31:
39:
1849:
885:
855:
are present in the oocytes. The adaptive significance of prophase I arrest is still not fully understood. However, it has been proposed that the arrest of oocytes at the four genome copy stage may provide the informational redundancy needed to
492:
begin to break down in prophase, resulting in the discontinuation of ribosome production. This indicates a redirection of cellular energy from general cellular metabolism to
891:
cell in preprophase, prophase and prometaphase. Preprophase band is present along the cell wall from images 1–3, is fading in image 4, and disappears by image 5.
820:
I requiring them to re-condense in prophase II. If chromosomes do not need to re-condense, prophase II often proceeds very quickly as is seen in the
756:
In the fifth and final phase of prophase I, diakinesis (from the Greek for "double movement"), full chromatin condensation has occurred and all four
716:
or genetic recombination. Multiple recombination events can occur on each bivalent. In humans, an average of 2-3 events occur on each chromosome.
34:
Prophase is the first step of cell division in mitosis. As it occurs after G2 of interphase, DNA has been already replicated when prophase begins.
1296:
Kakeda K, Yamagata H, Fukui K, Ohno M, Fukui K, Wei ZZ, Zhu ES (August 1990). "High resolution bands in maize chromosomes by G-banding methods".
1881:
535:
Prophase I is divided into five phases: leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis. In addition to the events that occur in
515:
and thus undergoes prophase twice, resulting in prophase I and prophase II. Prophase I is the most complex phase in all of meiosis because
1502:
2173:
2067:
1417:
de Jong H (December 2003). "Visualizing DNA domains and sequences by microscopy: a fifty-year history of molecular cytogenetics".
17:
1606:
1564:
1482:
1215:
872:. DNA repair capability appears to be a key quality control mechanism in the female germ line and a critical determinant of
2113:
911:
is associated instead with foci at opposite poles of the cell or is mediated by chromosomes. Another notable difference is
629:
In the second phase of prophase I, zygotene (from the Greek for "conjugation"), all maternally and paternally derived
1874:
1245:
1069:
1712:"Oocytes can efficiently repair DNA double-strand breaks to restore genetic integrity and protect offspring health"
983:
869:
684:
The third phase of prophase I, pachytene (from the Greek for "thick"), begins at the completion of synapsis.
1867:
2389:
2183:
322:
is condensed from DNA strands with lengths reaching 0.7 μm down to 0.2-0.3 μm. This process employs the
2324:
2027:
1810:
MacQueen AJ, Hochwagen A (July 2011). "Checkpoint mechanisms: the puppet masters of meiotic prophase".
1092:"Subdiffraction multicolor imaging of the nuclear periphery with 3D structured illumination microscopy"
2022:
2017:
2012:
2007:
2002:
1997:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1853:
835:
Female mammals and birds are born possessing all the oocytes needed for future ovulations, and these
959:
865:
1974:
236:
212:
42:
512:
53:
1598:
1592:
1517:
2306:
2057:
1503:"Electron microscopic studies on the Silver-stained Nucleolar Cycle of Physarum Polycephalum"
1034:
963:
955:
847:
within the fetus and are therefore present at birth. During this prophase I arrested stage (
737:
733:
729:
725:
713:
705:
650:
642:
634:
618:
548:
544:
540:
520:
516:
1339:
Pathak S, Hsu TC (January 1979). "Silver-stained structures in mammalian meiotic prophase".
736:
are now of mixed maternal and paternal descent. Visible junctions called chiasmata hold the
1723:
1671:
1105:
741:
709:
697:
654:
638:
194:
8:
2384:
761:
701:
658:
165:
was originally difficult due to the high degree of chromosome compaction in plant cells.
1727:
1675:
1109:
2319:
2124:
1746:
1711:
1364:
1321:
1278:
1207:
1200:
1126:
1091:
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Schermelleh L, Carlton PM, Haase S, Shao L, Winoto L, Kner P, et al. (June 2008).
