408:. In addition to their critical ecological roles, choanoflagellates are of particular interest to evolutionary biologists studying the origins of multicellularity in animals. As the closest living relatives of animals, choanoflagellates serve as a useful model for reconstructions of the last unicellular ancestor of animals. According to a 2021 study, crown group craspedids (and perhaps crown group choanoflagellates if Acanthoecida arose within Craspedida) appeared 422.78 million years ago, Although a previous study from 2017 recovered the divergence of the crown group choanoflagellates (craspedids) at 786.62 million years.
842:) and negate the possibility that choanoflagellates evolved from metazoans (Lavrov, et al., 2005). Finally, a 2001 study of genes expressed in choanoflagellates has revealed that choanoflagellates synthesize homologues of metazoan cell signaling and adhesion genes. Genome sequencing shows that, among living organisms, the choanoflagellates are most closely related to animals. Because choanoflagellates and metazoans are closely related, comparisons between the two groups promise to provide insights into the biology of their last common ancestor and the earliest events in
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539:, from several silica strips cemented together. The functional significance of the periplast is unknown, but in sessile organisms, it is thought to aid attachment to the substrate. In planktonic organisms, there is speculation that the periplast increases drag, thereby counteracting the force generated by the flagellum and increasing feeding efficiency.
728:
choanoflagellates, lorica assembly takes place using a number of tentacles once sufficient costal strips have been produced to comprise a full lorica. In tectiform choanoflagellates, costal strips are accumulated in a set arrangement below the collar. During cell division, the new cell takes these costal strips as part of
2310:
Adl SM, Bass D, Lane CE, Lukeš J, Schoch CL, Smirnov A, Agatha S, Berney C, Brown MW, Burki F, Cárdenas P, Čepička I, Chistyakova L, del Campo J, Dunthorn M, Edvardsen B, Eglit Y, Guillou L, Hampl V, Heiss AA, Hoppenrath M, James TY, Karnkowska A, Karpov S, Kim E, Kolisko M, Kudryavtsev A, Lahr DJG,
727:
The
Acanthoecid choanoflagellates produce an extracellular basket structure known as a lorica. The lorica is composed of individual costal strips, made of a silica-protein biocomposite. Each costal strip is formed within the choanoflagellate cell and is then secreted to the cell surface. In nudiform
833:
and proposed the possibility of a close relationship as early as 1841. Over the past decade, this hypothesized relationship between choanoflagellates and animals has been upheld by independent analyses of multiple unlinked genetic sequences: 18S rDNA, nuclear protein-coding genes, and mitochondrial
688:
Choanoflagellates grow vegetatively, with multiple species undergoing longitudinal fission; however, the reproductive life cycle of choanoflagellates remains to be elucidated. A paper released in August 2017 showed that environmental changes, including the presence of certain bacteria, trigger the
1157:
Previously, Choanoflagellida was divided into these three families based on the composition and structure of their periplast: Codonosigidae, Salpingoecidae and
Acanthoecidae. Members of the family Codonosigidae appear to lack a periplast when examined by light microscopy, but may have a fine outer
1193:. Clade 1 and Clade 2 each consist of a combination of species traditionally attributed to the Codonosigidae and Salpingoecidae, while Clade 3 comprises species from the group taxonomically classified as Acanthoecidae. The mapping of character traits on to this phylogeny indicates that the
612:
on a global scale , while other species are reported to have restricted regional distributions. Co-distributed choanoflagellate species can occupy quite different microenvironments, but in general, the factors that influence the distribution and dispersion of choanoflagellates remain to be
751:. The SiT gene family shows little or no homology to any other genes, even to genes in non-siliceous choanoflagellates or stramenopiles. This suggests that the SiT gene family evolved via a lateral gene transfer event between Acanthoecids and Stramenopiles. This is a remarkable case of
607:
zones. Although most sampling of choanoflagellates has occurred between 0 and 25 m (0 and 82 ft), they have been recovered from as deep as 300 m (980 ft) in open water and 100 m (330 ft) under
Antarctic ice sheets. Many species are hypothesized to be
92:
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as part of their life cycle. Some choanoflagellates can undergo encystment, which involves the retraction of the flagellum and collar and encasement in an electron dense fibrillar wall. On transfer to fresh media, excystment occurs; though it remains to be directly observed.
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637:
clumps that resemble a miniature cluster of grapes in which each cell in the colony is flagellated or clusters of cells on a single stalk. In
October 2019, scientists found a new band behaviour of choanoflagellates: they apparently can coordinate to respond to light.
2015:, with 41.6 million base pairs, is similar in size to filamentous fungi and other free-living unicellular eukaryotes, but far smaller than that of typical animals. In 2010, a phylogenomic study revealed that several algal genes are present in the genome of
566:
lifestyle. The life histories of choanoflagellates are poorly understood. Many species are thought to be solitary; however, coloniality seems to have arisen independently several times within the group, and colonial species still retain a solitary stage.
866:
was a multicellular organism, with differentiated tissues, a definite "body plan", and embryonic development (including gastrulation). The timing of the splitting of these lineages is difficult to constrain, but was probably in the late
Precambrian,
834:
genomes (Steenkamp, et al., 2006; Burger, et al., 2003; Wainright, et al., 1993). Importantly, comparisons of mitochondrial genome sequences from a choanoflagellate and three sponges confirm the placement of choanoflagellates as an outgroup to
488:
in Greek). Movement of the flagellum draws water through the collar, and bacteria and detritus are captured by the microvilli and ingested. Water currents generated by the flagellum also push free-swimming cells along, as in
2311:
Lara E, Le Gall L, Lynn DH, Mann DG, Massana R, Mitchell EAD, Morrow C, Park JS, Pawlowski JW, Powell MJ, Richter DJ, Rueckert S, Shadwick L, Shimano S, Spiegel FW, Torruella G, Youssef N, Zlatogursky V, Zhang Q (2019).
2131:
was published in 2013. This first transcriptome of a loricate choanoflagellate led to the discovery of choanoflagellate silicon transporters. Subsequently, similar genes were identified in a second loricate species,
1137:
90 coding genes were used to resolve the internal relationships and character polarity within choanoflagellates. Each of the four genes showed similar results independently and analysis of the combined data set
535:. These cell coverings vary greatly in structure and composition and are used by taxonomists for classification purposes. Many choanoflagellates build complex basket-shaped "houses", called
2104:
The single-cell amplified genomes of four uncultured marine choanoflagellates, tentatively called UC1–UC4, were sequenced in 2019. The genomes of UC1 and UC4 are relatively complete.
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of their last common ancestor. The last common ancestor of animals and choanoflagellates was unicellular, perhaps forming simple colonies; in contrast, the last common ancestor of all
2825:
2068:
become diploid. This ploidy shift coincides with mating during which small, flagellated cells fuse with larger flagellated cells. There is also evidence of historical mating and
1178:, with convergent evolution of these forms widespread. The third family of choanoflagellates, the Acanthoecidae, has been supported as a monophyletic group. This clade possess a
3697:
Torruella, Guifré; Mendoza, Alex de; Grau-Bové, Xavier; Antó, Meritxell; Chaplin, Mark A.; Campo, Javier del; Eme, Laura; Pérez-Cordón, Gregorio; Whipps, Christopher M. (2015).
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was published in 2006. The major finding of this transcriptome was the choanoflagellate Hoglet domain and shed light on the role of domain shuffling in the evolution of the
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Fairclough SR, Chen Z, Kramer E, Zeng Q, Young S, Robertson HM, Begovic E, Richter DJ, Russ C, Westbrook MJ, Manning G, Lang BF, Haas B, Nusbaum C, King N (February 2013).
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of the cells being found within a basket-like lorica, providing the alternative name of "Loricate
Choanoflagellates". The Acanthoecid lorica is composed of a series of
2167:
Fonseca, Carolina; Mendonça Filho, João
Graciano; Reolid, MatĂas; Duarte, LuĂs V.; de Oliveira, AntĂłnio Donizeti; Souza, Jaqueline Torres; LĂ©zin, Carine (2023-01-23).
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in diameter with a single apical flagellum surrounded by a collar of 30–40 microvilli (see figure). Movement of the flagellum creates water currents that can propel
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reconstruction of the internal relationships of choanoflagellates allows the polarization of character evolution within the clade. Large fragments of the nuclear
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2011:
225:
550:, adhering to the substrate directly or through either the periplast or a thin pedicel. Although choanoflagellates are thought to be strictly free-living and
2938:
Buck KR, Garrison DL (June 1988). "Distribution and abundance of choanoflagellates (Acanthoecidae) across the ice-edge zone in the
Weddell Sea, Antarctica".
740:
3154:"Nothing Eats Viruses, Right? Meet Some Hungry Protists: New genetic evidence builds the case that single-celled marine microbes might chow down on viruses"
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between two distantly related eukaryotic groups, and has provided clues to the biochemistry and silicon-protein interactions of the unique SiT gene family.
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854:(considered among the most basal metazoa) have the same basic structure as choanoflagellates. Collared cells are found in other animal groups, such as
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3864:"Reconstruction of protein domain evolution using single-cell amplified genomes of uncultured choanoflagellates sheds light on the origin of animals"
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In addition to the single apical flagellum surrounded by actin-filled microvilli that characterizes choanoflagellates, the internal organization of
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1972:
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1162:. The family Salpingoecidae consists of species whose cells are encased in a firm theca that is visible by both light and electron microscopy. The
263:
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Leadbeater BS, Karpov SA (September–October 2000). "Cyst formation in a freshwater strain of the choanoflagellate
Desmarella moniliformis Kent".
3229:
Claus
Nielsen. Animal Evolution: Interrelationships of the Living Phyla. 3rd ed. Claus Nielsen. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press, 2012, p. 14.
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3181:"Mode of Action of Farnesol, the "Noble Unknown" in Particular in Ca2+ Homeostasis, and its Juvenile Hormone-Esters in Evolutionary Retrospect"
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meiosis genes. Of 19 known eukaryotic meiotic genes tested (including 8 that function in no other process than meiosis), 18 were identified in
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are positioned in the basal region of the cytoplasm. Additionally, the cell body of many choanoflagellates is surrounded by a distinguishing
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1423:
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Mendoza L, Taylor JW, Ajello L (2002). "The class mesomycetozoea: a heterogeneous group of microorganisms at the animal-fungal boundary".
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1397:
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Thomsen H, Buck K, Chavez F (1991). "Choanoflagellates of the central California waters: Taxonomy, morphology and species assemblages".
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level is unknown; however, the discovery of both retrotransposons and key genes involved in meiosis previously suggested that they used
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2136:. Analysis of these genes found that the choanoflagellate silicon transporters show homology to the SIT-type silicon transporters of
1932:
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1782:
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7427:
2563:"Extended divergence estimates and species descriptions of new craspedid choanoflagellates from the Atacama Desert, Northern Chile"
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is 55 megabases in size. Homologs of cell adhesion, neuropeptide and glycosphingolipid metabolism genes are present in the genome.
1731:
1676:
2460:
Cavalier-Smith T (1998). "Neomonada and the origin of animals and fungi.". In Coombs GH, Vickerman K, Sleigh MA, Warren A (eds.).
6733:
2417:
Nitsche F, Carr M, Arndt H, Leadbeater BS (2011). "Higher level taxonomy and molecular phylogenetics of the Choanoflagellatea".
829:, a French biologist interested in protozoan evolution, recorded the morphological similarities of choanoflagellates and sponge
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against the collar of microvilli, where these foodstuffs are engulfed. This feeding provides a critical link within the global
2922:
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Cantell CE, Franzén Å, Sensenbaugh T (October 1982). "Ultrastructure of multiciliated collar cells in the pilidium larva of
4078:
2524:"Re-evaluating Loricate Choanoflagellate Phylogenetics: Molecular Evidence Points to the Paraphyly of Tectiform Species"
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is very ancient in evolution, and its use goes back at least as far as the choanoflagellates which preceded the animals.
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2019:. This could be due to the fact that, in early evolutionary history, choanoflagellates consumed algae as food through
743:(SiT) proteins. Analysis of choanoflagellate SiTs shows that they are similar to the SiT-type silicon transporters of
3813:"Premetazoan genome evolution and the regulation of cell differentiation in the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta"
808:
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Planktonic choanoflagellates from Disko Bugt, West Greenland, with a survey of the marine nanoplankton of the area
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2035:. The presence of meiotic genes, including meiosis specific genes, indicates that meiosis, and by implication,
3862:
López-Escardó, D; Grau-Bové, X; Guillaumet-Adkins, A; Gut, M; Sieracki, ME; Ruiz-Trillo, I (25 November 2019).
