:
9385:
9383:
9380:
9378:
9375:
9373:
9372:Chloropropham
9370:
9368:
9365:
9363:
9360:
9358:
9355:
9353:
9350:
9348:
9345:
9343:
9340:
9338:
9335:
9333:
9330:
9328:
9325:
9323:
9319:
9316:
9314:
9310:
9309:
9307:
9302:
9296:
9290:
9287:
9285:
9282:
9280:
9277:
9275:
9272:
9270:
9267:
9265:
9262:
9260:
9257:
9255:
9252:
9250:
9247:
9245:
9242:
9240:
9237:
9235:
9232:
9229:
9228:
9226:
9221:
9215:
9212:
9208:
9202:
9198:
9194:
9191:
9187:
9184:
9183:Acetylcholine
9177:
9172:
9170:
9165:
9163:
9158:
9157:
9154:
9142:
9139:
9137:
9136:
9132:
9130:
9129:
9125:
9123:
9122:
9118:
9116:
9115:
9111:
9109:
9108:
9104:
9102:
9101:
9097:
9095:
9094:
9090:
9088:
9087:
9083:
9081:
9080:
9076:
9074:
9071:
9069:
9068:
9064:
9063:
9061:
9059:
9058:Biopesticides
9055:
9049:
9046:
9044:
9041:
9039:
9036:
9034:
9031:
9030:
9028:
9026:
9022:
9016:
9015:Metaflumizone
9013:
9011:
9008:
9006:
9003:
9001:
8998:
8996:
8993:
8991:
8988:
8986:
8983:
8980:
8976:
8972:
8969:
8967:
8964:
8962:
8959:
8957:
8954:
8951:
8947:
8944:
8942:
8939:
8937:
8934:
8932:
8929:
8927:
8924:
8922:
8919:
8917:
8914:
8912:
8909:
8907:
8904:
8902:
8899:
8897:
8896:Chlordimeform
8894:
8892:
8889:
8887:
8884:
8882:
8879:
8877:
8874:
8872:
8869:
8867:
8864:
8863:
8861:
8857:
8851:
8848:
8846:
8843:
8841:
8840:Flubendiamide
8838:
8836:
8833:
8831:
8828:
8827:
8825:
8823:
8819:
8813:
8812:Transfluthrin
8810:
8808:
8805:
8803:
8800:
8798:
8795:
8793:
8790:
8788:
8785:
8783:
8780:
8777:
8773:
8769:
8765:
8762:
8760:
8757:
8755:
8752:
8750:
8747:
8745:
8742:
8740:
8737:
8735:
8732:
8730:
8727:
8725:
8722:
8720:
8719:Fenpropathrin
8717:
8715:
8712:
8710:
8709:Esfenvalerate
8707:
8705:
8702:
8700:
8697:
8695:
8692:
8690:
8687:
8685:
8682:
8680:
8677:
8675:
8672:
8670:
8667:
8665:
8662:
8660:
8657:
8656:
8654:
8652:
8648:
8642:
8639:
8637:
8634:
8632:
8629:
8627:
8624:
8622:
8619:
8617:
8614:
8612:
8609:
8607:
8604:
8602:
8599:
8597:
8594:
8592:
8589:
8587:
8584:
8582:
8579:
8577:
8574:
8572:
8569:
8567:
8564:
8562:
8559:
8557:
8554:
8552:
8549:
8547:
8544:
8542:
8541:Monocrotophos
8539:
8537:
8534:
8532:
8529:
8527:
8524:
8522:
8521:Methamidophos
8519:
8517:
8514:
8512:
8509:
8507:
8504:
8502:
8499:
8497:
8494:
8492:
8489:
8487:
8484:
8482:
8479:
8477:
8474:
8472:
8469:
8467:
8464:
8462:
8459:
8457:
8454:
8452:
8449:
8447:
8444:
8442:
8439:
8437:
8434:
8432:
8429:
8427:
8424:
8422:
8419:
8417:
8414:
8412:
8409:
8407:
8404:
8402:
8399:
8397:
8394:
8392:
8389:
8388:
8386:
8384:
8380:
8374:
8371:
8369:
8366:
8364:
8361:
8359:
8356:
8354:
8351:
8349:
8346:
8344:
8341:
8339:
8336:
8334:
8331:
8329:
8326:
8324:
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8152:Diflubenzuron
8150:
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5929:
5925:
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5903:
5900:(1): โ77547.
