Photography - Knowledge

760: 1537: 513: 1867: 496: 484: 72: 2271: 2251: 1428: 1995: 626: 2077: 384:. The invention of the camera has been traced back to the work of Ibn al-Haytham. While the effects of a single light passing through a pinhole had been described earlier, Ibn al-Haytham gave the first correct analysis of the camera obscura, including the first geometrical and quantitative descriptions of the phenomenon, and was the first to use a screen in a dark room so that an image from one side of a hole in the surface could be projected onto a screen on the other side. He also first understood the relationship between the 618:

deserted, one man having his boots polished stood sufficiently still throughout the several-minutes-long exposure to be visible. The existence of Daguerre's process was publicly announced, without details, on 7 January 1839. The news created an international sensation. France soon agreed to pay Daguerre a pension in exchange for the right to present his invention to the world as the gift of France, which occurred when complete working instructions were unveiled on 19 August 1839. In that same year, American photographer

2299: 561: 1405: 1348:') is a dark room or chamber from which, as far as possible, all light is excluded except the light that forms the image. It was discovered and used in the 16th century by painters. The subject being photographed, however, must be illuminated. Cameras can range from small to very large, a whole room that is kept dark while the object to be photographed is in another room where it is properly illuminated. This was common for reproduction photography of flat copy when large film negatives were used (see 1049: 1179:, or as color negatives intended for use in creating positive color enlargements on specially coated paper. The latter is now the most common form of film (non-digital) color photography owing to the introduction of automated photo printing equipment. After a transition period centered around 1995–2005, color film was relegated to a niche market by inexpensive multi-megapixel digital cameras. Film continues to be the preference of some photographers because of its distinctive "look". 1280: 2113:) by complying with a rigid ethical framework which demands that the work be both honest and impartial whilst telling the story in strictly journalistic terms. Photojournalists create pictures that contribute to the news media, and help communities connect with one other. Photojournalists must be well informed and knowledgeable about events happening right outside their door. They deliver news in a creative format that is not only informative, but also entertaining, including 1264: 6458: 1806: 339: 6469: 1200: 964:

cameras that exclusively shoot monochrome. Monochrome printing or electronic display can be used to salvage certain photographs taken in color which are unsatisfactory in their original form; sometimes when presented as black-and-white or single-color-toned images they are found to be more effective. Although color photography has long predominated, monochrome images are still produced, mostly for artistic reasons. Almost all

944:. Even after color film was readily available, black-and-white photography continued to dominate for decades, due to its lower cost, chemical stability, and its "classic" photographic look. The tones and contrast between light and dark areas define black-and-white photography. Monochromatic pictures are not necessarily composed of pure blacks, whites, and intermediate shades of gray but can involve shades of one particular 2132: 987: 743: 2025:. In 1974 the chemograms by Josef H. Neumann concluded the separation of the painterly background and the photographic layer by showing the picture elements in a symbiosis that had never existed before, as an unmistakable unique specimen, in a simultaneous painterly and at the same time real photographic perspective, using lenses, within a photographic layer, united in colors and shapes. This Neumann 1654: 920: 475:. Although he succeeded in capturing the shadows of objects placed on the surface in direct sunlight, and even made shadow copies of paintings on glass, it was reported in 1802 that "the images formed by means of a camera obscura have been found too faint to produce, in any moderate time, an effect upon the nitrate of silver." The shadow images eventually darkened all over. 664:, had succeeded in making crude but reasonably light-fast silver images on paper as early as 1834 but had kept his work secret. After reading about Daguerre's invention in January 1839, Talbot published his hitherto secret method and set about improving on it. At first, like other pre-daguerreotype processes, Talbot's paper-based photography typically required hours-long 816:

optical quality than their glass plate equivalents, and until the late 1910s they were not available in the large formats preferred by most professional photographers, so the new medium did not immediately or completely replace the old. Because of the superior dimensional stability of glass, the use of plates for some scientific applications, such as

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Chartres, Mexican sculpture, a Persian bowl, Chinese carpets, Giotto's frescoes at Padua, and the masterpieces of Poussin, Piero della Francesca, and Cezanne? Only one answer seems possible – significant form. In each, lines and colors combined in a particular way, certain forms and relations of forms, stir our aesthetic emotions.

893:"look" of film based photographs compared to digital images is likely due to a combination of factors, including (1) differences in spectral and tonal sensitivity (S-shaped density-to-exposure (H&D curve) with film vs. linear response curve for digital CCD sensors), (2) resolution, and (3) continuity of tone. 759: 3151:

Atlantico, Leonardo thought that the lens of the eye reversed the pinhole effect, so that the image did not appear inverted on the retina; though in fact it does. Actually, the analogy of focal-point and pin-point must have been understood by Ibn al-Haitham, who died just about the time when Shen Kua was born.

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Wildlife photography involves capturing images of various forms of wildlife. Unlike other forms of photography such as product or food photography, successful wildlife photography requires a photographer to choose the right place and right time when specific wildlife are present and active. It often

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focuses on capturing candid images of both the artist or band as well as the atmosphere (including the crowd). Many of these photographers work freelance and are contracted through an artist or their management to cover a specific show. Concert photographs are often used to promote the artist or band

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Glass plates were the medium for most original camera photography from the late 1850s until the general introduction of flexible plastic films during the 1890s. Although the convenience of the film greatly popularized amateur photography, early films were somewhat more expensive and of markedly lower

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are causing a stir. Sontag is concerned that "to photograph is to turn people into objects that can be symbolically possessed". Desensitization discussion goes hand in hand with debates about censored images. Sontag writes of her concern that the ability to censor pictures means the photographer has

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dismisses the objectivity of photography. This is a highly debated subject within the photographic community. Sontag argues, "To photograph is to appropriate the thing photographed. It means putting one's self into a certain relation to the world that feels like knowledge, and therefore like power."

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is a particular form of photography (the collecting, editing, and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast) that employs images in order to tell a news story. It is now usually understood to refer only to still images, but in some cases the term also refers to video used in broadcast

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technique that manipulates the foreground, subject or middle-ground, and background layers in a way that they all work together to tell a story through the image. Layers may be incorporated by altering the focal length, distorting the perspective by positioning the camera in a certain spot. People,

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Photographs, both monochrome and color, can be captured and displayed through two side-by-side images that emulate human stereoscopic vision. Stereoscopic photography was the first that captured figures in motion. While known colloquially as "3-D" photography, the more accurate term is stereoscopy.

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and anyone is free to photograph anything seen in public spaces as long as it is in plain view. In the UK, a recent law (Counter-Terrorism Act 2008) increases the power of the police to prevent people, even press photographers, from taking pictures in public places. In South Africa, any person may

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There must be some one quality without which a work of art cannot exist; possessing which, in the least degree, no work is altogether worthless. What is this quality? What quality is shared by all objects that provoke our aesthetic emotions? What quality is common to Sta. Sophia and the windows at

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continue to produce some monochrome images, sometimes because of the established archival permanence of well-processed silver-halide-based materials. Some full-color digital images are processed using a variety of techniques to create black-and-white results, and some manufacturers produce digital

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Alhazen used the camera obscura particularly for observing solar eclipses, as indeed Aristotle is said to have done, and it seems that, like Shen Kua, he had predecessors in its study, since he did not claim it as any new finding of his own. But his treatment of it was competently geometrical and

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or out of casual interest, rather than as a business or job. The quality of amateur work can be comparable to that of many professionals. Amateurs can fill a gap in subjects or topics that might not otherwise be photographed if they are not commercially useful or salable. Amateur photography grew

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Replacing a hot mirror or infrared blocking filter with an infrared pass or a wide spectrally transmitting filter allows the camera to detect the wider spectrum light at greater sensitivity. Without the hot-mirror, the red, green and blue (or cyan, yellow and magenta) colored micro-filters placed

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is a type of photographic camera that takes a rapid sequence of photographs on recording medium. In contrast to a still camera, which captures a single snapshot at a time, the movie camera takes a series of images, each called a "frame". This is accomplished through an intermittent mechanism. The

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Films remained the dominant form of photography until the early 21st century when advances in digital photography drew consumers to digital formats. Although modern photography is dominated by digital users, film continues to be used by enthusiasts and professional photographers. The distinctive

