1307:
533:
1399:
305:, or a keyboard player (often harpsichordist) using their hands, and would direct the tempo/rhythm of the music in patterns similar to those we are familiar with today. Although effective in smaller ensembles, the increasing size of instrumental ensembles in opera and symphonic performances meant the players were increasingly less able to follow along. Solutions to this issue were temporarily addressed by the use of two conductors, with the keyboard player in charge of the singers while the principal violinist or leader was in charge of the orchestra, however this did not prove to be a sustainable effort in the long run. Moving out of the eighteenth century, it was clear that music was growing too complicated and performances too refined, to rely purely on aural skills to stay in time.
571:(1957–69) and later frequent guest conductor in Europe. Karajan's technique was highly controlled, and eventually he conducted with his eyes often closed, as he often memorized scores; Bernstein's technique was demonstrative, with highly expressive facial gestures and hand and body movements; when conducting vocal music, Bernstein would often mouth the words along with the vocalists. Karajan could conduct for hours without moving his feet, while Bernstein was known at times to leap into the air at a great climax. As the music director of the Berlin Philharmonic, Karajan cultivated warm, blended beauty of tone, which has sometimes been criticized as too uniformly applied; by contrast, in Bernstein's only appearance with the Berlin Philharmonic in 1979—performing Mahler's
1458:
become a professor of conducting. Doctor of musical arts (referred to as D.M.A., DMA, D.Mus.A. or A.Mus.D) degrees in conducting provide an opportunity for advanced study at the highest artistic and pedagogical level, requiring usually an additional 54+ credit hours beyond a master's degree (which is about 30+ credits beyond a bachelor's degree). For this reason, admission is highly selective. Examinations in music history, music theory, ear training/dictation, and an entrance examination and conducting audition are required. Students perform conducted concerts, including a combination lecture-conducted concert with an accompanying doctoral dissertation, and advanced coursework. Students must typically maintain a minimum B average. A DMA in conducting is a
314:
31:
1100:
884:
847:
795:
929:
conductor. The primary responsibilities of the conductor are to unify performers, set the tempo, execute clear preparations and beats, listen critically and shape the sound of the ensemble, and control the interpretation and pacing of the music. Communication is non-verbal during a performance; however, in rehearsal frequent interruptions allow directions as to how the music should be played. During rehearsals the conductor may stop the playing of a piece to request changes in the phrasing or request a change in the
337:), it became the norm to have a dedicated conductor who did not also play an instrument during the performance. While some orchestras protested the introduction of the conductor, since they were used to having a concertmaster or keyboard player act as leader, eventually the role of a conductor was established. The size of the usual orchestra expanded during this period, and the use of a baton became more common as it was easier to see than bare hands or rolled-up paper. Among the earliest notable conductors were
579:
in his life, but in them he did not talk. Both made numerous recordings, but their attitudes toward recording differed: Karajan frequently made new studio recordings to take advantage of advances in recording technique, which fascinated him—he played a role in setting the specifications of the compact disc—but
Bernstein, in his post-New York days, came to insist on (for the most part) live concert recordings, believing that music-making did not come to life in a studio without an audience.
1202:
point it goes in a 45-degree angle to the inside. The third beat is when the arm is coming back from the angle to the focal point at the angle and hits the point and goes to the outside at the same 45-degree angle. The last beat, fourth, goes from the outside angle back to the focal point. Then the process repeats. It is typical for drum majors to use smaller, simpler patterns to accommodate faster tempos for endurance and clarity, emphasizing beats 1 and 3 and minimizing beats 2 and 4.
969:
conductor then looks at the different sections of the orchestra (winds, strings, etc.) or choir to ensure that all the orchestra members are ready to play and choir members are ready. In some choral works, the conductor may signal to a pianist or organist to play a note or chord so that the choir members can determine their starting notes. Then the conductor gives one or more preparatory beats to commence the music. The preparatory beat before the orchestra or choir begins is the
1091:
directed toward the specific players. An inhalation, which may or may not be an audible "sniff" from the conductor, is a common element in the cueing technique of some conductors. Mere eye contact or a look in the general direction of the players may be sufficient in many instances, as when more than one section of the ensemble enters at the same time. Larger musical events may warrant the use of a larger or more emphatic cue designed to encourage emotion and energy.
4585:
1077:. Changing the size of conducting movements frequently results in changes in the character of the music depending upon the circumstances. Dynamics can be fine-tuned using various gestures: showing one's palm to the performers or leaning away from them may demonstrate a decrease in volume. To adjust the overall balance of the various instruments or voices, these signals can be combined or directed toward a particular section or performer.
1338:
1246:
734:
2521:
1450:
courses in music history, music theory, and liberal arts courses (e.g., English literature), which give the student a more well-rounded education. Students do not usually specialize in conducting at the B.Mus. stage; instead, they usually develop general music skills such as singing, playing an orchestral instrument, performing in a choir, playing in orchestra, and playing a keyboard instrument such as the piano or the organ.
1129:. Phrasing may be indicated by wide overhead arcs or by a smooth hand motion either forwards or side-to-side. A held note is often indicated by a hand held flat with palm up. The end of a note, called a "cutoff" or "release", may be indicated by a circular motion, the closing of the palm, or the pinching of finger and thumb. A release is usually preceded by a preparation and concluded with a complete stillness.
521:
Furtwängler, whom many regard as the greatest interpreter of Wagner (although
Toscanini was also admired in this composer) and Bruckner, conducted Beethoven and Brahms with a good deal of inflection of tempo—but generally in a manner that revealed the structure and direction of the music particularly clearly. He was an accomplished composer as well as performer; and he was a disciple of the theorist
596:
278:. Documented as early as the 11th century, the practice entailed a designated leader using subtle motions of their fingers and/or hands to dictate melodic shape and contour. Typically a theme in vocal music, the practice predated many notated forms of rhythm and therefore acted as a way for performers to visually understand when to move together, although it was also used to memorize music.
4572:
1519:
1454:
French, Italian and Latin, among others) and they must understand the correct diction of these languages in a choral singing context. The opposite is also true: a choral conductor will be expected to rehearse and lead a string orchestra or full orchestra when performing works for choir and orchestra. As such, a choral conductor needs to know how to rehearse and lead instrument sections.
4558:
1446:, a skill that helps them to be able to analyze symphonies and try out their interpretations before they have access to an orchestra to conduct. Many conductors get experience playing in an orchestra or singing in a choir, an experience which gives them good insights into how orchestras and choirs are conducted and rehearsed.
1314:
The roles of a conductor vary a great deal between different conducting positions and different ensembles. In some cases, a conductor will also be the musical director of the symphony, choosing the program for the entire season, including concerts by guest conductors, concerto soloists, pop concerts,
578:
Both
Karajan and Bernstein made extensive use of advances in media to convey their art, but in tellingly different ways. Bernstein hosted major prime-time national television series to educate and reach out to children and the public at large about classical music; Karajan made a series of films late
144:
Conductors act as guides to the orchestras or choirs they conduct. They choose the works to be performed and study their scores, to which they may make certain adjustments (such as in tempo, articulation, phrasing, repetitions of sections), work out their interpretation, and relay their vision to the
1170:
of a symphony, concerto or dance suite. This brief pause gives orchestra or choir members time to turn the pages of their part and ready themselves for the start of the next movement. String players may apply rosin or wipe sweat off their hands with a handkerchief. Reed players may take this time to
520:
that he was particularly renowned and influential, favoring stricter and faster tempi than a conductor like Bülow or Wagner. Still, his style shows more inflection than his reputation may suggest, and he was particularly gifted at revealing detail and getting orchestras to play in a singing manner.
1453:
Another topic that conducting students study is the languages used in classical music opera. Orchestral conductors are expected to be able to rehearse and lead choirs in works for orchestra and choir. As such, orchestral conductors need to know the major languages used in choral writing (including
1429:
degrees in conducting. In addition, there are a variety of other training programs such as classical summer camps and training festivals, which give students the opportunity to conduct a wide range of music. Aspiring conductors need to obtain a broad education about the history of music, including
1132:
Conductors aim to maintain eye contact with the ensemble as much as possible, encouraging eye contact in return and increasing the dialogue between players/singers and conductor. Facial expressions may also be important to demonstrate the character of the music or to encourage the players. In some
586:
in
Amsterdam until the end of World War II had had extensive rehearsal time to mold orchestras very precisely and thus could have idiosyncratic techniques; modern conductors, who spend less time with any given orchestra, must get results with much less rehearsal time. A more standardized technique
1470:
A small number of conductors become professionals without formal training in conducting. These individuals often have achieved renown as instrumental or vocal performers, and they have often undertaken a great deal of training in their area of expertise (instrumental performance or singing). Some
1133:
cases, such as where there has been little rehearsal time to prepare a piece, a conductor may discreetly indicate how the bars of music will be beat immediately before the start of the movement by holding up their fingers in front of their chest (so only the performers can see). For example, in a
1085:
The indication of entries, when a performer or section should begin playing (perhaps after a long period of rests), is called "cueing". A cue must forecast with certainty the exact moment of the coming ictus, so that all the players or singers affected by the cue can begin playing simultaneously.