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Carr M, Leadbeater BS, Baldauf SL (2010). "Conserved meiotic genes point to sex in the choanoflagellates".
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Carr M, Leadbeater BS, Baldauf SL (2002). "Conserved meiotic genes point to sex in the choanoflagellates".
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flagellum, and a second, non-flagellar basal body rests at a right angle to the flagellar base. The
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6813:
3599:"A receptor tyrosine kinase from choanoflagellates: molecular insights into early animal evolution"
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2757:
Karpov S, Leadbeater BS (May 1998). "Cytoskeleton structure and composition in choanoflagellates".
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1445:
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3699:"Phylogenomics Reveals Convergent Evolution of Lifestyles in Close Relatives of Animals and Fungi"
2169:"First putative occurrence in the fossil record of choanoflagellates, the sister group of Metazoa"
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Schiwitza, Sabine; Gutsche, Lennart; Freches, Eric; Arndt, Hartmut; Nitsche, Frank (2021-06-01).
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19:"Choanoflagellates" redirects here. For the clade that groups these organisms with animals, see
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368:. Choanoflagellates are collared flagellates, having a funnel shaped collar of interconnected
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The choanoflagellate tree based on molecular phylogenetics divides into three well supported
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3330:"Mating in the Closest Living Relatives of Animals Is Induced by a Bacterial Chondroitinase"
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Leadbeater BS (February 1983). "Life-History and Ultrastructure of a New Marine Species of
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2245:
2234:"Estimating the timing of early eukaryotic diversification with multigene molecular clocks"
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3543:"A family of diatom-like silicon transporters in the siliceous loricate choanoflagellates"
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An Illustrated Guide to the Protozoa, Second Edition. Lawrence: Society of Protozoologists
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King N, Westbrook MJ, Young SL, Kuo A, Abedin M, Chapman J, et al. (February 2008).
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Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences
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and confirm their position as the closest known unicellular living relative of animals.
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Leadbeater BS, Kelly M (2001). "Evolution of animals choanoflagellates and sponges".
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2671:"The genome of the choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis and the origin of metazoans"
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2362:"The genome of the choanoflagellate Monosiga brevicollis and the origin of metazoans"
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Richter, Daniel J; Fozouni, Parinaz; Eisen, Michael B; King, Nicole (31 May 2018).
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3919:"An unusual choanoflagellate protein released by Hedgehog autocatalytic processing"
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2669:, Westbrook MJ, Young SL, Kuo A, Abedin M, Chapman J, et al. (February 2008).
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Evidence for sexual reproduction has been reported in the choanoflagellate species
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3382:"Evidence for sex and recombination in the choanoflagellate Salpingoeca rosetta"
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to organisms higher in the trophic chain. Even today, they are important in the
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Over 125 extant species of choanoflagellates are known, distributed globally in
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
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a collaborative resource maintained by the Choanoflagellate research community
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2313:"Revisions to the Classification, Nomenclature, and Diversity of Eukaryotes"
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Thomsen & Moestrup 1983 non Desv. 1810 non Spreng. 1817 non Heyden 1887
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3968:"Gene family innovation, conservation and loss on the animal stem lineage"
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An additional 19 transcriptomes were published in 2018. A large number of
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and assembles its own lorica using only these previously produced strips.
660:. There is some evidence that choanoflagellates feast on viruses as well.
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4046:, the Choanoflagellate genetic library, developed and maintained by the
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protein, EroS fully recapitulates the aphrodisiac-like activity of live
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6748:
6524:
6485:
6390:
6356:
6181:
5588:
5502:
5300:
5124:
5115:
5100:
4968:
4905:
4764:
4725:
4720:
4606:
4523:
4418:
4330:
3675:
3022:"Molecular phylogeny of choanoflagellates, the sister group to Metazoa"
2960:
1568:
1291:
1278:
1239:
1005:
894:
863:
851:
847:
793: in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.
677:
634:
596:
563:
512:
504:
385:
369:
361:
358:
241:
76:
72:
3020:
Carr M, Leadbeater BS, Hassan R, Nelson M, Baldauf SL (October 2008).
2328:
689:
swarming and subsequent sexual reproduction of choanoflagellates. The
16:
Group of eukaryotes considered the closest living relatives of animals
7545:
7401:
7222:
7207:
7147:
7129:
7109:
7084:
7045:
7033:
6873:
6435:
5785:
5648:
5583:
5561:
5199:
5140:
4848:
4813:
4771:
4748:
4730:
4617:
4553:
4428:
4305:
4248:
4235:
4087:
2028:
1802:
1183:
1167:
1017:
869:
654:
559:
532:
508:
469:
448:
373:
193:
124:
20:
7348:
1418:
768:
7515:
7371:
7272:
6978:
6937:
6919:
6693:
6630:
6621:
6549:
6534:
6529:
6519:
6106:
6067:
5460:
5206:
5168:
5069:
5046:
4593:
4588:
4580:
4510:
4385:
4260:
4243:
4221:
4171:
3328:
Woznica A, Gerdt JP, Hulett RE, Clardy J, King N (September 2017).
2917:. Meddelelser om Gronland, Bioscience. Vol. 8. pp. 3–63.
1588:
1558:
1206:
855:
843:
681:
680:(B) looks very similar to that of an ancient choanoflagellate (A).
657:
642:
592:
543:
397:
393:
137:
80:
2082:
is induced to undergo sexual reproduction by the marine bacterium
1212:
460:
7563:
7419:
7332:
7262:
7139:
6878:
6374:
6200:
5656:
5322:
5057:
4894:
4740:
4647:
4636:
4500:
4406:
4362:
4270:
2166:
2137:
1197:
of choanoflagellates was a marine organism with a differentiated
1130:
992:
944:
835:
744:
735:
Choanoflagellate biosilicification requires the concentration of
708:
617:
604:
600:
180:
170:
55:
1282:
sp. under light microscopy, isolated from Siberian buried soils.
1186:
costal strips arranged into a species-specific lorica pattern."
707:. Evidence has also been reported for the presence of conserved
6994:
6965:
6511:
5610:
5346:
4915:
4712:
4442:
4344:
4286:
2061:
1190:
1150:) demonstrate that choanoflagellates are strongly supported as
1143:
1030:
839:
690:
646:
490:
437:
365:
150:
62:
91:
5282:
3696:
3105:"Plankton ecology and the Proterozoic-Phanerozoic transition"
2509:"Bacterial protein acts as aphrodisiac for choanoflagellates"
1163:
1147:
922:
621:
554:, a number of choanoflagellate relatives, such as members of
482:
473:
430:
2560:
1260:
599:
environments from the Arctic to the tropics, occupying both
7312:
6590:
4539:
3080:"Newly Discovered Microorganisms Band Together, 'Flip Out'"
2735:
Leadbeater BS, Thomsen H (2000). "Order Choanoflagellida".
2064:. In response to nutrient limitation, haploid cultures of
1142:) along with sequences from other closely related species (
384:
characterized by an ovoid or spherical cell body 3–10
3019:
2416:
2225:
1273:
3655:
3810:
3327:
523:
occupies an apical-to-central position in the cell, and
3965:
3912:
3536:
3485:
Leadbeater BS, Yu Q, Kent J, Stekel DJ (January 2009).
2602:"Dating early animal evolution using phylogenomic data"
3913:
Snell EA, Brooke NM, Taylor WR, Casane D, Philippe H,
3487:"Three-dimensional images of choanoflagellate loricae"
3484:
3478:
2481:
The choanoflagellates: evolution, biology, and ecology
2232:
Parfrey LW, Lahr DJ, Knoll AH, Katz LA (August 2011).
1947:
Thomsen, Ostergaard & Hansen 1995 non Poulsen 1973
440:" (due to the shape of the collar) and the Latin word
380:
and sexual reproduction. They have a distinctive cell
3441:
3238:
2665:
2359:
364:
considered to be the closest living relatives of the
34:
Temporal range: Neoproterozoic-present, fossils from
3537:
Marron AO, Alston MJ, Heavens D, Akam M, Caccamo M,
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2522:
Carr, Martin; Leadbeater, Barry S. C. (2022-12-01).
2231:
1371:
Zhukov, Mylnikov & Moiseev 1976 non Seemann 1865
392:
choanoflagellates through the water column and trap
357:
are a group of free-living unicellular and colonial
2869:
3770:Sun G, Yang Z, Ishwar A, Huang J (December 2010).
3769:
2503:
2501:
3906:
3772:"Algal genes in the closest relatives of animals"
3275:
2981:
2814:
2812:
2792:
2790:
2788:
2734:
2719:
2151:previously thought to be animal-only were found.
1166:is a secreted covering predominately composed of
7653:
6452:
3281:
2756:
2599:
2309:
2060:has a sexual life cycle and transitions between
6344:
5812:
5235:
4039:Your brain chemistry existed before animals did
3437:
3435:
3433:
3375:
3373:
3323:
3321:
3096:
2796:
2600:Dohrmann, Martin; Wörheide, Gert (2017-06-15).
2498:
3804:
3178:
2865:
2863:
2809:
2785:
2521:
2459:
2001:
6606:
6335:
5771:
5640:
5362:
4072:
3532:
3530:
2752:
2750:
2042:
1996:
1105:
877:External relationships of Choanoflagellatea.
6216:
5753:
5631:
5622:
4086:
3430:
3370:
3318:
2937:
2473:
2471:
2124:has at least four eukaryotic meiotic genes.
821:
722:
6398:
6075:
4951:
3589:
3160:. p. D3 (September 29, 2020 print ed.)
3102:
3015:
3013:
3011:
3009:
3007:
2975:
2906:
2860:
2661:
2659:
2657:
2655:
2653:
2651:
2649:
2647:
2645:
1244:Cavalier-Smith 1997 em. Nitsche et al. 2011
480:, forming a cylindrical or conical collar (
6613:
6599:
5576:
5534:
5527:
5369:
5355:
4079:
4065:
4026:Tree of Life Webpage for Choanoflagellates
3527:
3179:De Loof, Arnold; Schoofs, Liliane (2019).
2818:
2747:
2477:
496:. In contrast, most other flagellates are
90:
6389:
5569:
4329:
3993:
3983:
3942:
3889:
3879:
3838:
3828:
3787:
3722:
3632:
3622:
3566:
3510:
3413:
3379:
3353:
3206:
3196:
3055:
3045:
2702:
2633:
2468:
2462:Evolutionary relationships among protozoa
2393:
2336:
2267:
2257:
2208:
2039:is present within the choanoflagellates.
1877:Thomsen 1979 non Monocostus Schumann 1904
809:Learn how and when to remove this message
645:and link otherwise inaccessible forms of
6066:
5647:
4234:
3583:
3232:
3004:
2931:
2642:
1417:
1406:
1285:
1272:
1259:
1211:
739:within the cell. This is carried out by
667:
579:Drawing of a choanoflagellate colony by
574:
459:
376:. Choanoflagellates are capable of both
4219:
3751:. Editora Artmed, Porto Alegre, p. 156.
3152:Wu, Katherine J. (September 24, 2020).
2912:
2303:
1427:colony (approx. 230 individuals) under
1110:The choanoflagellates were included in
7654:
5337:denotes groups with over 1,000 species
3444:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
3284:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
3241:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
2884:10.1146/annurev.micro.56.012302.160950
2419:The Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
1174:. These divisions are now known to be
1114:until Hibberd, 1975. Recent molecular
7353:
7352:
6594:
5350:
4060:
326:Levine et al., 1980, Lee et al., 1985
71:Only possible fossils are known from
7600:d85030bb-620c-4300-a52e-e853be5ddbc3
7456:d85030bb-620c-4300-a52e-e853be5ddbc3
850:(also known as "collared cells") of
791:adding citations to reliable sources
762:
2464:. London: Kluwer. pp. 375–407.
2023:. Carr et al. (2010) screened the
1681:Schiwitza, Arndt & Nitsche 2019
1660:Norris 1965 em. Nitsche et al. 2011
1638:Norris 1965 em. Nitsche et al. 2011
468:Each choanoflagellate has a single
13:
4052:University of California, Berkeley
3380:Levin TC, King N (November 2013).
