663:
clearly wrong, as when it says that Saul began to reign at one year of age and reigned for two years. More relevantly, all three texts have a clear purpose, which is not to record history so much as to bring the narrative to a point which represents the culmination of history. In the
Samaritan Pentateuch, the genealogies and narratives were shaped to ensure a chronology of 3000 years from creation to the Israelite settlement of Canaan. Northcote reports this as the "Proto-SP chronology," as designated by John Skinner (1910), and he speculates that this chronology may have been extended to put the rebuilding of the Second Temple at an even AM 3900, after three 1,300-year phases. In the Septuagint version of the Pentateuch the Israelite chronology extends 4,777 years from creation to the finishing of the Second Temple, as witnessed in the
612:
697:("Great Order of the World"), a work tracing the history of the world and the Jews from Creation to the 2nd century CE. It allows 410 years for the duration of the First Temple, 70 years from its destruction to the Second Temple, and 420 years for the duration of the Second Temple, making a total of 900 years for the two temples. This schematic approach to numbers accounts for its most remarkable feature, the fact that it shortens the entire Persian Empire from over two centuries to just 52 years, mirroring the 52 years it gives to the
306:
would establish the antiquity of the Jews against their pagan neighbours. However, Ronald Hendel argues that it is unlikely that 2nd century BCE Jews would have known that 374 years had passed from the Edict of Cyrus to the re-dedication of the Temple, and disputes the idea that the
Masoretic chronology actually reflects a 4,000 year scheme. The following table summarises the Masoretic chronology from the creation of the world in Anno Mundi (Year of the World) 1 to its endpoint in AM 4000:
808:
59:
2305:
739:(1581β1656) calculated a date of 4004 BCE for creation; he was not the first to reach this result, but his chronology was so detailed that his dates were incorporated into the margins of English Bibles for the next two hundred years. This popular 4,000 year theological timespan, which ends with the birth of Jesus, differs from the 4,000 timespan later proposed interpretations of the Masoretic text, which ends with the Temple rededication in 164 BCE.
788:(three editions between 1951 and 1983), but his work has been widely criticised for, among other things, introducing "innumerable" co-regencies, constructing a "complex system of calendars", and using "unique" patterns of calculation; as a result his following is largely among scholars "committed ... to a doctrine of scripture's absolute harmony" (the criticism is to be found in
662:
community. This community dates from some time in the last few centuries BCEβjust when is disputedβand, like the
Septuagint, their Bible differs markedly from the Masoretic Text in its chronology. Modern scholars do not regard the Masoretic Text as superior to the other twoβthe Masoretic is sometimes
305:
in 164 BCE as its end-point. Two motives may have led to this: first, there was a common idea at the time of the
Maccabees that human history followed the plan of a divine "week" of seven "days" each lasting a thousand years; and second, a 4,000 year history (even longer in the Septuagint version)
300:
is the basis of modern Jewish and
Christian bibles. While difficulties with biblical texts make it impossible to reach sure conclusions, perhaps the most widely held hypothesis is that it embodies an overall scheme of 4,000 years (a "great year") taking the re-dedication of the Temple by the
766:
years"), can be used to reconstruct a chronology for the monarchy, but the task has in fact proven intractably difficult. The problem is that the books contain numerous contradictions: to take just one example, since
Rehoboam of Judah and Jeroboam of Israel began to rule at the same time
775::24, 27), the same amount of time should have elapsed in both kingdoms, but the count shows 95 years passing in Judah and 98 in Israel. In short, "he data concerning the synchronisms appeared in hopeless contradiction with the data as to the lengths of reigns."
515:
from the fourth regnal year of
Solomon. The fourth regnal year of Solomon came exactly 1,200 years after the birth of Abraham (Abraham was born in AM 1946 if the two years of the flood narrative are excluded). There were exactly 20 kings in both Judah and the
720:), attempting to place Christ in the chronology, put his birth in AM 5199, and this became the accepted date for the Western Church. As the year AM 6000 (800 CE) approached there was increasing fear that the end of the world was nigh, until the
689:
begins with the
Creation and measures time in years, "weeks" of years (groups of seven years), and jubilees (sevens of sevens), so that the interval from Creation to the settlement of Canaan, for example, is exactly fifty jubilees (2450 years).
734:
15, which he placed in the year AM 4000, believing this marked the moment when the Mosaic Law was abolished and the new age of grace began. This was widely accepted among
European Protestants, but in the English-speaking world, Archbishop
796:). The weaknesses in Thiele's work have led subsequent scholars to continue to propose chronologies, but, in the words of a recent commentary on Kings, there is "little consensus on acceptable methods of dealing with conflicting data."
599:
The final period is the 374 years between Cyrus's edicts (538 BCE) and the re-dedication of the Second Temple by the
Maccabees (164 BCE). The overall 4,000 year cycle is calculated backwards from this point.
1974:
211:, theological chronologies emerged at different composition stages, although scholars have advanced various theories to identify these stages and their schematizations of time. These chronologies include:
671:
used one variation, now favored by Hughes and others. Northcote asserts that the Septuagint calendrical pattern was meant to demonstrate that there were 5,000 years from creation to a contemporaneous
355:, born 100 years before the flood, "begot" his first son two years after it, which should make him 102, but Genesis 11:10β11 specifies that he is only 100, suggesting that time has been suspended.