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water—were in place in 1837. The required exposure time was measured in minutes instead of hours. Daguerre took the earliest confirmed photograph of a person in 1838 while capturing a view of a Paris street: unlike the other pedestrian and horse-drawn traffic on the busy boulevard, which appears

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in 1838, is generally accepted as the earliest photograph to include people. It is a view of a busy street, but because the exposure lasted for several minutes the moving traffic left no trace. Only the two men near the bottom left corner, one of them apparently having his boots polished by the

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The genius of Shen Kua's insight into the relation of focal point and pinhole can better be appreciated when we read in Singer that this was first understood in Europe by Leonardo da Vinci (+ 1452 to + 1519), almost five hundred years later. A diagram showing the relation occurs in the Codice

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Neu was introduced in 1936. Unlike Kodachrome, the color couplers in Agfacolor Neu were incorporated into the emulsion layers during manufacture, which greatly simplified the processing. Currently, available color films still employ a multi-layer emulsion and the same principles, most closely

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Dualphotography consists of photographing a scene from both sides of a photographic device at once (e.g. camera for back-to-back dualphotography, or two networked cameras for portal-plane dualphotography). The dualphoto apparatus can be used to simultaneously capture both the subject and the

594:, he worked out post-exposure processing methods that produced visually superior results and replaced the bitumen with a more light-sensitive resin, but hours of exposure in the camera were still required. With an eye to eventual commercial exploitation, the partners opted for total secrecy. 1947:

of photography is a matter that continues to be discussed regularly, especially in artistic circles. Many artists argued that photography was the mechanical reproduction of an image. If photography is authentically art, then photography in the context of art would need redefinition, such as

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in 1885, but this original "film" was actually a coating on a paper base. As part of the processing, the image-bearing layer was stripped from the paper and transferred to a hardened gelatin support. The first transparent plastic roll film followed in 1889. It was made from highly flammable

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According to Nazir Ahmed if only Ibn-Haitham's fellow-workers and students had been as alert as he, they might even have invented the art of photography since al-Haitham's experiments with convex and concave mirrors and his invention of the "pinhole camera" whereby the inverted image of a

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Litchfield, R. 1903. "Tom Wedgwood, the First Photographer: An Account of His Life." London, Duckworth and Co. See Chapter XIII. Includes the complete text of Humphry Davy's 1802 paper, which is the only known contemporary record of Wedgwood's experiments. (Retrieved 7 May 2013

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provided the first clear description and correct analysis of the (human) vision process. Although the effects of single light passing through the pinhole have already been described by the Chinese Mozi (Lat. Micius) (5th century B), the Greek Aristotle (4th century BC), and the

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All these scientists experimented with a small hole and light but none of them suggested that a screen is used so an image from one side of a hole in surface could be projected at the screen on the other. First one to do so was Alhazen (also known as Ibn al-Haytham) in 11th

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forms that changes perception and changes the structure of society. Further unease has been caused around cameras in regards to desensitization. Fears that disturbing or explicit images are widely accessible to children and society at large have been raised. Particularly,

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which could be used to print multiple positive copies; this is the basis of most modern chemical photography up to the present day, as daguerreotypes could only be replicated by rephotographing them with a camera. Talbot's famous tiny paper negative of the Oriel window in

884:" had been introduced by Kodak in 1908, at first it found only a few special applications as an alternative to the hazardous nitrate film, which had the advantages of being considerably tougher, slightly more transparent, and cheaper. The changeover was not completed for 2342:

The camera doesn't rape or even possess, though it may presume, intrude, trespass, distort, exploit, and, at the farthest reach of metaphor, assassinate – all activities that, unlike the sexual push and shove, can be conducted from a distance, and with some detachment.

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Photographers decide what to take a photo of, what elements to exclude and what angle to frame the photo, and these factors may reflect a particular socio-historical context. Along these lines, it can be argued that photography is a subjective form of representation.

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Implementation of color photography was hindered by the limited sensitivity of early photographic materials, which were mostly sensitive to blue, only slightly sensitive to green, and virtually insensitive to red. The discovery of dye sensitization by photochemist

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from Helmut Gernsheim's article, "The 150th Anniversary of Photography," in History of Photography, Vol. I, No. 1, January 1977: ...In 1822, Niépce coated a glass plate... The sunlight passing through... This first permanent example... was destroyed... some years

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painters used the camera obscura which, in fact, gives the optical rendering in color that dominates Western Art. It is a box with a small hole in one side, which allows specific light rays to enter, projecting an inverted image onto a viewing screen or paper.

265:, in private notes which a Brazilian historian believes were written in 1834. This claim is widely reported but is not yet largely recognized internationally. The first use of the word by Florence became widely known after the research of Boris Kossoy in 1980. 1287:

A large variety of photographic techniques and media are used in the process of capturing images for photography. These include the camera; dualphotography; full-spectrum, ultraviolet and infrared media; light field photography; and other imaging techniques.

2395:" in which local inhabitants are positioned and defined by the camera lens. However, it has also been argued that there exists a "reverse gaze" through which indigenous photographees can position the tourist photographer as a shallow consumer of images. 1461:

Modified digital cameras can detect some ultraviolet, all of the visible and much of the near infrared spectrum, as most digital imaging sensors are sensitive from about 350 nm to 1000 nm. An off-the-shelf digital camera contains an infrared

3283:... But the first person to use this property to produce a photographic image was German physicist Johann Heinrich Schulze. In 1727, Schulze made a paste of silver nitrate and chalk, placed the mixture in a glass bottle, and wrapped the bottle in ... 2418:

photograph any other person, without their permission, in public spaces and the only specific restriction placed on what may not be photographed by government is related to anything classed as national security. Each country has different laws.

3302:. In Appendix A (pp. 217–227), Litchfield evaluates assertions that Schulze's experiments should be called photography and includes a complete English translation (from the original Latin) of Schulze's 1719 account of them as reprinted in 1727. 1260:, while digital imaging is a highly manipulative medium. This difference allows for a degree of image post-processing that is comparatively difficult in film-based photography and permits different communicative potentials and applications. 2235:

The first photographed atom was discovered in 2012 by physicists at Griffith University, Australia. They used an electric field to trap an "Ion" of the element, Ytterbium. The image was recorded on a CCD, an electronic photographic film.

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was explored beginning in the 1840s. Early experiments in color required extremely long exposures (hours or days for camera images) and could not "fix" the photograph to prevent the color from quickly fading when exposed to white light.

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Digital methods of image capture and display processing have enabled the new technology of "light field photography" (also known as synthetic aperture photography). This process allows focusing at various depths of field to be selected

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frames are later played back in a movie projector at a specific speed, called the "frame rate" (number of frames per second). While viewing, a person's eyes and brain merge the separate pictures to create the illusion of motion.

1025:. This provides the photographer with the three basic channels required to recreate a color image. Transparent prints of the images could be projected through similar color filters and superimposed on the projection screen, an 398:

mentions natural camerae obscurae that are formed by dark caves on the edge of a sunlit valley. A hole in the cave wall will act as a pinhole camera and project a laterally reversed, upside down image on a piece of paper.

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at each pixel point within the 2-dimensional image sensor. Every pixel of the final image is actually a selection from each sub-array located under each microlens, as identified by a post-image capture focus algorithm.

2177:, invented the first successful camera to make continuous recordings of meteorological and geomagnetic parameters. Different machines produced 12- or 24- hour photographic traces of the minute-by-minute variations of 888:

films until 1933, and although safety film was always used for 16 mm and 8 mm home movies, nitrate film remained standard for theatrical 35 mm motion pictures until it was finally discontinued in 1951.

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usually depicts inanimate subject matter, typically commonplace objects which may be either natural or man-made. Still life is a broader category for food and some natural photography and can be used for advertising

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candle-flame is projected were among his many successes in experimentation. One might likewise almost claim that he had anticipated much that the nineteenth century Fechner did in experimentation with after-images.