3296:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2000.tb00071.x
3151:
2771:10.1111/j.1550-7408.1998.tb04550.x
2759:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
2317:Journal of Eukaryotic Microbiology
14:
7678:
4013:
2107:
758:
6717:
5376:
3923:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
3547:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
3491:Proceedings. Biological Sciences
3456:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00450.x
3253:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2009.00450.x
3103:Butterfield NJ (April 1, 1997).
2567:European Journal of Protistology
2431:10.1111/j.1550-7408.2011.00572.x
2099:
1613:Lauterborn 1894 non Meyrick 1895
1540:Carr, Richter & Nitsche 2017
1510:Carr, Richter & Nitsche 2017
1490:Carr, Richter & Nitsche 2017
1480:Carr, Richter & Nitsche 2017
767:
111:
39:
6578:Sources and alternative views:
3959:
3855:
3776:Molecular Biology and Evolution
3763:
3754:
3739:
3690:
3649:
3223:
3172:
3145:
3072:
2593:
2554:
2515:
1530:James-Clark 1868 non Ellis 1933
1520:Jeuck, Arndt & Nitsche 2014
778:needs additional citations for
4816:
4812:
4572:
4568:
3748:Biologia e Filogenia das Algas
2998:10.1080/00785326.1991.10429736
2453:
2410:
2353:
2284:
2160:
1726:(Tectiform choanoflagellates)
641:The choanoflagellates feed on
556:Ichthyosporea or Mesomycetozoa
1:
7662:Proterozoic first appearances
6649:High lipid content microalgae
2872:Annual Review of Microbiology
2154:
1837:Espeland & Throndsen 1986
1827:Thomsen 1976 non Smetana 1982
1662:(Nudiform choanoflagellates)
1649:Thomsen & Ostergaard 2019
1640:(Loricate choanoflagellates)
663:
542:Choanoflagellates are either
455:
6620:
2540:10.1016/j.protis.2022.125924
2484:. University of Birmingham.
483:
431:
411:
7:
7248:Fish diseases and parasites
6759:Photosynthetic picoplankton
2799:Water and Atmosphere Online
1977:Thomsen & Moestrup 1983
1450:Iyengar & Ramathan 1940
1228:
476:-filled protrusions called
10:
7683:
7238:Dimethylsulfoniopropionate
6739:Heterotrophic picoplankton
3346:10.1016/j.cell.2017.08.005
2826:J. Mar. Biol. Assoc. U. K.
2618:10.1038/s41598-017-03791-w
2579:10.1016/j.ejop.2021.125798
2297:. London, vol. 1, p. 324,
2193:10.1038/s41598-022-26972-8
2118:Hedgehog signaling pathway
2062:haploid and diploid stages
1997:Genomes and transcriptomes
1747:Marchant & Perrin 1986
1106:Phylogenetic relationships
858:, suggesting this was the
570:
472:, surrounded by a ring of
424:
18:
7505:
7361:
7293:Marine primary production
7190:
7138:
7075:
7066:
7009:
6964:
6869:
6860:
6782:
6726:
6715:
6628:
6575:
6510:
6484:
6461:
6443:
6434:
6382:
6373:
6326:
6278:
6252:
6243:
6225:
6209:
6198:
6105:
6057:
6050:
6008:
5977:
5954:
5916:
5896:
5846:
5837:
5803:
5762:
5749:
5729:
5713:
5692:
5688:
5677:
5673:
5618:
5609:
5560:
5520:
5511:
5500:
5384:
5313:
5281:
5258:
5185:
5154:
5114:
5085:
5065:
5056:
5044:
5040:
4885:
4876:
4847:
4832:
4823:
4810:
4806:
4739:
4711:
4696:
4687:
4646:
4625:
4616:
4579:
4566:
4562:
4549:
4536:
4532:
4509:
4489:
4485:
4481:
4427:
4414:
4405:
4372:
4359:
4325:
4314:
4296:
4283:
4230:
4215:
4211:
4095:
3724:10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.053
3541:, Walker G (April 2013).
3406:10.1016/j.cub.2013.08.061
3185:Frontiers in Neuroscience
3131:10.1017/S009483730001681X
2846:10.1017/S0025315400049857
2140:and have evolved through
1767:Hara & Takahashi 1987
1757:Hara & Takahashi 1984
1044:
1028:
1021:
1003:
996:
978:
971:
956:
949:
920:
905:
898:
888:
822:Relationship to metazoans
747:and other silica-forming
723:Silicon biomineralization
711:in the choanoflagellates
511:is constant. A flagellar
285:
278:
238:
233:
223:
216:
108:Scientific classification
106:
98:
89:
30:
7213:Algal nutrient solutions
6955:Thalassiosira pseudonana
6827:Flavobacterium columnare
6814:Enteric redmouth disease
4542:
4538:
3830:10.1186/gb-2013-14-2-r15
3745:Reviers, B. de. (2006).
3198:10.3389/fnins.2019.00141
2142:horizontal gene transfer
2129:Stephanoeca diplocostata
1867:Buck & Marchant 1991
838:(animals, also known as
753:horizontal gene transfer
515:sits at the base of the
306:Craspédomonadophycidées
7233:Diel vertical migration
6749:Microphyte (microalgae)
6734:Eukaryotic picoplankton
6679:Paradox of the plankton
3047:10.1073/pnas.0801667105
2259:10.1073/pnas.1110633108
1292:Desmarella moniliformis
872: million years ago
620:, such as those in the
546:in the water column or
7095:Gelatinous zooplankton
6157:Calcarisporiellomycota
3935:10.1098/rspb.2005.3263
3881:10.1098/rstb.2019.0088
3624:10.1073/pnas.261477698
3559:10.1098/rspb.2012.2543
3503:10.1098/rspb.2008.0844
2478:Leadbeater BS (2015).
1432:
1415:
1296:
1283:
1270:
1225:
685:
584:
465:
441:
312:Craspedomonadophyceae
234:Orders & families
7621:Paleobiology Database
7477:Paleobiology Database
7288:Marine microorganisms
7058:Velvet (fish disease)
6793:Aeromonas salmonicida
6659:Marine microorganisms
6117:Neocallimastigomycota
5880:Pseudopleistophoridae
5737:Paramicrosporidiaceae
3789:10.1093/molbev/msq175
2823:(Choanoflagellida)".
2295:A manual of Infusoria
2127:The transcriptome of
1421:
1410:
1289:
1276:
1263:
1215:
1158:coat visible only by
671:
578:
463:
7040:Pfiesteria piscicida
6840:Marine bacteriophage
6744:Marine microplankton
5730:Paramicrosporidiales
4032:Monosiga brevicollis
3340:(6): 1175–1183.e11.
2112:An EST dataset from
2017:Monosiga brevicollis
2012:Monosiga brevicollis
2003:Monosiga brevicollis
1412:Monosiga brevicollis
1195:last common ancestor
787:improve this article
713:Monosiga brevicollis
529:extracellular matrix
344:Cavalier-Smith, 1998
332:Cavalier-Smith, 1997
226:Monosiga brevicollis
7283:Ocean acidification
7218:Artificial seawater
6985:Coscinodiscophyceae
6851:Streptococcus iniae
6834:Pelagibacter ubique
6142:Entomophthoromycota
5984:Encephalitozoonidae
5680:Microsporidiomycota
5214:Gunflint microbiota
4975:Klebsormidiophyceae
4759:Hyphochytriomycetes
3985:10.7554/eLife.34226
3760:(Adl, et al., 2005)
3715:2015CBio...25.2404T
3615:2001PNAS...9815032K
3398:2013CBio...23.2176L
3123:1997Pbio...23..247B
3038:2008PNAS..10516641C
2953:1988MarBi..98..263B
2838:1983JMBUK..63..135L
2695:10.1038/nature06617
2687:2008Natur.451..783K
2386:10.1038/nature06617
2378:2008Natur.451..783K
2250:2011PNAS..10813624P
2185:2023NatSR..13.1242F
2134:Diaphanoeca grandis
2053:Salpingoeca rosetta
2044:Salpingoeca rosetta
1266:Salpingoeca rosetta
1233:Choanoflagellates;
1160:electron microscopy
741:silicon transporter
704:Salpingoeca rosetta
695:sexual reproduction
674:calcium homeostasis
500:by their flagella.
320:Krylov et al., 1980
294:Craspedomonadaceae
6512:Metazoa (Animalia)
6132:Blastocladiomycota
6122:Monoblepharomycota
5987:Enterocytozoonidae
5877:Pleistosporidiidae
4985:Coleochaetophyceae
4365:
4361:
4289:
4285:
4050:laboratory at the
3874:(1786): 20190088.
3676:10.1007/BF00312027
3553:(1756): 20122543.
3158:The New York Times
2961:10.1007/BF00391204
2913:Thomsen H (1982).
2606:Scientific Reports
2173:Scientific Reports
1433:
1416:
1297:
1284:
1271:
1226:
1221:sp. section under
1135:heat-shock protein
864:eumetazoan animals
686:
585:
466:
342:Choanoflagellatea
7667:Choanoflagellatea
7649:
7648:
7608:Open Tree of Life
7537:Choanoflagellatea
7507:Choanoflagellatea
7464:Open Tree of Life
7393:Choanoflagellatea
7363:Choanoflagellatea
7355:Taxon identifiers
7346:
7345:
7186:
7185:
7173:Siphonostomatoida
7168:Poecilostomatoida
7120:Crustacean larvae
7024:Choanoflagellates
7005:
7004:
6995:Bacillariophyceae
6990:Fragilariophyceae
6909:Emiliania huxleyi
6754:Nanophytoplankton
6674:Milky seas effect
6588:
6587:
6571:
6570:
6567:
6566:
6563:
6562:
6506:
6505:
6502:
6501:
6454:Choanoflagellatea
6430:
6429:
6426:
6425:
6369:
6368:
6365:
6364:
6352:Corallochytriidae
6322:
6321:
6318:
6317:
6314:
6313:
6306:Parataeniellaceae
6235:Dermocystidiaceae
6194:
6193:
6190:
6189:
6152:Mortierellomycota
6137:Basidiobolomycota
6101:
6100:
6097:
6096:
6093:
6092:
6046:
6045:
6042:
6041:
6038:
6037:
6034:
6033:
6030:
6029:
6026:
6025:
6022:
6021:
5990:Heterovesiculidae
5970:Tubulinosematidae
5833:
5832:
5825:Metchnikovellidae
5799:
5798:
5745:
5744:
5669:
5668:
5665:
5664:
5605:
5604:
5601:
5600:
5597:
5596:
5556:
5555:
5552:
5551:
5344:
5343:
5309:
5308:
5245:Spironematellidae
5226:Meteora sporadica
5181:
5180:
5177:
5176:
5110:
5109:
5036:
5035:
5032:
5031:
5028:
5027:
5024:
5023:
5020:
5019:
5016:
5015:
5012:
5011:
5008:
5007:
4936:Prasinodermophyta
4872:
4871:
4802:
4801:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4793:
4790:
4789:
4786:
4785:
4683:
4682:
4519:Centroplasthelida
4477:
4476:
4473:
4472:
4469:
4468:
4465:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4457:
4456:
4453:
4452:
4355:
4354:
4279:
4278:
3917:(February 2006).
3709:(18): 2404–2410.
3658:Lineus bilineatus
3597:(December 2001).
