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of the gun began a mechanism to rotate the discs. The disc carrying the 12 frames rotated 1/12 of a revolution while the disc carrying the shutter slit revolved once, so that each of the 12 openings appeared in turn behind the lens and was exposed through the slit. When printed, it gave the same effect as his layering process. (Eventually, Marey was able to photograph on actual rolls of film and project the frames in sequence.) Depending on the purpose of the chronophotograph, it could later be affixed to any of several devices either to be displayed in motion or to compare phases of motion in layers.
163:, including a self portrait series of twelve pictures showing his face from the left side profile to the right side profile. He had made the pictures in London in 1843 with a simple multiplier device that allowed successive exposures of parts of Daguerreotype plates in a very short time. Claudet regarded these pictures as curious specimens of photography of little practical use and forgot about it. After the Mayer brothers patented a "multiplicateur" in 1850 Claudet contested the priority of their invention. In 1853
20:
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391:, and ultimately, Albert Londe's high-speed multi-exposure camera which ran film through a projector in a new way), the display of chronophotographs as entertainment became more sophisticated and useful than ever before. Before long, cinematic devices spawned from original chronophotographic predecessors, with which audiences could watch continuous loops of entertaining activities (for example, the “
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Daguerreotype). At least from the early 1840s some photographers used multiple cameras, resulting in series of pictures with small differences in time and/or angle. However, changes in poses or angles between exposures were usually aimed at the most advantageous look for the model, not at the slight and regular changes needed for a chronophotographic sequence.
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actual positions of the legs. Some years later, Stanford wanted a series to document all the different positions of a running horse and got back to
Muybridge for the project. They used a battery of cameras along a part of the track, with electro-magnetic shutters triggered by tripwires. Muybridge's first chronophotographic sequences were published as
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as its purpose was to photograph short sequences of the natural movement of birds during their flight, which took twelve successive photographs on a set of discs. The disc contained 12 openings around its circumference. In front of this disc was a second disc pierced with a slit. Pressing the trigger
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Chronophotography's original purpose was to help scientists study objects in motion, primarily humans and animals. It was also used for practical purposes, such as judging timed events and recording historical ones (horse and dog races, performances) and studying the movement of projectiles for war.
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shared the development of projecting technology, using chronophotographs and projectors to create movement much like the projection we know today. Anschutz carried this concept even further, developing chronophotographs to run through his projectors as entertainment. Anschutz then managed to develop
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As photography became the dominant source of accurate depiction of life, art no longer necessarily had to capture life. Now liberated from the one-to-one relationship between a fixed coordinate in space captured at a single moment in time assumed by classical vanishing-point perspective, the artist
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photographic prints of the subject in motion. The subject could range from a running horse to a human descending stairs, or inanimate objects being thrown, launched, or falling. To overlap the phases of movement on a single plate, like the work of Marey and Demeny, a photographer would fix a single
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Setting up a sequence of cameras to photograph the movement of a subject as it progresses in locomotion originally created chronophotographs. This could be done via tripwire or electrically timed shutter release attached to each individual camera. The photographer then paired together a sequence of
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to create an instantaneous photograph of one of his horses at full speed. Initially thinking it was impossible, Muybridge nonetheless took the challenge, experimented with chemicals and shutter devices for a while, and eventually managed to shoot a hazy image that satisfied
Stanford interest in the
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photographers already took multiple shots of a subject, mostly to increase their chances of obtaining a successful picture. Making multiple shots of one subject was also a sensible solution when multiple pictures were wanted, since
Daguerreotypes could not be reproduced (except by photographing an
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that allowed photos to be taken at 1/1000 second exposures. This enabled a faster setup of
Muybridge's multiple-camera system, able to take more exposures faster due to the rapidity of the shutter speed. He also invented a personal viewer for his chronophotographs, a revolving disk in which the
60:, to discover practical information for animal handlers and/or as reference material for artists. Although many results were not intended to be exhibited as moving pictures, there is much overlap with the more or less simultaneous quest to register and exhibit photographic
327:. In 1882, he devised a camera with nine lenses and intricate timing system to study the physical and muscular movements of patients. Over time Londe refined this system to be able to take a sequence of twelve pictures in as little as a tenth of a second.
415:, inspired by his earlier work using chronophotography under the influence of Marey. The short film shows patients walking in four directions against a black background before and after treatment. This and Marinescu's related films are considered early
233:. On 12 November 1852, Duboscq filed the "stéréoscope - fantascope ou bioscope" as an addition to his earlier stéréoscope patent. He shortly marketed the device, with little success. The only known extant disc shows a machine in action.
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With
Anschutz's development of non-scientific, entertaining chronophotographs, chronophotography became the basis for the invention and development of cinematography. Due to the development of projection devices (Muybridge's
419:. The professor called his works "studies with the help of the cinematograph," and published the results, along with several consecutive frames, in issues of "La Semaine Médicale" magazine from Paris, between 1899 and 1902.
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photography (mainstream since the early 1850s) led to the belief that photography could be further developed into a perfect illusion of reality. Photographic recordings with motion and colour were the logical next steps.
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Soon after the introduction of photography in 1839, the camera became the dominant source of accurate depiction of life. As the technology became more sophisticated, so did the activities for which people used cameras.
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as the best way to obtain the necessary stereoscopic picture sequence, but did not get around to bringing this plan to fruition. Eventually, the idea was communicated to French publisher and instrumentmaker
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cabinet cards in 1878. The images of the horse caused astonishment to the public all over the world, as the poses deviated from most traditional depictions and were much less graceful than expected.