1072:. Because his exposures were not simultaneous, unsteady subjects exhibited color "fringes" or, if rapidly moving through the scene, appeared as brightly colored ghosts in the resulting projected or printed images. 3125: 3064: 734:

was a solvent of silver halides, and in 1839 he informed Talbot (and, indirectly, Daguerre) that it could be used to "fix" silver-halide-based photographs and make them completely light-fast. He made the first

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used a light-sensitive slurry to capture images of cut-out letters on a bottle and on that basis many German sources and some international ones credit Schulze as the inventor of photography. The fiction book

4681: 601:, which Niépce had abandoned many years earlier because of his inability to make the images he captured with them light-fast and permanent. Daguerre's efforts culminated in what would later be named the 309:

seem not to have known or used the word "photography", but referred to their processes as "Heliography" (Niépce), "Photogenic Drawing"/"Talbotype"/"Calotype" (Talbot), and "Daguerreotype" (Daguerre).

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machines are similar in design to pinhole cameras, with high-grade filters and laser radiation. Photography has become universal in recording events and data in science and engineering, and at

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to record the image as a set of electronic data rather than as chemical changes on film. An important difference between digital and chemical photography is that chemical photography resists

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films have been available for many decades and employed in a variety of photographic avenues since the 1960s. New technological trends in digital photography have opened a new direction in

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filter that blocks most of the infrared and a bit of the ultraviolet that would otherwise be detected by the sensor, narrowing the accepted range from about 400 nm to 700 nm.

785:. It became the most widely used photographic medium until the gelatin dry plate, introduced in the 1870s, eventually replaced it. There are three subsets to the collodion process; the 290:'s – regarding Daguerre's claim of invention. The article is the earliest known occurrence of the word in public print. It was signed "J.M.", believed to have been Berlin astronomer 2790: 712:, the actual black and white reproduction of a view on the object. The pictures produced were round with a diameter of 4 cm, the method was later named the "Steinheil method". 1114:, the starch grains served to illuminate each fragment with the correct color and the tiny colored points blended together in the eye, synthesizing the color of the subject by the 1797:

Real estate photography focuses on the production of photographs showcasing a property that is for sale, such photographs requires the use of wide-lens and extensive knowledge in

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to greatly reduce the exposure needed and compete with the daguerreotype. In both its original and calotype forms, Talbot's process, unlike Daguerre's, created a translucent

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made extensive use of this color separation technique, employing a special camera which successively exposed the three color-filtered images on different parts of an oblong

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Upadhyay, J.; Chakera, J.A.; Navathe, C.P.; Naik, P.A.; Joshi, A.S.; Gupta, P.D. (2006). "Development of single frame X-ray framing camera for pulsed plasma experiments".

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Hannes Schmidt: Comments on the chemograms by Josef H. Neumann. Exhibition in the "Fotografik Studio Galerie von Prof. Pan Walther". in: Photo-Presse. Heft 22, 1976, S. 6.

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The camera has a long and distinguished history as a means of recording scientific phenomena from the first use by Daguerre and Fox-Talbot, such as astronomical events (

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focuses on capturing photographs of buildings and architectural structures that are aesthetically pleasing and accurate in terms of representations of their subjects.

1525:" is understood as 5-dimensional, with each point in 3-D space having attributes of two more angles that define the direction of each ray passing through that point. 1080:

in 1873 suddenly made it possible to add sensitivity to green, yellow and even red. Improved color sensitizers and ongoing improvements in the overall sensitivity of

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in 1855. The foundation of virtually all practical color processes, Maxwell's idea was to take three separate black-and-white photographs through red, green and blue

491:. The plate was exposed under an ordinary engraving and copied it by photographic means. This was a step towards the first permanent photograph taken with a camera. 3896: 1770:

displays a series of photos to give the impression of a rotating object. This technique is commonly used by ecommerce websites to help shoppers visualise products.

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Digital photography dominates the 21st century. More than 99% of photographs taken around the world are through digital cameras, increasingly through smartphones.

2338:(1954), the camera is presented as promoting voyeurism. 'Although the camera is an observation station, the act of photographing is more than passive observing'. 1591:

are images produced by the shadows of objects cast on the photographic paper, without the use of a camera. Objects can also be placed directly on the glass of an

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In parallel to this development, the then largely separate interface between painting and photography was closed in the second half of the 20th century with the

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over the sensor elements pass varying amounts of ultraviolet (blue window) and infrared (primarily red and somewhat lesser the green and blue micro-filters).

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made the first known attempt to capture the image in a camera obscura by means of a light-sensitive substance. He used paper or white leather treated with

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Photography is both restricted and protected by the law in many jurisdictions. Protection of photographs is typically achieved through the granting of

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process, later familiar as the "blueprint". He was the first to use the terms "photography", "negative" and "positive". He had discovered in 1819 that

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of the previous decades. These works of art were almost simultaneous with the invention of photography by various important artists who characterized

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demonstrates, but in its earliest years, the need for special equipment, long exposures, and complicated printing processes made it extremely rare.

3355: 1707:. In this light, money could be paid for the subject of the photograph or the photograph itself. The commercial photographic world could include: 3806: 1338: 1829:

is a form of photojournalism in which the photographer captures candid images of athletes, celebrities, politicians, and other prominent people.

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can be used for editorial, packaging or advertising use. Food photography is similar to still life photography but requires some special skills.

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Photography is the result of combining several technical discoveries, relating to seeing an image and capturing the image. The discovery of the

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turns a concept or idea into a photograph. Even though what is depicted in the photographs are real objects, the subject is strictly abstract.

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invented his own process for producing direct positive paper prints and claimed to have invented photography earlier than Daguerre or Talbot.

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The principles of the camera obscura first began to be correctly analysed in the eleventh century, when they were outlined by Ibn al-Haytham.

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of light waves. His scientifically elegant and important but ultimately impractical invention earned him the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1908.

3501: 3172: 1752:, emphasizes clothes and other products; glamour emphasizes the model and body form while glamour photography is popular in advertising and 3548: 2030: 2782: 2680: 6416: 6363: 4256: 2816: 657: 464: 4576: 1017:

The first permanent color photograph was taken in 1861 using the three-color-separation principle first published by Scottish physicist

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can be considered a subset of editorial photography. Photographs made in this context are accepted as a documentation of a news story.

1118:. Autochrome plates were one of several varieties of additive color screen plates and films marketed between the 1890s and the 1950s. 6499: 3335: 2391:

One of the practices through which photography constitutes society is tourism. Tourism and photography combine to create a "tourist

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photographer, or both sides of a geographical place at once, thus adding a supplementary narrative layer to that of a single image.

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is the capture medium. The respective recording medium can be the plate or film itself, or a digital magnetic or electronic memory.

2193:. The cameras were supplied to numerous observatories around the world and some remained in use until well into the 20th century. 1390:

Such cameras have long been realized by using film and more recently in digital electronic methods (including cell phone cameras).

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or surreptitious pictures, small "detective" cameras were made, some actually disguised as a book or handbag or pocket watch (the

1165:, used in a special camera which yielded a unique finished color print only a minute or two after the exposure, was introduced by 5013: 3102: 1106:, which allowed the three color components to be recorded as adjacent microscopic image fragments. After an Autochrome plate was 2536: 4532: 3388: 3017:

Wade, Nicholas J.; Finger, Stanley (2001), "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective",

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Wade, Nicholas J.; Finger, Stanley (2001). "The eye as an optical instrument: from camera obscura to Helmholtz's perspective".

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Advertising photography: There are photographs made to illustrate and usually sell a service or product. These images, such as

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steadily reduced the once-prohibitive long exposure times required for color, bringing it ever closer to commercial viability.

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The birth of photography was then concerned with inventing means to capture and keep the image produced by the camera obscura.

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Photographers control the camera and lens to "expose" the light recording material to the required amount of light to form a "

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Digital imaging has raised ethical concerns because of the ease of manipulating digital photographs in post-processing. Many

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The first digital camera to both record and save images in a digital format was the Fujix DS-1P created by Fujifilm in 1988.