1201:
Drum majors may each have a different style of conducting. Some may be smoother, but others are more rigid. The most commonly used pattern is called the "Down-in-out-up" pattern. The pattern is shown by the first beat being straight down and normal. The second beat goes down then after the focal
1494:
encourages health problems. The
Alexander Technique is meant to help performers and musicians identify and release tension in the body. Conductors are often trained with similar techniques, focusing on maintaining relaxation and balance in the upper body, as forcing movements can lead to jarred
1457:
Master of music degrees (M.mus. or M.M.) in conducting consist of private conducting lessons, ensemble experience, coaching, and graduate courses in music history and music theory, along with one or two conducted concerts. A M.mus. is often the required minimum credential for people who wish to
1449:
Orchestra conductors typically hold a master's degree in music, and choir conductors in the U.S. typically hold a bachelor's degree in music. Bachelor's degrees (referred to as B.Mus. or B.M) are four-year programs that include conducting lessons, amateur orchestra experience, and a sequence of
1223:
In addition to memorizing the music (between six and nine minutes of music is typical for high school marching bands, college bands and drum corps may have that much or more, up to more than eleven minutes of music) a drum major must memorize dynamics as well as tempo in order to provide proper
1090:
with string players, when a section has been playing the pedal point for a lengthy period; a cue is important to indicate when they should change to a new note. Cueing is achieved by "engaging" the players before their entry (by looking at them) and executing a clear preparation gesture, often
928:
Conducting is a means of communicating artistic directions to performers during a performance. Although there are many formal rules on how to conduct correctly, others are subjective, and a wide variety of different conducting styles exist depending upon the training and sophistication of the
547:
The two men had very different techniques: Toscanini's was
Italianate, with a long, large baton and clear beats (often not using his left hand); Furtwängler beat time with less apparent precision, because he wanted a more rounded sound (although it is a myth that his technique was vague; many
1506:
suggests the
Alexander Technique aids pain-relief: "long-term back pain – lessons in the technique may lead to reduced back pain-associated disability and reduce how often you feel pain for up to a year or more; long-term neck pain – lessons in the technique may lead to reduced neck pain and
968:
At the beginning of a piece of music, the conductor raises their hands (or hand if they only use a single hand) to indicate that the piece is about to begin. This is a signal for the orchestra members to ready their instruments to be played or for the choristers to be ready and watching. The
1319:
for new members of the orchestra, to ensure that the candidates have the playing style and tone that the conductor prefers and that candidates meet the performance standards. Some choral conductors are hired to prepare a choir for several weeks which will subsequently be directed by another
906:
1323:
Some conductors may have a significant public relations role, giving interviews to the local news channel and appearing on television talk shows to promote the upcoming season or particular concerts. On the other hand, a conductor hired to guest conduct a single concert may only have the
485:
with the Berlin
Philharmonic in November 1913. Nikisch was the first conductor to have his art captured on film—alas, silently. The film confirms reports that he made particularly mesmerizing use of eye contact and expression to communicate with an orchestra; such later conductors as
1215:; with the arrival of increasingly higher drum major platforms and thus greater visibility this has become both dangerous and unnecessary. Current drum majors use a variety of conducting patterns and styles that suit the needs of their respective marching bands and/or drum corps.
548:
musicians have attested that he was easy to follow in his own way). In any event, their examples illustrate a larger point about conducting technique in the first half of the 20th century: it was not standardized. Great and influential conductors of the middle 20th century like
1068:
are indicated in various ways. The dynamic may be communicated by the size of the conducting movements, larger shapes representing louder sounds. Changes in dynamic may be signalled with the second hand to indicate the beat: an upward motion (usually palm-up) indicates a
271:, there is evidence that points to many early societies utilizing visual and aural cuing to maintain a sense of beat, rhythm, and shape. The earliest documented forms of conducting arose out of a variety of different musical needs in varying regions around the world.
281:
As notated rhythm and beat as well as more complex rhythmic figures became more prominent in the early baroque era, performers relied on other indications to be able to understand the intent behind their parts. Beginning in the sixteenth century, the role of the
1034:(slowing down the pace of the music), a conductor may introduce beat subdivisions. While some conductors use both hands to indicate the beat, with the left hand mirroring the right, formal education discourages such an approach. The second hand can be used for
1010:) and is usually indicated by a sudden (though not necessarily large) click of the wrist or change in baton direction. In some instances, "ictus" is also used to refer to a horizontal plane in which all the ictuses are physically located, such as the top of a
1753:
David Mutch: "The gathering critical judgement of
Hortense von Gelmini, Germany's only woman conductor, is that she has not only the talent but the education, energy, and persistance to make her mark in this difficult and competitive profession" – 1976 in:
493:
Conductors of the generations after
Nikisch often left extensive recorded evidence of their arts. Two particularly influential and widely recorded figures are often treated, somewhat inaccurately, as interpretive antipodes. They were the Italian conductor
400:
conductor. Wagner was largely responsible for shaping the conductor's role as one who imposes his own view of a piece onto the performance rather than one who is just responsible for ensuring entries are made at the right time and that there is a unified
1041:
During an instrumental solo section (or, in an opera orchestra during a vocalist's unaccompanied solo), some conductors stop counting out all the subdivisions and simply tap the baton down once per bar, to aid performers who are counting bars of rests.
1324:
responsibility of rehearsing the orchestra for several pieces and conducting one or two concerts. While a handful of conductors have become well-known celebrities, such as Leonard Bernstein, most are only known within the classical music scene.
575:—he tried to get the orchestra to produce an "ugly" tone in a certain passage in which he believed it suited the expressive meaning of the music (the first horn player refused and finally agreed to let an understudy play instead of himself).
424:
Bülow raised the technical standards of conducting to an unprecedented level through such innovations as separate, detailed rehearsals of different sections of the orchestra ("sectional rehearsal"). In his posts as head of (sequentially) the
477:, said it was "quite exemplary, it's impossible to hear it any better." Nikisch took the London Symphony Orchestra on tour through the United States in April 1912, the first American tour by a European orchestra. He made one of the earliest
353:, all of whom were also composers. Mendelssohn is claimed to have been the first conductor to utilize a wooden baton to keep time, a practice still generally in use today. Prominent conductors who did not or do not use a baton include
290:, rolled sheet of paper, or other object and took many other forms throughout Europe. Having an audible source of beat allowed ensemble members to maintain consistency and execute rhythms with precision before the invention of the
140:
while also conducting the orchestra. Communication is typically non-verbal during a performance. However, in rehearsals, frequent interruptions allow the conductor to give verbal directions as to how music should be performed.
1462:
and as such qualifies the holder to teach in colleges, universities and conservatories. In addition to academic study, another part of the training pathway for many conductors is conducting amateur orchestras, such as
1210:
What is "appropriate" conducting has evolved over the decades. During the 1970s and prior it was not uncommon for a stationary drum major to do a high-lift mark time on the podium for an audible and visual
587:
allows communication to be much more rapid. Nonetheless, conductors' techniques still show a great deal of variety, particularly with the use of the left hand, facial and eye expression, and body language.
529:
in a piece, a strength of Furtwängler's conducting. Along with his interest in the large-scale, Furtwängler also shaped the details of the piece in a particularly compelling and expressive manner.
1495:
nerves, muscles, and joints. Many conductors forcefully throw their right arm when conducting beats, which can lead to back pain and neck tension, and especially puts the conductor at risk for
1027:, a conductor will sometimes indicate "subdivisions" of the beats. The conductor can do this by adding a smaller movement in the same direction as the movement for the beat that it belongs to.
1306:
1417:
Classical choral and instrumental conducting have established comprehensive systems of instruction and training. Aspiring conductors can study at colleges, conservatories, and universities.
421:(1830–1894) was particularly celebrated as a conductor, although he also maintained his initial career as a pianist, an instrument on which he was regarded as among the greatest performers.
992:
indicates the first beat of the bar, and the upbeat indicates the beat before the first note of the piece and the last beat of the bar. The instant at which the beat occurs is called the
437:
he brought a level of nuance and subtlety to orchestral performance previously heard only in solo instrumental playing, and in doing so made a profound impression on young artists like
267:
The beginnings of conducting as a form of beat-keeping can be traced back to ancient times in the Egyptian, Greek, and Roman societies. Through examining historical records- notably
1507:
associated disability for up to a year or more." Cultivating wholistic body awareness will allow conductors to maintain longevity in their careers with minimal pain and injuries.
86:, and may use other gestures or signals such as facial expression and eye contact. A conductor usually supplements their direction with verbal instructions to their musicians in
567:
Karajan and Bernstein formed another apparent antipode in the 1960s–80s, Karajan as music director of the Berlin Philharmonic (1955–89) and Bernstein as music director of the
1171:
change to a new reed. In some cases, woodwind or brass players will use the pause to switch to a different instrument (e.g., from trumpet to cornet or from clarinet to E
1181:. The conductor will instruct the orchestra members and choristers to write the term in their parts, so that they will be ready to go immediately to the next movement.
410:
933:
of a certain section. In amateur orchestras, the rehearsals are often stopped to draw the musicians' attentions to performance errors or transposition mistakes.
985:, indicating each beat with a change from downward to upward motion. The images show the most common beat patterns, as seen from the conductor's point of view.
1805:
1014:
where a baton is tapped at each ictus. The gesture leading up to the ictus is called the "preparation", and the continuous flow of steady beats is called the "
607:
1474:
The median salary of conductors in the U.S. in 2021 was $ 49,130. A 5% growth rate is forecast for conducting jobs from 2021 to 2031, an average growth rate.
956:
but may sometimes be spontaneous. A distinction is sometimes made between orchestral conducting and choral conducting. Typically, orchestral conductors use a
669:
reported that in a list of the world's 150 top conductors that year, only five were women." While Mexico has produced several major international conductors,
582:
In the last third of the 20th century, conducting technique—particularly with the right hand and the baton—became increasingly standardized. Conductors like
101:
for all the instruments or voices. Since the mid-19th century, most conductors have not played an instrument when conducting, although in earlier periods of
62:. It has been defined as "the art of directing the simultaneous performance of several players or singers by the use of gesture." The primary duties of the
2848:
532:
516:
as the greatest of all Verdi conductors. But Toscanini's repertory was wide, and it was in his interpretations of the German symphonists Beethoven and
720:, "black conductors are rare in the classical music world and even in symphony orchestras it is unusual to see more than one or two black musicians".