279:
The Saros chronology that reflected 3,600 years leading up to the first Temple and 4,080 years from creation to the completion of the Second Temple. This scheme served as "the basis for the later
257:
in Jerusalem not long after Nehemiah's mission, perhaps sometime late in the fifth century BCE (i.e. nearing 400 BCE)." Bousset (1900) apparently sees this schematization, too, but calls it Proto-
153:, added to the 430 years for which the Temple stood, produces another symmetrical period of 480 years. The 374 years between the Edict of Cyrus and the re-dedication of the Second Temple by the
468:
takes place in (AM 2666), exactly two-thirds of the way through the 4,000 years, marking it as the pivotal event of the chronology. It is also two-thirds of the way through the 40 notional "
2082:
754:
The chronology of the monarchy, unlike that of earlier periods, can be checked against non-biblical sources and seems to be correct in general terms. This raises the prospect that the
1951:
1867:
2061:
456:
Exodus 12:40 says that Israel was in Egypt 430 years, Genesis 15:13 predicts that the oppression will last 400 years, Exodus 6:14β25 says this is made up of four generations (
1670:
137:
takes place in the year A.M. 2666 (A.M. = Anno Mundi, years of the world from creation), exactly two thirds of the way through the four thousand years; the construction of
1930:
667:
manuscript. This calculation only emerges by supplementing Septuagint with the MT's chronology of kings. There were at least 3 variations of Septuagint chronology;
2726:
141:
is commenced 480 years, or 12 generations of 40 years each, after that; and 430 years pass between the building of Solomon's Temple and its destruction during the
1756:
2721:
460:
to Moses), and Genesis 15:16 predicts Abraham's descendants will return in the fourth generation. The alternatives cannot be matched exactly, but the number
1846:
1693:
535:
and the end of the Exile (AM 3626) is 50 years. Added to the 430 years for which the Temple stood, they produce another symmetrical period of 480 years.
520:
following Solomon, despite Judah lasting more than a century longer than Israel. "It seems very likely that have served simply to make up the numbers".
1825:
35:
1909:
1649:
1995:
2544:
2630:
2833:
2459:
2187:
2166:
223:(AM) 1600 and the foundation of the Temple at AM 2800. Alfred Jepsen proposed this chronology on the basis of melding time periods in the
2490:
242:, which purports to chronicle the reigns of the kings of Judah and Israel (with some significant historical corroboration, see below and
1622:
1599:
784:
1576:
655:
and the remaining texts were translated in the 2nd century BCE. It mostly agrees with the Masoretic Text, but not in its chronology.
724:
made his own calculations and found that Christ's birth took place in AM 3952, allowing several more centuries to the end of time.
2635:
2319:
631:, a text preserved by Jewish rabbis from early in the 7th and 10th centuries CE. There are, however, two other major texts, the
347:, time is calculated by adding the ages of the Patriarchs when their first child is born. It is possible that the period of the
2384:
856:
851:
846:
208:
114:
whose key lies in the identification of the final event. The passage of time is measured initially by adding the ages of the
2389:
2652:
2588:
2537:
2422:
2229:
861:
836:
831:
508:
243:
192:
184:
2883:
2197:
2176:
2155:
2134:
2113:
2092:
2007:
1984:
1963:
1940:
1919:
1877:
1856:
1835:
1789:
1766:
1724:
1703:
1682:
1659:
1611:
1588:
1562:
1552:
2878:
2434:
2417:
2374:
2711:
2407:
2754:
2640:
2501:
2018:
1888:
881:
2613:
2593:
2530:
2071:
1898:
1745:
826:
477:
2787:
1714:
2513:
2454:
2429:
2329:
517:
504:
195:
is questioned, and although scholars continue to advance proposals for reconciling the chronology of the
142:
758:, linking the Hebrew kings by accession and length of reign ("king X of Judah came to the throne in the
2744:
2439:
176:
91:
2868:
2623:
2485:
1801:"A Hasmonean Edition of MT Genesis?: The Implications of the Editions of the Chronology in Genesis 5"
886:
123:
778:
Possibly the most widely followed attempt to reconcile the contradictions has been that proposed by
2769:
2569:
2444:
2284:
611:
371:
43:
39:
2828:
2797:
2618:
2608:
2449:
2222:
866:
348:
239:
2818:
2749:
2662:
2369:
2364:
2334:
1777:
2759:
2716:
2598:
2379:
2339:
1629:
531:
The period from the Siege of Jerusalem and the destruction of Solomon's Temple (AM 3576) to
2823:
2792:
2645:
2553:
2349:
731:
636:
547:
426:
284:
224:
161:
150:
90:(the text of the Bible most commonly in use today) measures the passage of events from the
8:
2873:
2802:
2764:
2603:
2412:
2354:
2344:
2324:
1758:
Judaic Religion in the Second Temple Period: Belief and Practice from the Exile to Yavneh
492:
268:, with an overall literary showing of 3,480 years from creation to the completion of the
138:
31:
730:(1483β1546) switched the point of focus from Christ's birth to the Apostolic Council of
2359:
2294:
2269:
2215:
2041:
821:
664:
579:
390:
adds an extra ancestor so that the second group of 10 runs from the flood narrative to
379:
265:
115:
2019:"The schematic development of Old Testament Chronography: Towards an integrated model"
647:
holy books. It is estimated that the first five books of the Septuagint, known as the
398:
and Terah each have three sons, of whom the first in each case is the most important.
199:, there is "little consensus on acceptable methods of dealing with conflicting data."