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5862:
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5841:(4): โ94482.
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4332:
4328:
4324:
4317:
4315:
4306:
4302:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4283:(1โ2): 1โ13.
4282:
4278:
4271:
4264:
4258:
4250:
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4242:
4238:
4234:
4230:
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3530:
3529:www.panna.org
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3432:
3430:
3414:. 26 May 2011
3413:
3412:Dominion Post
3409:
3403:
3388:
3384:
3377:
3370:. 9 May 2011.
3369:
3365:
3359:
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3329:
3314:. stuff.co.nz
3313:
3307:
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3259:
3258:PLOS Medicine
3255:
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2760:
2756:
2752:
2748:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2731:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2711:
2708:(1โ3): 1โ16.
2707:
2703:
2696:
2685:
2678:
2672:
2661:
2654:
2648:
2629:
2622:
2615:
2599:
2592:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2564:
2560:
2554:
2538:
2534:
2527:
2520:. p. A1.
2519:
2512:
2504:
2502:0-8155-1853-6
2498:
2494:
2487:
2479:
2473:
2458:
2454:
2447:
2432:. 19 May 2021
2431:
2427:
2421:
2406:
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2395:
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2244:
2240:
2233:
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2222:
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2202:
2194:
2190:
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2182:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2152:
2148:
2144:
2140:
2132:
2130:
2113:
2112:
2107:
2101:
2099:
2090:
2088:9781482208672
2084:
2080:
2073:
2064:
2056:
2052:
2045:
2043:
2041:
2039:
2037:
2035:
2026:
2020:
2016:
2009:
2007:
1987:
1980:
1974:
1970:
1960:
1957:
1956:
1950:
1948:
1938:
1929:
1927:
1926:agrochemicals
1923:
1913:
1905:
1903:
1893:
1891:
1886:
1881:
1873:
1871:
1861:
1858:
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1814:
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1533:
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1525:
1521:
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1513:
1509:
1505:
1499:
1492:United States
1489:
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1468:
1464:
1460:
1444:
1441:
1433:
1423:
1419:
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1394:
1385:
1373:
1368:
1359:
1358:
1350:
1346:
1343:
1338:
1336:
1330:
1320:
1318:
1314:
1310:
1305:
1303:
1299:
1295:
1280:
1278:
1277:biomonitoring
1274:
1270:
1266:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1246:
1235:
1232:
1228:
1224:
1223:dexamethasone
1213:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1198:
1197:paraoxonase 1
1188:
1186:
1182:
1178:
1174:
1170:
1159:
1156:
1152:
1148:
1144:
1140:
1136:
1127:
1113:
1111:
1106:
1096:
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1088:
1084:
1082:
1072:
1070:
1066:
1061:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1037:
1033:
1032:Human studies
1029:
1027:
1011:
1009:
1005:
995:
993:
989:
985:
981:
977:
976:acetylcholine
973:
969:
965:
955:
953:
948:
939:
936:
933:
932:neuromuscular
929:
926:
925:acetylcholine
916:
913:
909:
899:
897:
893:
892:developmental
889:
885:
875:
873:
869:
859:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
838:Chlorpyrifos
831:
822:
818:
815:
810:
808:
804:
794:
781:
777:
775:
771:
769:
765:
760:
756:
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742:
740:
736:
732:
728:
724:
719:
717:
713:
708:
706:
702:
698:
694:
690:
686:
682:
670:
663:
658:
641:
635:
631:
627:
623:
622:
618:
615:(Recommended)
614:
610:
609:
605:
602:(Permissible)
601:
597:
596:
592:
591:
586:
582:
577:
576:
572:
571:
566:
561:
557:
555:
554:
549:
548:
544:
541:
537:
536:
532:
530:
529:Boiling point
527:
526:
522:
520:
519:Melting point
517:
516:
512:
510:
507:
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502:
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436:
433:
429:
428:
423:
414:
413:
410:
403:
389:
379:
378:
375:
368:
360:
356:
355:DTXSID4020458
352:
351:
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339:
335:
334:
327:
323:
322:
320:
318:
315:
314:
307:
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294:
290:
289:
282:
278:
277:
275:
273:
270:
269:
265:
261:
258:
256:
254:ECHA InfoCard
251:
250:
243:
239:
238:
236:
234:
231:
230:
223:
219:
218:
216:
214:
211:
210:
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159:
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149:
145:
144:
139:
131:
125:
121:
117:
112:
108:
103:
99:
94:
90:
85:
82:Chlorpyrifos
79:
71:
68:
60:
50:
46:
42:
36:
34:
27:
18:
17:
12060:Ethyl esters
11929:Food quality
11836:Institutions
11670:
11636:
11627:
11618:
11502:Nitrosamines
11265:Benzoic acid
11227:Chlorpyrifos
11226:
11206:
11200:
11191:
11174:
11157:
11149:
11141:
11134:
11127:
11120:
11098:Trichuriasis
11083:Toxocariasis
11053:Enterobiasis
10929:Formaldehyde
10802:
10796:ฮฑ-Latrotoxin
10784:
10754:
10719:
10688:
10646:
10620:
10605:
10549:Rivastigmine
10515:
10469:Reactivators
10442:Ungiminorine
10397:Kobophenol A
10362:Coronaridine
10352:Bulbocapnine
10347:Arisugacin A
10323:
10308:
10194:Tebupirimfos
10074:Phosphamidon
9979:Methidathion
9884:Fenitrothion
9709:Chlorpyrifos
9708:
9649:
9524:Terestigmine
9519:Rivastigmine
9481:Eptastigmine
9432:Phenmedipham
9402:Formparanate
9387:Ethiofencarb
9320:Carbamates:
9317:
9311:
9230:
9133:
9126:
9119:
9112:
9105:
9098:
9091:
9084:
9077:
9065:
9000:Tebufenpyrad
8995:Tebufenozide
8901:Chlorfenapyr
8876:Azadirachtin
8807:Tralomethrin
8802:Tetramethrin
8744:Metofluthrin
8699:Deltamethrin
8694:Cyphenothrin
8689:Cypermethrin
8674:Bioallethrin
8621:Tebupirimfos
8526:Methidathion
8496:Fenitrothion
8421:Chlorpyrifos
8420:
8396:Azamethiphos
8358:Methoxychlor
8240:Thiamethoxam
8230:Paichongding
8215:Imidaclothiz
8210:Imidacloprid
8200:Clothianidin
8177:Pyriproxyfen
8157:Flufenoxuron
8147:Benzoylureas
8006:Butocarboxim
7975:Insecticides
7971:Pest control
7885:
7873:. Retrieved
7869:Bangkok Post
7867:
7857:
7845:. Retrieved
7841:
7832:
7818:
7806:. Retrieved
7801:
7792:
7780:. Retrieved
7776:
7766:
7757:
7748:
7736:. Retrieved
7731:
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7689:. Retrieved
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7674:
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7656:
7644:. Retrieved
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7570:. Retrieved
7566:
7557:
7545:. Retrieved
7540:
7531:
7519:. Retrieved
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7505:
7493:. Retrieved
7489:
7480:
7468:. Retrieved
7464:
7454:
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7425:
7411:
7399:. Retrieved
7395:the original
7390:
7381:
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7359:
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7342:
7333:
7321:. Retrieved
7317:
7307:
7295:. Retrieved
7291:
7282:
7270:. Retrieved
7260:
7248:. Retrieved
7239:
7227:. Retrieved
7222:
7213:
7201:. Retrieved
7199:. 7 May 2010
7188:
7176:. Retrieved
7166:
7157:
7129:. Retrieved
7125:the original
7115:
7103:. Retrieved
7099:the original
7094:
7085:
7073:. Retrieved
7064:
7052:. Retrieved
7025:. Retrieved
7015:
7003:. Retrieved
7000:(WebContent)
6990:
6978:. Retrieved
6972:
6969:(WebContent)
6960:
6948:. Retrieved
6941:the original
6907:. Retrieved
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6885:. Retrieved
6875:
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6853:
6845:the original
6838:
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6810:
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6751:
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6665:
6653:. Retrieved
6648:
6624:. Retrieved
6619:
6610:
6599:, retrieved
6592:
6583:
6571:. Retrieved
6566:
6557:
6546:, retrieved
6540:
6534:
6523:, retrieved
6517:
6511:
6499:, retrieved
6493:
6472:. Retrieved
6469:(WebContent)
6460:
6448:. Retrieved
6442:
6415:. Retrieved
6411:
6401:
6389:. Retrieved
6377:
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6351:
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6319:
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6300:the original
6289:
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6227:
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6211:the original
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6083:the original
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5897:
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5735:
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5659:
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5629:
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5605:
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5562:
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5543:the original
5529:
5486:
5482:
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5461:the original
5448:
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5409:
5399:
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5383:the original
5373:
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5357:
5347:
5310:
5306:
5296:
5264:(1): 53โ65.