614:
240:
2379:
2314:
1827:
1792:
1751:
1687:
1639:
1602:
1591:
Alberts B, Bray D, Hopkin K, Johnson A, Lewis J, Raff M, Roberts K, Walter P (2004).
1560:
1478:
1434:
1399:
1395:
1356:
1313:
1241:
1240:(Third ed.). Boca Raton, FL: CBC Press, Taylor & Francis Group. p. 19.
1211:
1131:
1096:
1065:
908:
773:
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606:
598:
473:
465:
461:
449:
434:
327:
296:
276:
1368:
1282:
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do not fully synapse because only a small region of the chromosomes are homologous.
1819:
1782:
1741:
1731:
1679:
1635:
1631:
1426:
1391:
1348:
1325:
1305:
1270:
1121:
1113:
920:
777:
497:
351:
59:
2101:
843:. In humans, as an example, oocytes are formed between three and four months of
584:
315:
868:
repair
Prophase arrested oocytes have a high capability for efficient repair of
1716:
Proceedings of the
National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America
951:
900:
821:
809:
414:
343:
256:
224:
99:
1823:
1787:
1770:
1622:
Zickler D, Kleckner N (1998). "The leptotene-zygotene transition of meiosis".
539:
prophase, several crucial events occur within these phases such as pairing of
102:
enters prophase. The main occurrences in prophase are the condensation of the
30:
2373:
2253:
724:
In the fourth phase of prophase I, diplotene (from the Greek for "twofold"),
589:
In the first stage of prophase I, leptotene (from the Greek for "delicate"),
493:
375:
79:
1736:
1117:
637:
partner. The homologous pairs then undergo synapsis, a process by which the
38:
2275:
1831:
1796:
1755:
1683:
1438:
1317:
1198:
Hartwell LH, Hood L, Goldberg ML, Reynolds AE, Silver LM, Veres RC (2008).
1135:
1029:
999:
769:
673:
363:
190:
178:
148:
1691:
1643:
1403:
571:
remain arrested in prophase I only to quickly complete meiosis I prior to
2296:
2265:
1382:
Sumner AT (May 1982). "The nature and mechanisms of chromosome banding".
987:
924:
912:
824:
457:
445:
430:
422:
418:
398:
379:
355:
1771:"Checking your breaks: surveillance mechanisms of meiotic recombination"
1360:
2217:
1890:
1352:
1309:
979:
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947:
896:
857:
813:
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359:
347:
331:
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272:
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must be fixed, and thus it is not possible to perform on living cells.
206:
186:
162:
158:
141:
122:
118:
91:
1859:
2340:
2290:
2280:
1963:
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975:
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477:
323:
300:
202:
182:
166:
151:
107:
103:
1430:
1274:
64:
45:
image of two mouse cell nuclei in prophase (scale bar is 5 μm).
2345:
2285:
2239:
2225:
1955:
1937:
1923:
1909:
1061:
1009:
861:
848:
796:. The most noticeable difference is that prophase II occurs with a
744:
dissolves. It is at this stage where meiotic arrest occurs in many
662:
137:
1710:
Stringer JM, Winship A, Zerafa N, Wakefield M, Hutt K (May 2020).
267:. At the start of prophase there are two identical copies of each
2354:
2261:
2234:
1893:
1024:
1019:
943:
928:
916:
840:
793:
789:
745:
560:
552:
536:
524:
508:
469:
260:
252:
198:
189:. Silver staining, a more modern technology, in conjunction with
174:
170:
130:
126:
87:
83:
879:
2193:
2109:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2079:
2037:
2032:
1901:
1848:
852:
836:
805:
797:
594:
568:
155:
1709:
946:
is the most complex iteration of prophase that occurs in both
884:
169:
was fully realized for plant chromosomes in 1990. During both
2168:
2163:
2052:
2047:
2042:
768:. The rest of the phase resemble the early stages of mitotic
1197:
641:(a proteinaceous structure) aligns corresponding regions of
231:, but instead allow for DNA probing of specific regions and
72:
2197:
2188:
2158:
2137:
2075:
1089:
232:
216:
1261:
Wang HC, Kao KN (1988). "G-banding in plant chromosomes".