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216:, in an 1849 article about improvements for his fantascope. He had discussed the possibility of the combination of the fantascope and stereoscopic photographs with the inventor of the
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documented his first idea to use photographic methods to make scientific recordings. His first machine was built in April 1845 to continuously trace the varying indications of
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Chronophotography is defined as "a set of photographs of a moving object, taken for the purpose of recording and exhibiting successive phases of motion". The term
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equipment on photographic paper. The cameras were supplied to numerous observatories around the world and some remained in use until well into the 20th century.
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works regularly depicted multiple angles within a frame, and multiple aspects of time and motion can be recognized in several related paintings, including
205:(available since 1866) or newly developed devices. The animated results of photographic sequences with live models can be regarded as a very early form of
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Early series that were actually shot to depict motion sequences, had to be photographed one pose at a time, with intervals, because the necessary
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to describe photographs of movement from which measurements could be taken and motion could be studied. It is derived from the Greek word χρόνος
333:, Marey's assistant, developed even further applications for the reproduction of movement, primarily in creating a simple projector called the
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Mansfield, Elizabeth and
Arnason, H.H. (2010). History of Modern Art: Painting, Sculpture, Architecture, Photography. Upper Saddle River.
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which captures a number of phases of movements. The best known chronophotography works were mostly intended for the scientific study of
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plate by using strips of celluloid for each separate, irregular image. Marey also later developed a device, shaped in the manner of a
427:, whereby several positions in space captured at successive time intervals could be depicted within the bounds of a single painting.
245:"Abe Edgington", owned by Leland Stanford; driven by C. Marvin, trotting at a 2-24 gait over the Palo Alto track, 15th June, 1878
399:’s backlighting technology). From these developments in history, cinematography and silent film of moving images were invented.
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The Horse in Motion. "Sallie
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Most of the early series with an intended range of regular changes formed a study of different angles of a model.
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times took too long for live recordings. In some cases the results were used in stroboscopic devices, such as the
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made exposures of less than a second possible. Without the need to hold poses for a long time, early
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The earliest known realistic concept of motion picture recording was published by
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Hirsch, Robert (2000). Seizing the Light: A History of
Photography. McGraw Hill.
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Photographic technique which captures changes in the subject's motion over time
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Rossell, Deac (1997). Photography Encyclopedia. “Chronophotography.”
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Nu descendant un escalier n° 2 (Nude Descending a Staircase, No. 2)
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http://www.eshph.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/05/ronalds_camera.pdf
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History of film technology § 1849-1879: Photography in motion
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La photographie sérielle et séquentielle. Origines et ambiguïtés
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264:, former governor of California and horse enthusiast, hired
346:,” an early model of a folding bellows, and a flatbed-type
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popularized the multiplier through the mass production of
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Eadweard Muybridge, The Man Who Invented Moving Pictures
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An 1854 image of Antoine Claudet's multiplicateur system
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eventually made real-time chronophotography possible.
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Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph
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762:. U.S.: Henry Holt and Company, Inc. p. 78.
351:photos could be viewed with illumination from an
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573:European Society for the History of Photography
451:(1912) was directly influenced by Muybridge's
282:A chronophotographic study of horse motion by
224:. Plateau came up with an early conception of
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175:1849-1870s: early attempts at motion pictures
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438:Danseuse au café (Dancer in a Café)
249:Improvements in the sensitivity of
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423:became free to explore notions of
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978:Audiovisual introductions in 1867
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498:The J. Paul Getty Museum (1990).
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455:(1887) and the works of Marey.
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473:"Dictionary.die.net Shut Down"
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342:a folding hand camera with a “
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311:Albert Londe's 12-lens camera
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30:using chronophotography, 1878
201:(available since 1833), the
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602:(in French). Archived from
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355:(rather than projection).
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255:instantaneous photography
756:Tomkins, Calvin (1996).
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453:Woman Walking Downstairs
983:Photographic techniques
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102:("time") combined with
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567:Ronalds, B.F. (2016).
542:Ronalds, B.F. (2016).
395:” devices built using
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296:Chronophotographic gun
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251:photographic emulsions
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309:Étienne-Jules Marey:
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298:in 1882, inspired by
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759:Duchamp: A Biography
409:made the 1898 film
344:focal-plane shutter
325:Jean-Martin Charcot
292:Étienne-Jules Marey
284:Etienne-Jules Marey
272:The Horse in Motion
94:Étienne-Jules Marey
24:The Horse in Motion
973:Precursors of film
816:Precursors of film
735:Cubism and Culture
656:Laboulaye (1847).
642:La Lumière - No. 7
626:La Lumière - No. 5
407:Gheorghe Marinescu
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266:Eadweard Muybridge
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222:Charles Wheatstone
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847:Chronophotography
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364:twelve different
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827:Alethoscope
404:neurologist
335:stroboscope
322:neurologist
226:stop motion
218:stereoscope
105:photography
967:Categories
947:Zograscope
917:Raree show
610:2017-03-04
445:'s famous
207:pixilation
68:Definition
58:locomotion
897:Peep show
892:Mutoscope
862:Flip book
852:Cosmorama
402:Romanian
393:peep show
366:wet-plate
260:In 1873,
52:from the
942:Zoetrope
441:(1912).
203:zoetrope
195:exposure
155:In 1844
477:die.net
359:Process
313:, 1893.
112:History
99:chrónos
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578:2 June
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429:Cubist
286:, 1886
459:Notes
48:is a
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