5261:
5257:
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5204:
5200:
5189:
5152:
5148:
5138:
5095:
5091:
5081:
5038:
5034:
5009:. Retrieved
5005:
4996:
4984:. Retrieved
4979:
4950:. Retrieved
4948:. p. D1
4945:
4918:. Retrieved
4868:
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4857:
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3700:
3696:
3640:
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3626:
3614:. Retrieved
3607:the original
3602:
3589:
3556:
3552:
3545:
3533:. Retrieved
3528:
3489:
3446:(1): 86โ93.
3443:
3439:
3416:. Retrieved
3411:
3402:
3390:. Retrieved
3386:
3376:
3367:
3358:
3346:. Retrieved
3342:the original
3337:
3328:
3316:. Retrieved
3306:
3261:
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3201:
3194:
3169:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3052:
3048:
3041:
2996:
2992:
2944:
2940:
2915:. Retrieved
2883:. Retrieved
2873:
2861:. Retrieved
2857:the original
2846:
2801:
2797:
2787:
2742:
2736:
2730:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2684:the original
2671:
2660:the original
2647:
2635:. Retrieved
2628:the original
2614:
2602:. Retrieved
2598:the original
2567:. Retrieved
2563:the original
2553:
2541:. Retrieved
2537:the original
2526:
2517:
2511:
2492:
2486:
2462:22 September
2460:. Retrieved
2456:
2446:
2434:. Retrieved
2429:
2420:
2408:. Retrieved
2404:
2379:. Retrieved
2375:
2350:. Retrieved
2346:
2321:. Retrieved
2317:
2307:
2295:. Retrieved
2291:the original
2286:
2277:
2265:. Retrieved
2260:
2251:
2242:
2214:
2201:
2146:
2142:
2116:. Retrieved
2109:
2078:
2072:
2063:
2014:
1993:. Retrieved
1986:the original
1973:
1944:
1935:
1919:
1911:
1899:
1882:
1879:
1867:
1859:
1851:
1843:
1840:
1836:
1828:
1821:
1811:
1807:
1794:
1783:
1775:
1760:
1743:buffer zones
1728:
1709:
1700:
1696:
1693:
1689:
1685:
1681:
1669:
1661:
1649:
1646:
1642:
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1635:Earthjustice
1631:
1627:
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1603:Scott Pruitt
1600:
1596:
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1436:
1427:
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1332:
1306:
1291:
1288:Aquatic life
1262:
1258:
1254:
1250:
1241:
1219:
1194:
1179:and several
1165:
1132:
1104:
1102:
1093:brush border
1089:
1085:
1078:
1046:
1045:
1040:birth weight
1031:
1030:
1022:
1001:
961:
949:
945:
937:
922:
905:
881:
865:
837:
828:
819:
811:
799:
773:
767:
763:
758:
750:
748:
720:
709:
688:
684:
681:Chlorpyrifos
680:
679:
589:
579:Main hazards
568:
552:
222:ChEMBL463210
141:Identifiers
133:Other names
123:
119:
115:
78:
63:
54:
30:
12009:WikiProject
11846:(Hong Kong)
11583: [
11545:Devon colic
11419:Breast milk
11391:Nonylphenol
11366:Bisphenol A
11303:controversy
11170:Hepatitis E
11165:Hepatitis A
11143:Enterovirus
11136:Cronobacter
11093:Trichinosis
11063:Fasciolosis
11033:Anisakiasis
11004:controversy
10897:Adulterants
10647:Inhibitors:
10624:Coluracetam
10606:Inhibitors:
10576:Transporter
10516:Inhibitors:
10488:Pralidoxime
10382:Cyclanoline
10332:ฮฑ-Viniferin