982:. The system consists of multiple pathways (including the
740:
together at locations where recombination occurred as the
374:
move apart towards opposite poles of the cell, powered by
2178:
2142:
2132:
2105:
2083:
1055:
556:
311:
280:
95:
1590:
27:
First phase of cell division in both mitosis and meiosis
1295:
732:
retain a full set of genetic information; however, the
287:. The main events of prophase are: the condensation of
1554:
1472:
696:. Structures called recombination nodules form on the
653:
pairs. The paired homologous chromosome bound by the
1662:
Mira A (September 1998). "Why is meiosis arrested?".
1477:. Sunderland MA: Sinauer Associates. pp. 35–39.
1051:
1049:
672:
moves from a central to a peripheral position in the
551:. Prophase I occurs at different speeds dependent on
393:
1501:Zeng XL, Jiao MD, Wang XG, Song ZX, Rao S (2001).
1199:
1046:
851:), which may last for decades, four copies of the
483:
1809:
2371:
1500:
895:The most notable difference between prophase in
645:on maternally and paternally derived non-sister
609:is not yet condensed enough to be resolvable in
144:can be visualized as the move through prophase.
1705:
1703:
1701:
1621:
460:gather at opposite poles and begin to form the
1473:Taiz L, Zeiger E, Moller IM, Murphy A (2015).
1056:Nussbaum RL, McInnes RR, Huntington F (2016).
966:in place. The meiotic checkpoint network is a
437:. Plant cells do not have centrosomes and the
421:arrays (asters) by each centriole. Interpolar
386:interact with each other, helping to move the
326:complex. Condensed chromosomes consist of two
306:
1875:
1768:
880:Differences in plant and animal cell prophase
350:move far enough apart to be resolved using a
140:are used to treat cells such that condensing
1698:
1557:Thompson & Thompson Genetics in Medicine
1555:Nussbaum RL, McInnes RR, Willard HF (2016).
1058:Thompson & Thompson Genetics in Medicine
931:prophase I of plants, this band disappears.
1657:
1655:
1653:
978:structure, and the movement and pairing of
593:begin to condense. Each chromosome is in a
1882:
1868:
1559:. Philadelphia: Elsevier. pp. 12–20.
621:pairs begin to associate with each other.
337:
113:
78: 'appearance') is the first stage of
2174:Cellular apoptosis susceptibility protein
1786:
1745:
1735:
1597:. New York NY: Garland Science. pp.
1338:
1125:
864:. The repair process used appears to be
708:between the non-sister chromatids of the
704:. These recombination nodules facilitate
468:is of great importance in the process of
417:by the organization of individual radial
405:scaffolding break down as the replicated
1650:
883:
839:are arrested at the prophase I stage of
772:, as the meiotic prophase ends with the
37:
29:
1889:
1416:
1260:
433:and forming the basic structure of the
154:technique is commonly used to identify
106:reticulum and the disappearance of the
14:
2372:
1468:
1381:
986:) that prevent the cell from entering
1863:
1586:
1584:
1582:
1580:
1578:
1576:
1550:
1548:
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1544:
1542:
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1235:
1193:
1191:
1189:
1187:
1185:
1183:
1181:
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1177:
1175:
1173:
1171:
1169:
1167:
1165:
98:has already been replicated when the
1661:
1231:
1229:
1227:
1163:
1161:
1159:
1157:
1155:
1153:
1151:
1149:
1147:
1145:
1085:
1083:
1081:
830:
808:number in mitotic prophase. In both
413:to opposite poles is accompanied in
376:centrosome associated motor proteins
937:
816:chromosomes may de-condense during
503:
362:is increased due to recruitment of
246:
121:can be used to visualize condensed
24:
1769:Hochwagen A, Amon A (March 2006).