122:, later through express statements, and later still by the synchronised reigns of the
2677:
2580:
2193:
2172:
2151:
2130:
2109:
2088:
2067:
2045:
2003:
1980:
1959:
1936:
1915:
1894:
1873:
1852:
1831:
1785:
1762:
1741:
1720:
1699:
1678:
1655:
1607:
1584:
1558:
891:
871:
694:
583:
386:
and the flood narrative and 10 between the flood narrative and Abraham, although the
2063:
Primaeval History Interpreted: The Rewriting of Genesis 1-11 in the Book of Jubilees
2480:
2274:
2033:
1812:
698:
686:
551:
532:
512:
434:
47:
606:
2844:
2145:
2124:
2103:
1735:
841:
779:
672:
644:
575:
235:
172:
1651:
Opening the Sealed Book: Interpretations of the Book of Isaiah in Late Antiquity
771:), and since Ahaziah of Judah and Joram of Israel were killed at the same time (
2863:
2505:
2475:
2279:
2037:
1816:
1572:
1363:
876:
789:
755:
748:
721:
628:
422:
414:
297:
258:
228:
196:
188:
146:
70:
1338:
2857:
2255:
2251:
727:
571:
438:
375:
269:
238:(of the Torah), along with priestly authors of later biblical books, and the
119:
99:
27:
23:
693:
Dating from the 2nd century CE, and still in common use among Jews, was the
183:, the Patriarchs and the Exodus are no longer included in most histories of
2561:
2509:
2247:
813:
736:
624:
616:
567:
442:
273:
168:
164:
87:
19:
2693:
1778:"Tracing the Origin of the Sabbatical Calendar in the Priestly Narrative"
640:
563:
500:
2522:
747:
For detailed reconstructions of the chronology of the Hebrew kings, see
2687:
2304:
768:
704:
632:
469:
465:
387:
322:
280:
253:
mission. Northcote says that this chronology was "probably composed by
220:
134:
95:
83:
249:
The Nehemiah chronology, devised to show 3,500 years from creation to
58:
772:
659:
507:
is 430 years. This is found by adding the reigns of the kings of the
302:
180:
154:
130:
2779:
2671:
1800:
710:
668:
250:
111:
103:
554:
puts it at 70 years, "clearly on ideological grounds" (the number
366:
The period from the birth of Shem's son to Abraham's migration to
2736:
2682:
1022:
570:
uses a 50-year time-frame when it places the commencement of the
496:
344:
254:
216:
107:
1067:
On the "Priestly chronology", see especially Hughes, e.g., 233f.
409:
The period between Abraham's call to enter Canaan (AM 2021) and
1012:
1010:
607:
Other chronologies: Septuagint, Samaritan, Jubilees, Seder Olam
367:
145:. The 50 years between the destruction of the Temple and the "
2703:
2238:
1827:
Secrets of the Times: Myth and History in Biblical Chronology
648:
473:
430:
418:
410:
391:
46:. For the composition of the various books of the Bible, see
2207:
2147:
The Mythic Past: Biblical Archaeology and the Myth of Israel
1527:
1457:
1455:
1169:
1007:
457:
395:
383:
352:
1285:
1283:
1157:
1479:
1467:
1452:
1404:
1380:
1368:
1319:
1075:
1073:
1049:
904:
652:
1039:
1037:
985:
983:
981:
916:
309:
The following table is derived from Thomas L. Thompson,
1581:
Israel in Transition 2: From Late Bronze II to Iron IIA
1307:
1280:
1256:
1085:
956:
954:
952:
950:
948:
946:
933:
931:
578:'s first regnal year (538 BCE), in accordance with the
559:
1602:. In Metzger, Bruce M.; Coogan, Michael David (eds.).
1295:
1205:
1133:
1070:
651:
or Pentateuch, were translated in the mid-3rd century
425:(12:40) as 430 years, although the Septuagint and the
1673:. In Mills, Watson E.; Bullard, Roger Aubrey (eds.).
1440:
1428:
1416:
1392:
1222:
1220:
1145:
1121:
1109:
1097:
1034:
978:
555:
461:
1515:
1244:
1232:
1193:
966:
943:
928:
803:
705:
Christian use and development of biblical chronology
2105:
The Reconstructed Chronology of the Divided Kingdom
1996:"Jubilee Calendar Rescued from the Flood Narrative"
1604:
The Oxford Guide to Ideas & Issues of the Bible
1503:
1491:
1181:
429:texts both give only 430 years between Abraham and
417:is 215 years, calculated from the ages of Abraham,
374:'s life-span of 365 years, the number of days in a
1268:
1217:
421:, and Jacob; the period in Egypt is stated in the
36:Historical reliability of the Acts of the Apostles
167:(term 1625β1656), and scholars of the stature of
110:in the modern sense, and functions as an implied
2855:
1782:Perspectives on Hebrew Scriptures (II, Volume 5)
1712:
1028:
995:
1737:The Chronology of the Kings of Israel and Judah
234:Distinct chronologies can be inferred from the
2000:Perspectives on Hebrew Scriptures II, Volume 5
794:Introduction to the Old Testament as Scripture
480:, representing the 26th generation from Adam.
18:This article deals with the chronology of the
2538:
2223:
1993:
1163:
464:seems to play a central role in all of them.
351:is not meant to be included in the count, as
272:, per B.W. Bousset (1900), and which had the
202:
1973:Moore, Megan Bishop; Kelle, Brad E. (2011).