1827:
1086:
Cueing is most important for cases where a performer or section has not been playing for a lengthy time. Cueing is also helpful in the case of a
1471:
conductors learn on the job by conducting amateur orchestras, school orchestras, and community orchestras (or the equivalent choral ensembles).
661:
in the music industry". A 2013 article states that in France, out of 574 concerts only 17 were conducted by women and no women conducted at the
2237:
952:
and expression through gestures is also beneficial. Conducting gestures are preferably prepared beforehand by the conductor while studying the
4421:
3602:
3223:
2311:
977:
of the music is typically indicated with the conductor's right hand, with or without a baton. The hand traces a shape in the air in every
680:
who was thematic director of the Boston Symphony Orchestra from 1973 until 2002 after holding similar posts in San Francisco and Toronto.
606:
were almost unheard of in the ranks of leading orchestral conductors through most of the 19th and 20th centuries, but today, artists like
3672:
1421:
and universities offer a range of conducting programs, including courses in conducting as part of bachelor's degrees, a small number of
4411:
1884:
1565:
396:
attained greatness as conductors, and they wrote two of the earliest essays dedicated to the subject. Berlioz is considered the first
4127:
3197:
2524:
1537:
642:
297:
In instrumental music throughout the 18th century, a member of the ensemble usually acted as the conductor. This was sometimes the
2605:
136:. Instrumentalists may perform challenging works while conducting - for instance, it is not uncommon to see a pianist perform a
2555:
1406:
4242:
1038:
the entrances of individual players or sections and to aid indications of dynamics, phrasing, expression, and other elements.
145:
performers. They may also attend to organizational matters, such as scheduling rehearsals, planning a concert season, hearing
3547:
2008:
1925:
1398:
676:
Similarly, conductors of East Asian descent have become more prominent within the contemporary orchestral landscape—notably
630:
2356:
461:(1855–1922) who succeeded Bülow as music director of the Berlin Philharmonic in 1895. Nikisch premiered important works by
1770:
82:
where appropriate. Conductors communicate with their musicians primarily through hand gestures, usually with the aid of a
2068:
4431:
4097:
2838:
2298:
2280:
2206:
2178:
2142:
1177:
clarinet). If the conductor wishes to immediately begin one movement after another for musical reasons, this is called
512:
in 1886, filling in at the last minute for an indisposed conductor. He is to this day regarded by such authorities as
4529:
4312:
3320:
3254:
2247:
2230:
Introduction to the Orchestral Conducting Technique in Accordance with the Orchestral Conducting School of Ilya Musin
2160:
2043:
1741:
1720:
1690:
1637:
1595:
1385:
1293:
1050:
1046:
781:
1797:
1367:
1275:
763:
3787:
3239:
3202:
478:
17:
564:(1918–1990)—the first American conductor to attain greatness and international fame—had widely varied techniques.
4635:
4436:
3622:
3492:
3332:
3325:
1310:
A military conductor leads the U.S. Navy band during Memorial Day ceremonies held at Arlington National Cemetery.
4416:
4117:
3337:
1579:
1560:
1363:
1271:
1045:
There is a difference between the "textbook" definition of where the ictus of a downbeat occurs and the actual
759:
445:, who came to disapprove of his interpretations but was deeply impressed by his orchestral standards. Composer
313:
4630:
4446:
3927:
3244:
1756:
540:
4625:
4277:
3412:
3286:
1320:
conductor. The choral conductor is usually acknowledged for their preparatory work in the concert program.
685:
626:
413:
in 1828, though Berlioz was later alarmed at Habeneck's loose standards of rehearsal. Pianist and composer
1121:. Many conductors change the tension of the hands: strained muscles and rigid movements may correspond to
4615:
4610:
4497:
4426:
4317:
3597:
3276:
3192:
1359:
1267:
755:
948:) and the ability to communicate them effectively to an ensemble. The ability to communicate nuances of
4620:
4401:
4322:
3702:
3647:
2833:
2548:
1625:
1190:
709:
482:
1831:
4502:
4062:
3344:
2705:
2660:
430:
2253:
1099:
1030:
Changes to the tempo are indicated by changing the speed of the beat. To carry out and to control a
30:
4576:
4182:
4077:
4027:
3997:
3298:
3090:
2635:
2349:
2322:
1348:
1256:
744:
705:
466:
4391:
4357:
3291:
2445:
2327:
1775:
1532:
1503:
1352:
1260:
748:
646:
612:
572:
474:
3882:
3737:
3315:
3033:
2853:
2665:
2286:
2212:
1524:
1426:
1402:
970:
693:
457:
Technical standards were brought to new levels by the next generation of conductors, including
2035:
F.M. : the life of Frederick Matthias Alexander : founder of the Alexander technique
1856:
1148:
piece that the conductor will beat "in two" (two ictus points or beats per bar, as if it were
1113:
Articulation may be indicated by the character of the ictus, ranging from short and sharp for
499:
4342:
4292:
4192:
4162:
4142:
3517:
3271:
3249:
2984:
2858:
2541:
2150:
1915:
1680:
1224:
direction and cues, particularly in area where the drum major has some discretion, such as a
960:
more often than choral conductors. The grip of the baton varies from conductor to conductor.
568:
346:
1968:
1629:
1616:
1024:
4232:
4202:
4197:
4122:
4022:
4002:
3802:
3642:
3442:
3387:
3281:
3259:
3085:
3038:
2458:
1941:
1487:
945:
426:
342:
268:
2508:
603:
406:
8:
4462:
4332:
4252:
4157:
4137:
3972:
3962:
3932:
3897:
3892:
3847:
3822:
3697:
3627:
3577:
3542:
3452:
3437:
3354:
2958:
2891:
2690:
2342:
1483:
670:
638:
557:
434:
382:
34:
1654:
4524:
4492:
4347:
4212:
4167:
4052:
4007:
3937:
3887:
3772:
3727:
3427:
3417:
3359:
3349:
3068:
2815:
2685:
2476:
2400:
2268:
2014:
1889:
1584:
957:
526:
83:
149:
and selecting members, and promoting their ensemble in the media. Orchestras, choirs,
4482:
4477:
4372:
4262:
4257:
4222:
4177:
4172:
4087:
4067:
4042:
3957:
3912:
3907:
3832:
3752:
3667:
3662:
3617:
3612:
3567:
3532:
3527:
3512:
3497:
3457:
3308:
3155:
3143:
3048:
3023:
3004:
2800:
2795:
2580:
2294:
2276:
2243:
2202:
2174:
2166:
2156:
2138:
2092:
2049:
2039:
2004:
1990:
1921:
1852:
1737:
1716:
1686:
1633:
1591:
1496:
883:
846:
794:
713:
583:
561:
549:
536:
522:
442:
370:
350:
286:
in Germany represented someone who audibly tapped the beat on a hard surface using a
2325:, as he demonstrates and discusses the role of a conductor, rehearsing Stravinsky's
2018:
989:
418:
4514:
4396:
4352:
4337:
4327:
4307:
4282:
4187:
4147:
4102:
4017:
3982:
3977:
3967:
3947:
3872:
3867:
3862:
3807:
3762:
3757:
3722:
3707:
3682:
3657:
3652:
3632:
3607:
3582:
3572:
3522:
3487:
3467:
3462:
3447:
3432:
3422:
3402:
3397:
3392:
3187:
3058:
2979:
2938:
2880:
2775:
2745:
2572:
2503:
2491:
2486:
2422:
1996:
1911:
1410:
1167:
1074:
1065:
949:
941:
689:
681:
495:
98:
79:
75:
2232:, book and DVD in English, German, Italian, Spanish (Milan: Edizioni Curci, 2007).
4534:
4472:
4406:
4367:
4302:
4297:
4287:
4247:
4227:
4152:
4112:
4107:
4082:
4057:
4032:
3952:
3942:
3902:
3857:
3842:
3837:
3817:
3792:
3742:
3732:
3717:
3687:
3592:
3537:
3507:
3502:
3482:
3472:
3407:
3234:
3182:
3115:
3100:
3028:
3014:
2901:
2735:
2670:
2600:
2472:
2427:
2194:
2184:
1464:
1459:
1431:
1422:
673:
has become the first Mexican-born woman to attain distinction in the profession.
629:
in 2007—the first woman appointed to head a major U.S. orchestra—and also of the
517:
470:
438:
366:
287:
130:
102:
2730:
4588:
4541:
4509:
4487:
4441:
4362:
4272:
4237:
4217:
4207:
4132:
4092:
4047:
4012:
3992:
3987:
3922:
3877:
3827:
3812:
3797:
3767:
3747:
3712:
3692:
3637:
3562:
3557:
3477:
3172:
3138:
3105:
3043:
2906:
2407:
2369:
2318:
2119:
1491:
982:
701:
650:
553:
503:
462:
458:
393:
389:
378:
374:
317:
175:
118:
2000:
490:
stated that this aspect of his technique had a strong influence on their own.