1573:
1535:
1491:
1445:
1206:. New York: McGraw-Hill. pp.
990:with errors due to recombination.
500:stays intact during this process.
472:and will eventually segregate the
275:. These copies are referred to as
271:in the cell due to replication in
181:can be applied to cells to elicit
161:, but utilizing the technology on
25:
2401:
1841:
1224:
1142:
1078:
960:recombination of genetic material
919:that results in formation of the
567:. In humans, decades can pass as
563:in diplotene of prophase I until
523:. Prophase II is very similar to
197:throughout the various stages of
1847:
1475:Plant Physiology and Development
1384:Cancer Genetics and Cytogenetics
1298:Theoretical and Applied Genetics
984:meiotic recombination checkpoint
903:occurs because plant cells lack
394:Formation of the mitotic spindle
1803:
1762:
1615:
792:is very similar to prophase of
484:Beginning of nucleoli breakdown
251:Prophase is the first stage of
1664:Journal of Theoretical Biology
1636:10.1146/annurev.genet.32.1.619
1410:
1375:
1332:
1289:
1254:
1202:Genetics From Genes to Genomes
970:response system that controls
915:, an additional step in plant
783:
464:at locations called foci. The
429:interact, joining the sets of
13:
1:
1040:
751:
530:
1396:10.1016/0165-4608(82)90022-x
719:
679:
578:
545:exchange of genetic material
378:. Interdigitated interpolar
7:
2184:Maturation promoting factor
993:
962:occurs properly, there are
776:beginning to form, and the
624:
307:Condensation of chromosomes
227:. These stains do not band
69: 'before' and
10:
2406:
2325:Postreplication checkpoint
1516:(7): 680–5. Archived from
923:, a structure composed of
907:. The organization of the
866:homologous recombinational
688:has condensed enough that
597:state and consists of two
582:
409:separate. The movement of
259:, and the second stage of
2333:
2305:
2252:
2216:
2207:
2151:
2123:
2066:
1973:
1900:
1824:10.1016/j.tcb.2011.03.004
1788:10.1016/j.cub.2006.03.009
1624:Annual Review of Genetics
1285:– via ResearchGate.
780:beginning to break down.
663:Sex (X and Y) chromosomes
219:can be used in both live
193:can be used to image the
858:repair damage in the DNA
1737:10.1073/pnas.2001124117
1118:10.1126/science.1156947
954:. To ensure pairing of
692:can now be resolved in
519:must pair and exchange
511:involves two rounds of
338:Movement of centrosomes
299:, and the beginning of
295:, the formation of the
114:Staining and microscopy
43:Fluorescence microscope
2307:Cell cycle checkpoints
1812:Trends in Cell Biology
1684:10.1006/jtbi.1998.0761
1594:Essential Cell Biology
956:homologous chromosomes
892:
738:homologous chromosomes
734:homologous chromosomes
730:Homologous chromosomes
559:. Many species arrest
549:homologous chromosomes
541:homologous chromosomes
517:homologous chromosomes
513:chromosome segregation
291:, the movement of the
237:fluorescent microscopy
46:
35:
18:Chromatin condensation
2334:Other cellular phases
2058:CDK-activating kinase
1035:Homologous chromosome
887:
712:in an event known as
651:homologous chromosome
619:homologous chromosome
201:prophase. To perform
125:as they move through
41:
33:
1856:at Wikimedia Commons
1510:Acta Botanica Sinica
964:cellular checkpoints
889:Arabidopsis thaliana
742:synaptonemal complex
710:synaptonemal complex
698:synaptonemal complex
655:synaptonemal complex
639:synaptonemal complex
279:and are attached by
239:has vastly improved
195:synaptonemal complex
1728:2020PNAS..11711513S
1722:(21): 11513–11522.