1956:The Oxford Dictionary of the Jewish Religion
133:, marking out a world cycle of 4,000 years.
1713:Finkelstein, Israel; Mazar, Amihay (2007).
1668:
1647:
1325:
910:
2545:
2531:
2303:
2230:
2216:
2126:The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings
2026:Journal for the Study of the Old Testament
1972:
1949:
1410:
1016:
785:The Mysterious Numbers of the Hebrew Kings
550:lasted approximately fifty years, but the
187:, and it is very widely accepted that the
160:As recently as the 17thβ18th century, the
86:', and other means by which the Masoretic
42:. For a historical look at the Bible, see
2552:
2016:
1775:
1623:"Biblical Chronology: Legend or Science?"
1386:
1374:
1175:
1091:
1079:
1055:
2727:Muslim presence in the Iberian Peninsula
2143:
1928:
1211:
1139:
989:
922:
610:
264:A proto-Masoretic chronology, shaped by
175:was knowable from the Bible. Today, the
2320:Allegorical interpretation of the Bible
2080:
1886:
1848:The Purpose of the Biblical Genealogies
1844:
1628:. Ethel M. Wood lecture. Archived from
1422:
960:
658:The Samaritan text is preserved by the
2856:
2185:
2164:
2122:
2101:
2059:
1907:
1865:
1823:
1798:
1754:
1691:
1533:
1521:
1497:
1485:
1473:
1461:
1446:
1434:
1398:
1313:
1301:
1289:
1262:
1250:
1238:
1199:
1151:
1127:
1103:
1043:
972:
857:Development of the New Testament canon
852:Development of the Old Testament canon
762:th year of king Y of Israel and ruled
742:
215:A "Progenitor" chronology that placed
191:has little historical value. Even the
98:(the year of the re-dedication of the
82:is an elaborate system of lifespans, '
2526:
2211:
1733:
1577:"Samuel, Sources, and Historiography"
1550:
1509:
1187:
847:Development of the Hebrew Bible canon
179:has long since vanished from serious
2060:Ruiten, Jacques T. A. G. M. (2000).
1620:
1597:
1571:
1274:
1226:
1115:
1001:
937:
562:symbolises fullness, and 7x10 gives
1716:The Quest for the Historical Israel
1554:Genesis: Translation and Commentary
862:History of ancient Israel and Judah
837:Chronology of Babylonia and Assyria
832:Chronology of the ancient Near East
546:Scholars have established that the
441:, agrees with them and against the
244:History of ancient Israel and Judah
13:
2631:Eastern Orthodoxy in North America
1976:Biblical History and Israel's Past
1719:. Society of Biblical Literature.
491:The period from the foundation of
313:; notes within the table as cited.
14:
2895:
2834:Zen Buddhism in the United States
2375:Internal consistency of the Bible
1994:Najm, S.; Guillaume, Ph. (2007).
291:
26:). For material on the Christian
2084:Historical Dictionary of Judaism
806:
57:
2171:. Westminster John Knox Press.
1805:Hebrew Bible and Ancient Israel
1698:. Westminster John Knox Press.
1357:
1331:
1061:
882:Missing years (Jewish calendar)
157:complete the 4,000 year cycle.
64:Creation of Adam (Michelangelo)
2032:(1). Sage Publications: 3β36.
1675:Mercer Dictionary of the Bible
1669:Christensen, Duane L. (1990).
1579:. In Grabbe, Lester L. (ed.).
1557:. W. W. Norton & Company.
827:Biblical literalist chronology
615:Solomon Dedicates the Temple (
558:symbolises divine perfection,
1:
2237:
2165:Towner, Wayne Sibley (2001).
1851:. Wipf and Stock Publishers.
1845:Johnson, Marshall D. (2002).
1583:. Bloomsbury Publishing USA.
897:
714:
676:
2144:Thompson, Thomas L. (2007).
1935:. B&H Publishing Group.
1914:. Rowman & Littlefield.
1911:The A to Z of Ancient Israel
1908:Lemche, Niels Peter (2010).
1776:Guillaume, Philippe (2007).
1648:Blenkinsopp, Joseph (2006).
1029:Finkelstein & Mazar 2007
643:translation of the original
209:Hebrew Bible canon developed
22:(the basis of the Christian
7:
2636:Eastern Orthodoxy in Greece
2330:The Bible and homosexuality
1958:. Oxford University Press.
1677:. Mercer University Press.
1606:. Oxford University Press.
799:
596:Rededication of the Temple
10:
2900:
2102:Tetley, Christine (2005).
2038:10.1177/030908920402900101
2017:Northcote, Jeremy (2004).
1998:. In Zvi, Ehud Ben (ed.).
1954:. In Berlin, Adele (ed.).
1950:Milikowski, Chaim (2011).
1866:Konkel, August H. (2010).
1817:10.1628/219222712805363999
1780:. In Zvi, Ehud Ben (ed.).
1755:Grabbe, Lester L. (2002).
1695:Memories of Ancient Israel
1692:Davies, Philip R. (2008).
1543:
746:
623:The canonical text of the
503:to its destruction in the
472:" of 100 years each, with
308:
207:During the centuries that
203:Pre-Masoretic chronologies
177:Genesis creation narrative
171:(1642β1727) believed that
17:
2884:Timelines of Christianity
2842:
2811:
2778:
2735:
2702:
2661:
2560:
2499:
2468:
2460:Witchcraft and divination
2400:
2312:
2301:
2262:
2245:
2189:An Old Testament Theology
2186:Waltke, Bruce K. (2011).