10229:Trichlorfon
9994:Metrifonate
9909:Fosthiazate
9894:Fluorotabun
9769:Dicrotophos
9724:Crotylsarin
9568:Huperzine A
9563:Galantamine
9558:Edrophonium
9491:Neostigmine
9486:Ganstigmine
9452:Propamocarb
9397:Formetanate
9382:Ethienocarb
9362:Carbosulfan
9352:Carbetamide
9347:Carbendazim
9318:Reversible:
9231:Inhibitors:
9073:Baculovirus
9025:Metabolites
8990:Sulfluramid
8792:Silafluofen
8759:Prallethrin
8739:Imiprothrin
8734:Fluvalinate
8724:Fenvalerate
8684:Cyhalothrin
8659:Acrinathrin
8651:Pyrethroids
8641:Trichlorfon
8506:Fosthiazate
8451:Dicrotophos
8235:Thiacloprid
8205:Dinotefuran
8195:Acetamiprid
8124:Paris Green
8031:Ethienocarb
8021:Carbosulfan
7515:Hawaii 24/7
5678:20 November
5642:20 November
5612:20 November
5389:20 November
4507:: 115โ122.
3829:: 158โ168.
3763:: 248โ256.
2885:20 November
2749:: 372โ380.
2604:28 February
2569:20 November
1941:Manufacture
1908:New Zealand
1900:The FSSAI (
1522:(CWA); the
1300:or through
1294:crustaceans
1195:The enzyme
1026:metabolites
1019:Development
1008:myocarditis
972:pralidoxime
866:Like other
844:food plants
825:Application
573:(OHS/OSH):
487:Appearance
425:Properties
260:100.018.969
202:CHEBI:34631
57:August 2021
12024:Categories
11760:Regulation
11743:death toll
11512:Shortening
11477:Acrylamide
11406:Food fraud
11386:Mycotoxins
11219:Pesticides
11193:Salmonella
11068:Giardiasis
11028:Amoebiasis
10972:Flavorings
10811:versutoxin
10807:robustoxin
10681:Inhibitors
10670:modulators
10621:Enhancers:
10582:modulators
10539:Ladostigil
10529:Conodurine
10524:Affinisine
10437:Ungeremine
10412:Phosacetim
10372:Corynoline
10367:Corydaline
10357:Conodurine
10342:Affinisine
10278:Demecarium
10276:; Others:
10189:Tabun (GA)
10179:Soman (GD)
10169:Sarin (GB)
10089:Profenofos
9949:Isoxathion
9934:Guanitoxin
9904:Formothion
9879:Fenamiphos
9809:Disulfoton
9804:Dioxathion
9794:Dimethoate
9764:Dichlorvos
9598:Ladostigil
9588:Ipidacrine
9533:Ambenonium
9528:Acotiamide
9526:; Others:
9499:Phenserine
9476:Distigmine
9467:Thiodicarb
9442:Pirimicarb
9407:Methiocarb
9392:Fenobucarb
9367:Chlorbufam
9357:Carbofuran
9332:Bendiocarb
9313:Inhibitors
9207:modulators
9193:modulators
9186:metabolism
9005:Veracevine
8936:Indoxacarb
8926:Fluralaner
8916:Fenoxycarb
8911:Fenazaquin
8906:Cyromazine
8886:Buprofezin
8866:Afoxolaner
8797:Tefluthrin
8787:Resmethrin
8754:Phenothrin
8749:Permethrin
8729:Flumethrin
8714:Etofenprox
8704:Empenthrin
8679:Cyfluthrin
8669:Bifenthrin
8664:Allethrins
8601:Quinalphos
8571:Phenthoate
8511:Isoxathion
8491:Fenamiphos
8476:Disulfoton
8471:Dioxathion
8466:Dimethoate
8446:Dichlorvos
8368:Tetradifon
8343:Heptachlor
8333:Endosulfan
8278:Cyclodiene
8225:Nithiazine
8220:Nitenpyram
8172:Methoprene
8162:Hydroprene
8089:Boric acid
8041:Isoprocarb
8036:Fenobucarb
8016:Carbofuran
8001:Bendiocarb
7983:Carbamates
7343:CDC- NIOSH
7027:4 February
7005:4 February
6655:24 January
6450:8 November
6417:31 October
6217:7 November
6117:2 November
5363:15 October
5011:15 October
4501:Toxicology
3535:15 October
3202:The Lancet
3049:The Lancet
2999:(1): 357.