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independently described a camera obscura in the 5th and 4th centuries BCE. In the 6th century CE, Byzantine mathematician

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The invention of the camera can be traced back to the 10th century when the Arab scientist Al-Hasan Ibn al-Haytham alias

184:. A negative image on film is traditionally used to photographically create a positive image on a paper base, known as a 4205: 4058: 3904: 1223:. While the Mavica saved images to disk, the images were displayed on television, and the camera was not fully digital. 6358: 5905: 2560: 2447: 1233:, the first commercially available digital single-lens reflex camera. Although its high cost precluded uses other than 689:, one of a number of camera photographs he made in the summer of 1835, may be the oldest camera negative in existence. 322: 4229:"Photographic self-registering magnetic and meteorological apparatus: Invented by Mr. Brooke of Keppel-Street, London" 3666: 6114: 4817: 4803: 4789: 4746: 4709: 4663: 4636: 4491: 4470: 3766: 3475: 3229: 3194: 2829: 2713: 2656: 42: 6672: 6081: 3981: 2060:

in their early stages, and later Man Ray and László Moholy-Nagy in the twenties and by the painter in the thirties

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Angles such as vertical, horizontal, or as pictured here diagonal are considered important photographic techniques.

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Barrett, T 2012, Criticizing Photographs: an introduction to understanding images, 5th edn, McGraw-Hill, New York.

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typically captures the presence of nature but can also focus on human-made features or disturbances of landscapes.

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of photographic emulsions in 1876. Their work enabled the first quantitative measure of film speed to be devised.

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by draping objects directly onto appropriately sensitized photo paper and using a light source without a camera.

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have an option to shoot in monochrome, and almost all image editing software can combine or selectively discard

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in 1835. Shown here in positive form, this may be the oldest extant photographic negative made in a camera.

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relatively simple for even the novice photographer. However, recent changes of in-camera processing allow

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Commercial photography is probably best defined as any photography for which the photographer is paid for

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The history of photography from the earliest use of the camera obscura in the eleventh century up to 1914

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Groundbreaking Scientific Experiments, Inventions, and Discoveries of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance

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for example), small creatures and plants when the camera was attached to the eyepiece of microscopes (in

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or Tintype (a positive image on metal) and the glass negative, which was used to make positive prints on

4198:"The Beginnings of Continuous Scientific Recording using Photography: Sir Francis Ronalds' Contribution" 1783:

consists of photographing scenes of crime such as robberies and murders. A black and white camera or an

6667: 6119: 5807: 5710: 5008: 4393: 3359: 2442: 1866: 1798: 3818: 3696:"From Charles Mackintosh's waterproof to Dolly the sheep: 43 innovations Scotland has given the world" 3567:

The Concise Focal Encyclopedia of Photography: from the first photo on paper to the digital revolution

136:

the light reflected or emitted from objects into a real image on the light-sensitive surface inside a

6086: 6036: 5996: 5849: 5735: 5685: 5382: 5326: 5182: 4939: 4864: 4369: 4363: 3952: 2286:

was often frowned upon at first, it was eventually used to great extent to produce artistic effects.

2190: 2166:. Crime scene photos are usually taken from three vantage points: overview, mid-range, and close-up. 1726: 1613:

during the late 19th century due to the popularization of the hand-held camera. Twenty-first century

1494: 1455: 1422: 693: 520: 516: 495: 38: 3528: 2162:

in 1861. The methods used in analysing photographs for use in legal cases are collectively known as

483: 6292: 5882: 5615: 5407: 4292: 2870: 2194: 2057: 1985:

for an unprecedented $ 3,346,456 to an anonymous bidder, making it the most expensive at the time.

4683:

Dictionary of Photography and Digital Imaging: The Essential Reference for the Modern Photographer

6252: 6056: 5960: 5824: 5675: 5512: 5417: 5060: 4949: 3927: 3505: 3245: 3164: 2404: 2275: 2221: 2186: 2159: 2135: 2102: 2045: 1940:', the photograph as a (sharply focused) thing in itself and not an imitation of something else. 1889: 1780: 1767: 1447: 1436: 1136:, another layer recorded only the green part and a third recorded only the blue. Without special 808:

introduced a process for making natural-color photographs based on the optical phenomenon of the

673: 446: 181: 3545: 2672: 2262:

requires great patience and considerable skill and command of the right photographic equipment.

6641: 6473: 6312: 6287: 6091: 6076: 6011: 5991: 5897: 5819: 5650: 5574: 5569: 5544: 5472: 5462: 5412: 5402: 5336: 5299: 5227: 5202: 4287: 2432: 2427: 1988: 1790: 935: 902: 778: 709: 701: 681: 665: 583: 318: 177: 173: 169: 141: 4618:

Cotton, C. (2015), The Photograph as Contemporary Art, 3rd edn, Thames & Hudson, New York.

4228: 4076: 2949: 2813: 1571:

Besides the camera, other methods of forming images with light are available. For instance, a

649:

had apparently started working out a silver-salt-based paper process in 1832, later naming it

71: 6373: 6163: 6071: 6066: 6051: 6041: 6016: 6001: 5862: 5795: 5765: 5725: 5635: 5625: 5467: 5346: 5309: 5232: 4584: 3259: 2845: 2703: 2437: 2110: 2101:

journalism. Photojournalism is distinguished from other close branches of photography (e.g.,

1953: 1842: 1440: 1334: 1216: 1129: 1081: 1057: 1042: 540: 488: 457: 328: 302: 161: 145: 5920: 4324: 3213: 2983: 597:

Niépce died in 1833 and Daguerre then redirected the experiments toward the light-sensitive

6662: 6462: 6061: 6031: 6026: 6021: 6006: 5660: 5584: 5554: 5507: 5452: 5442: 5367: 5192: 5139: 4857: 4741:"The Focal Encyclopedia of Photography", Richard Zakia, Leslie Stroebel, Focal Press 1993, 2487: 2368: 2245: 2217: 2178: 2163: 2126: 1981: 1937: 1885: 1848: 1832: 1546: 1474: 1451: 1166: 1022: 850: 528: 524: 367: 3725: 2216:

or accident scenes. The method has been much extended by using other wavelengths, such as

1329:(in digital cameras) which, after appropriate processing, is converted to a usable image. 487:

Earliest known surviving heliographic engraving, 1825, printed from a metal plate made by

246:) "representation by means of lines" or "drawing", together meaning "drawing with light". 8: 6158: 6131: 6101: 5755: 5670: 5579: 5457: 5437: 5427: 5422: 5392: 5284: 5197: 5025: 5020: 3332: 3299: 2413:

or moral rights to the photographer. In the United States, photography is protected as a

2143: 1836: 1773: 1757: 1743: 1637: 1330: 1238: 1188: 1141: 1034: 1018: 995: 731: 705: 445:

described how light darkened some chemicals (photochemical effect) in 1694. Around 1717,

4612:

Berger, J. (Dyer, G. ed.), (2013), Understanding a Photograph, Penguin Classics, London.

2270: 1621:

have made photographic and video recording pervasive in everyday life. In the mid-2010s

1478: 1427: 6307: 5965: 5915: 5740: 5600: 5559: 5539: 5477: 5432: 5397: 5372: 4934: 4899: 4435: 4305: 4248: 4135: 4127: 4011: 3042: 2927: 2730: 2364: 2283: 2250: 2114: 2106: 1748: 1739: 1716: 1584: 1507: 1356: 1303: 1257: 1249: 1095: 1069: 801: 751: 661: 638: 625: 438: 291: 185: 157: 118: 4322: 2076: 1558:

by adding colors to clarify structure or to add an aesthetic effect. Heiti Paves from

6623: 6272: 6208: 6195: 6126: 5790: 5715: 5705: 5695: 5680: 5549: 5517: 5377: 5212: 4983: 4813: 4799: 4785: 4781: 4757: 4742: 4719: 4705: 4687: 4659: 4632: 4511: 4487: 4466: 4439: 4373: 4330: 4309: 4176: 4119: 4015: 3762: 3624: 3617: 3570: 3471: 3413: 3265: 3225: 3190: 3034: 2989: 2955: 2919: 2911: 2878: 2851: 2825: 2762: 2709: 2652: 2613: 2517: 2303: 2151: 2029:

from the 1970s thus differs from the beginning of the previously created cameraless