2123:Thiele, Edwin R. (1983).
1887:Larsson, Gerhard (1973).
1164:Najm & Guillaume 2007
129:The chronology is highly
124:kings of Israel and Judah
2879:Jewish history timelines
2285:Historicity of the Bible
2081:Solomon, Norman (2006).
709:The early church father
509:United Kingdom of Israel
370:is 365 years, mirroring
44:Historicity of the Bible
40:Timeline of Christianity
2722:Science and engineering
2290:Chronology of the Bible
1929:Matthews, K.A. (1996).
1824:Hughes, Jeremy (1990).
1799:Hendel, Ronald (2012).
1734:Galil, Gershom (1996).
1343:Encyclopedia Britannica
867:Intertestamental period
349:Genesis flood narrative
240:Deuteronomistic history
80:chronology of the Bible
2370:Criticism of the Bible
2365:Muhammad and the Bible
2335:The Bible and violence
1551:Alter, Robert (1997).
1017:Moore & Kelle 2011
639:. The Septuagint is a
620:
283:chronology and pre-SP
118:at the birth of their
2641:Roman Catholic Church
2554:Timelines of religion
2380:Biblical hermeneutics
2340:The Bible and slavery
1536:, p. 4 and fn.6.
614:
478:High Priest of Israel
2418:Crime and punishment
2350:Alcohol in the Bible
2325:The Bible and ethics
1621:Barr, James (1987).
1598:Barr, James (2001).
685:The 2nd century BCE
637:Samaritan Pentateuch
548:Babylonian captivity
427:Samaritan Pentateuch
406:Entrance into Egypt
285:Samaritan Pentateuch
229:Masoretic recensions
162:Archbishop of Armagh
2690:(creator of humans)
2653:Syro-Malabar Church
2589:English Reformation
2355:Ethics in the Bible
2345:The Bible and humor
2087:. Scarecrow Press.
1488:, pp. 261β262.
1476:, pp. 260β261.
1464:, pp. 259β260.
1178:, pp. 252β253.
1019:, pp. 81, 168.
743:The Israelite kings
32:Chronology of Jesus
2594:Intelligent design
2360:Women in the Bible
2295:Biblical authority
2270:Biblical criticism
1031:, pp. 62, 74.
822:Biblical cosmology
665:Codex Alexandrinus
621:
505:siege of Jerusalem
437:, a writer of the
143:siege of Jerusalem
2851:
2850:
2520:
2519:
2002:. Gorgias Press.
1890:The Secret System
1830:. A&C Black.
1784:. Gorgias Press.
1316:, pp. 24β25.
1292:, pp. 95β96.
1265:, pp. 26β27.
1118:, pp. 98β99.
940:, pp. 96β97.
925:, pp. 73β74.
892:Ussher chronology
887:Universal history
872:Jewish chronology
695:Seder Olam Rabbah
604:
603:
584:Book of Leviticus
518:Kingdom of Israel
488:Solomon's temple
363:Birth of Abraham
343:From Creation to
149:" and end of the
2891:
2869:Biblical studies
2663:Greek polytheism
2583:
2547:
2540:
2533:
2524:
2523:
2385:African American
2307:
2275:Biblical studies
2232:
2225:
2218:
2209:
2208:
2203:
2182:
2161:
2140:
2119:
2098:
2077:
2056:
2054:
2052:
2023:
2013:
1990:
1969:
1946:
1925:
1904:
1883:
1862:
1841:
1820:
1795:
1772:
1751:
1730:
1709:
1688:
1665:
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1640:
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1627:
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1594:
1568:
1537:
1531:
1525:
1519:
1513:
1507:
1501:
1495:
1489:
1483:
1477:
1471:
1465:
1459:
1450:
1444:
1438:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1414:
1408:
1402:
1396:
1390:
1389:, pp. 14ff.
1384:
1378:
1377:, pp. 17ff.
1372:
1366:
1361:
1355:
1354:
1352:
1350:
1335:
1329:
1326:Blenkinsopp 2006
1323:
1317:
1311:
1305:
1299:
1293:
1287:
1278:
1272:
1266:
1260:
1254:
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1185:
1179:
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1155:
1149:
1143:
1137:
1131:
1125:
1119:
1113:
1107:
1101:
1095:
1089:
1083:
1077:
1068:
1065:
1059:
1058:, pp. 3ff..
1053:
1047:
1041:
1032:
1026:
1020:
1014:
1005:
999:
993:
987:
976:
970:
964:
958:
941:
935:
926:
920:
914:
911:Christensen 1990
908:
816:
811:
810:
809:
719:
716:
699:Babylonian exile
687:Book of Jubilees
681:
678:
552:Book of Jeremiah
513:Kingdom of Judah
493:Solomon's Temple
435:Paul the Apostle
340:Creation (Adam)
316:
315:
151:Babylonian Exile
139:Solomon's Temple
61:
48:Dating the Bible
2899:
2898:
2894:
2893:
2892:
2890:
2889:
2888:
2854:
2853:
2852:
2847:
2845:Religion portal
2838:
2812:Other religions
2807:
2774:
2755:Hebrew prophets
2731:
2698:
2657:
2579:
2556:
2551:
2521:
2516:
2495:
2469:Christian Bible
2464:
2396:
2308:
2299:
2258:
2241:
2236:
2206:
2200:
2179:
2158:
2150:. Basic Books.