2924:978-87-635-1149-0
2491:978-0-521-88444-0
2329:10.1111/jeu.12691
2027:genome for known
1988:
1978:
1968:
1958:
1948:
1938:
1928:
1918:
1908:
1898:
1888:
1878:
1868:
1858:
1848:
1838:
1828:
1818:
1808:
1798:
1788:
1778:
1768:
1758:
1748:
1737:
1725:
1712:
1711:Loeblich III 1967
1702:
1692:
1682:
1672:
1661:
1650:
1639:
1624:
1614:
1604:
1594:
1584:
1574:
1564:
1554:
1541:
1531:
1521:
1511:
1501:
1491:
1481:
1471:
1461:
1451:
1441:
1403:
1393:
1383:
1372:
1361:
1350:
1339:
1328:
1317:
1306:
1256:
1245:
1102:
1101:
1093:
1092:
1084:
1083:
1075:
1074:
1066:
1065:
1057:
1056:
1047:Choanoflagellatea
933:
932:
819:
818:
811:
372:at the base of a
355:choanoflagellates
351:
350:
339:
333:
327:
324:Choanoflagellida
321:
315:
309:
303:
297:
291:
212:
84:
31:Choanoflagellates
7674:
7642:
7641:
7629:
7628:
7616:
7615:
7603:
7602:
7593:
7592:
7580:
7579:
7567:
7566:
7554:
7553:
7541:
7540:
7539:
7526:
7525:
7524:
7498:
7497:
7485:
7484:
7472:
7471:
7459:
7458:
7449:
7448:
7436:
7435:
7423:
7422:
7410:
7409:
7397:
7396:
7395:
7382:
7381:
7380:
7350:
7349:
7100:Hunting copepods
7073:
7072:
6898:Chaetocerotaceae
6867:
6866:
6784:Bacterioplankton
6721:
6615:
6608:
6601:
6592:
6591:
6583:
6459:
6458:
6450:
6449:
6445:Choanoflagellata
6441:
6440:
6396:
6395:
6387:
6386:
6380:
6379:
6345:Corallochytriida
6342:
6341:
6333:
6332:
6250:
6249:
6223:
6222:
6214:
6213:
6207:
6206:
6172:Entorrhizomycota
6073:
6072:
6064:
6063:
6055:
6054:
5961:Fibrillasporidae
5874:Neonosemoidiidae
5862:Cylindrosporidae
5844:
5843:
5813:Metchnikovellida
5810:
5809:
5769:
5768:
5760:
5759:
5751:
5750:
5705:Morellosporaceae
5700:Mitosporidiaceae
5690:
5689:
5686:
5685:
5675:
5674:
5645:
5644:
5638:
5637:
5629:
5628:
5620:
5619:
5616:
5615:
5574:
5573:
5567:
5566:
5532:
5531:
5525:
5524:
5518:
5517:
5509:
5508:
5413:
5393:
5371:
5364:
5357:
5348:
5347:
5291:Collodictyonidae
5237:Hemimastigophora
5233:
5232:
5192:
5063:
5062:
5054:
5053:
5050:
5042:
5041:
4991:Zygnematophyceae
4949:
4948:
4929:
4913:
4912:
4883:
4882:
4830:
4829:
4821:
4820:
4817:
4808:
4807:
4694:
4693:
4623:
4622:
4577:
4576:
4573:
4564:
4563:
4547:
4546:
4543:
4534:
4533:
4507:
4506:
4494:
4487:
4486:
4483:
4482:
4437:Choanoflagellata
4412:
4411:
4370:
4369:
4366:
4327:
4326:
4323:
4322:
4319:
4294:
4293:
4290:
4232:
4231:
4228:
4227:
4224:
4217:
4216:
4213:
4212:
4124:
4104:
4081:
4074:
4067:
4058:
4057:
4008:
4007:
3997:
3987:
3963:
3957:
3956:
3946:
3910:
3904:
3903:
3893:
3883:
3859:
3853:
3852:
3842:
3832:
3808:
3802:
3801:
3791:
3767:
3761:
3758:
3752:
3743:
3737:
3736:
3726:
3694:
3688:
3687:
3653:
3647:
3646:
3636:
3626:
3587:
3581:
3580:
3570:
3534:
3525:
3524:
3514:
3482:
3476:
3475:
3439:
3428:
3427:
3417:
3377:
3368:
3367:
3357:
3325:
3316:
3315:
3279:
3273:
3272:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3221:
3220:
3210:
3200:
3176:
3170:
3169:
3167:
3165:
3149:
3143:
3142:
3100:
3094:
3093:
3091:
3090:
3076:
3070:
3069:
3059:
3049:
3017:
3002:
3001:
2979:
2973:
2972:
2935:
2929:
2928:
2910:
2904:
2903:
2867:
2858:
2857:
2816:
2807:
2806:
2794:
2783:
2782:
2754:
2745:
2744:
2732:
2717:
2716:
2706:
2663:
2640:
2639:
2637:
2597:
2591:
2590:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2519:
2513:
2512:
2505:
2496:
2495:
2475:
2466:
2465:
2457:
2451:
2450:
2414:
2408:
2407:
2397:
2357:
2351:
2350:
2340:
2307:
2301:
2291:Saville-Kent, W.
2288:
2282:
2281:
2271:
2261:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2212:
2164:
1986:
1976:
1966:
1956:
1946:
1936:
1926:
1916:
1906:
1896:
1886:
1876:
1866:
1856:
1846:
1836:
1826:
1816:
1806:
1796:
1786:
1776:
1766:
1756:
1746:
1735:
1723:
1710:
1700:
1690:
1680:
1670:
1659:
1648:
1637:
1622:
1612:
1602:
1592:
1582:
1572:
1563:James-Clark 1866
1562:
1552:
1539:
1529:
1519:
1509:
1499:
1489:
1479:
1469:
1459:
1449:
1439:
1429:light microscopy
1401:
1391:
1381:
1370:
1359:
1348:
1337:
1326:
1315:
1304:
1295:colony under PCM
1254:
1243:
1024:
1023:
999:
998:
974:
973:
952:
951:
901:
900:
891:
890:
881:
880:
873:
814:
807:
803:
800:
794:
771:
763:
486:
446:(whence English
434:
428:
417:Choanoflagellate
345:
337:
331:
330:Choanoflagellea
325:
319:
313:
307:
301:
300:Craspedophyceae
295:
289:
288:Craspedmonadina
207:
204:Choanoflagellata
116:
115:
94:
70:
69:
65:
58:
51:
44:
38:
28:
27:
7682:
7681:
7677:
7676:
7675:
7673:
7672:
7671:
7652:
7651:
7650:
7645:
7637:
7632:
7624:
7619:
7611:
7606:
7598:
7596:
7588:
7583:
7575:
7570:
7562:
7557:
7549:
7544:
7535:
7534:
7529:
7520:
7519:
7514:
7501:
7493:
7488:
7480:
7475:
7467:
7462:
7454:
7452:
7444:
7439:
7431:
7426:
7418:
7413:
7405:
7400:
7391:
7390:
7385:
7376:
7375:
7370:
7357:
7347:
7342:
7273:Marine mucilage
7228:Biological pump
7182:
7134:
7105:Ichthyoplankton
7062:
7029:Dinoflagellates
7001:
6960:
6931:Nannochloropsis
6915:Eustigmatophyte
6903:Coccolithophore
6856:
6778:
6722:
6713:
6644:CLAW hypothesis
6624:
6619:
6589:
6584:
6577:
6559:
6540:Xenacoelomorpha
6498:
6480:
6422:
6361:
6310:
6301:Paramoebidiidae
6296:Ichthyophonidae
6274:
6239:
6203:
6186:
6147:Kickxellomycota
6127:Chytridiomycota
6109:
6089:
6059:Aphelidiomycota
6051:Aphelidiomyceta
6018:
6004:
5973:
5950:
5935:Pleistophoridae
5912:
5892:
5883:Striatosporidae
5859:Cougourdellidae
5829:
5820:Amphiacanthidae
5805:Metchnikovellea
5795:
5791:Chytridiopsidae
5764:Chytridiopsidea
5756:
5741:
5725:
5721:Nucleophagaceae
5709:
5693:Morellosporales
5682:
5661:
5625:
5593:
5548:
5513:Cristidiscoidea
5505:
5496:
5495:
5411:
5389:
5380:
5375:
5345:
5340:
5305:
5277:
5268:Ancyromonadidae
5254:
5231:
5186:
5173:
5164:Malawimonadidae
5150:
5106:
5081:
5045:
5004:
4947:
4920:
4919:
4911:
4868:
4843:
4811:
4782:
4735:
4707:
4679:
4642:
4612:
4567:
4558:
4537:
4528:
4505:
4490:
4449:
4423:
4401:
4360:
4351:
4315:
4310:
4284:
4275:
4220:
4207:
4206:
4122:
4100:
4091:
4085:
4016:
4011:
3964:
3960:
3929:(1585): 401–7.
3911:
3907:
3860:
3856:
3809:
3805:
3782:(12): 2879–89.
3768:
3764:
3759:
3755:
3744:
3740:
3703:Current Biology
3695:
3691:
3654:
3650:
3609:(26): 15032–7.
3588:
3584:
3535:
3528:
3483:
3479:
3440:
3431:
3392:(21): 2176–80.
3386:Current Biology
3378:
3371:
3326:
3319:
3280:
3276:
3237:
3233:
3228:
3224:
3177:
3173:
3163:
3161:
3150:
3146:
3101:
3097:
3088:
3086:
3078:
3077:
3073:
3032:(43): 16641–6.
3018:
3005:
2980:
2976:
2936:
2932:
2925:
2911:
2907:
2868:
2861:
2817:
2810:
2795:
2786:
2755:
2748:
2733:
2720:
2681:(7180): 783–8.
2664:
2643:
2598:
2594:
2559:
2555:
2520:
2516:
2507:
2506:
2499:
2492:
2476:
2469:
2458:
2454:
2415:
2411:
2372:(7180): 783–8.
2358:
2354:
2308:
2304:
2289:
2285:
2244:(33): 13624–9.