4604:
4519:
4267:
4072:
4037:
3917:
3852:
3782:
3777:
3677:
3587:
3552:
3266:
3207:
3150:
3120:
3095:
3080:
3053:
2933:
2928:
2780:
2770:
2720:
2700:
2650:
2612:
2595:
2585:
2467:
2412:
2390:
1103:
658:
446:
354:
298:
283:
229:
225:
187:
133:
114:
106:
2239:
Conductors in Britain, 1870–1914: Wielding the Baton at the Height of Empire
2053:
936:
Conducting requires an understanding of the elements of musical expression (
244:. Respected senior conductors are sometimes referred to by the Italian word
4562:
3303:
3177:
3063:
2969:
2953:
2918:
2828:
2755:
2640:
2463:
2334:
1861:
1556:
1435:
1418:
1189:
When a marching band is performing a field show, there will typically be a
974:
622:
513:
487:
402:
362:
221:
150:
599:
Conductor's score and batons on a lit, extra-large conductor's music stand
3165:
2974:
2923:
2896:
2823:
2590:
2033:
1885:"The Maestro's Mojo – Breaking Conductors' Down by Gesture and Body Part"
1087:
1031:
1011:
978:
953:
677:
662:
618:
525:, who emphasized concern for underlying long-range harmonic tensions and
414:
338:
302:
126:
110:
67:
48:
105:
history, leading an ensemble while playing an instrument was common. In
3110:
3075:
2805:
2760:
2440:
2385:
2380:
1443:
1225:
1126:
697:
633:
in 2012, and Alsop was the first woman to conduct on the last night of
358:
275:
70:
in a way that reflects the specific indications in that score, set the
994:
220:, particularly for choirs associated with an orchestra. Conductors of
4467:
2790:
2622:
1125:, while relaxed hands and soft movements may correspond to legato or
1070:
634:
291:
274:
An early example of utilizing gesture to influence a performance was
166:
87:
52:
1337:
1245:
1163:), the conductor would hold up two fingers in front of their chest.
733:
2913:
2875:
2710:
2481:
1316:
1114:
1107:
1035:
397:
154:
146:
137:
3160:
1438:. Many conductors learn to play a keyboard instrument such as the
684:, who has held major posts in Germany and France, is bringing the
2994:
2715:
2675:
2655:
2417:
2191:(2nd revised and updated edition, New York: Citadel Press, 2001).
1405:, a music educator, composer and conductor, (far left) leads the
1229:
1178:
1122:
905:
246:
59:
117:), an approach that in modern times has been revived by several
97:
with a large music stand for the full score, which contains the
2989:
2725:
2680:
2645:
2630:
1118:
930:
94:
1969:"Music Directors and Composers: Occupational Outlook Handbook"
3212:
2843:
2765:
2695:
2564:
2496:
2126:(Garden City, New York: Doubleday, 1959); English edition as
1992:
Alternative Medicine: A Critical Assessment of 150 Modalities
1439:
1212:
1023:
If the tempo is slow or slowing, or if the time signature is
937:
645:
in 2005; she is also the first woman conductor to record the
595:
205:
170:
122:
71:
56:
45:
1315:
and so on. A senior conductor may attend some or all of the
2999:
2785:
625:
lead orchestras. Alsop was appointed music director of the
508:
322:
1734:
A History of Orchestral Conducting: In Theory and Practice
637:. Young scored similar firsts when she became head of the
2171:
A History of Orchestral Conducting in Theory and Practice
1053:
chord, a professional orchestra will often play slightly
2533:
1193:
conducting the band. This is known as field conducting.
121:
for music from this period. Conducting while playing a
2189:
The Maestro Myth: Great Conductors in Pursuit of Power
1795:
1578:
1425:
degrees in conducting, and an even smaller number of
1057:
the striking of the ictus point of the baton stroke.
411:
Orchestre de la Société des concerts du Conservatoire
2199:
Conducting Technique for Beginners and Professionals
1771:"Here's Why You Seldom See Women Leading a Symphony"
1514:
1073:; a downward motion (usually palm-down) indicates a
2849:
Evolution of timpani in the 18th and 19th centuries
1590:(Fifth ed.). Oxford University Press, Oxford.
1917:The Art of Conducting Technique: A New Perspective
1713:The NPR Listener's Encyclopedia of Classical Music
1615:
1583:
502:(1886–1954). Toscanini played in orchestras under
1798:"Une main ferme à l'Orchestre national de France"
1049:in professional orchestras. With an abrupt, loud
417:was also a conductor. Wagner's one-time champion
405:. Predecessors who focused on conducting include
4602:
1857:"Black conductor fears he will remain exception"
1768:
1020:" (the German word for bar, measure and beat).
153:, and other sizable musical ensembles, such as
1762:
1652:
1582:; Bourne Kennedy, Joyce (2007). "Conducting".
1467:, school orchestras and community orchestras.
1166:In most cases, there is a short pause between
262:
254:), which translates as "master" or "teacher".
2549:
2350:
2220:
2135:A Guide to Successful Instrumental Conducting
2128:The Conductor: His Artistry and Craftsmanship
1566:A Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Volume 1
441:, who at age 20 served as his assistant, and
2364:
2153:: Musique, spectacle et folie au XIXe siècle
2067:Services, Department of Health & Human.
1015:
199:
193:
185:
2201:(New York: Oxford University Press, 1989);
1995:. Cham: Springer International Publishing.
1609:
1607:
1366:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1274:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
1000:
762:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
93:The conductor typically stands on a raised
2556:
2542:
2520:
2357:
2343:
2242:. Woodbridge: Boydell Press. p. 320.
2225:) (Moscow: Muzyka Publishing House, 1967).
1963:
1961:
631:Orquestra Sinfônica do Estado de São Paulo
109:, the group would typically be led by the
3198:Music technology (electronic and digital)
2525:List of principal conductors by orchestra
1910:
1825:
1538:List of principal conductors by orchestra
1386:Learn how and when to remove this message
1327:
1294:Learn how and when to remove this message
1094:
782:Learn how and when to remove this message
208:or choruses are sometimes referred to as
1604:
1502:A review of evidence provided by the UK
1397:
1305:
1098:
904:
882:
845:
793:
594:
531:
312:
29:
1958:
1851:
1769:Hannah Levintova (September 23, 2013).
1685:. ABDO Publishing Company. p. 44.
1218:
14:
4603:
1678:
1613:
1407:Smithsonian Jazz Masterworks Orchestra
1196:
232:and other bands may hold the title of
3377:
2731:Vietnam imperial court music—Nhã nhạc
2537:
2338:
2293:(New York: Macmillan, 2nd ed. 1981);
2031:
1988:
1882:
1830:. Classical-Music.com. Archived from
1796:Victor Tribot Laspière (2013-10-02).
1622:The Cambridge Companion to Conducting
498:(1867–1957) and the German conductor
2133:Larry G. Curtis and David L. Kuehn:
2066:
1828:"11 of today's top women conductors"
1477:
1413:awards ceremony and concert in 2008.
1364:adding citations to reliable sources
1331:
1272:adding citations to reliable sources
1239:
1205:
760:adding citations to reliable sources
727:
688:to international attention. Notable
2173:(New York: Pendragon Press, 1988);
2130:(London: G. Bell & Sons, 1961).
1184:
657:called conducting "one of the last
24:
4412:Classical and art music traditions
2839:History of lute-family instruments
2656:Cambodian ceremonial music—Pinpeat
2236:Palmer, Fiona M. (17 March 2017).
2113:
1586:Oxford Concise Dictionary of Music
25:
4647:
2305:
1971:. U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics
1883:Wakin, Daniel J. (6 April 2012).
1808:from the original on Oct 18, 2016
963:
4584:
4583:
4570:
4556:
4128:Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
3603:Democratic Republic of the Congo
3203:Sound recording and reproduction
2651:Burmese classical music—Mahāgīta
2519:
2275:(New York: W. W. Norton, 1983);
1620:. In Bowen, José Antonio (ed.).
1517:
1336:
1244:
732:
473:, after hearing him conduct his
469:, who greatly admired his work;
4432:Jazz and popular music glossary
2137:(New York: McGraw-Hill, 1992);
2085:
2060:
2025:
1982:
1934:
1904:
1876:
1845:
1826:Pentreath, Rosie (2015-03-06).
1819:
1789:
1653:Espie Estrella (6 March 2017).
590:
452:
308:
160:
157:are usually led by conductors.
27:Directing a musical performance
3673:Federated States of Micronesia
1747:
1726:
1705:
1679:Lusted, Marcia Amidon (2011).
1672:
1646:
1572:
1561:John Alexander Fuller Maitland
1549:
506:and made his debut conducting
165:The principal conductor of an
13:
1:
2711:Philippine art songs—Kundiman
2631:Afghan classical music—Klasik
2155:(Biarritz: Atlantica, 2006);
1757:The Christian Science Monitor
1617:"The technique of conducting"
1543:
541:Royal Concertgebouw Orchestra
331:
4577:Record production portal
4422:Cultural and regional genres
2676:Indonesian art music—Gamelan
723:
686:Seoul Philharmonic Orchestra
627:Baltimore Symphony Orchestra
481:of a complete symphony: the
449:was also a noted conductor.
173:company is referred to as a
74:, ensure correct entries by
7:
3193:Music technology (electric)
2726:Thai classical music—Piphat
2681:Japanese court music—Gagaku
2217:The Technique of Conducting
2073:www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au
1732:Galkin, Elliott W. (1988).
1510:
1060:
981:(measure) depending on the
330:By the early 19th century (
263:Middle Ages to 18th century
10:
4652:
2834:History of the harpsichord
2721:Kandyan dance of Sri Lanka
1626:Cambridge University Press
257:
44:is the art of directing a
4550:
4455:
4384:
3384:
3370:
3221:
3131:
3013:
2949:
2871:
2814:
2744:
2661:Chinese traditional music
2621:
2571:
2563:
2517:
2454:
2436:
2376:
2291:The Grammar of Conducting
2221:
2038:. London: Little, Brown.
2001:10.1007/978-3-030-12601-8
1711:Libbey, Theodore (2006).
1490:based on the notion that
1080:
431:Meiningen Court Orchestra
184:, or by the German words
78:members, and "shape" the
3548:Central African Republic
3091:Computational musicology
2636:Andalusi classical music
1614:Holden, Raymond (2003).
1499:from repetitive motion.
1235:
1117:, to long and fluid for
467:Pyotr Ilyich Tchaikovsky
4437:Music genres and styles
2736:Western classical music
2706:Persian classical music
2446:Conductorless orchestra
2032:Bloch, Michael (2004).