2137:
2116:
2095:
2074:
2050:
2048:
2021:
2010:
1987:
1966:
1943:
1922:
1901:
1880:
1859:
1838:
1792:
1769:
1748:
1727:
1706:
1685:
1662:
1638:
1636:
1635:on 23 July 2020
1632:
1625:
1614:
1591:
1573:Auld, A. Graeme
1565:
1546:
1541:
1540:
1532:
1528:
1520:
1516:
1508:
1504:
1496:
1492:
1484:
1480:
1472:
1468:
1460:
1453:
1445:
1441:
1433:
1429:
1421:
1417:
1411:Milikowski 2011
1409:
1405:
1397:
1393:
1385:
1381:
1373:
1369:
1362:
1358:
1348:
1346:
1345:. June 15, 2017
1337:
1336:
1332:
1324:
1320:
1312:
1308:
1304:, p. 1188.
1300:
1296:
1288:
1281:
1273:
1269:
1261:
1257:
1249:
1245:
1237:
1233:
1225:
1218:
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1206:
1198:
1194:
1186:
1182:
1174:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1150:
1146:
1138:
1134:
1130:, pp. 4β5.
1126:
1122:
1114:
1110:
1102:
1098:
1090:
1086:
1078:
1071:
1066:
1062:
1054:
1050:
1042:
1035:
1027:
1023:
1015:
1008:
1000:
996:
988:
979:
971:
967:
959:
944:
936:
929:
921:
917:
909:
905:
900:
842:Dating creation
812:
807:
805:
802:
780:Edwin R. Thiele
752:
745:
717:
707:
679:
673:Ptolemaic Egypt
645:Biblical Hebrew
609:
592:
576:Cyrus the Great
543:Edict of Cyrus
378:. There are 10
329:
320:
314:
311:The Mythic Past
294:
276:at 3,000 years.
236:Priestly source
205:
193:United Monarchy
173:dating creation
147:Decree of Cyrus
106:in intent, not
76:
75:
74:
73:
67:
66:
65:
62:
51:
12:
11:
5:
2897:
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2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2747:
2745:Jewish history
2741:
2739:
2733:
2732:
2730:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2712:Muslim history
2708:
2706:
2700:
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2691:
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2680:
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2649:
2648:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2627:
2626:
2624:Book of Mormon
2616:
2611:
2606:
2601:
2596:
2591:
2586:
2585:
2584:
2572:
2566:
2564:
2558:
2557:
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2549:
2542:
2535:
2527:
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2472:
2470:
2466:
2465:
2463:
2462:
2457:
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2442:
2437:
2432:
2427:
2426:
2425:
2423:Capital crimes
2415:
2410:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2395:
2394:
2393:
2392:
2390:Asian American
2387:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2342:
2337:
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2327:
2322:
2316:
2314:
2310:
2309:
2302:
2300:
2298:
2297:
2292:
2287:
2282:
2280:Biblical canon
2277:
2272:
2266:
2264:
2260:
2259:
2246:
2243:
2242:
2235:
2234:
2227:
2220:
2212:
2205:
2204:
2199:978-0310863328
2198:
2183:
2178:978-0664252564
2177:
2162:
2157:978-0465010523
2156:
2141:
2136:978-0825496882
2135:
2120:
2115:978-1575060729
2114:
2108:. Eisenbraun.
2099:
2094:978-0810864986
2093:
2078:
2072:
2057:
2014:
2009:978-1593336127
2008:
1991:
1986:978-0802862600
1985:
1970:
1965:978-0199730049
1964:
1947:
1942:978-0805401011
1941:
1926:
1921:978-0810875654
1920:
1905:
1899:
1884:
1879:978-0310865629
1878:
1863:
1858:978-1579102746
1857:
1842:
1837:978-0567629302
1836:
1821:
1811:(4): 448β464.
1796:
1791:978-1593336127
1790:
1773:
1768:978-1134615629
1767:
1752:
1746:
1731:
1726:978-1589832770
1725:
1710:
1705:978-0664232887
1704:
1689:
1684:978-0865543737
1683:
1666:
1661:978-0802840219
1660:
1645:
1618:
1613:978-0195149173
1612:
1595:
1590:978-0567638403
1589:
1569:
1564:978-0393070262
1563:
1547:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1538:
1526:
1514:
1502:
1490:
1478:
1466:
1451:
1449:, p. 257.
1439:
1437:, p. 253.
1427:
1415:
1413:, p. 656.
1403:
1401:, p. 245.
1391:
1387:Northcote 2004
1379:
1375:Northcote 2004
1367:
1356:
1330:
1318:
1306:
1294:
1279:
1267:
1255:
1243:
1231:
1216:
1204:
1192:
1180:
1176:Guillaume 2007
1168:
1156:
1154:, p. 124.
1144:
1132:
1120:
1108:
1106:, p. 246.
1096:
1092:Northcote 2004
1084:
1080:Northcote 2004
1069:
1060:
1056:Northcote 2004
1048:
1046:, p. 673.
1033:
1021:
1006:
994:
977:
975:, p. 234.
965:
942:
927:
915:
913:, p. 148.