2153:: 104587.
1965:References
1804:State laws
1496:See also:
1382:March 2022
1353:Regulation
1304:exposure.
1269:Washington
1201:hydrolysis
1185:cyclic AMP
1139:metabolite
1060:cyclic AMP
1004:Chiang Mai
475:Molar mass
326:JCS58I644W
233:ChemSpider
169:3D model (
148:CAS Number
11806:ISO 22000
11768:watchdogs
11764:standards
11738:outbreaks
11639:outbreaks
11517:Trans fat
11429:Olive oil
11351:Aflatoxin
11325:Sucralose
11310:Saccharin
11298:Aspartame
11242:Malathion
11187:Rotavirus
11182:Norovirus
10793:agonists:
10777:Enhancers
10650:Vesamicol
10534:Cymserine
10483:Obidoxime
10478:Methoxime
10392:Harmaline
10387:Cymserine
10377:Crimidine
10324:Unsorted:
10219:Triazofos
10159:Ro 3-0433
10154:Ro 3-0422
10149:Ro 3-0419
10144:Ro 3-0417
10139:Ro 3-0412
10134:Ro 3-0411
10129:Ro 3-0397
10124:Ro 3-0352
10119:Ro 3-0351
10114:Ro 3-0347
10109:Ro 3-0346
10104:Ro 3-0340
10094:Prothoate
10064:Phosfolan
10059:Phosalone
10044:Parathion
10029:Omethoate
9999:Mevinphos
9964:Malathion
9954:Leptophos
9859:Endothion
9739:Demephion
9729:Cyanophos
9719:Coumaphos
9689:Cadusafos
9684:Bensulide
9679:BAY-29952
9643:Zanapezil
9603:Minaprine
9583:Huprine Y
9578:Huprine X
9573:Huprine W
9543:Donepezil
9472:Thiofanox
9447:Promecarb
9437:Pinmicarb
9417:Metolcarb
9377:Dimetilan
9337:Bufencarb
9327:Aminocarb
9279:CM-54,903
9190:transport
8971:Adjuvants
8966:Sarolaner
8961:Pyriprole
8956:Pyridaben
8946:Lotilaner
8881:Bensultap
8845:Ryanodine
8782:Pyrethrum
8764:Pyrethrin
8581:Phosalone
8561:Parathion
8551:Omethoate
8531:Mevinphos
8516:Malathion
8431:Coumaphos
8406:Bensulide
8373:Toxaphene
8273:Chlordane
8167:Lufenuron
8061:Promecarb
8051:Metolcarb
7996:Aminocarb
7808:19 August
7782:19 August
7598:20 August
7470:28 August
7401:20 August
7371:15 August
7323:19 August
7272:18 August
7250:18 August
7229:18 August
7203:15 August
6800:28 August
6795:0362-4331
6714:210042328
6698:0163-7525
6474:14 August
6391:20 August
6386:0362-4331
6309:11 August
6260:1559-064X
6166:14 August
6039:0022-0949
5924:1932-6203
5503:0091-6765
5280:0003-4878
5221:1559-0631
5112:0091-6765
5055:0091-6765
4885:0165-3806
4831:0166-4328
4784:0009-2797
4716:0892-0362
4694:: 35โ42.