1676:1998JThBi.194..275M
1110:2008Sci...320.1332S
972:double strand break
657:are referred to as
643:genetic information
543:and the reciprocal
521:genetic information
390:to opposite poles.
342:During prophase in
283:element called the
2390:Cellular processes
2320:Spindle checkpoint
2125:P53 p63 p73 family
1353:10.1007/bf00288406
1310:10.1007/BF00224397
1238:Plant Cytogenetics
1064:. pp. 12–20.
893:
804:as opposed to the
448:assembly into the
241:spatial resolution
213:Fluorescent stains
90:. Beginning after
47:
36:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2362:
2315:Restriction point
1852:Media related to
1608:978-0-8153-3481-1
1566:978-1-4377-0696-3
1484:978-1-60535-255-8
1236:Singh RJ (2017).
1217:978-0-07-284846-5
1104:(5881): 1332–36.
909:spindle apparatus
831:Prophase I arrest
774:spindle apparatus
758:sister chromatids
633:have found their
607:sister chromatids
599:sister chromatids
494:cellular division
474:sister chromatids
462:spindle apparatus
450:mitotic apparatus
358:activity in each
328:sister chromatids
277:sister chromatids
16:(Redirected from
2397:
2214:
2213:
1884:
1877:
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1140:
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1087:
1076:
1075:
1060:. Philadelphia:
1053:
938:Cell checkpoints
921:preprophase band
778:nuclear membrane
706:genetic exchange
504:Meiotic prophase
498:nuclear envelope
401:involved in the
352:light microscope
247:Mitotic prophase
21:
2405:
2404:
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1775:Current Biology
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1431:10.1139/g03-107
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1275:10.1139/g88-009
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1143:
1088:
1079:
1072:
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996:
940:
934:
882:
833:
788:Prophase II of
786:
760:can be seen in
754:
722:
682:
627:
617:regions within
601:; however, the
587:
585:Leptotene stage
581:
533:
506:
486:
466:mitotic spindle
435:mitotic spindle
396:
340:
309:
297:mitotic spindle
249:
191:giemsa staining
179:giemsa staining
116:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
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5:
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1842:External links
1840:
1838:
1837:
1818:(7): 393–400.
1802:
1781:(6): R217-28.
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1697:
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1614:
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1490:
1483:
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1347:(2): 195–203.
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1007:
1002:
995:
992:
942:Prophase I in
939:
936:
881:
878:
832:
829:
822:model organism
785:
782:
753:
750:
728:is completed.
721:
718:
681:
678:
626:
623:
583:Main article:
580:
577:
547:between these
532:
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505:
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395:
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339:
336:
330:joined at the
308:
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26:
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2100:
2097:
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2071:
2069:
2068:CDK inhibitor
2065:
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2019:
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2011:
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1670:(2): 275–87.
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1523:on 2018-10-01
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1311:
1307:
1304:(2): 265–72.
1303:
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1272:
1268:
1264:
1257:
1249:
1247:9781439884188
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731:
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726:crossing-over
717:
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714:crossing-over
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391:
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369:
366:. Replicated
365:
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124:
120:
111:
109:
105:
101:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
80:cell division
77:
74:
71:
68:
66:
61:
58:
55:
54:Ancient Greek
51:
44:
40:
32:
19:
2276:Prometaphase
2270:
1815:
1811:
1805:
1778:
1774:
1764:
1719:
1715:
1667:
1663:
1627:
1623:
1617:
1593:
1556:
1525:. Retrieved
1518:the original
1513:
1509:
1474:
1425:(6): 943–6.
1422:
1418:
1412:
1390:(1): 59–87.
1387:
1383:
1377:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1301:
1297:
1291:
1266:
1262:
1256:
1237:
1201:
1101:
1095:
1057:
1030:Cytoskeleton
1000:Prometaphase
952:animal cells
941:
933:
925:microtubules
901:animal cells
894:
888:
834:
787:
770:prometaphase
755:
723:
683:
667:
661:or tetrads.