1753: 1732: 1675: 1307: 1253: 1172: 1038: 1010: 981: 877: 833: 782: 646: 610: 505: 395: 272: 250: 102: 4656:

Das Leben der toten Dinge – Studien zur modernen Sachfotografie in den USA 1914–1935

4139: 2355:

their pictures or are forbidden from combining elements of multiple photos to make "

1952:

to the viewer. The controversy began with the earliest images "written with light";

1124:, the first modern "integral tripack" (or "monopack") color film, was introduced by 870: 708:

and other buildings in Munich, then taking another picture of the negative to get a

6677: 6332: 6277: 6235: 6220: 6203: 6173: 6168: 5812: 5770: 5720: 5487: 5447: 5387: 5242: 4427: 4297: 4240: 4111: 4003: 3208: 3127:

Science and Civilization in China, vol. IV, part 1: Physics and Physical Technology

3066:

Science and Civilization in China, vol. IV, part 1: Physics and Physical Technology

3046: 3026: 2931: 2903: 2457: 2348: 2329: 2049: 2022: 1998: 1994: 1901: 1893: 1871: 1814: 1761: 1626: 1133: 1077: 991: 817: 805: 716: 619: 587: 586:(at least eight hours and probably several days), he sought to greatly improve his 287: 153: 114: 106: 6433: 4830: 2298: 1640:

that significantly decreased skill and effort needed to take high quality images.

560: 6563: 6337: 6240: 5857: 5610: 5492: 5187: 5134: 5129: 5097: 5082: 5040: 4837: 4505: 4062: 4007: 3552: 3451: 3407: 3339: 3220: 2820: 2646: 2623: 2543: 2380: 2174: 2170: 2097: 2092: 2084: 2065: 1909: 1905: 1861: 1820: 1784: 1580: 1518: 1432: 1404: 1399: 1234: 1176: 1137: 1029:

of color reproduction. A color print on paper could be produced by superimposing

969: 965: 940: 908: 697: 614: 442: 434: 420: 416: 408: 249:

Several people may have coined the same new term from these roots independently.

2328:

Modern photography has raised a number of concerns on its effect on society. In

2314:

There are many ongoing questions about different aspects of photography. In her

2204:

Science regularly uses image technology that has derived from the design of the

1528:

These additional vector attributes can be captured optically through the use of

6109: 5935: 5877: 5645: 5331: 5237: 5222: 5217: 5112: 4924: 4914: 4904: 4461: 4431: 3834:"The Dimensional Image: Overlaps In Stereoscopic, Cinematic, And Digital Depth" 2352: 2316: 2205: 2061: 2034: 2014: 1957: 1913: 1633: 1349: 1345: 1194: 1115: 1026: 763:

Advertisement for Campbell's Photograph Gallery from The Macon City Directory,

736: 591: 574: 550: 472: 428: 424: 412: 392:, laying the foundations for the invention of photography in the 19th century. 385: 381: 377: 347: 306: 133: 4621:

Heiferman, M. (2013), Photography Changes Everything, Aperture Foundation, US.

4418:

Bissell, K.L. (2000). "A Return to 'Mr. Gates': Photography and Objectivity".

3590: 2586: 2291: 1970:

states that only "significant form" can distinguish art from what is not art.

1355:

As soon as photographic materials became "fast" (sensitive) enough for taking

380:(Alhazen) (965–1040) also invented a camera obscura as well as the first true 6656: 6556: 6262: 6230: 6215: 6180: 5940: 5785: 5750: 5341: 5314: 5294: 5262: 5207: 4197: 4123: 4055: 2915: 2462: 2360: 2229: 1917: 1592: 1555: 1145: 1111: 1107: 1103: 960: 953: 861: 723: 602: 598: 570: 554: 295: 193: 76: 5700: 3783: 1333:

use an electronic image sensor based on light-sensitive electronics such as

1144:

cyan, magenta, and yellow dye images were created in those layers by adding

1140:, the result would simply be three superimposed black-and-white images, but 590:

process or replace it with one that was more practical. In partnership with

504:, 1826, the earliest surviving camera photograph. Original plate (left) and 6546: 6526: 6438: 6327: 6322: 6317: 6267: 6153: 6148: 5802: 5527: 5497: 5279: 5274: 5257: 5102: 4929: 4919: 4909: 3171:. National High Magnetic Field Laboratory at The Florida State University. 3038: 2923: 2482: 2356: 2321: 2225: 1921: 1876: 1704: 1679: 1618: 1614: 1371: 1322: 1315: 1245: 1162: 1151: 1030: 854: 746: 686: 677: 630: 622:

is credited with taking the earliest surviving photographic self-portrait.

536: 165: 122: 98: 1279: 180:, depending on the purpose of the photographic material and the method of 6603: 6578: 6541: 6515: 6443: 6302: 6297: 6225: 6138: 5975: 5950: 5780: 5775: 5760: 5620: 5502: 5482: 5351: 5252: 5144: 5107: 5077: 5030: 4998: 4993: 4959: 4484:

The Soft Edge: a Natural History and Future of the Information Revolution

2783:"Sir John Frederick William Herschel (British, 1792–1871) (Getty Museum)" 2477: 2384: 2334: 2279: 2213: 2155: 1929: 1897: 1720: 1529: 1522: 1384: 1263: 1220: 1090:, the first commercially successful color process, was introduced by the 881: 431:

are capable of producing primitive photographs using medieval materials.

400: 86: 4252: 1735:

focuses on photographing guests and occurrences at mostly social events.

298:

is also credited with coining the word, independent of Talbot, in 1839.

6628: 6608: 6583: 5945: 5925: 5839: 5829: 5690: 5655: 5630: 5564: 5304: 5289: 5269: 5151: 5087: 5003: 4954: 4798:

An Approach to Personal Expression by Bruce Barnbaum, Rocky Nook 2010,

4624:

Shore, S. (2015), The Nature of Photographs, 2nd ed. Phaidon, New York.

4301: 4131: 4099: 4051: 3754: 2254: 2147: 1963: 1944: 1933: 1925: 1839:: Are photographs made and sold directly to the end user of the images. 1622: 1576: 1463: 1121: 1087: 1053: 843: 821: 389: 2561:"Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, A Greek-English Lexicon, γρα^φ-ή" 1805: 605:

process. The essential elements—a silver-plated surface sensitized by

6618: 6588: 6342: 6282: 5910: 5872: 5834: 5730: 5092: 5055: 5050: 5035: 4988: 4976: 4844:

Daguerreotype to Digital: A Brief History of the Photographic Process

4609:

Bate, D. (2009), Photography: The Key Concepts, Bloomsbury, New York.

4244: 3758: 3750: 2492: 2410: 2375: 2038: 2026: 2018: 2010: 1826: 1668: 1630: 1588: 1572: 1364: 1155: 972:

color channels to produce a monochrome image from one shot in color.

949: 928: 804:

and printing were made during the rest of the 19th century. In 1891,

790: 786: 727: 452: 359: 338: 4115: 2951:

Global History of Philosophy: The Period of scholasticism (part one)

1900:

system. In the United States, a handful of photographers, including

952:

process, for example, produces an image composed of blue tones. The

6613: 6593: 5930: 5745: 5247: 5177: 5045: 4971: 4966: 4323:

Blitzer, Herbert L.; Stein-Ferguson, Karen; Huang, Jeffrey (2008).

3833: 3749:

Schewe, Jeff (2012). The Digital Negative: Raw Image Processing In

2359:", passing them as "real" photographs. Today's technology has made 2307: 2182: 1712: 1664: 1541: 1326: 1204: 1175:

may form images as positive transparencies, which can be used in a

1132:. One layer was sensitized to record the red-dominated part of the 924: 838: 669: 189: 3030: 2907: 1498:

movement, light and a variety of objects can be used in layering.

6573: 6536: 5970: 5124: 5070: 4677: 4615:

Bright, S 2011, Art Photography Now, Thames & Hudson, London.