4651:0361-9230
4637:: 44โ54.
4594:0892-0362
4529:0300-483X
4459:1547-6898
4406:0009-2797
4351:0041-008X
4297:0009-8981
4206:0027-8874
4133:1073-449X
4081:0892-0362
4059:: 18โ27.
4019:0890-6238
3961:0887-8994
3851:0161-813X
3785:0160-4120
3717:0091-6765
3657:0091-6765
3603:ccceh.org
3573:0273-2300
3460:0378-4274
3280:1549-1277
3222:0140-6736
3134:1476-069X
3110:(1): 18.
3069:0140-6736
3015:1471-2458
2963:1460-2725
2771:0301-4797
2193:218928832
2177:0048-3575
1922:chemicals
1848:Australia
1831:waterways
1817:Clackamas
1767:Superfund
1757:Reporting
1735:steelhead
1430:June 2019
1422:talk page
1169:serotonin
1075:Adulthood
1014:Long term
958:Treatment
852:membranes
745:Synthesis
501:Mercaptan
158:2921-88-2
122:-Diethyl
45:talk page
11999:Cookbook
11979:Category
11781:E number
11673:outbreak
11630:outbreak
11621:outbreak
11371:Dieldrin
11320:Sorbitol
11176:Listeria
11116:Botulism
10944:Melamine
10914:Aldicarb
10833:See also
10817:Crotoxin
10519:Affinine
10452:BW284C51
10407:Lycorine
10337:Affinine
10327:ฮฑ-Pinene
10305:Onchidal
10224:Tribufos
10204:Terbufos
10174:Schradan
10039:Paraoxon
9959:Malaoxon
9889:Fenthion
9874:Ethoprop
9759:Diazinon
9754:Dialifor
9659:Acephate
9593:Itopride
9538:Caffeine
9462:Propoxur
9412:Methomyl
9342:Carbaryl
9322:Aldicarb
9141:Spinosad
9043:Paraoxon
9038:Malaoxon
9010:Xanthone
8985:Spinosad
8941:Limonene
8921:Fipronil
8850:Ryanodol
8822:Ryanoids
8636:Tribufos
8626:Terbufos
8611:Schradan
8501:Fenthion
8486:Ethoprop
8441:Diazinon
8391:Acephate
8328:Dieldrin
8263:Beta-HCH
8109:Cryolite
8066:Propoxur
8046:Methomyl
8011:Carbaryl
7991:Aldicarb
7691:6 August
7646:5 August
7620:5 August
7495:26 April
7419:. OEHHA.
6766:6 August
6706:31905321
6649:The Hill
6626:9 August
6601:30 March
6548:30 March
6525:30 March
6501:30 March
6278:32094458
6191:8 August
6186:IOL News
6112:pops.int
6057:23393272
5996:23386834
5942:24416121
5894:PLOS ONE
5875:24718419
5835:PLOS ONE
5811:5 August
5778:5 August
5751:11 April
5727:24723135
5585:5 August
5552:5 August
5521:27517732
5440:12460795
5339:21655147
5288:16984946
5239:19240759
5181:24705361
5130:18414640
5073:12003762
5002:"TOXNET"
4952:28 March
4916:(Report)
4893:14741763
4849:19682500
4792:20097188
4734:24177596
4669:24280657
4612:23416428
4572:: 1โ12.
4547:22884923
4475:84162223
4467:18726789
4424:18495101
4359:15236950
4305:16337171
4214:15572760
4141:11874814
4097:52925464
4089:30290195
4037:20850519
3969:18279750
3920:16115200
3912:16112323
3869:24121005
3803:28602489
3735:21507777
3675:21507776
3581:24200834
3468:22155227
3298:19564902
3238:10499125
3230:17174705
3186:21328273
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