1946:method-behind-the-music
1533:Conductorless orchestra
1504:National Health Service
663:National Opéra in Paris
4636:Positions of authority
4417:Classical music genres
3493:Bosnia and Herzegovina
3034:Doctor of Musical Arts
2854:History of the trumpet
2666:Indian classical music
1989:Ernst, Edzard (2019).
1525:Classical music portal
1427:doctor of musical arts
1414:
1328:Training and education
1311:
1110:
1095:Other musical elements
1016:
1001:
925:
902:
880:
843:
643:Philharmoniker Hamburg
600:
544:
327:
301:, who could use their
200:
194:
186:
129:may also be done with
38:
4243:São Tomé and Príncipe
4118:Saint Kitts and Nevis
4098:Republic of the Congo
2859:History of the violin
2222:Техника дирижирования
2124:The Art of Conducting
2093:"Alexander technique"
2069:"Alexander technique"
1942:"Advanced Conducting"
1736:, p. 521. Pendragon.
1430:the major periods of
1401:
1309:
1102:
908:
886:
849:
797:
598:
569:New York Philharmonic
535:
347:Louis-Antoine Jullien
320:conducting his opera
316:
66:are to interpret the
33:
4631:Occupations in music
4313:United Arab Emirates
3378:
3086:Cognitive musicology
1569:, p. 581. Macmillan.
1360:improve this section
1268:improve this section
1219:Assisting musicality
1047:performance practice
756:improve this section
608:Hortense von Gelmini
427:Bavarian State Opera
381:(for a period), and
343:Carl Maria von Weber
113:or first violinist (
4626:Musical terminology
4463:Aesthetics of music
4278:Trinidad and Tobago
3413:Antigua and Barbuda
2892:Band (rock and pop)
2816:Musical instruments
2691:Lao classical music
1497:rotator cuff injury
1488:alternative therapy
1484:Alexander Technique
1197:Conducting patterns
671:Alondra de la Parra
639:Hamburg State Opera
558:Herbert von Karajan
500:Wilhelm Furtwängler
435:Berlin Philharmonic
383:Dimitri Mitropoulos
35:Herbert von Karajan
4616:Artistic directors
4611:Conductors (music)
4525:Musical instrument
4493:Music and politics
3623:Dominican Republic
3371:By sovereign state
2686:Korean court music
2646:Azerbaijani Mugham
2313:The New York Times
2269:Frederik Prausnitz
1890:The New York Times
1855:(10 August 2004).
1853:Higgins, Charlotte
1715:, p. 44. Workman.
1415:
1312:
1111:
926:
903:
881:
844:
716:' 2004 article in
601:
545:
409:, who founded the
328:
294:many years later.
198:(in the feminine,
39:
37:conducting in 1941
4621:Music performance
4598:
4597:
4483:Music and fashion
4478:Music and emotion
4380:
4379:
3648:Equatorial Guinea
3144:A-side and B-side
3049:Music archaeology
3024:Bachelor of Music
2867:
2866:
2801:Psychedelic music
2796:Progressive music
2716:Scottish Ceòl Mór
2531:
2530:
2167:Elliott W. Galkin
2010:978-3-030-12600-1
1927:978-1-4574-6032-6
1912:Farberman, Harold
1478:Injury prevention
1396:
1395:
1388:
1304:
1303:
1296:
1206:Controlling tempo
792:
791:
784:
714:Charlotte Higgins
584:Willem Mengelberg
562:Leonard Bernstein
550:Leopold Stokowski
537:Leonard Bernstein
523:Heinrich Schenker
443:Felix Weingartner
407:François Habeneck
371:Leopold Stokowski
351:Felix Mendelssohn
204:). Conductors of
16:(Redirected from
4643:
4587:
4586:
4575:
4574:
4573:
4563:Music portal
4561:
4560:
4559:
4515:Music technology
4503:Environmentalism
4456:Related articles
4063:Papua New Guinea
3928:Marshall Islands
3375:
3374:
3321:Central American
3059:Music psychology
2939:Backing vocalist
2776:Electronic music
2619:
2618:
2573:History of music
2558:
2551:
2544:
2535:
2534:
2523:
2522:
2509:Women conductors
2504:Black conductors
2359:
2352:
2345:
2336:
2335:
2273:Score and Podium
2265:
2263:
2261:
2256:on 29 March 2017
2252:. Archived from
2224:
2223:
2108:
2107:
2105:
2104:
2089:
2083:
2082:
2080:
2079:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2029:
2023:
2022:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1976:
1965:
1956:
1955:
1953:
1952:
1938:
1932:
1931:
1920:. Alfred Music.
1908:
1902:
1901:
1899:
1897:
1880:
1874:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1849:
1843:
1842:
1840:
1839:
1823:
1817:
1816:
1814:
1813:
1793:
1787:
1786:
1784:
1783:
1766:
1760:
1751:
1745:
1730:
1724:
1709:
1703:
1702:
1700:
1699:
1676:
1670:
1669:
1667:
1665:
1650:
1644:
1643:
1619:
1611:
1602:
1601:
1589:
1580:Kennedy, Michael
1576:
1570:
1553:
1527:
1522:
1521:
1520:
1465:youth orchestras
1411:NEA Jazz Masters
1391:
1384:
1380:
1377:
1371:
1340:
1332:
1299:
1292:
1288:
1285:
1279:
1248:
1240:
1185:Field conducting
1176:
1175:
1162:
1161:
1160:
1159:
1147:
1146:
1145:
1144:
1019:
1004:
923:
922:
921:
920:
900:
899:
898:
897:
878:
877:
876:
875:
863:
862:
861:
860:
841:
840:
839:
838:
826:
825:
824:
823:
811:
810:
809:
808:
787:
780:
776:
773:
767:
736:
728:
690:black conductors
682:Myung-Whun Chung
616:
604:Women conductors
560:(1908–1989) and
496:Arturo Toscanini
336:
333:
203:
197:
191:
99:musical notation
21:
18:Choral conductor
4651:
4650:
4646:
4645:
4644:
4642:
4641:
4640:
4601:
4600:
4599:
4594:
4571:
4569:
4557:
4555:
4546:
4473:Fictional music
4451:
4376:
4183:Solomon Islands
4028:North Macedonia
3380:
3366:
3228:
3226:regional genres
3225:
3217:
3183:Record producer
3127:
3116:Sociomusicology
3101:Ethnomusicology
3029:Master of Music
3009:
2963:
2945:
2902:All-female band
2885:
2863:
2810:
2747:
2740:
2696:Mandé art music
2671:Byzantine music
2617:
2567:
2562:
2532:
2527:
2513:
2450:
2432:
2372:
2363:
2308:
2259:
2257:
2250:
2235:
2228:Ennio Nicotra:
2195:Brock McElheran
2185:Norman Lebrecht
2116:
2114:Further reading
2111:
2102:
2100:
2091:
2090:
2086:
2077:
2075:
2065:
2061:
2046:
2030:
2026:
2011:
1987:
1983:
1974:
1972:
1967:
1966:
1959:
1950:
1948:
1940:
1939:
1935:
1928:
1909:
1905:
1895:
1893:
1881:
1877:
1867:
1865:
1850:
1846:
1837:
1835:
1824:
1820:
1811:
1809:
1794:
1790:
1781:
1779:
1767:
1763:
1752:
1748:
1731:
1727:
1710:
1706:
1697:
1695:
1693:
1677:
1673:
1663:
1661:
1655:"The Conductor"
1651:
1647:
1640:
1612:
1605:
1598:
1577:
1573:
1563:, eds. (1922).