3804: 3619:

The Focal Manual of Photography: photographic and digital imaging

2472: 2467: 2131: 2041: 1311: 1230: 1199: 1128:

in 1935. It captured the three color components in a multi-layer

794: 634: 105:. It is employed in many fields of science, manufacturing (e.g., 3489:

William H. Fox Talbot, inventor of the negative-positive process

2893: 2154:

of larger specimens. The camera also proved useful in recording

986: 6568: 5522: 4944: 4894: 3977: 2875:

Science, optics, and music in medieval and early modern thought

1949: 1579:

machine forms permanent images but uses the transfer of static

1297: 1099: 1003: 742: 606: 582:

Because Niépce's camera photographs required an extremely long

363: 254: 137: 101:, or chemically by means of a light-sensitive material such as 6484: 4849: 4161:

Rohde, R.R. (2000). Crime Photography. PSA Journal, 66(3), 15.

2648:

Hercule Florence: a descoberta isolada da fotografia no Brasil

2609:

Hercule Florence: El descubrimiento de la fotografía en Brasil

1979:

On 7 February 2007, Sotheby's London sold the 2001 photograph

6551: 6185: 5605: 5065: 2209: 1700: 1609: 1125: 956:

process, publicly revealed in 1847, produces brownish tones.

885: 865: 351: 240: 233: 226: 219: 212: 205: 149: 94: 90: 1928:

for a dreamy, 'romantic' look. In reaction to that, Weston,

919: 820:, continued into the 1990s, and in the niche field of laser 3953:"How to use layering in photography for exceptional photos" 2761:]. New York: Dover Publications, Inc. pp. 258–59. 2392: 1212: 129: 110: 4277: 3897:"Incorporating Layering Composition Into Your Photography" 1625:

cameras added numerous automatic assistance features like

1416: 860:

The first flexible photographic roll film was marketed by

726:

made many contributions to the new field. He invented the

109:), and business, as well as its more direct uses for art, 6531: 3455: 1608:

Amateur photographers take photos for personal use, as a

1540:

Devices other than cameras can be used to record images.

945: 1880:(1907) shows unique aesthetic of black-and-white photos. 204:

The word "photography" was created from the Greek roots

3298:, etc., London, Duckworth and Co. Out of copyright and 578:

other, remained in one place long enough to be visible.

3883:

Introduction to Full-Spectrum and Infrared photography

2705:

Developments and Changes in Science Based Technologies

1408:

An example of a dualphoto using a smartphone based app

388:

and the pinhole, and performed early experiments with

160:

for subsequent display or processing. The result with

59:

Art and practice of creating images by recording light

4173:

Sir Francis Ronalds: Father of the Electric Telegraph

3661: 3659: 3502:"Hippolyte Bayard (French, 1801–1887) (Getty Museum)" 2197:

a little later developed similar instruments for the

1738:

Fashion and glamour photography usually incorporates

539:

was an image produced in 1822 by the French inventor

3569:. Burlington, MA: Focal Press/Elsevier. p. 75. 2814:

Film and cinema spectatorship: melodrama and mimesis

1948:

determining what component of a photograph makes it

460:, described what can be interpreted as photography. 253:, a French painter and inventor living in Campinas, 144:. With an electronic image sensor, this produces an 4738:, ed. by Robin Lenman, Oxford University Press 2005 4100:"Chemigram: A New Approach to Lensless Photography" 3805:Anderson, Joseph; Anderson, Barbara (Spring 1993). 3487:Fox Talbot, William Henry and Jammes, André (1973) 2265: 2208:to avoid distortions that can be caused by lenses. 4651:, ed. by Michel Frizot, Köln : Könemann, 1998 3656: 3616: 3546:History of Kodak, Milestones-chronology: 1878–1929 2257:and their cygnets photographed on Wolvercote lakes 1517:the photograph has been captured. As explained by 370:used a type of camera obscura in his experiments. 354:) that provides an image of a scene dates back to 286:, discussing several priority claims – especially 278:of 25 February 1839 contained an article entitled 2612:. Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia. 2514:The Focal Dictionary of Photographic Technologies 2453:List of photographs considered the most important 1367:necktie with a tie pin that was really the lens. 6654: 4658:, 2 Bände, Stuttgart/Germany: Art in Life 1999, 2843: 1583:rather than photographic medium, hence the term 1219:for imaging, eliminating the need for film: the 4202:European Society for the History of Photography 4028: 3831: 3389:"1837: Die Erfindung der Fotografie in München" 3240:Gernsheim, Helmut and Gernsheim, Alison (1955) 4716:Encyclopedia of Nineteenth-Century Photography 3405: 3169:Molecular Expressions: Science, Optics and You 2367:of photos to detect tampering for purposes of 1302:The camera is the image-forming device, and a 6500: 4865: 4730:Encyclopedia of Twentieth-Century Photography 4547:"You Have Every Right to Photograph That Cop" 4486:, Routledge, London and New York, pp. 37–48, 4029:Oloruntimilehin, Israel (17 September 2018). 3807:"The Myth of Persistence of Vision Revisited" 2310:, was the first photography museum in Europe. 121:. A person who makes photographs is called a 3526: 3204: 3202: 2977: 2975: 2735:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list ( 2605: 1215:unveiled the first consumer camera to use a 994:made by the three-color method suggested by 280: 270: 259: 6417:Conservation and restoration of photographs 4530: 4031:"How To Take Good Pictures With Your Phone" 3994:Peterson, C.A. (2011). "Home Portraiture". 3667:"1861: James Clerk Maxwell's greatest year" 3409:Seizing the light: a history of photography 3187:The history of the discovery of photography 2232:and improved much further since that time. 1052:Color photography was possible long before 700:and a cardboard camera to make pictures in 23: 6507: 6493: 6144:Comparison of digital and film photography 4872: 4858: 4810:Image Clarity: High Resolution Photography 4754:Basic Photographic Materials and Processes 4702:Das Lexikon der Fotografen: 1900 bis heute 4533:"Tourist Photography and the Reverse Gaze" 4503: 4368:. Guinness World Records Limited. p. 3928:"Using layers to enhance your photography" 3690: 3688: 3257: 3016: 2850:. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 20. 1742:and is a form of advertising photography. 1723:or with an in-house corporate design team. 1473:Uses of full spectrum photography are for 1102:color filter layer made of dyed grains of 824:, it has persisted into the 21st century. 668:in the camera, but in 1840 he created the 24: 6369:Photographs considered the most important 4846:– State Library & Archives of Florida 4455: 4453: 4451: 4449: 4291: 4074: 3669:. King's College London. 3 January 2017. 3623:(9th ed.). Boston, MA: Focal Press. 3350: 3348: 3199: 2988:. Springer Science & Business Media. 2981: 2972: 2954:. Motilal Banarsidass Publ. p. 460. 2158:and the scenes of accidents, such as the 1237:and professional photography, commercial 842:Undeveloped Arista black-and-white film, 333: 4751: 3993: 3614: 3466:Feldman, Anthony and Ford, Peter (1989) 3251: 3163:Davidson, Michael W (13 November 2015). 3162: 2943: 2941: 2839: 2837: 2297: 2269: 2249: 2130: 2120: 2075: 1993: 1865: 1809:Example of a studio-made food photograph 1804: 1787:may be used to capture specific details. 1535: 1426: 1403: 1278: 1262: 1198: 1047: 985: 918: 837: 758: 741: 624: 559: 511: 494: 482: 337: 89:, application, and practice of creating 70: 32:This is an accepted version of this page 4812:by John B. Williams, Focal Press 1990, 4676: 4417: 4361: 4195: 4170: 4097: 3685: 3604:from the original on 23 September 2015. 3383: 3381: 3224:. Courier Dover Publications. pp. 3–4. 2511: 2239: 2228:. Those methods were first used in the 1417:Full-spectrum, ultraviolet and infrared 1339:complementary metal–oxide–semiconductor 1148:during a complex processing procedure. 97:, either electronically by means of an 14: 6655: 4736:The Oxford Companion to the Photograph 4446: 4326:Understanding forensic digital imaging 4226: 3925: 3894: 3780:"Glossary: Digital Photography Review" 3345: 3175:from the original on 22 December 2015. 2748: 2746: 2701: 2673:"Who First Used the Word Photography?" 2644: 2546:, Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, 1851:demonstrates the life of wild animals. 1363:camera) or even worn hidden behind an 613:vapor, and "fixed" with hot saturated 456:, published in 1760, by French author 6488: 4853: 4557:from the original on 25 February 2016 4041:from the original on 16 October 2018. 3564: 3311: 2947: 2938: 2834: 2702:Mathur, P, K & S (6 March 2014). 749:, a branded slave from Louisiana—per 692:In March 1837, Steinheil, along with 4732:, 1719 p., New York: Routledge, 2006 4718:, 1736 p., New York: Routledge 2005 4629:Photography. A Critical Introduction 4065:", 1914. Retrieved 2 September 2006. 3853:"An introduction to Dualphotography" 3850: 3527:Paulson Gage, Joan (5 August 2013). 3445:William Henry Fox Talbot (1800–1877) 3378: 3356:"The First Photograph – Heliography" 3296:Tom Wedgwood, the First Photographer 3294:Litchfield, Richard Buckley (1903). 3264:. Marshall Cavendish. pp. 21–. 2755:History of Photography, 4th. edition 2752: 2708:. Partridge Publishing. p. 50. 2683:from the original on 18 January 2017 1647: 1435:is an example of the application of 1066:Sergei Mikhailovich Prokudin-Gorskii 257:, used the French form of the word, 117:, recreational purposes, hobby, and 6364:Museums devoted to one photographer 4087:from the original on 18 March 2007. 3706:from the original on 2 October 2017 3673:from the original on 4 January 2017 3123: 3062: 2793:from the original on 1 October 2018 2743: 1244:Digital imaging uses an electronic 1041:of color reproduction pioneered by 56: 5906:Timeline of photography technology 4670: 4595: 4343:from the original on 29 April 2016 4259:from the original on 29 April 2016 4175:. London: Imperial College Press. 3863:from the original on 16 April 2017 3591:"H&D curve of film vs digital" 3426:from the original on 29 April 2016 2584: 2448:List of most expensive photographs 2388:the ability to construct reality. 2105:, social documentary photography, 2071: 1393: 1033:of the three images made in their 896: 423:, and the techniques described in 323:Timeline of photography technology 57: 6694: 6683:Audiovisual introductions in 1822 4824: 4778:Photography and The Art of Seeing 4583:. 28 January 2009. Archived from 4208:from the original on 13 June 2016 4075:Schonauer, David (7 March 2007). 3984:. PhD Thesis, Stanford University 3926:Goldby, Dylan (20 January 2019). 3644:"Black & White Photography". 789:(a positive image on glass), the 523:'s silver chloride photograph of 342:A camera obscura used for drawing 6467: 6457: 6456: 4577:"Jail for photographing police?" 4329:. Academic Press. pp. 8–9. 3761:. Berkeley, CA: Peachpit Press, 3214:A concise history of photography 3090:quantitative for the first time. 2787:The J. Paul Getty in Los Angeles 2274:Photography may be used both to 2266:Social and cultural implications 1652: 1560:Tallinn University of Technology 934:Originally, all photography was 6514: 6468: 4879: 4600: 4569: 4539: 4524: 4497: 4476: 4411: 4386: 4355: 4316: 4271: 4233:The Illustrated Magazine of Art 4220: 4189: 4164: 4155: 4146: 4091: 4068: 4045: 4022: 3987: 3982:Digital Light Field Photography 3971: 3945: 3919: 3888: 3875: 3844: 3825: 3798: 3772: 3743: 3718: 3637: 3608: 3583: 3558: 3539: 3520: 3494: 3481: 3460: 3438: 3399: 3324: 3312:Werge, John (1 December 1894). 3305: 3288: 3234: 3179: 3156: 3117: 3095: 3056: 3010: 2982:Belbachir, Ahmed Nabil (2009). 2887: 2864: 2805: 2775: 2173:, the Honorary Director of the 1378: 566:View of the Boulevard du Temple 546:View from the Window at Le Gras 508:reoriented enhancement (right). 501:View from the Window at Le Gras 4771: 4756:. et al. Boston: Focal Press. 4704:, Munich: Knaur 2002, 512 p., 4581:British Journal of Photography 4551:American Civil Liberties Union 4510:(2nd ed.). London: Sage. 3895:Lackey, Tamara (12 May 2016). 3851:Zand, Tristan (8 April 2017). 3782:. Dpreview.com. Archived from 3318:The Newcastle Weekly Chronicle 3103:"Who Invented Camera Obscura?" 2695: 2665: 2638: 2599: 2578: 2553: 2530: 2505: 2189:, and the three components of 1884:During the 20th century, both 1667:format but may read better as 1501: 1207:body with Digital Storage Unit 948:depending on the process. The 13: 1: 5956:Painted photography backdrops 5888:Golden triangle (composition) 5168:35 mm equivalent focal length 4631:, 3rd ed. Routledge, London. 4465:, Penguin, London, pp. 3–24, 3300:available free at archive.org 2498: 1715:, are generally done with an 1643: 1595:to produce digital pictures. 