628:
588:
534:
507:
487:
458:microtubules
431:microtubules
423:microtubules
415:animal cells
399:Microtubules
397:
380:microtubules
344:animal cells
341:
310:
303:break down.
257:animal cells
250:
225:animal cells
211:
146:
136:Various DNA
135:
117:
75:
70:
62:
57:
49:
48:
2297:Cytokinesis
2266:Preprophase
2210:checkpoints
1527:24 February
988:metaphase I
980:chromosomes
948:plant cells
913:preprophase
897:plant cells
870:DNA damages
825:Arabidopsis
814:plant cells
802:chromosomes
784:Prophase II
690:chromosomes
631:chromosomes
591:chromosomes
454:plant cells
446:microtubule
439:chromosomes
427:centrosomes
419:microtubule
411:centrosomes
407:centrosomes
388:centrosomes
368:centrosomes
356:Microtubule
348:centrosomes
293:centrosomes
289:chromosomes
265:plant cells
229:chromosomes
207:chromosomes
187:chromosomes
163:plant cells
159:chromosomes
142:chromosomes
123:chromosomes
2385:Cell cycle
2374:Categories
2218:Interphase
2208:Phases and
1891:Cell cycle
1630:: 619–97.
1341:Chromosoma
1041:References
968:DNA damage
905:centrioles
800:number of
766:microscopy
752:Diakinesis
694:microscopy
647:chromatids
635:homologous
615:Homologous
611:microscopy
531:Prophase I
527:prophase.
425:from both
403:interphase
384:centrosome
382:from each
372:interphase
360:centrosome
332:centromere
320:interphase
316:replicated
285:centromere
273:interphase
269:chromosome
177:prophase,
119:Microscopy
92:interphase
52:(from
2341:Apoptosis
2291:Telophase
2281:Metaphase
2076:INK4a/ARF
1269:: 48–51.
1015:Telophase
1005:Metaphase
976:chromatin
874:fertility
845:gestation
818:telophase
762:bivalents
720:Diplotene
702:bivalents
686:Chromatin
680:Pachytene
670:nucleolus
659:bivalents
603:chromatin
579:Leptotene
573:ovulation
565:ovulation
478:metaphase
364:γ-tubulin
324:condensin
314:that was
235:. Use of
203:G-banding
183:G-banding
167:G-banding
156:mammalian
152:G-banding
108:nucleolus
104:chromatin
2380:Genetics
2286:Anaphase
2271:Prophase
1894:proteins
1854:Prophase
1832:21531561
1797:16546077
1756:32381741
1439:14663510
1369:27763957
1318:24220906
1283:83823255
1136:18535242
1062:Elsevier
1010:Anaphase
994:See also
974:repair,
862:germline
849:dictyate
625:Zygotene
490:nucleoli
443:nucleate
301:nucleoli
215:such as
82:in both
76:(phásis)
50:Prophase
2355:Meiosis
2262:Mitosis
2254:M phase
2235:S phase
2102:cip/kip
1747:7260990
1724:Bibcode
1692:9778439
1672:Bibcode
1644:9928494
1599:639–658
1404:7049353
1326:6600449
1127:2916659
1106:Bibcode
1097:Science
1025:Mitosis
1020:Meiosis
944:meiosis
929:mitotic
917:mitosis
860:of the
841:meiosis
837:oocytes
806:diploid
798:haploid
794:mitosis
790:meiosis
746:species