902:
901:
899:
896:
895:
894:
889:
884:
879:
877:Kings of Judah
874:
869:
864:
859:
854:
849:
844:
839:
834:
829:
824:
818:
817:
801:
798:
790:Brevard Childs
756:Books of Kings
749:Kings of Judah
744:
741:
722:Venerable Bede
718: 260β340
706:
703:
680: 300 BCE
629:Masoretic Text
627:is called the
608:
605:
602:
601:
597:
594:
588:
587:
544:
541:
537:
536:
529:
526:
522:
521:
489:
486:
482:
481:
454:
451:
447:
446:
423:Book of Exodus
415:Biblical Egypt
413:'s entry into
407:
404:
400:
399:
364:
361:
357:
356:
341:
338:
334:
333:
330:
326:
298:Masoretic Text
293:
292:Masoretic Text
290:
289:
288:
287:chronologies".
277:
262:
247:
232:
204:
201:
197:Books of Kings
189:Book of Joshua
185:ancient Israel
120:firstborn sons
94:to around 164
71:Sistine Chapel
69:
68:
63:
56:
55:
54:
53:
52:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2896:
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2822:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2814:
2810:
2804:
2801:
2799:
2796:
2794:
2793:Hindu history
2791:
2789:
2786:
2785:
2783:
2781:
2777:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
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2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
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2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2689:
2686:
2684:
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2679:
2676:
2674:
2673:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2664:
2660:
2654:
2651:
2647:
2644:
2643:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2629:
2625:
2622:
2621:
2620:
2617:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2605:
2602:
2600:
2597:
2595:
2592:
2590:
2587:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2576:
2573:
2571:
2568:
2567:
2565:
2563:
2559:
2555:
2548:
2543:
2541:
2536:
2534:
2529:
2528:
2525:
2515:
2511:
2507:
2503:
2498:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2484:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2473:
2471:
2467:
2461:
2458:
2456:
2453:
2451:
2448:
2446:
2443:
2441:
2438:
2436:
2435:Homosexuality
2433:
2431:
2428:
2424:
2421:
2420:
2419:
2416:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2405:
2403:
2399:
2391:
2388:
2386:
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2378:
2376:
2373:
2371:
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2351:
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2331:
2328:
2326:
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2318:
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2315:
2311:
2306:
2296:
2293:
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2288:
2286:
2283:
2281:
2278:
2276:
2273:
2271:
2268:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2257:
2256:New Testament
2253:
2252:Old Testament
2249:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2228:
2226:
2221:
2219:
2214:
2213:
2210:
2201:
2195:
2192:. Zondervan.
2191:
2190:
2184:
2180:
2174:
2170:
2169:
2163:
2159:
2153:
2149:
2148:
2142:
2138:
2132:
2129:. Zondervan.
2128:
2127:
2121:
2117:
2111:
2107:
2106:
2100:
2096:
2090:
2086:
2085:
2079:
2075:
2069:
2065:
2064:
2058:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2015:
2011:
2005:
2001:
1997:
1992:
1988:
1982:
1978:
1977:
1971:
1967:
1961:
1957:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1938:
1934:
1933:
1927:
1923:
1917:
1913:
1912:
1906:
1902:
1896:
1892:
1891:
1885:
1881:
1875:
1872:. Zondervan.
1871:
1870:
1869:1 and 2 Kings
1864:
1860:
1854:
1850:
1849:
1843:
1839:
1833:
1829:
1828:
1822:
1818:
1814:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1797:
1793:
1787:
1783:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1764:
1761:. Routledge.
1760:
1759:
1753:
1749:
1743:
1739:
1738:
1732:
1728:
1722:
1718:
1717:
1711:
1707:
1701:
1697:
1696:
1690:
1686:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1667:
1663:
1657:
1653:
1652:
1646:
1631:
1624:
1619:
1615:
1609:
1605:
1601:
1596:
1592:
1586:
1582:
1578:
1574:
1570:
1566:
1560:
1556:
1555:
1549:
1548:
1535:
1530:
1524:, p. 15.
1523:
1518:
1512:, p. 12.
1511:
1506:
1499:
1494:
1487:
1482:
1475:
1470:
1463:
1458:
1456:
1448:
1443:
1436:
1431:
1425:, p. 61.
1424:
1419:
1412:
1407:
1400:
1395:
1388:
1383:
1376:
1371:
1365:
1364:1 Samuel 13:1
1360:
1344:
1340:
1334:
1328:, p. 87.
1327:
1322:
1315:
1310:
1303:
1298:
1291:
1286:
1284:
1277:, p. 20.
1276:
1271:
1264:
1259:
1253:, p. 30.
1252:
1247:
1241:, p. 28.
1240:
1235:
1229:, p. 97.
1228:
1223:
1221:
1214:, p. 38.
1213:
1212:Matthews 1996
1208:
1202:, p. 27.
1201:
1196:
1190:, p. 28.
1189:
1184:
1177:
1172:
1165:
1160:
1153:
1148:
1142:, p. 75.
1141:
1140:Thompson 2007
1136:
1129:
1124:
1117:
1112:
1105:
1100:
1094:, p. 12.
1093:
1088:
1081:
1076:
1074:
1064:
1057:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1038:
1030:
1025:
1018:
1013:
1011:
1003:
998:
992:, p. 74.
991:
990:Thompson 2007
986:
984:
982:
974:
969:
963:, p. 32.