1554:
1550:
1546:
1523:
1518:
1516:
1513:
1480:
1460:terminal degree
1432:classical music
1423:master of music
1392:
1381:
1375:
1372:
1357:
1341:
1330:
1300:
1289:
1283:
1280:
1265:
1249:
1238:
1221:
1208:
1199:
1187:
1173:
1172:
1158:
1153:
1152:
1151:
1150:
1149:
1143:
1138:
1137:
1136:
1135:
1134:
1097:
1083:
1063:
966:
919:
914:
913:
912:
911:
910:
896:
891:
890:
889:
888:
887:
874:
869:
868:
867:
866:
865:
859:
854:
853:
852:
851:
850:
837:
832:
831:
830:
829:
828:
822:
817:
816:
815:
814:
813:
807:
802:
801:
800:
799:
798:
788:
777:
771:
768:
753:
737:
726:
712:. According to
610:
593:
539:conducting the
483:Beethoven Fifth
475:Fourth Symphony
471:Johannes Brahms
455:
439:Richard Strauss
367:Yuri Temirkanov
334:
311:
265:
260:
210:choral director
182:chief conductor
163:
131:musical theatre
119:music directors
103:classical music
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4649:
4639:
4638:
4633:
4628:
4623:
4618:
4613:
4596:
4595:
4593:
4592:
4580:
4566:
4551:
4548:
4547:
4545:
4544:
4542:Women in music
4539:
4538:
4537:
4532:
4530:Classification
4522:
4517:
4512:
4510:Music festival
4507:
4506:
4505:
4500:
4490:
4488:Music industry
4485:
4480:
4475:
4470:
4465:
4459:
4457:
4453:
4452:
4450:
4449:
4444:
4439:
4434:
4429:
4424:
4419:
4414:
4409:
4404:
4399:
4394:
4388:
4386:
4382:
4381:
4378:
4377:
4375:
4370:
4365:
4360:
4358:Western Sahara
4355:
4350:
4345:
4340:
4335:
4330:
4325:
4320:
4318:United Kingdom
4315:
4310:
4305:
4300:
4295:
4290:
4285:
4280:
4275:
4270:
4265:
4260:
4255:
4250:
4245:
4240:
4235:
4230:
4225:
4220:
4215:
4210:
4205:
4200:
4195:
4190:
4185:
4180:
4175:
4170:
4165:
4160:
4155:
4150:
4145:
4140:
4135:
4130:
4125:
4120:
4115:
4110:
4105:
4100:
4095:
4090:
4085:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4065:
4060:
4055:
4050:
4045:
4040:
4035:
4030:
4025:
4020:
4015:
4010:
4005:
4000:
3995:
3990:
3985:
3980:
3975:
3970:
3965:
3960:
3955:
3950:
3945:
3940:
3935:
3930:
3925:
3920:
3915:
3910:
3905:
3900:
3895:
3890:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3865:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3825:
3820:
3815:
3810:
3805:
3800:
3795:
3790:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3740:
3735:
3730:
3725:
3720:
3715:
3710:
3705:
3700:
3695:
3690:
3685:
3680:
3675:
3670:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3650:
3645:
3640:
3635:
3630:
3625:
3620:
3615:
3610:
3605:
3600:
3598:Czech Republic
3595:
3590:
3585:
3580:
3575:
3570:
3565:
3560:
3555:
3550:
3545:
3540:
3535:
3530:
3525:
3520:
3515:
3510:
3505:
3500:
3495:
3490:
3485:
3480:
3475:
3470:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3450:
3445:
3440:
3435:
3430:
3425:
3420:
3415:
3410:
3405:
3400:
3395:
3390:
3385:
3382:
3381:
3372:
3368:
3367:
3365:
3364:
3363:
3362:
3357:
3352:
3342:
3341:
3340:
3333:North American
3330:
3329:
3328:
3326:South American
3323:
3316:Latin American
3313:
3312:
3311:
3306:
3296:
3295:
3294:
3289:
3284:
3282:Middle Eastern
3279:
3274:
3264:
3263:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3242:
3231:
3229:
3222:
3219:
3218:
3216:
3215:
3210:
3205:
3200:
3195:
3190:
3185:
3180:
3175:
3173:Audio engineer
3170:
3169:
3168:
3163:
3158:
3148:
3147:
3146:
3135:
3133:
3129:
3128:
3126:
3125:
3124:
3123:
3118:
3113:
3108:
3106:New musicology
3103:
3098:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3073:
3072:
3071:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3020:
3018:
3011:
3010:
3008:
3007:
3002:
2997:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2977:
2972:
2966:
2964:
2962:
2961:
2956:
2950:
2947:
2946:
2944:
2943:
2942:
2941:
2936:
2926:
2921:
2916:
2911:
2910:
2909:
2907:Rhythm section
2904:
2899:
2888:
2886:
2884:
2883:
2878:
2872:
2869:
2868:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2861:
2856:
2851:
2846:
2841:
2836:
2831:
2826:
2820:
2818:
2812:
2811:
2809:
2808:
2803:
2798:
2793:
2788:
2783:
2778:
2773:
2768:
2763:
2758:
2752:
2750:
2742:
2741:
2739:
2738:
2733:
2728:
2723:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2703:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2683:
2678:
2673:
2668:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2627:
2625:
2616:
2615:
2610:
2609:
2608:
2598:
2593:
2588:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2569:
2568:
2561:
2560:
2553:
2546:
2538:
2529:
2528:
2518:
2515:
2514:
2512:
2511:
2506:
2500:
2499:
2494:
2489:
2484:
2479:
2470:
2461:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2448:
2443:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2430:
2425:
2420:
2415:
2410:
2405:
2404:
2403:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2377:
2374:
2373:
2362:
2361:
2354:
2347:
2339:
2333:
2332:
2328:Soldier's Tale
2319:motion capture
2307:
2306:External links
2304:
2303:
2302:
2299:978-0028722207
2284:
2281:978-0393951547
2266:
2248:
2233:
2226:
2210:
2207:978-0193858305
2192:
2182:
2179:978-0918728470
2164:
2146:
2143:978-0697126948
2131:
2120:Michael Bowles
2115:
2112:
2110:
2109:
2084:
2059:
2044:
2024:
2009:
1981:
1957:
1933:
1926:
1914:(1999-11-27).
1903:
1875:
1844:
1818:
1802:France Musique
1788:
1761:
1746:
1725:
1704:
1691:
1671:
1645:
1638:
1603:
1596:
1571:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1541:
1540:
1535:
1529:
1528:
1512:
1509:
1479:
1476:
1434:and regarding
1394:
1393:
1344:
1342:
1335:
1329:
1326:
1302:
1301:
1252:
1250:
1243:
1237:
1234:
1220:
1217:
1207:
1204:
1198:
1195:
1186:
1183:
1154:
1139:
1096:
1093:
1082:
1079:
1062:
1059:
983:time signature
965:
964:Beat and tempo
962:
915:
892:
870:
855:
833:
818:
803:
790:
789:
740:
738:
731:
725:
722:
710:Michael Morgan
702:James DePreist
659:glass ceilings
651:Richard Wagner
592:
589:
573:Symphony No. 9
554:Otto Klemperer
504:Giuseppe Verdi
463:Anton Bruckner
459:Arthur Nikisch
454:
451:
419:Hans von Bülow
394:Richard Wagner
390:Hector Berlioz
388:The composers
379:Eugene Ormandy
375:Vasily Safonov
318:Giuseppe Verdi
310:
307:
264:
261:
259:
256:
230:marching bands
226:military bands
176:music director
162:
159:
134:pit orchestras
111:harpsichordist
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4648:
4637:
4634:
4632:
4629:
4627:
4624:
4622:
4619:
4617:
4614:
4612:
4609:
4608:
4606:
4591:
4590:
4581:
4579:
4578:
4567:
4565:
4564:
4553:
4552:
4549:
4543:
4540:
4536:
4533:
4531:
4528:
4527:
4526:
4523:
4521:
4520:Music therapy
4518:
4516:
4513:
4511:
4508:
4504:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4495:
4494:
4491:
4489:
4486:
4484:
4481:
4479:
4476:
4474:
4471:
4469:
4466:
4464:
4461:
4460:
4458:
4454:
4448:
4445:
4443:
4440:
4438:
4435:
4433:
4430:
4428:
4425:
4423:
4420:
4418:
4415:
4413:
4410:
4408:
4405:
4403:
4400:
4398:
4395:
4393:
4390:
4389:
4387:
4383:
4374:
4371:
4369:
4366:
4364:
4361:
4359:
4356:
4354:
4351:
4349:
4346:
4344:
4341:
4339:
4336:
4334:
4331:
4329:
4326:
4324:
4323:United States
4321:
4319:
4316:
4314:
4311:
4309:
4306:
4304:
4301:
4299:
4296:
4294:
4291:
4289:
4286:
4284:
4281:
4279:
4276:
4274:
4271:
4269:
4266:
4264:
4261:
4259:
4256:
4254:
4251:
4249:
4246:
4244:
4241:
4239:
4236:
4234:
4231:
4229:
4226:
4224:
4221:
4219:
4216:
4214:
4211:
4209:
4206:
4204:
4201:
4199:
4196:
4194:
4191:
4189:
4186:
4184:
4181:
4179:
4176:
4174:
4171:
4169:
4166:
4164:
4161:
4159:
4156:
4154:
4151:
4149:
4146:
4144:
4141:
4139:
4136:
4134:
4131:
4129:
4126:
4124:
4121:
4119:
4116:
4114:
4111:
4109:
4106:
4104:
4101:
4099:
4096:
4094:
4091:
4089:
4086:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4074:
4071:
4069:
4066:
4064:
4061:
4059:
4056:
4054:
4051:
4049:
4046:
4044:
4041:
4039:
4036:
4034:
4031:
4029:
4026:
4024:
4021:
4019:
4016:
4014:
4011:
4009:
4006:
4004:
4001:
3999:
3996:
3994:
3991:
3989:
3986:
3984:
3981:
3979:
3976:
3974:
3971:
3969:
3966:
3964:
3961:
3959:
3956:
3954:
3951:
3949:
3946:
3944:
3941:
3939:
3936:
3934:
3931:
3929:
3926:
3924:
3921:
3919:
3916:
3914:
3911:
3909:
3906:
3904:
3901:
3899:
3896:
3894:
3891:
3889:
3886:
3884:
3883:Liechtenstein
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3824:
3821:
3819:
3816:
3814:
3811:
3809:
3806:
3804:
3801:
3799:
3796:
3794:
3791:
3789:
3786:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3754:
3751:
3749:
3746:
3744:
3741:
3739:
3738:Guinea-Bissau
3736:
3734:
3731:
3729:
3726:
3724:
3721:
3719:
3716:
3714:
3711:
3709:
3706:
3704:
3701:
3699:
3696:
3694:
3691:
3689:
3686:
3684:
3681:
3679:
3676:
3674:
3671:
3669:
3666:
3664:
3661:
3659:
3656:
3654:
3651:
3649:
3646:
3644:
3641:
3639:
3636:
3634:
3631:
3629:
3626:
3624:
3621:
3619:
3616:
3614:
3611:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3599:
3596:
3594:
3591:
3589:
3586:
3584:
3581:
3579:
3576:
3574:
3571:
3569:
3566:
3564:
3561:
3559:
3556:
3554:
3551:
3549:
3546:
3544:
3541:
3539:
3536:
3534:
3531:
3529:
3526:
3524:
3521:
3519:
3516:
3514:
3511:
3509:
3506:
3504:
3501:
3499:
3496:
3494:
3491:
3489:
3486:
3484:
3481:
3479:
3476:
3474:
3471:
3469:
3466:
3464:
3461:
3459:
3456:
3454:
3451:
3449:
3446:
3444:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3434:
3431:
3429:
3426:
3424:
3421:
3419:
3416:
3414:
3411:
3409:
3406:
3404:
3401:
3399:
3396:
3394:
3391:
3389:
3386:
3383:
3376:
3373:
3369:
3361:
3358:
3356:
3353:
3351:
3348:
3347:
3346:
3343:
3339:
3336:
3335:
3334:
3331:
3327:
3324:
3322:
3319:
3318:
3317:
3314:
3310:
3307:
3305:
3302:
3301:
3300:
3297:
3293:
3290:
3288:
3285:
3283:
3280:
3278:
3275:
3273:
3270:
3269:
3268:
3265:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3241:
3238:
3237:
3236:
3233:
3232:
3230:
3227:
3224:Cultural and
3220:
3214:
3211:
3209:
3206:
3204:
3201:
3199:
3196:
3194:
3191:
3189:
3186:
3184:
3181:
3179:
3176:
3174:
3171:
3167:
3164:
3162:
3159:
3157:
3154:
3153:
3152:
3151:Extended play
3149:
3145:
3142:
3141:
3140:
3137:
3136:
3134:
3130:
3122:
3121:Zoomusicology
3119:
3117:
3114:
3112:
3109:
3107:
3104:
3102:
3099:
3097:
3096:Ecomusicology
3094:
3092:
3089:
3087:
3084:
3082:
3081:Biomusicology
3079:
3078:
3077:
3074:
3070:
3067:
3066:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3054:Music history
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3021:
3019:
3016:
3012:
3006:
3003:
3001:
2998:
2996:
2993:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2985:Improvisation
2983:
2981:
2978:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2967:
2965:
2960:
2957:
2955:
2952:
2951:
2948:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2934:Lead vocalist
2932:
2931:
2930:
2929:Military band
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2917:
2915:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2900:
2898:
2895:
2894:
2893:
2890:
2889:
2887:
2882:
2879:
2877:
2874:
2873:
2870:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2830:
2827:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2819:
2817:
2813:
2807:
2804:
2802:
2799:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2789:
2787:
2784:
2782:
2781:Hip hop music
2779:
2777:
2774:
2772:
2771:Country music
2769:
2767:
2764:
2762:
2759:
2757:
2754:
2753:
2751:
2749:
2743:
2737:
2734:
2732:
2729:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2702:
2701:Ottoman music
2699:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2684:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2667:
2664:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2628:
2626:
2624:
2620:
2614:
2611:
2607:
2604:
2603:
2602:
2599:
2597:
2594:
2592:
2589:
2587:
2584:
2582:
2579:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2570:
2566:
2559:
2554:
2552:
2547:
2545:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2526:
2516:
2510:
2507:
2505:
2502:
2501:
2498:
2495:
2493:
2490:
2488:
2485:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2471:
2469:
2465:
2462:
2460:
2457:
2456:
2453:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2438:
2435:
2429:
2426:
2424:
2421:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2413:Kapellmeister
2411:
2409:
2406:
2402:
2399:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2392:
2391:Concertmaster
2389:
2387:
2384:
2382:
2379:
2378:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2360:
2355:
2353:
2348:
2346:
2341:
2340:
2337:
2330:
2329:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2288:
2285:
2282:
2278:
2274:
2270:
2267:
2255:
2251:
2249:9781783271450
2245:
2241:
2240:
2234:
2231:
2227:
2218:
2214:
2211:
2208:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2193:
2190:
2186:
2183:
2180:
2176:
2172:
2168:
2165:
2162:
2161:9782351650387
2158:
2154:
2152:
2151:Louis Jullien
2148:Michel Faul:
2147:
2144:
2140:
2136:
2132:
2129:
2125:
2121:
2118:
2117:
2098:
2094:
2088:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2045:0-316-72864-0
2041:
2037:
2036:
2028:
2020:
2016:
2012:
2006:
2002:
1998:
1994:
1993:
1985:
1970:
1964:
1962:
1947:
1943:
1937:
1929:
1923:
1919:
1918:
1913:
1907:
1892:
1891:
1886:
1879:
1864:
1863:
1858:
1854:
1848:
1834:on 2015-11-20
1833:
1829:
1822:
1807:
1803:
1799:
1792:
1778:
1777:
1772:
1765:
1759:
1758:
1750:
1743:
1742:9780918728470
1739:
1735:
1729:
1722:
1721:9780761120728
1718:
1714:
1708:
1694:
1692:9781617147999
1688:
1684:
1683:
1682:Entertainment
1675:
1660:
1659:thoughtco.com
1656:
1649:
1641:
1639:0-521-52791-0
1635:
1631:
1627:
1624:. Cambridge:
1623:
1618:
1610:
1608:
1599:
1597:9780199203833
1593:
1588:
1587:
1581:
1575:
1568:
1567:
1562:
1558:
1552:
1548:
1539:
1536:
1534:
1531:
1530:
1526:
1515:
1508:
1505:
1500:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1486:is a popular
1485:
1475:
1472:
1468:
1466:
1461:
1455:
1451:
1447:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1428:
1424:
1420:
1419:Music schools
1412:
1408:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1387:
1379:
1369:
1365:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1350:
1345:This section
1343:
1339:
1334:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1318:
1308:
1298:
1295:
1287:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1263:
1262:
1258:
1253:This section
1251:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1233:
1231:
1227:
1216:
1214:
1203:
1194:
1192:
1182:
1180:
1169:
1164:
1157:
1142:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1116:
1109:
1106:leads a jazz
1105:
1104:Gerald Wilson
1101:
1092:
1089:
1078:
1076:
1072:
1067:
1058:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1043:
1039:
1037:
1033:
1028:
1026:
1021:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1005:
1003:
997:
996:
991:
986:
984:
980:
976:
972:
961:
959:
955:
951:
947:
943:
939:
934:
932:
918:
907:
895:
885:
873:
858:
848:
836:
821:
806:
796:
786:
783:
775:
765:
761:
757:
751:
750:
746:
741:This section
739:
735:
730:
729:
721:
719:
715:
711:
707:
703:
699:
695:
691:
687:
683:
679:
674:
672:
668:
664:
660:
656:
652:
648:
644:
640:
636:
632:
628:
624:
620:
614:
609:
605:
597:
588:
585:
580:
576:
574:
570:
565:
563:
559:
556:(1885–1973),
555:
552:(1882–1977),
551:
542:
538:
534:
530:
528:
524:
519:
515:
511:
510:
505:
501:
497:
491:
489:
484:
480:
476:
472:
468:
464:
460:
450:
448:
447:Gustav Mahler
444:
440:
436:
432:
428:
422:
420:
416:
412:
408:
404:
399:
395:
391:
386:
384:
380:
376:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
355:Pierre Boulez
352:
348:
344:
340:
325:
324:
319:
315:
306:
304:
300:
299:concertmaster
295:
293:
289:
285:
284:Kapellmeister
279:
277:
272:
270:
269:hieroglyphics
255:
253:
249:
248:
243:
239:
235:
234:band director
231:
227:
223:
222:concert bands
219:
215:
214:chorus master
211:
207:
202:
196:
190:
189:
188:Kapellmeister
183:
179:
177:
172:
168:
158:
156:
152:
151:concert bands
148:
142:
139:
135:
132:
128:
124:
120:
116:
115:concertmaster
112:
108:
107:Baroque music
104:
100:
96:
91:
89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
69:
65:
61:
58:
54:
51:, such as an
50:
47:
43:
36:
32:
19:
4582:
4568:
4554:
4343:Vatican City
4293:Turkmenistan
4193:South Africa
4163:Sierra Leone
4143:Saudi Arabia
3518:Burkina Faso
3178:Record label
3064:Music school
2919:Concert band
2829:Angular harp
2756:Circus music
2641:Arabic music
2475: /
2466: /
2459:Articulation
2395:
2365:
2326:
2323:Alan Gilbert
2317:, including
2312:
2290:
2272:
2258:. Retrieved
2254:the original
2238:
2229:
2216:
2198:
2188:
2170:
2149:
2134:
2127:
2123:
2101:. Retrieved
2099:. 2017-10-17
2096:
2087:
2076:. Retrieved
2072:
2062:
2034:
2027:
1991:
1984:
1973:. Retrieved
1949:. Retrieved
1945:
1936:
1916:
1906:
1894:. Retrieved
1888:
1878:
1866:. Retrieved
1862:The Guardian
1860:
1847:
1836:. Retrieved
1832:the original
1821:
1810:. Retrieved
1801:
1791:
1780:. Retrieved
1776:Mother Jones
1774:
1764:
1755:
1749:
1733:
1728:
1712:
1707:
1696:. Retrieved
1681:
1674:
1662:. Retrieved
1658:
1648:
1621:
1585:
1574:
1564:
1557:George Grove
1551:
1501:
1492:poor posture
1481:
1473:
1469:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1436:music theory
1416:
1382:
1373:
1358:Please help
1346:
1322:
1313:
1290:
1281:
1266:Please help
1254:
1222:
1209:
1200:
1188:
1165:
1155:
1140:
1131:
1112:
1084:
1064:
1054:
1044:
1040:
1029:
1022:
1007:
999:
993:
987:
967:
946:articulation
935:
927:
916:
893:
871:
856:
834:
819:
804:
778:
772:January 2020
769:
754:Please help
742:
718:The Guardian
717:
706:Paul Freeman
675:
666:
655:The Guardian
654:
623:Simone Young
602:
591:21st century
581:
577:
566:
546:
514:James Levine
507:
492:
488:Fritz Reiner
456:
453:20th century
423:
387:
363:James Conlon
329:
321:
309:19th century
296:
280:
273:
266:
251:
245:
241:
237:
233:
217:
213:
209:
181:
174:
164:
161:Nomenclature
143:
92:
63:
41:
40:
4447:Terminology
4427:Instruments
4233:Switzerland
4203:South Sudan
4198:South Korea
4123:Saint Lucia
4078:Philippines
4023:North Korea
4003:New Zealand
3998:Netherlands
3803:Ivory Coast
3643:El Salvador
3388:Afghanistan
3355:Micronesian
3156:Compilation
3069:Composition
2959:Composition
2924:Disc jockey
2897:Backup band
2824:Arched Harp
2581:Prehistoric
1409:during the
1403:David Baker
1088:pedal point
1032:rallentando
1012:music stand
694:Henry Lewis
678:Seiji Ozawa
619:Marin Alsop
611: [
527:resolutions
415:Franz Liszt
339:Louis Spohr
335: 1820
250:(feminine,
218:choirmaster
127:synthesizer
49:performance
4605:Categories
4333:Uzbekistan
4253:Tajikistan
4158:Seychelles
4138:San Marino
3973:Mozambique
3963:Montenegro
3933:Mauritania
3898:Madagascar
3893:Luxembourg
3848:Kyrgyzstan
3823:Kazakhstan
3628:East Timor
3578:Costa Rica
3543:Cape Verde
3453:Bangladesh
3438:Azerbaijan
3360:Polynesian
3350:Melanesian
3132:Production
3111:Organology
3076:Musicology
2806:Soul music
2761:Folk music
2746:Vernacular
2477:Resolution
2441:Cheironomy
2428:Répétiteur
2386:Bandmaster
2381:Bandleader
2366:Conducting
2287:Max Rudolf
2213:Ilya Musin
2103:2022-12-06
2078:2022-12-06
1975:2023-01-16
1951:2024-06-28
1838:2016-01-20
1812:2016-10-17
1782:2016-01-20
1698:2019-01-31
1628:. p.