674:nucleus
605:of the
595:diploid
569:oocytes
561:meiosis
553:species
537:mitotic
525:mitotic
509:Meiosis
470:mitosis
261:mitosis
253:mitosis
199:meiotic
175:mitotic
171:meiotic
131:mitosis
127:meiosis
88:meiosis
84:mitosis
2194:Cullin
2080:p14arf
1902:Cyclin
1830:
1795:
1754:
1744:
1690:
1642:
1605:
1563:
1481:
1437:
1419:Genome
1402:
1367:
1359:
1324:
1316:
1281:
1263:Genome
1244:
1214:
1208:90–103
1134:
1124:
1068:
853:genome
810:animal
496:. The
149:giemsa
138:stains
2350:phase
2244:phase
2230:phase
2169:Cdc42
2164:Cdc25
2152:Other
1934:, B3)
1521:(PDF)
1506:(PDF)
1365:S2CID
1361:85512
1322:S2CID
1279:S2CID
927:. In
764:with
452:. In
370:from
233:genes
221:plant
73:φάσις
56:
2198:CUL7
2159:Cdc2
1828:PMID
1793:PMID
1752:PMID
1688:PMID
1640:PMID
1603:ISBN
1561:ISBN
1529:2015
1479:ISBN
1435:PMID
1400:PMID
1357:PMID
1314:PMID
1242:ISBN
1212:ISBN
1132:PMID
1066:ISBN
958:and
950:and
899:and
812:and
668:The
555:and
488:The
441:can
223:and
217:DAPI
173:and
147:The
129:and
100:cell
86:and
65:pro-
60:προ-
2189:Wee
2179:E2F
2143:p73
2138:p63
2133:p53
2114:p57
2110:p27
2106:p21
2096:p19
2092:p18
2088:p15
2084:p16
2038:11B
2033:11A
1975:CDK
1820:doi
1783:doi
1742:PMC
1732:doi
1720:117
1680:doi
1668:194
1632:doi
1427:doi
1392:doi
1349:doi
1306:doi
1271:doi
1122:PMC
1114:doi
1102:320
700:of
649:of
557:sex
476:in
318:in
312:DNA
281:DNA
263:in
255:in
185:in
96:DNA
2376::
2112:,
2108:,
2094:,
2090:,
2086:,
2053:14
2048:13
2043:12
2028:10
1964:E2
1962:,
1960:E1
1950:D3
1948:,
1946:D2
1944:,
1942:D1
1932:B2
1930:,
1928:B1
1918:A2
1916:,
1914:A1
1826:.
1816:21
1814:.
1791:.
1779:16
1777:.
1773:.
1750:.
1740:.
1730:.
1718:.
1714:.
1700:^
1686:.
1678:.
1666:.
1652:^
1638:.
1628:32
1626:.
1601:.
1575:^
1537:^
1514:43
1512:.
1508:.
1493:^
1447:^
1433:.
1423:46
1421:.
1398:.
1386:.
1363:.
1355:.
1345:70
1343:.
1320:.
1312:.
1302:80
1300:.
1277:.
1267:30
1265:.
1226:^
1210:.
1144:^
1130:.
1120:.
1112:.
1100:.
1094:.
1080:^
1048:^
876:.
827:.
748:.
676:.
613:.
575:.
480:.
456:,
354:.
346:,
334:.
243:.
205:,
133:.
110:.
94:,
2348:0
2346:G
2293:)
2264:(
2242:2
2240:G
2228:1
2226:G
2200:)
2196:(
2116:)
2104:(
2098:)
2082:/
2078:(
2023:9
2018:8
2013:7
2008:6
2003:5
1998:4
1993:3
1988:2
1983:1
1966:)
1958:(
1956:E
1952:)
1940:(
1938:D
1926:(
1924:B
1920:)
1912:(
1910:A
1883:e
1876:t
1869:v
1834:.
1822::
1799:.
1785::
1758:.
1734::
1726::
1694:.
1682::
1674::
1646:.
1634::
1611:.
1569:.
1531:.
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1441:.
1429::
1406:.
1394::
1388:6
1371:.
1351::
1328:.
1308::
1273::
1250:.
1220:.
1138:.
1116::
1108::
1074:.
67:)
63:(
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