2230:
2226:
2165:
2161:
2157:
2110:
2102:
2085:Vibrio fischeri
2048:
2007:
1999:
1927:Leadbeater 1980
1797:Leadbeater 1978
1787:Leadbeater 1978
1724:Leadbeater 2011
1691:Leadbeater 2008
1231:
1172:polysaccharides
1108:
1103:
1094:
1085:
1076:
1067:
1058:
934:
908:Cristidiscoidea
868:
846:evolution. The
824:
815:
804:
798:
795:
784:
772:
761:
725:
666:
573:
458:
414:
343:
338:Adl et al. 2005
308:Bourrelly, 1968
302:Chadefaud, 1960
229:
206:
110:
85:
68:
67:
63:
60:
56:
53:
49:
46:
42:
37:100.5–0 Ma
36:
35:
32:
24:
17:
12:
11:
5:
7680:
7670:
7669:
7664:
7647:
7646:
7644:
7643:
7630:
7617:
7604:
7594:
7581:
7568:
7555:
7542:
7527:
7511:
7509:
7503:
7502:
7500:
7499:
7486:
7473:
7460:
7450:
7437:
7424:
7411:
7398:
7383:
7367:
7365:
7359:
7358:
7344:
7343:
7341:
7340:
7335:
7330:
7325:
7320:
7315:
7310:
7305:
7300:
7298:Pseudoplankton
7295:
7290:
7285:
7280:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7260:
7255:
7250:
7245:
7240:
7235:
7230:
7225:
7220:
7215:
7210:
7205:
7200:
7194:
7192:
7191:Related topics
7188:
7187:
7184:
7183:
7181:
7180:
7175:
7170:
7165:
7160:
7155:
7150:
7144:
7142:
7140:Copepod orders
7136:
7135:
7133:
7132:
7127:
7122:
7117:
7112:
7107:
7102:
7097:
7092:
7087:
7082:
7076:
7070:
7064:
7063:
7061:
7060:
7055:
7048:
7043:
7036:
7031:
7026:
7021:
7015:
7013:
7007:
7006:
7003:
7002:
7000:
6999:
6998:
6997:
6992:
6987:
6976:
6970:
6968:
6962:
6961:
6959:
6958:
6951:
6946:
6944:Prasinophyceae
6941:
6934:
6927:
6922:
6917:
6912:
6905:
6900:
6895:
6888:
6881:
6876:
6870:
6864:
6858:
6857:
6855:
6854:
6847:
6842:
6837:
6830:
6823:
6820:Flavobacterium
6816:
6811:
6806:
6801:
6796:
6788:
6786:
6780:
6779:
6777:
6776:
6771:
6766:
6761:
6756:
6751:
6746:
6741:
6736:
6730:
6728:
6724:
6723:
6716:
6714:
6712:
6711:
6706:
6701:
6696:
6691:
6686:
6681:
6676:
6671:
6666:
6661:
6656:
6651:
6646:
6641:
6635:
6633:
6626:
6625:
6618:
6617:
6610:
6603:
6595:
6586:
6585:
6576:
6573:
6572:
6569:
6568:
6565:
6564:
6561:
6560:
6558:
6557:
6552:
6547:
6542:
6537:
6532:
6527:
6522:
6516:
6514:
6508:
6507:
6504:
6503:
6500:
6499:
6497:
6496:
6494:Salpingoecidae
6490:
6488:
6482:
6481:
6479:
6478:
6473:
6471:Stephanoecidae
6467:
6465:
6456:
6447:
6438:
6432:
6431:
6428:
6427:
6424:
6423:
6421:
6420:
6415:
6410:
6404:
6402:
6393:
6384:
6377:
6371:
6370:
6367:
6366:
6363:
6362:
6360:
6359:
6357:Syssomonadidae
6354:
6348:
6346:
6339:
6337:Corallochytrea
6330:
6324:
6323:
6320:
6319:
6316:
6315:
6312:
6311:
6309:
6308:
6303:
6298:
6293:
6288:
6282:
6280:
6276:
6275:
6273:
6272:
6270:Psorospermidae
6267:
6262:
6256:
6254:
6253:Sphaeroformina
6247:
6245:Ichthyophonida
6241:
6240:
6238:
6237:
6231:
6229:
6220:
6211:
6210:Ichthyosporida
6204:
6199:
6196:
6195:
6192:
6191:
6188:
6187:
6185:
6184:
6179:
6174:
6169:
6164:
6159:
6154:
6149:
6144:
6139:
6134:
6129:
6124:
6119:
6113:
6111:
6103:
6102:
6099:
6098:
6095:
6094:
6091:
6090:
6088:
6087:
6081:
6079:
6070:
6061:
6052:
6048:
6047:
6044:
6043:
6040:
6039:
6036:
6035:
6032:
6031:
6028:
6027:
6024:
6023:
6020:
6019:
6017:
6016:
6015:Ovavesiculidae
6012:
6010:
6006:
6005:
6003:
6002:
5999:
5994:
5991:
5988:
5985:
5981:
5979:
5975:
5974:
5972:
5971:
5968:
5965:
5962:
5958:
5956:
5952:
5951:
5949:
5948:
5945:
5942:
5939:
5936:
5933:
5930:
5927:
5924:
5923:Facilisporidae
5920:
5918:
5914:
5913:
5911:
5910:
5907:
5904:
5903:Amblyosporidae
5900:
5898:
5894:
5893:
5891:
5890:
5887:
5884:
5881:
5878:
5875:
5872:
5869:
5866:
5863:
5860:
5857:
5854:
5851:
5847:
5841:
5835:
5834:
5831:
5830:
5828:
5827:
5822:
5816:
5814:
5807:
5801:
5800:
5797:
5796:
5794:
5793:
5788:
5783:
5777:
5775:
5773:Chytridiopsida
5766:
5757:
5754:
5747:
5746:
5743:
5742:
5740:
5739:
5733:
5731:
5727:
5726:
5724:
5723:
5717:
5715:
5714:Nucleophagales
5711:
5710:
5708:
5707:
5702:
5696:
5694:
5683:
5678:
5671:
5670:
5667:
5666:
5663:
5662:
5660:
5659:
5653:
5651:
5642:
5641:Rozellomycetes
5635:
5626:
5623:
5613:
5607:
5606:
5603:
5602:
5599:
5598:
5595:
5594:
5592:
5591:
5586:
5580:
5578:
5571:
5564:
5558:
5557:
5554:
5553:
5550:
5549:
5547:
5546:
5540:
5538:
5529:
5522:
5515:
5506:
5501:
5498:
5497:
5494:
5493:
5492:
5491:
5490:
5489:
5486:Mesomycetozoea
5483:
5478:
5468:
5458:
5457:
5456:
5451:
5446:
5441:
5436:
5435:
5434:
5422:Diaphoretickes
5419:
5414:
5409:
5404:
5399:
5394:
5386:
5385:
5382:
5381:
5374:
5373:
5366:
5359:
5351:
5342:
5341:
5339:
5338:
5332:
5325:
5321:excluded from
5314:
5311:
5310:
5307:
5306:
5304:
5303:
5298:
5293:
5287:
5285:
5279:
5278:
5276:
5275:
5273:Planomonadidae
5270:
5264:
5262:
5260:Ancyromonadida
5256:
5255:
5253:
5252:
5250:Paramastigidae
5247:
5241:
5239:
5230:
5229:
5222:
5216:
5210:
5202:
5195:
5193:
5189:Incertae sedis
5183:
5182:
5179:
5178:
5175:
5174:
5172:
5171:
5166:
5160:
5158:
5152:
5151:
5149:
5148:
5143:
5138:
5133:
5128:
5120:
5118:
5112:
5111:
5108:
5107:
5105:
5104:
5097:
5091:
5089:
5083:
5082:
5080:
5079:
5072:
5066:
5060:
5051:
5038:
5037:
5034:
5033:
5030:
5029:
5026:
5025:
5022:
5021:
5018:
5017:
5014:
5013:
5010:
5009:
5006:
5005:
5003:
5002:
4994:
4987:
4982:
4977:
4972:
4965:
4957:
4955:
4946:
4945:
4938:
4932:
4930:
4910:
4909:
4902:
4897:
4892:
4886:
4880:
4878:Archaeplastida
4874:
4873:
4870:
4869:
4867:
4866:
4861:
4853:
4851:
4845:
4844:
4842:
4841:
4833:
4827:
4818:
4804:
4803:
4800:
4799:
4796:
4795:
4792:
4791:
4788:
4787:
4784:
4783:
4781:
4780:
4775:
4768:
4761:
4756:
4751:
4745:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4734:
4733:
4728:
4723:
4717:
4715:
4709:
4708:
4706:
4705:
4697:
4691:
4685:
4684:
4681:
4680:
4678:
4677:
4672:
4669:Dinoflagellata
4665:
4663:Chrompodellida
4660:
4652:
4650:
4644:
4643:
4641:
4640:
4633:
4626:
4620:
4614:
4613:
4611:
4610:
4603:
4596:
4591:
4585:
4583:
4574:
4560:
4559:
4557:
4556:
4550:
4544:
4530:
4529:
4527:
4526:
4521:
4515:
4513:
4504:
4503:
4497:
4495:
4492:Diaphoretickes
4479:
4478:
4475:
4474:
4471:
4470:
4467:
4466:
4463:
4462:
4459:
4458:
4455:
4454:
4451:
4450:
4448:
4447:
4439:
4433:
4431:
4425:
4424:
4422:
4421:
4415:
4409:
4403:
4402:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4389:
4381:
4373:
4367:
4357:
4356:
4353:
4352:
4350:
4349:
4341:
4335:
4333:
4320:
4312:
4311:
4309:
4308:
4303:
4297:
4291:
4281:
4280:
4277:
4276:
4274:
4273:
4268:
4263:
4258:
4251:
4246:
4240:
4238:
4225:
4209:
4208:
4205:
4204:
4203:
4202:
4201:
4200:
4197:Mesomycetozoea
4194:
4189:
4179:
4169:
4168:
4167:
4162:
4157:
4152:
4147:
4146:
4145:
4133:Diaphoretickes
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4097:
4096:
4093:
4092:
4090:classification
4084:
4083:
4076:
4069:
4061:
4055:
4054:
4041:
4036:
4034:genome browser
4028:
4023:
4015:
4014:External links
4012:
4010:
4009:
3958:
3905:
3854:
3817:Genome Biology
3803:
3762:
3753:
3738:
3689:
3660:(Nemertini)".
3648:
3582:
3526:
3497:(1654): 3–11.
3477:
3429:
3369:
3317:
3274:
3231:
3222:
3171:
3144:
3117:(2): 247–262.
3095:
3071:
3003:
2992:(2): 131–164.
2974:
2947:(2): 263–269.
2930:
2923:
2905:
2859:
2832:(1): 135–160.
2821:Proterospongia
2808:
2784:
2765:(3): 361–367.
2746:
2718:
2641:
2592:
2553:
2514:
2497:
2490:
2467:
2452:
2409:
2352:
2302:
2283:
2224:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2114:Monosiga ovata
2109:
2108:Transcriptomes
2106:
2101:
2098:
2050:The genome of
2047:
2041:
2033:M. brevicollis
2025:M. brevicollis
2009:The genome of
2006:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1994:
1993:
1992:
1991:
1990:
1989:
1979:
1973:Syndetophyllum
1969:
1959:
1953:Stephanacantha
1949:
1939:
1929:
1919:
1909:
1899:
1897:Deflandre 1960
1893:Parvicorbicula
1889:
1879:
1869:
1859:
1849:
1839:
1829:
1819:
1809:
1799:
1789:
1779:
1769:
1759:
1749:
1738:
1720:Stephanoecidae
1715:
1714:
1713:
1703:
1693:
1683:
1673:
1651:
1629:
1628:
1627:
1626:
1625:
1619:Stylochromonas
1615:
1605:
1599:Proterospongia
1595:
1593:Kent 1880-1882
1585:
1575:
1573:Kent 1880-1882
1565:
1553:Kent 1880-1882
1549:Codonosigaceae
1544:
1543:
1542:
1532:
1522:
1512:
1502:
1492:
1482:
1472:
1462:
1456:Codonosigopsis
1452:
1442:
1404:
1394:
1392:Kent 1880-1882
1384:
1373:
1367:Sphaerodendron
1362:
1351:
1340:
1329:
1318:
1307:
1255:Kent 1880-1882
1251:Salpingoecidae
1230:
1227:
1107:
1104:
1100:
1099:
1096:
1095:
1091:
1090:
1087:
1086:
1082:
1081:
1078:
1077:
1073:
1072:
1069:
1068:
1064:
1063:
1060:
1059:
1055:
1054:
1051:
1050:
1043:
1040:
1039:
1036:
1035:
1027:
1022:
1020:
1014:
1013:
1010:
1009:
1002:
997:
995:
989:
988:
985:
984:
981:Corallochytrea
977:
972:
970:
967:
966:
963:
962:
955:
950:
948:
940:
939:
936:
935:
931:
930:
927:
926:
919:
916:
915:
912:
911:
904:
899:
897:
889:
887:
879:
827:FĂ©lix Dujardin
823:
820:
817:
816:
775:
773:
766:
760:
759:Classification
757:
724:
721:
717:Monosiga ovata
665:
662:
629:, form simple
626:Proterospongia
572:
569:
457:
454:
413:
410:
406:trophic levels
349:
348:
347:
346:
340:
334:
328:
322:
318:Choanomonadea
316:
310:
304:
298:
292:
283:
282:
276:
275:
274:
273:
272:
271:
266:
264:Stephanoecidae
256:
255:
254:
252:Salpingoecidae
249:
236:
235:
231:
230:
221:
220:
214:
213:
201:
197:
196:
191:
184:
183:
178:
174:
173:
168:
164:
163:
158:
154:
153:
148:
141:
140:
135:
128:
127:
122:
118:
117:
104:
103:
96:
95:
87:
86:
61:
54:
47:
40:
33:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
7679:
7668:
7665:
7663:
7660:
7659:
7657:
7640:
7635:
7631:
7627:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7609:
7605:
7601:
7595:
7591:
7586:
7582:
7578:
7573:
7569:
7565:
7560:
7556:
7552:
7547:
7543:
7538:
7532:
7528:
7523:
7517:
7513:
7512:
7510:
7508:
7504:
7496:
7491:
7487:
7483:
7478:
7474:
7470:
7465:
7461:
7457:
7451:
7447:
7442:
7438:
7434:
7429:
7425:
7421:
7416:
7412:
7408:
7403:
7399:
7394:
7388:
7384:
7379:
7373:
7369:
7368:
7366:
7364:
7360:
7356:
7351:
7339:
7336:
7334:
7331:
7329:
7326:
7324:
7321:
7319:
7316:
7314:
7311:
7309:
7308:Tychoplankton
7306:
7304:
7301:
7299:
7296:
7294:
7291:
7289:
7286:
7284:
7281:
7279:
7278:Microbial mat
7276:
7274:
7271:
7269:
7266:
7264:
7261:
7259:
7256:
7254:
7251:
7249:
7246:
7244:
7241:
7239:
7236:
7234:
7231:
7229:
7226:
7224:
7221:
7219:
7216:
7214:
7211:
7209:
7206:
7204:
7201:
7199:
7196:
7195:
7193:
7189:
7179:
7176:
7174:
7171:
7169:
7166:
7164:
7163:Monstrilloida
7161:
7159:
7158:Harpacticoida
7156:
7154:
7151:
7149:
7146:
7145:
7143:
7141:
7137:
7131:
7128:
7126:
7123:
7121:
7118:
7116:
7115:Marine larvae
7113:
7111:
7108:
7106:
7103:
7101:
7098:
7096:
7093:
7091:
7088:
7086:
7083:
7081:
7078:
7077:
7074:
7071:
7069:
7065:
7059:
7056:
7054:
7053:
7049:
7047:
7044:
7042:
7041:
7037:
7035:
7032:
7030:
7027:
7025:
7022:
7020:
7017:
7016:
7014:
7012:
7008:
6996:
6993:
6991:
6988:
6986:
6982:
6981:
6980:
6977:
6975:
6972:
6971:
6969:
6967:
6966:Diatom orders
6963:
6957:
6956:
6952:
6950:
6947:
6945:
6942:
6940:
6939:
6935:
6933:
6932:
6928:
6926:
6923:
6921:
6918:
6916:
6913:
6911:
6910:
6906:
6904:
6901:
6899:
6896:
6894:
6893:
6889:
6887:
6886:
6885:Bacteriastrum
6882:
6880:
6877:
6875:
6872:
6871:
6868:
6865:
6863:
6862:Phytoplankton
6859:
6853:
6852:
6848:
6846:
6843:
6841:
6838:
6836:
6835:
6831:
6829:
6828:
6824:
6822:
6821:
6817:
6815:
6812:
6810:
6807:
6805:
6802:
6800:
6799:Cyanobacteria
6797:
6795:
6794:
6790:
6789:
6787:
6785:
6781:
6775:
6772:
6770:
6769:Picoeukaryote
6767:
6765:
6764:Picobiliphyte
6762:
6760:
6757:
6755:
6752:
6750:
6747:
6745:
6742:
6740:
6737:
6735:
6732:
6731:
6729:
6725:
6720:
6710:
6707:
6705:
6702:
6700:
6697:
6695:
6692:
6690:
6687:
6685:
6682:
6680:
6677:
6675:
6672:
6670:
6667:
6665:
6662:
6660:
6657:
6655:
6652:
6650:
6647:
6645:
6642:
6640:
6637:
6636:
6634:
6632:
6627:
6623:
6616:
6611:
6609:
6604:
6602:
6597:
6596:
6593:
6581:
6574:
6556:
6553:
6551:
6548:
6546:
6543:
6541:
6538:
6536:
6533:
6531:
6528:
6526:
6523:
6521:
6518:
6517:
6515:
6513:
6509:
6495:
6492:
6491:
6489:
6487:
6483:
6477:
6476:Acanthoecidae
6474:
6472:
6469:
6468:
6466:
6464:
6460:
6457:
6455:
6451:
6448:
6446:
6442:
6439:
6437:
6433:
6419:
6418:Txikisporidae
6416:
6414:
6413:Ministeriidae
6411:
6409:
6408:Capsasporidae
6406:
6405:
6403:
6401:
6397:
6394:
6392:
6388:
6385:
6381:
6378:
6376:
6372:
6358:
6355:
6353:
6350:
6349:
6347:
6343:
6340:
6338:
6334:
6331:
6329:
6325:
6307:
6304:
6302:
6299:
6297:
6294:
6292:
6289:
6287:
6284:
6283:
6281:
6277:
6271:
6268:
6266:
6263:
6261:
6260:Creolimacidae
6258:
6257:
6255:
6251:
6248:
6246:
6242:
6236:
6233:
6232:
6230:
6228:
6224:
6221:
6219:
6218:Ichthyosporea
6215:
6212:
6208:
6205:
6202:
6197:
6183:
6180:
6178:
6177:Basidiomycota
6175:
6173:
6170:
6168:
6167:Glomeromycota
6165:
6163:
6160:
6158:
6155:
6153:
6150:
6148:
6145:
6143:
6140:
6138:
6135:
6133:
6130:
6128:
6125:
6123:
6120:
6118:
6115:
6114:
6112:
6108:
6104:
6086:
6085:Aphelidiaceae
6083:
6082:
6080:
6078:
6074:
6071:
6069:
6065:
6062:
6060:
6056:
6053:
6049:
6014:
6013:
6011:
6009:Ovavesiculida
6007:
6000:
5998:
5995:
5992:
5989:
5986:
5983:
5982:
5980:
5976:
5969:
5967:Neopereziidae
5966:
5963:
5960:
5959:
5957:
5953:
5947:Unikaryonidae
5946:
5943:
5941:Thelohaniidae
5940:
5937:
5934:
5931:
5928:
5925:
5922:
5921:
5919:
5915:
5908:
5906:Caudosporidae
5905:
5902:
5901:
5899:
5897:Amblyosporida
5895:
5889:Toxoglugeidae
5888:
5885:
5882:
5879:
5876:
5873:
5870:
5867:
5864:
5861:
5858:
5855:
5853:Burenelloidea
5852:
5849:
5848:
5845:
5842:
5840:
5836:
5826:
5823:
5821:
5818:
5817:
5815:
5811:
5808:
5806:
5802:
5792:
5789:
5787:
5784:
5782:
5781:Buxtehudeidae
5779:
5778:
5776:
5774:
5770:
5767:
5765:
5761:
5758:
5755:Microsporidia
5752:
5748:
5738:
5735:
5734:
5732:
5728:
5722:
5719:
5718:
5716:
5712:
5706:
5703:
5701:
5698:
5697:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5684:
5681:
5676:
5672:
5658:
5655:
5654:
5652:
5650:
5646:
5643:
5639:
5636:
5634:
5633:Rozellomycota
5630:
5627:
5624:Rozellomyceta
5621:
5617:
5614:
5612:
5608:
5590:
5589:Parvulariidae
5587:
5585:
5584:Fonticulaceae
5582:
5581:
5579:
5575:
5572:
5568:
5565:
5563:
5559:
5545:
5542:
5541:
5539:
5537:
5533:
5530:
5526:
5523:
5519:
5516:
5514:
5510:
5507:
5504:
5499:
5487:
5484:
5482:
5479:
5477:
5474:
5473:
5472:
5469:
5467:
5464:
5463:
5462:
5459:
5455:
5452:
5450:
5449:Stramenopiles
5447:
5445:
5442:
5440:
5437:
5433:
5430:
5429:
5428:
5425:
5424:
5423:
5420:
5418:
5415:
5412:(major groups
5410:
5408:
5405:
5403:
5400:
5398:
5395:
5392:
5388:
5387:
5383:
5379:
5372:
5367:
5365:
5360:
5358:
5353:
5352:
5349:
5336:
5333:
5330:
5326:
5324:
5320:
5317:Âątraditional
5316:
5315:
5312:
5302:
5299:
5297:
5296:Mantamonadida
5294:
5292:
5289:
5288:
5286:
5284:
5280:
5274:
5271:
5269:
5266:
5265:
5263:
5261:
5257:
5251:
5248:
5246:
5243:
5242:
5240:
5238:
5234:
5228:
5227:
5223:
5221:
5217:
5215:
5211:
5209:
5208:
5203:
5201:
5197:
5196:
5194:
5191:
5190:
5184:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5157:
5153:
5147:
5144:
5142:
5139:
5137:
5134:
5132:
5129:
5127:
5126:
5122:
5121:
5119:
5117:
5113:
5103:
5102:
5098:
5096:
5095:Heterolobosea
5093:
5092:
5090:
5088:
5087:Discicristata
5084:
5078:
5077:
5073:
5071:
5068:
5067:
5064:
5061:
5059:
5055:
5052:
5048:
5043:
5039:
5000:
4999:
4995:
4993:
4992:
4988:
4986:
4983:
4981:
4978:
4976:
4973:
4971:
4970:
4966:
4964:
4963:
4959:
4958:
4956:
4954:
4950:
4944:
4943:
4939:
4937:
4934:
4933:
4931:
4927:
4926:
4918:
4917:Viridiplantae
4914:
4908:
4907:
4903:
4901:
4898:
4896:
4893:
4891:
4888:
4887:
4884:
4881:
4879:
4875:
4865:
4862:
4860:
4859:
4855:
4854:
4852:
4850:
4846:
4840:
4839:
4838:Microheliella
4835:
4834:
4831:
4828:
4826:
4822:
4819:
4815:
4809:
4805:
4779:
4778:Actinophryida
4776:
4774:
4773:
4769:
4767:
4766:
4762:
4760:
4757:
4755:
4752:
4750:
4747:
4746:
4744:
4742:
4738:
4732:
4729:
4727:
4724:
4722:
4719:
4718:
4716:
4714:
4710:
4704:
4703:
4699:
4698:
4695:
4692:
4690:
4689:Stramenopiles
4686:
4676:
4673:
4671:
4670:
4666:
4664:
4661:
4659:
4658:
4654:
4653:
4651:
4649:
4645:
4639:
4638:
4634:
4631:
4628:
4627:
4624:
4621:
4619:
4615:
4609:
4608:
4604:
4602:
4601:
4597:
4595:
4592:
4590:
4587:
4586:
4584:
4582:
4578:
4575:
4571:
4565:
4561:
4555:
4552:
4551:
4548:
4545:
4541:
4535:
4531:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4516:
4514:
4512:
4508:
4502:
4499:
4498:
4496:
4493:
4488:
4484:
4480:
4445:
4444:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4434:
4432:
4430:
4426:
4420:
4417:
4416:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4404:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4392:Ichthyosporea
4390:
4388:
4387:
4382:
4380:
4379:
4375:
4374:
4371:
4368:
4364:
4358:
4347:
4346:
4342:
4340:
4339:Rotosphaerida
4337:
4336:
4334:
4332:
4328:
4324:
4321:
4318:
4313:
4307:
4304:
4302:
4301:Apusomonadida
4299:
4298:
4295:
4292:
4288:
4282:
4272:
4269:
4267:
4264:
4262:
4259:
4257:
4256:
4252:
4250:
4247:
4245:
4242:
4241:
4239:
4237:
4233:
4229:
4226:
4223:
4218:
4214:
4210:
4198:
4195:
4193:
4190:
4188:
4185:
4184:
4183:
4180:
4178:
4175:
4174:
4173:
4170:
4166:
4163:
4161:
4160:Stramenopiles
4158:
4156:
4153:
4151:
4148:
4144:
4141:
4140:
4139:
4136:
4135:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4123:(major groups
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4103:
4099:
4098:
4094:
4089:
4082:
4077:
4075:
4070:
4068:
4063:
4062:
4059:
4053:
4049:
4045:
4042:
4040:
4037:
4035:
4033:
4029:
4027:
4024:
4021:
4018:
4017:
4005:
4001:
3996:
3991:
3986:
3981:
3977:
3973:
3969:
3962:
3954:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3936:
3932:
3928:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3909:
3901:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3882:
3877:
3873:
3869:
3865:
3858:
3850:
3846:
3841:
3836:
3831:
3826:
3822:
3818:
3814:
3807:
3799:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3781:
3777:
3773:
3766:
3757:
3750:
3749:
3742:
3734:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3716:
3712:
3708:
3704:
3700:
3693:
3685:
3681:
3677:
3673:
3669:
3665:
3664:
3663:Zoomorphology
3659:
3652:
3644:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3596:
3592:
3586:
3578:
3574:
3569:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3552:
3548:
3544:
3540:
3533:
3531:
3522:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3481:
3473:
3469:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3436:
3434:
3425:
3421:
3416:
3411:
3407:
3403:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3376:
3374:
3365:
3361:
3356:
3351:
3347:
3343:
3339:
3335:
3331:
3324:
3322:
3313:
3309:
3305:
3301:
3297:
3293:
3289:
3285:
3278:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3250:
3246:
3242:
3235:
3226:
3218:
3214:
3209:
3204:
3199:
3194:
3190:
3186:
3182:
3175:
3159:
3155:
3148:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3112:
3111:
3106:
3099:
3085:
3081:
3075:
3067:
3063:
3058:
3053:
3048:
3043:
3039:
3035:
3031:
3027:
3023:
3016:
3014:
3012:
3010:
3008:
2999:
2995:
2991:
2987:
2986:
2978:
2970:
2966:
2962:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2946:
2943:
2942:
2934:
2926:
2920:
2916:
2909:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2889:
2885:
2881:
2877:
2873:
2866:
2864:
2855:
2851:
2847:
2843:
2839:
2835:
2831:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2815:
2813:
2804:
2800:
2793:
2791:
2789:
2780:
2776:
2772:
2768:
2764:
2760:
2753:
2751:
2742:
2738:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2714:
2710:
2705:
2700:
2696:
2692:
2688:
2684:
2680:
2676:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2660:
2658:
2656:
2654:
2652:
2650:
2648:
2646:
2636:
2631:
2627:
2623:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2596:
2588:
2584:
2580:
2576:
2572:
2568:
2564:
2557:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2537:
2534:(6): 125924.