1544:References
1444:pipe organ
1226:ritardando
1191:drum major
1127:espressivo
1075:diminuendo
827:, or fast
698:Dean Dixon
647:Ring Cycle
479:recordings
359:Kurt Masur
276:cheironomy
242:drum major
238:bandmaster
201:Dirigentin
53:orchestral
42:Conducting
4468:Album era
4348:Venezuela
4213:Sri Lanka
4168:Singapore
4053:Palestine
4008:Nicaragua
3938:Mauritius
3888:Lithuania
3773:Indonesia
3728:Guatemala
3428:Australia
3418:Argentina
3338:Caribbean
3292:Southeast
3017:and study
3015:Education
3005:Technique
2881:Ensembles
2791:Pop music
2623:Art music
2601:Religious
2396:Conductor
2370:directing
1376:July 2020
1347:does not
1317:auditions
1284:July 2020
1255:does not
1168:movements
1071:crescendo
1051:sforzando
998:(plural:
743:does not
724:Technique
667:Bachtrack
635:The Proms
292:metronome
167:orchestra
155:big bands
147:auditions
88:rehearsal
64:conductor
4589:Category
4402:Timeline
4373:Zimbabwe
4263:Thailand
4258:Tanzania
4223:Suriname
4178:Slovenia
4173:Slovakia
4088:Portugal
4068:Paraguay
4043:Pakistan
3958:Mongolia
3913:Maldives
3908:Malaysia
3833:Kiribati
3753:Honduras
3668:Ethiopia
3663:Eswatini
3618:Dominica
3613:Djibouti
3568:Colombia
3533:Cameroon
3528:Cambodia
3513:Bulgaria
3498:Botswana
3458:Barbados
3345:Oceanian
3299:European
3255:Southern
3188:Sampling
2980:Notation
2914:Big band
2876:Musician
2606:Biblical
2492:Phrasing
2487:Dynamics
2423:Prompter
2408:Director
2260:28 March
2054:56328352
2019:34148480
1896:26 April
1806:Archived
1511:See also
1174:♭
1115:staccato
1108:big band
1066:Dynamics
1061:Dynamics
1025:compound
990:downbeat
950:phrasing
942:dynamics
692:include
398:virtuoso
195:Dirigent
138:concerto
80:phrasing
76:ensemble
4498:Warfare
4397:Outline
4353:Vietnam
4338:Vanuatu
4328:Uruguay
4308:Ukraine
4283:Tunisia
4188:Somalia
4148:Senegal
4103:Romania
4018:Nigeria
3983:Namibia
3978:Myanmar
3968:Morocco
3948:Moldova
3873:Liberia
3868:Lesotho
3863:Lebanon
3808:Jamaica
3788:Ireland
3763:Iceland
3758:Hungary
3723:Grenada
3708:Germany
3703:Georgia
3683:Finland
3658:Estonia
3653:Eritrea
3633:Ecuador
3608:Denmark
3583:Croatia
3573:Comoros
3523:Burundi
3488:Bolivia
3468:Belgium
3463:Belarus
3448:Bahrain
3443:Bahamas
3433:Austria
3423:Armenia
3403:Andorra
3398:Algeria
3393:Albania
3272:Central
3240:Central
3235:African
2995:Singing
2613:Secular
2596:Martial
2586:Ancient
2473:Cadence
2418:Maestro
1868:19 June
1664:9 March
1442:or the
1368:removed
1353:sources
1276:removed
1261:sources
1230:fermata
1179:attacca
1123:marcato
1008:ictuses
764:removed
749:sources
543:in 1985
326:in 1881
258:History
252:maestra
247:maestro
60:concert
46:musical
4407:Albums
4368:Zambia
4303:Uganda
4298:Tuvalu
4288:Turkey
4248:Taiwan
4228:Sweden
4153:Serbia
4113:Rwanda
4108:Russia
4083:Poland
4058:Panama
4033:Norway
3953:Monaco
3943:Mexico
3903:Malawi
3858:Latvia
3843:Kuwait
3838:Kosovo
3818:Jordan
3793:Israel
3743:Guyana
3733:Guinea
3718:Greece
3698:Gambia
3688:France
3593:Cyprus
3538:Canada
3508:Brunei
3503:Brazil
3483:Bhutan
3473:Belize
3408:Angola
3379:
3309:Nordic
3304:Balkan
3139:Single
3044:Method
2990:Lyrics
2954:Theory
2297:
2279:
2246:
2205:
2177:
2159:
2141:
2097:nhs.uk
2052:
2042:
2017:
2007:
1924:
1740:
1719:
1689:
1636:
1594:
1119:legato
1081:Cueing
1036:cueing
973:. The
971:upbeat
931:timbre
708:, and
518:Brahms
433:, and
206:choirs
95:podium
57:choral
4442:Songs
4392:Index
4385:Lists
4363:Yemen
4273:Tonga
4238:Syria
4218:Sudan
4208:Spain
4133:Samoa
4093:Qatar
4048:Palau
4013:Niger
3993:Nepal
3988:Nauru
3923:Malta
3878:Libya
3828:Kenya
3813:Japan
3798:Italy
3768:India
3748:Haiti
3713:Ghana
3693:Gabon
3638:Egypt
3563:China
3558:Chile
3478:Benin
3287:South
3267:Asian
3250:North
3213:Remix
3208:Cover
3166:Remix
2975:Genre
2844:Nafir
2766:Blues
2748:music
2591:Dance
2565:Music
2497:Tempo
2468:Meter
2401:baton
2315:video
2015:S2CID
1440:piano
1236:Roles
1213:tempo
1055:after
1002:ictūs
995:ictus
958:baton
954:score
938:tempo
909:slow
615:]
288:staff
240:, or
216:, or
192:, or
171:opera
123:piano
84:baton
72:tempo
68:score
4535:Folk
4268:Togo
4073:Peru
4038:Oman
3918:Mali
3853:Laos
3783:Iraq
3778:Iran
3678:Fiji
3588:Cuba
3553:Chad
3277:East
3260:West
3245:East
3161:Live
3000:Song
2970:Form
2786:Jazz
2464:Beat
2368:and
2295:ISBN
2277:ISBN
2262:2017
2244:ISBN
2203:ISBN
2175:ISBN
2157:ISBN
2139:ISBN
2050:OCLC
2040:ISBN
2005:ISBN
1922:ISBN
1898:2012
1870:2017
1738:ISBN
1717:ISBN
1687:ISBN
1666:2018
1634:ISBN
1592:ISBN
1555:Sir
1482:The
1351:any
1349:cite
1259:any
1257:cite
1017:takt
988:The
975:beat
924:time
901:time
879:time
842:time
747:any
745:cite
641:and
621:and
509:Aida
465:and
403:beat
392:and
349:and
323:Aida
3039:PhD
2482:Cue
2321:of
1997:doi
1362:by
1270:by
1228:or
1006:or
979:bar
864:or
758:by
665:. "
649:of
303:bow
180:or
169:or
125:or
55:or
4607::
2289::
2271::
2215::
2197::
2187::
2169::
2122::
2095:.
2071:.
2048:.
2013:.
2003:.
1960:^
1944:.
1887:.
1859:.
1804:.
1800:.
1773:.
1657:.
1632:.
1606:^
1559:,
1232:.
944:,
940:,
812:,
704:,
700:,
696:,
653:.
617:,
613:de
429:,
385:.
377:,
373:,
369:,
365:,
361:,
357:,
345:,
341:,
332:c.
236:,
228:,
224:,
212:,
90:.
2557:e
2550:t
2543:v
2358:e
2351:t
2344:v
2331:.
2301:.
2283:.
2264:.
2219:(
2209:.
2181:.
2163:.
2145:.
2106:.
2081:.
2056:.
2021:.
1999::
1978:.
1954:.
1930:.
1900:.
1872:.
1841:.
1815:.
1785:.
1744:.
1723:.
1701:.
1668:.
1642:.
1630:3
1600:.
1389:)
1383:(
1378:)
1374:(
1370:.
1356:.
1297:)
1291:(
1286:)
1282:(
1278:.
1264:.
1156:2
1141:4
917:8
894:4
872:8
857:4
835:8
820:2
805:4
785:)
779:(
774:)
770:(
766:.
752:.
178:,
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.