962:
957:
955:
953:
951:
949:
947:
939:
934:
932:
924:
923:Thompson 2007
919:
912:
907:
903:
893:
890:
888:
885:
883:
880:
878:
875:
873:
870:
868:
865:
863:
860:
858:
855:
853:
850:
848:
845:
843:
840:
838:
835:
833:
830:
828:
825:
823:
820:
819:
815:
804:
797:
795:
791:
787:
786:
781:
776:
774:
770:
765:
761:
757:
750:
740:
738:
733:
729:
728:Martin Luther
725:
723:
712:
702:
700:
696:
691:
688:
683:
674:
670:
666:
661:
656:
654:
650:
646:
642:
638:
634:
630:
626:
618:
613:
598:
595:
590:
589:
585:
581:
577:
573:
572:Second Temple
569:
565:
561:
557:
553:
549:
545:
542:
539:
538:
534:
533:Cyrus's edict
530:
527:
524:
523:
519:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
494:
490:
487:
484:
483:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
452:
449:
448:
444:
440:
439:New Testament
436:
432:
428:
424:
420:
416:
412:
408:
405:
402:
401:
397:
393:
389:
385:
381:
377:
376:tropical year
373:
369:
365:
362:
359:
358:
354:
350:
346:
342:
339:
336:
335:
331:
327:
324:
318:
317:
312:
307:
304:
299:
286:
282:
278:
275:
271:
270:Second Temple
267:
263:
260:
256:
252:
248:
245:
241:
237:
233:
230:
226:
222:
218:
214:
213:
212:
210:
200:
198:
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2401:Hebrew Bible
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2049:. Retrieved
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1999:
1979:. Eerdmans.
1975:
1955:
1952:"Seder Olam"
1932:Genesis 1β11
1931:
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1671:"Chronology"
1654:. Eerdmans.
1650:
1637:. Retrieved
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1600:"Chronology"
1580:
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783:
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617:James Tissot
568:Book of Ezra
566:years). The
476:, the first
443:Hebrew Bible
310:
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274:first Temple
219:'s birth at
206:
169:Isaac Newton
165:James Ussher
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2829:Scientology
2798:Hindu texts
2694:Ages of Man
2609:Joan of Arc
2514:WikiProject
2491:Development
1534:Tetley 2005
1522:Thiele 1983
1498:Tetley 2005
1486:Hughes 1990
1474:Hughes 1990
1462:Hughes 1990
1447:Hughes 1990
1435:Hughes 1990
1399:Hughes 1990
1314:Davies 2008
1302:Waltke 2011
1290:Lemche 2010
1263:Davies 2008
1251:Davies 2008
1239:Davies 2008
1200:Davies 2008
1152:Ruiten 2000
1128:Hendel 2012
1104:Grabbe 2002
1044:Konkel 2010
973:Hughes 1990
641:Koine Greek
582:law of the
511:and of the
501:regnal year
470:generations
104:theological
84:generations
2874:Chronology
2858:Categories
2688:Prometheus
2481:Protestant
2073:9004116583
2051:1 February
1900:9004036679
1747:9004106111
1639:1 February
1510:Galil 1996
1188:Alter 1997
898:References
769:1 Kings 12
633:Septuagint
593:(164 BCE)
499:'s fourth
466:The Exodus
388:Septuagint
380:Patriarchs
281:Septuagint
251:Nehemiah's
221:Anno Mundi
135:The Exodus
116:Patriarchs
108:historical
102:). It was
2788:Ayyavazhi
2760:Jerusalem
2717:Jerusalem
2619:Mormonism
2599:Jerusalem
2239:The Bible
2066:. BRILL.
2046:145179289
1893:. Brill.
1740:. Brill.
1275:Auld 2010
1227:Barr 2001
1116:Barr 2001
1002:Barr 1987
938:Barr 2001
773:2 Kings 9
660:Samaritan
319:Masoretic
303:Maccabees
225:Samaritan
181:cosmology
155:Maccabees
131:schematic
2824:Buddhism
2780:Hinduism
2672:Theogony
2646:Opus Dei
2614:Missions
2570:Timeline
2506:Category
2476:Catholic
2413:Covenant
2263:Overview
1575:(2010).
1349:April 7,
800:See also
711:Eusebius
669:Eusebius
635:and the
540:AM 3626
525:AM 3576
485:AM 3146
450:AM 2666
403:AM 2236
382:between
360:AM 1948
266:jubilees
112:prophecy
92:creation
2803:Jainism
2765:Zionism
2737:Judaism
2683:Chronos
2502:Outline
2455:Warfare
2168:Genesis
1544:Sources
782:in his
591:AM 4000
580:jubilee
497:Solomon
453:Exodus
345:Abraham
255:Levites
217:Abraham
2819:BahΓ‘ΚΌΓ
2581:Ussher
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2440:Prayer
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2604:Jesus
2575:Bible
2042:S2CID
2022:(PDF)
1633:(PDF)
1626:(PDF)
649:Torah
474:Aaron
431:Moses
419:Isaac
411:Jacob
392:Terah
372:Enoch
337:AM 1
332:Note
328:Event
2445:Rape
2194:ISBN
2173:ISBN
2152:ISBN
2131:ISBN
2110:ISBN
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2068:ISBN
2053:2015
2004:ISBN
1981:ISBN
1960:ISBN
1937:ISBN
1916:ISBN
1895:ISBN
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1832:ISBN
1786:ISBN
1763:ISBN
1742:ISBN
1721:ISBN
1700:ISBN
1679:ISBN
1656:ISBN
1641:2015
1608:ISBN
1585:ISBN
1559:ISBN
1351:2018
732:Acts
458:Levi
396:Noah
384:Adam
353:Shem
296:The
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78:The
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2450:Sex
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653:BCE
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