2533:
2529:
2525:
2518:
2510:
2504:
2502:
2493:
2487:
2483:
2482:
2474:
2472:
2463:
2456:
2448:
2444:
2440:
2436:
2432:
2428:
2425:(5): 452–62.
2424:
2420:
2413:
2405:
2401:
2396:
2391:
2387:
2383:
2379:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2363:
2356:
2348:
2344:
2339:
2334:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2306:
2299:
2296:
2292:
2287:
2279:
2275:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2255:
2251:
2247:
2243:
2239:
2235:
2228:
2220:
2216:
2211:
2206:
2202:
2198:
2194:
2190:
2186:
2182:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2163:
2159:
2152:
2150:
2149:gene families
2145:
2143:
2139:
2135:
2130:
2125:
2123:
2119:
2115:
2105:
2100:Other genomes
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2086:
2081:
2077:
2075:
2071:
2070:recombination
2067:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2054:
2045:
2040:
2038:
2034:
2030:
2026:
2022:
2018:
2014:
2013:
2004:
1987:Ă–zdikmen 2009
1985:
1984:
1980:
1975:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1954:
1950:
1945:
1944:
1940:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1925:
1924:
1920:
1915:
1914:
1910:
1907:Schiller 1925
1905:
1904:
1900:
1895:
1894:
1890:
1885:
1884:
1880:
1875:
1874:
1870:
1865:
1864:
1860:
1855:
1854:
1850:
1845:
1844:
1840:
1835:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1824:
1820:
1815:
1814:
1810:
1805:
1804:
1800:
1795:
1794:
1790:
1785:
1784:
1780:
1775:
1774:
1770:
1765:
1764:
1760:
1755:
1754:
1753:Acanthocorbis
1750:
1745:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1733:
1728:
1727:
1722:
1721:
1716:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1699:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1688:
1684:
1679:
1678:
1674:
1669:
1668:
1664:
1663:
1658:
1657:
1656:Acanthoecidae
1652:
1647:
1646:
1642:
1641:
1636:
1635:
1630:
1621:
1620:
1616:
1611:
1610:
1606:
1601:
1600:
1596:
1591:
1590:
1586:
1583:Schiller 1953
1581:
1580:
1576:
1571:
1570:
1566:
1561:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1551:
1550:
1545:
1538:
1537:
1533:
1528:
1527:
1523:
1518:
1517:
1513:
1508:
1507:
1506:Microstomoeca
1503:
1498:
1497:
1493:
1488:
1487:
1483:
1478:
1477:
1473:
1468:
1467:
1463:
1458:
1457:
1453:
1448:
1447:
1443:
1438:
1437:
1430:
1426:
1425:
1420:
1413:
1409:
1405:
1400:
1399:
1395:
1390:
1389:
1385:
1380:
1379:
1374:
1369:
1368:
1363:
1358:
1357:
1356:Salpingorhiza
1352:
1347:
1346:
1341:
1336:
1335:
1330:
1325:
1324:
1323:Diplosigopsis
1319:
1314:
1313:
1308:
1303:
1302:
1301:Dicraspedella
1294:
1293:
1288:
1281:
1280:
1275:
1268:
1267:
1262:
1258:
1257:
1253:
1252:
1247:
1246:
1242:
1241:
1236:
1235:
1234:
1224:
1220:
1219:
1214:
1210:
1208:
1204:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1187:
1185:
1181:
1177:
1173:
1169:
1165:
1161:
1155:
1153:
1149:
1145:
1141:
1136:
1132:
1131:alpha tubulin
1128:
1127:ribosomal RNA
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1112:Chrysophyceae
1098:
1097:
1089:
1088:
1080:
1079:
1071:
1070:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1042:
1041:
1038:
1037:
1034:
1032:
1026:
1025:
1019:
1016:
1015:
1012:
1011:
1008:
1007:
1001:
1000:
994:
991:
990:
987:
986:
983:
982:
976:
975:
969:
968:
965:
964:
961:
960:
959:Ichthyosporea
954:
953:
947:
946:
942:
941:
938:
937:
929:
928:
925:
924:
918:
917:
914:
913:
910:
909:
903:
902:
896:
893:
892:
886:
883:
882:
878:
875:
871:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
845:
841:
837:
832:
828:
813:
810:
802:
799:February 2021
792:
788:
782:
781:
776:This section
774:
770:
765:
764:
756:
754:
750:
749:stramenopiles
746:
742:
738:
733:
731:
720:
718:
714:
710:
709:meiotic genes
706:
705:
699:
696:
692:
683:
679:
675:
670:
661:
659:
656:
652:
648:
644:
639:
636:
632:
628:
627:
623:
619:
614:
611:
606:
602:
598:
594:
590:
582:
577:
568:
565:
561:
557:
553:
552:heterotrophic
549:
545:
544:free-swimming
540:
538:
534:
530:
526:
525:food vacuoles
522:
518:
514:
510:
506:
501:
499:
495:
492:
487:
485:
479:
475:
471:
462:
453:
451:
450:
445:
444:
439:
435:
433:
427:
422:
418:
409:
407:
403:
399:
395:
391:
390:free-swimming
387:
383:
379:
375:
371:
367:
363:
360:
356:
341:
336:Choanomonada
335:
329:
323:
317:
314:Hibberd, 1976
311:
305:
299:
293:
287:
286:
284:
281:
277:
270:
269:Acanthoecidae
267:
265:
262:
261:
260:
257:
253:
250:
248:
247:Codonosigidae
245:
244:
243:
240:
239:
237:
232:
228:
227:
222:
219:
215:
210:
205:
202:
199:
198:
195:
192:
189:
186:
185:
182:
179:
176:
175:
172:
169:
166:
165:
162:
159:
156:
155:
152:
149:
146:
143:
142:
139:
136:
133:
130:
129:
126:
123:
120:
119:
114:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
88:
82:
78:
74:
66:
59:
52:
45:
29:
26:
22:
7506:
7362:
7303:Stromatolite
7198:Aeroplankton
7125:Salmon louse
7080:Chaetognatha
7052:Symbiodinium
7050:
7038:
7023:
6953:
6949:Raphidophyte
6936:
6929:
6925:Stramenopile
6907:
6890:
6883:
6849:
6832:
6825:
6818:
6791:
6774:Picoplankton
6699:Spring bloom
6669:Mycoplankton
6664:Meroplankton
6654:Holoplankton
6545:Ambulacraria
6463:Acanthoecida
6453:
6444:
6400:Ministeriida
6383:Filasterozoa
6286:Amoebidiidae
6279:Trichomycina
6227:Dermocystida
6162:Mucoromycota
6110:(True Fungi)
6077:Aphelidiales
6001:Ordosporidae
5964:Janacekiidae
5955:Neopereziida
5871:Microfilidae
5868:Golbergiidae
5865:Duboscqiidae
5850:Abelsporidae
5544:Nucleariidae
5471:Opisthokonta
5378:Opisthokonta
5334:
5329:paraphyletic
5224:
5205:
5187:
5156:Malawimonada
5136:Anaeromonada
5131:Anaeramoebae
5123:
5099:
5076:Tsukubamonas
5074:
4996:
4989:
4980:Charophyceae
4967:
4960:
4953:Streptophyta
4940:
4924:
4904:
4900:Rhodelphidia
4858:Palpitomonas
4856:
4836:
4825:Pancryptista
4770:
4763:
4700:
4667:
4655:
4635:
4605:
4600:Foraminifera
4598:
4441:
4436:
4384:
4378:Tunicaraptor
4376:
4343:
4317:Opisthokonta
4253:
4182:Opisthokonta
4031:
3975:
3971:
3961:
3926:
3922:
3908:
3871:
3867:
3857:
3820:
3816:
3806:
3779:
3775:
3765:
3756:
3746:
3741:
3706:
3702:
3692:
3667:
3661:
3657:
3651:
3606:
3602:
3585:
3550:
3546:
3494:
3490:
3480:
3450:(1): 56–62.
3447:
3443:
3389:
3385:
3337:
3333:
3290:(5): 433–9.
3287:
3283:
3277:
3247:(1): 56–62.
3244:
3240:
3234:
3225:
3188:
3184:
3174:
3162:. Retrieved
3157:
3147:
3114:
3110:Paleobiology
3108:
3098:
3087:. Retrieved
3083:
3074:
3029:
3025:
2989:
2983:
2977:
2944:
2939:
2933:
2914:
2908:
2875:
2871:
2829:
2824:
2820:
2802:
2798:
2762:
2758:
2740:
2736:
2678:
2674:
2609:
2605:
2595:
2570:
2566:
2556:
2531:
2527:
2517:
2480:
2461:
2455:
2422:
2418:
2412:
2369:
2365:
2355:
2323:(1): 4–119.
2320:
2316:
2305:
2294:
2286:
2241:
2237:
2227:
2176:
2172:
2162:
2146:
2133:
2128:
2126:
2121:
2113:
2111:
2103:
2093:
2089:
2088:. A single
2083:
2079:
2078:
2073:
2065:
2057:
2051:
2049:
2043:
2032:
2024:
2021:phagocytosis
2016:
2010:
2008:
2002:
1981:
1971:
1961:
1957:Thomsen 1983
1951:
1941:
1937:Thomsen 1979
1931:
1921:
1911:
1901:
1891:
1887:Thomsen 1988
1881:
1871:
1861:
1851:
1841:
1831:
1821:
1817:Thomsen 1984
1811:
1801:
1793:Calliacantha
1791:
1781:
1777:Thomsen 1983
1771:
1761:
1751:
1743:Spiraloecion
1741:
1736:Thomsen 1982
1730:
1717:
1705:
1695:
1685:
1675:
1665:
1653:
1643:
1634:Acanthoecida
1631:
1617:
1607:
1597:
1587:
1577:
1567:
1557:
1546:
1534:
1524:
1516:Paramonosiga
1514:
1504:
1494:
1484:
1476:Hartaetosiga
1474:
1470:Frenzel 1891
1464:
1454:
1446:Cladospongia
1444:
1434:
1422:
1411:
1396:
1386:
1378:Stelexomonas
1376:
1365:
1354:
1349:Meunier 1910
1343:
1332:
1321:
1310:
1299:
1290:
1277:
1264:
1248:
1237:
1232:
1216:
1188:
1180:synapomorphy
1176:paraphyletic
1156:
1152:monophyletic
1140:concatenated
1116:phylogenetic
1109:
1046:
1045:
1029:
1004:
979:
957:
943:
921:
906:
885:Opisthokonta
876:
856:ribbon worms
825:
805:
796:
785:Please help
780:verification
777:
737:silicic acid
734:
726:
716:
712:
702:
700:
687:
676:of a modern
651:carbon cycle
640:
624:
616:A number of
615:
613:elucidated.
610:cosmopolitan
586:
541:
502:
497:
481:
467:
447:
429:
416:
415:
402:carbon cycle
354:
352:
259:Acanthoecida
224:
218:Type species
203:
187:
177:(unranked):
167:(unranked):
161:Opisthokonta
157:(unranked):
144:
131:
99:
25:
7531:Wikispecies
7387:Wikispecies
7268:Manta trawl
7253:Heterotroph
7203:Algaculture
7068:Zooplankton
7011:Flagellates
6892:Chaetoceros
6845:SAR11 clade
6704:Thin layers
6689:Planktology
6684:Planktivore
6639:Algal bloom
6580:Wikispecies
6555:Protostomia
6328:Pluriformea
6291:Eccrinaceae
5997:Nosematidae
5993:Mrazekiidae
5938:Spragueidae
5929:Myosporidae
5886:Telomyxidae
5839:Microsporea
5577:Fonticulida
5562:Fonticulida
5536:Nucleariida
5528:Nuclearidea
5220:Chitinozoan
5146:Parabasalia
4998:Embryophyta
4962:Chlorokybus
4942:Chlorophyta
4890:Glaucophyta
4864:Cryptophyta
4754:Pirsoniales
4721:Bicosoecida
4702:Platysulcus
4675:Perkinsozoa
4657:Apicomplexa
4630:Colponemida
4397:Pluriformea
4266:Archamoebea
4255:Eumycetozoa
4048:Nicole King
3670:(1): 1–15.
3164:December 1,
2612:(1): 3599.
2179:(1): 1242.
2090:V. fischeri
1983:Thomsenella
1963:Stephanoeca
1917:Manton 1981
1857:Doweld 2003
1843:Diaphanoeca
1773:Apheloecion
1763:Amoenoscopa
1623:Lackey 1940
1536:Stagondoeca
1526:Salpingoeca
1402:Lackey 1942
1382:Lackey 1942
1327:Francé 1897
1218:Salpingoeca
848:choanocytes
831:choanocytes
730:cytokinesis
581:Metchnikoff
558:, follow a
464:Cell scheme
423:from Greek
421:hybrid word
290:Stein, 1878
211:, 1880–1882
50:Proterozoic
7656:Categories
7263:Macroalgae
7223:Autotrophs
7153:Cyclopoida
7090:Ctenophora
7019:Brevetoxin
6809:Cyanotoxin
6804:Cyanobiont
6525:Ctenophora
6486:Craspedida
6391:Filasterea
6182:Ascomycota
5978:Nosematida
5944:Tuzetiidae
5932:Pereziidae
5909:Gurleyidae
5657:Rozellidae
5570:Fonticulea
5521:Nuclearida
5503:Holomycota
5301:Rigifilida
5200:Acritarchs
5125:Barthelona
5116:Metamonada
5101:Euglenozoa
4969:Mesostigma
4925:sensu lato
4906:Rhodophyta
4765:Ochrophyta
4726:Placidozoa
4637:Ciliophora
4607:Radiolaria
4524:Haptophyta
4419:Filasterea
4331:Holomycota
4044:Choanobase
4020:ChoanoWiki
3978:: e34226.
3915:Holland PW
3823:(2): R15.
3595:Carroll SB
3539:Holland PW
3089:2019-10-29
2941:Mar. Biol.
2878:: 315–44.
2805:(2): 9–11.
2573:: 125798.
2155:References
2094:V. fisheri
2080:S. rosetta
2074:S. rosetta
2066:S. rosetta
2058:S. rosetta
2029:eukaryotic
1967:Ellis 1930
1913:Polyfibula
1903:Pleurasiga
1847:Ellis 1930
1833:Crucispina
1671:Ellis 1930
1667:Acanthoeca
1609:Sphaeroeca
1579:Kentrosiga
1569:Desmarella
1440:Ellis 1930
1424:Sphaeroeca
1338:Ellis 1930
1334:Pachysoeca
1316:Ellis 1930
1305:Ellis 1930
1240:Craspedida
1199:life cycle
1033:(Metazoa)
1006:Filasterea
895:Holomycota
860:morphology
678:sperm cell
664:Life cycle
635:planktonic
597:freshwater
564:pathogenic
513:basal body
505:organelles
478:microvilli
456:Appearance
404:, linking
382:morphology
370:microvilli
362:eukaryotes
359:flagellate
296:Senn, 1900
242:Craspedida
77:Cenomanian
73:Cretaceous
7546:AlgaeBase
7522:Q21446923
7402:AlgaeBase
7208:Algal mat
7148:Calanoida
7130:Sea louse
7110:Jellyfish
7085:Ciguatera
7046:Saxitoxin
7034:Flagellum
6983:Classes:
6974:Centrales
6874:Auxospore
6436:Choanozoa
6068:Aphelidea
5926:Glugeidae
5856:Burkeidae
5786:Hesseidae
5649:Rozellida
5466:Amoebozoa
5444:Alveolata
5432:Cryptista
5407:Eukaryota
5141:Fornicata
5047:Excavates
4849:Cryptista
4772:Oomycetes
4749:Developea
4731:Sagenista
4618:Alveolata
4554:Telonemia
4429:Choanozoa
4306:Breviatea
4249:Tubulinea
4236:Amoebozoa
4177:Amoebozoa
4155:Alveolata
4143:Cryptista
4118:Eukaryota
4088:Eukaryote
3472:205759832
3269:205759832
3139:140642074
2626:2045-2322
2587:0932-4739
2548:1434-4610
2201:2045-2322
1923:Saepicula
1873:Monocosta
1853:Didymoeca
1823:Crinolina
1803:Calotheca
1701:Kent 1880
1603:Kent 1882
1500:Kent 1881
1496:Lagenoeca
1486:Mylnosiga
1466:Diplosiga
1460:Senn 1900
1436:Choanoeca
1414:under PCM
1398:Aulomonas
1388:Astrosiga
1360:Klug 1936
1269:under PCM
1203:sedentary
1184:siliceous
1170:or other
1168:cellulose
1018:Choanozoa
655:microbial
560:parasitic
533:periplast
509:cytoplasm
470:flagellum
449:flagellum
443:flagellum
436:meaning "
412:Etymology
374:flagellum
194:Choanozoa
125:Eukaryota
21:Choanozoa
7590:11905079
7564:42372141
7516:Wikidata
7446:11905079
7420:42372141
7372:Wikidata
6979:Pennales
6938:Navicula
6920:Frustule
6694:Red tide
6631:plankton
6622:Plankton
6550:Chordata
6535:Cnidaria
6530:Placozoa
6520:Porifera
6107:Eumycota
5917:Glugeida
5461:Amorphea
5439:Rhizaria
5427:Hacrobia
5417:Excavata
5402:Bacteria
5323:protists
5319:kingdoms
5207:Grypania
5169:Imasidae
5070:Jakobida
4594:Endomyxa
4589:Cercozoa
4581:Rhizaria
4511:Haptista
4443:Animalia
4386:Bicellum
4261:Variosea
4244:Discosea
4222:Amorphea
4172:Amorphea
4150:Rhizaria
4138:Hacrobia
4128:Excavata
4113:Bacteria
4004:29848444
3953:16615205
3900:31587642
3849:23419129
3798:20627874
3733:26365255
3684:42242685
3643:11752452
3577:23407828
3521:18755674
3464:20015185
3424:24139741
3364:28867285
3312:23357186
3304:11001139
3261:20015185
3217:30858798
3084:HHMI.org
3066:18922774
2969:84931348
2900:14764188
2892:12142489
2854:84666673
2779:86287656
2743:: 14–38.
2713:18273011
2439:21895836
2404:18273011
2347:30257078
2293:(1880).
2278:21810989
2219:36690681
2122:M. ovata
1943:Spinoeca
1883:Nannoeca
1813:Cosmoeca
1707:Savillea
1697:Polyoeca
1687:Helgoeca
1645:Conioeca
1589:Monosiga
1559:Codosiga
1345:Piropsis
1312:Diploeca
1279:Codosiga
1229:Taxonomy
1209:stages.
1031:Animalia
844:metazoan
840:Animalia
682:Farnesol
658:food web
643:bacteria
631:colonies
593:brackish
398:detritus
394:bacteria
280:Synonyms
138:Amorphea
121:Domain:
100:Codosiga
81:Turonian
7577:9737030
7433:9737030
7378:Q129012
7333:MOCNESS
7243:f-ratio
7178:More...
6879:Axodine
6727:By size
6709:More...
6375:Filozoa
6265:Piridae
6201:Holozoa
5476:Animals
5397:Archaea
5058:Discoba
4923:Plants
4895:Picozoa
4741:Gyrista
4648:Myzozoa
4501:Provora
4407:Filozoa
4363:Holozoa
4271:Cutosea
4187:Animals
4108:Archaea
3995:6040629
3944:1560198
3891:6792448
3840:4054682
3711:Bibcode
3611:Bibcode
3568:3574361
3512:2581655
3415:3909816
3394:Bibcode
3355:5599222
3208:6397838
3191:: 141.
3119:Bibcode
3057:2575473
3034:Bibcode
2985:Ophelia
2949:Bibcode
2834:Bibcode
2704:2562698
2683:Bibcode
2635:5472626
2528:Protist
2447:2076733
2395:2562698
2374:Bibcode
2338:6492006
2269:3158185
2246:Bibcode
2210:9870899
2181:Bibcode
2138:diatoms
1933:Saroeca
1863:Kakoeca
1783:Bicosta
1718:Family
1654:Family
1547:Family
1298: ?
1249:Family
1144:animals
993:Filozoa
945:Holozoa
852:sponges
836:Metazoa
745:diatoms
618:species
605:benthic
601:pelagic
571:Ecology
548:sessile
521:nucleus
507:in the
484:choanos
378:asexual
366:animals
200:Class:
181:Filozoa
171:Holozoa
57:Archean
7639:580116
7626:212583
7613:202765
7597:NZOR:
7551:101921
7495:580116
7482:212583
7469:202765
7453:NZOR:
7407:101921
7328:AusCPR
7318:C-MORE
6629:About
5454:Plants
5391:Domain
5331:groups
4713:Bigyra
4287:Obazoa
4165:Plants
4102:Domain
4002:
3992:
3951:
3941:
3898:
3888:
3847:
3837:
3796:
3731:
3682:
3641:
3631:
3591:King N
3575:
3565:
3519:
3509:
3470:
3462:
3422:
3412:
3362:
3352:
3310:
3302:
3267:
3259:
3215:
3205:
3137:
3064:
3054:
2967:
2921:
2898:
2890:
2852:
2777:
2711:
2701:
2675:Nature
2667:King N
2632:
2624:
2585:
2546:
2488:
2445:
2437:
2402:
2392:
2366:Nature
2345:
2335:
2276:
2266:
2217:
2207:
2199:
2046:genome
2005:genome
1732:Conion
1677:Enibas
1632:Order
1238:Order
1207:motile
1191:clades
1133:, and
691:ploidy
647:carbon
589:marine
583:, 1886
537:lorica
517:apical
498:pulled
491:animal
438:funnel
432:khoánē
151:Obazoa
7634:WoRMS
7585:IRMNG
7490:WoRMS
7441:IRMNG
5611:Fungi
5481:Fungi
5283:CRuMs
4345:Fungi
4192:Fungi
3972:eLife
3680:S2CID
3634:64978
3468:S2CID
3308:S2CID
3265:S2CID
3135:S2CID
2965:S2CID
2896:S2CID
2850:S2CID
2775:S2CID
2443:S2CID
1201:with
1164:theca
1148:fungi
923:Fungi
622:genus
494:sperm
474:actin
426:χοάνη
419:is a
188:Clade
145:Clade
132:Clade
7572:GBIF
7428:GBIF
7338:SCAR
7313:Zoid
7258:HNLC
5335:bold
4540:TSAR
4000:PMID
3949:PMID
3896:PMID
3845:PMID
3794:PMID
3729:PMID
3639:PMID
3573:PMID
3517:PMID
3460:PMID
3420:PMID
3360:PMID
3334:Cell
3300:PMID
3257:PMID
3213:PMID
3166:2020
3062:PMID
2919:ISBN
2888:PMID
2709:PMID
2622:ISSN
2583:ISSN
2544:ISSN
2486:ISBN
2435:PMID
2400:PMID
2343:PMID
2274:PMID
2215:PMID
2197:ISSN
1205:and
1146:and
1122:and
867:>
715:and
672:The
653:and
603:and
595:and
396:and
353:The
209:Kent
102:sp.
64:Had.
43:Pha.
7559:EoL
7415:EoL
7323:CPR
4814:CAM
4570:SAR
3990:PMC
3980:doi
3939:PMC
3931:doi
3927:273
3886:PMC
3876:doi
3872:374
3835:PMC
3825:doi
3784:doi
3719:doi
3672:doi
3668:101
3629:PMC
3619:doi
3563:PMC
3555:doi
3551:280
3507:PMC
3499:doi
3495:276
3452:doi
3410:PMC
3402:doi
3350:PMC
3342:doi
3338:170
3292:doi
3249:doi
3203:PMC
3193:doi
3127:doi
3052:PMC
3042:doi
3030:105
2994:doi
2957:doi
2880:doi
2842:doi
2767:doi
2741:451
2699:PMC
2691:doi
2679:451
2630:PMC
2614:doi
2575:doi
2536:doi
2532:173
2427:doi
2390:PMC
2382:doi
2370:451
2333:PMC
2325:doi
2264:PMC
2254:doi
2242:108
2205:PMC
2189:doi
2072:in
2037:sex
1223:TEM
1124:LSU
1120:SSU
870:600
789:by
562:or
531:or
452:).
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