1274: 853:began pioneering work on the 764: 172:into a visible image, either 4831:World History of Photography 4649:A New History of Photography 4642: 4008:10.1080/03087298.2011.606727 3726:"Research & Development" 3470:. Bloomsbury Books, p. 128, 3133:. p. 99. Archived from 3072:. p. 98. Archived from 2516:. Focal Press. p. 454. 2351:have declared they will not 1746:, like the work featured in 1552:scanning electron microscope 1229:In 1991, Kodak unveiled the 1002:. The subject is a colored, 478: 241: 227: 213: 199: 168:, which is later chemically 64:Photography (disambiguation) 7: 5666:Intentional camera movement 4365:Guinness World Records 2014 4077:"The first $ 3M photograph" 3615:Jacobson, Ralph E. (2000). 3185:Potonniée, Georges (1973). 2759:Geschichte der Photographie 2651:. São Paulo: Duas Cidades. 2592:Online Etymology Dictionary 2421: 1554:. Note that image has been 1493:Layering is a photographic 1488: 1267:Photography on a smartphone 1159:resembling Agfa's product. 1056:, as this 1903 portrait by 915:Black and White Photography 773:In the March 1851 issue of 10: 6699: 6359:Most expensive photographs 5711:Multi-exposure HDR capture 4432:10.1177/073953290002100307 4420:Newspaper Research Journal 3598:Digital Photography Review 3565:Peres, Michael R. (2008). 3468:Scientists & inventors 2443:List of photography awards 2402: 2374:Photography is one of the 2243: 2124: 2090: 1859: 1799:high-dynamic-range imaging 1603: 1505: 1420: 1397: 1382: 1295: 1291: 1203:Kodak DCS 100, based on a 1192: 1186: 1182: 998:in 1855, taken in 1861 by 979: 912: 906: 900: 831: 326: 316: 312: 234: 220: 206: 61: 6637: 6522: 6452: 6409: 6351: 6251: 6194: 6100: 5984: 5896: 5848: 5593: 5360: 5160: 4887: 4784:, Key Porter Books 1989, 4752:Stroebel, Leslie (2000). 3817:(1): 3–12. Archived from 3811:Journal of Film and Video 3107:Photography History Facts 2877:. A&C Black. p. 205. 2871:Crombie, Alistair Cameron 2844:Krebs, Robert E. (2004). 1777:in addition to the venue. 1727:Architectural photography 1456:full spectrum photography 1423:Full spectrum photography 802:photographic glass plates 517:Carl August von Steinheil 6293:Digital image processing 4840:From The History of Art. 4098:Cordier, Pierre (1982). 3885:. surrealcolor.110mb.com 3832:Belisle, Brooke (2013). 3551:10 February 2012 at the 2058:William Henry Fox Talbot 1932:, and others formed the 1598: 1566: 1325:" (on plate or film) or 975: 781:published his wet plate 672:process, which used the 154:electronically processed 39:latest accepted revision 6673:19th-century inventions 6401:Photography periodicals 5961:Photography and the law 4836:31 October 2010 at the 4796:The Art of Photography: 4362:Glenday, Craig (2013). 3406:Hirsch, Robert (1999). 3393:www.deutsches-museum.de 3314:"The Oldest Photograph" 3246:Oxford University Press 2948:Plott, John C. (1984). 2548:A Greek-English Lexicon 2405:Photography and the law 2222:ultraviolet photography 2187:atmospheric electricity 2160:Wootton bridge collapse 2136:Wootton bridge collapse 2103:documentary photography 1892:became accepted by the 1890:documentary photography 1781:Crime scene photography 1768:360 product photography 1676:converting this section 1437:ultraviolet photography 873:known as nitrate film. 827: 447:Johann Heinrich Schulze 419:(1516–1571) discovered 411:(1193–1280) discovered 358:. Greek mathematicians 6642:List of artistic media 6313:Gelatin silver process 5337:Science of photography 5322:Photographic processes 5300:Perspective distortion 4728:Lynne Warren (Hrsg.): 4700:Hans-Michael Koetzle: 4654:Franz-Xaver Schlegel, 4394:"Wildlife photography" 4196:Ronalds, B.F. (2016). 4171:Ronalds, B.F. (2016). 3996:History of Photography 3840:. 37/38 (3/1): 117–37. 3450:3 October 2010 at the 3338:7 October 2015 at the 2645:Kossoy, Boris (1980). 2433:Science of photography 2428:Outline of photography 2398: 2365:digital fingerprinting 2345: 2311: 2295: 2258: 2139: 2088: 2006: 1989:Conceptual photography 1977: 1881: 1855: 1810: 1791:Still life photography 1563: 1444: 1409: 1284: 1268: 1208: 1110:to produce a positive 1061: 1007: 931: 903:Monochrome photography 847: 779:Frederick Scott Archer 770: 756: 642: 579: 532: 509: 492: 343: 334:Precursor technologies 319:History of photography 281: 271: 260: 79: 18:Photographic technique 5766:Schlieren photography 5310:Photographic printing 5233:Exposure compensation 4061:3 August 2004 at the 3219:29 April 2016 at the 3189:. Arno Press. p. 50. 2819:29 April 2016 at the 2811:Campbell, Jan (2005) 2606:Boris Kossoy (2004). 2565:www.perseus.tufts.edu 2512:Spencer, D A (1973). 2438:List of photographers 2415:First Amendment right 2340: 2306:, founded in 1985 in 2301: 2273: 2253: 2199:Greenwich Observatory 2134: 2125:Further information: 2121:Science and forensics 2111:celebrity photography 2079: 1997: 1972: 1966:in his classic essay 1869: 1843:Landscape photography 1808: 1539: 1485:and law enforcement. 1430: 1407: 1335:charge-coupled device 1282: 1266: 1217:charge-coupled device 1202: 1154:similarly structured 1064:Russian photographer 1058:Sarah Angelina Acland 1051: 1043:Louis Ducos du Hauron 989: 922: 841: 762: 745: 629:A latticed window in 628: 563: 515: 498: 486: 458:Tiphaigne de la Roche 341: 329:History of the camera 268:The German newspaper 188:, either by using an 162:photographic emulsion 74: 5555:Straight photography 5193:Chromatic aberration 4714:John Hannavy (ed.): 4482:Levinson, P. (1997) 3907:on 14 September 2021 3821:on 24 November 2009. 2753:Eder, J.M. (1945) . 2473:Photolab and minilab 2369:forensic photography 2246:Wildlife photography 2240:Wildlife photography 2218:infrared photography 2179:atmospheric pressure 2164:forensic photography 2127:Forensic photography 1982:99 Cent II Diptychon 1938:straight photography 1886:fine art photography 1849:Wildlife photography 1617:and near-ubiquitous 1547:Arabidopsis thaliana 1475:fine art photography 1252:because it involves 1094:in 1907. Autochrome 1035:complementary colors 851:Hurter and Driffield 674:chemical development 609:vapor, developed by 535:The first permanent 368:Anthemius of Tralles 62:For other uses, see 6427:photographic plates 6102:Digital photography 5285:Hyperfocal distance 5198:Circle of confusion 4504:Urry, John (2002). 3957:Parker Photographic 3491:, Macmillan, p. 95. 3258:Susan Watt (2003). 2542:25 May 2013 at the 2288:Nude composition 19 1837:wedding photography 1774:Concert photography 1758:glamour photography 1744:Fashion photography 1638:image stabilization 1239:digital photography 1189:Digital photography 1045:in the late 1860s. 1019:James Clerk Maxwell 996:James Clerk Maxwell 732:sodium thiosulphate 350:("dark chamber" in 29:Page version status 5921:Autochrome Lumière 5916:Analog photography 5741:Pigeon photography 5535:Social documentary 5014:discontinued films 4686:. Watson-Guptill. 4627:Wells, L. (2004), 4459:Sontag, S. (1977) 4302:10.1007/BF02715917 3786:on 18 January 2013 3702:. 2 January 2016. 3652:(12): 38–40. 2011. 3594:(Forum Discussion) 3533:The New York Times 3529:"Icons of Cruelty" 3508:on 24 October 2013 2824:. Polity. p. 114. 2312: 2296: 2284:photo manipulation 2259: 2191:geomagnetic forces 2140: 2115:sports photography 2107:street photography 2089: 2081:National Guardsman 2046:László Moholy-Nagy 2007: 1896:art world and the 1882: 1811: 1717:advertising agency 1678:, if appropriate. 1585:electrophotography 1581:electrical charges 1564: 1508:Light-field camera 1445: 1431:This image of the 1410: 1304:photographic plate 1285: 1269: 1258:photographic paper 1250:photo manipulation 1209: 1163:Instant color film 1108:reversal processed 1062: 1039:subtractive method 1008: 932: 848: 771: 757: 752:The New York Times 662:William Fox Talbot 643: 639:William Fox Talbot 637:, photographed by 580: 533: 510: 493: 344: 292:Johann von Maedler 158:digital image file 119:mass communication 80: 35: 6668:French inventions 6650: 6649: 6624:Site-specific art 6482: 6481: 6273:Collodion process 6209:Chromogenic print 6196:Color photography 5706:Multiple exposure 5681:Lo-fi photography 5213:Color temperature 4782:Freeman Patterson 4763:978-0-240-80405-7 4724:978-0-415-97235-2 4693:978-0-8174-3789-3 4587:on 27 March 2010. 4531:Gillespie, Alex. 4517:978-0-7619-7347-8 4379:978-1-908843-15-9 4336:978-0-12-370451-1 4182:978-1-78326-917-4 3959:. 1 December 2020 3932:Fujilove Magazine 3630:978-0-240-51574-8 3600:. 19 April 2004. 3576:978-0-240-80998-4 3419:978-0-697-14361-7 3362:on 6 October 2009 3271:978-0-7614-1464-3 3209:Gernsheim, Helmut 3165:"Albertus Magnus" 3124:Needham, Joseph. 3063:Needham, Joseph. 3025:(10): 1157–1177, 2995:978-1-4419-0953-4 2961:978-0-89581-678-8 2883:978-0-907628-79-8 2857:978-0-313-32433-8 2768:978-0-486-23586-8 2679:. 28 March 2015. 2619:978-968-03-0020-4 2585:Harper, Douglas. 2523:978-0-13-322719-2 2304:Musée de l'Élysée 2278:and to produce a 2152:macro photography 1733:Event photography 1697: 1696: 1308:photographic film 1173:Color photography 1011:Color photography 1006:patterned ribbon. 982:Color photography 878:cellulose acetate 855:light sensitivity 834:Photographic film 800:Many advances in 797:or salted paper. 783:collodion process 647:Hercules Florence 396:Leonardo da Vinci 294:. The astronomer 273:Vossische Zeitung 251:Hércules Florence 146:electrical charge 103:photographic film 47:30 September 2024 26: 16:(Redirected from 6690: 6509: 6502: 6495: 6486: 6485: 6471: 6470: 6460: 6459: 6333:Print permanence 6278:Cross processing 6236:CMYK color model 6221:Color management 6174:Foveon X3 sensor 6169:Three-CCD camera 5813:Miniature faking 5771:Sabattier effect 5388:Astrophotography 5243:Zebra patterning 4874: 4867: 4860: 4851: 4850: 4767: 4697: 4589: 4588: 4573: 4567: 4566: 4564: 4562: 4543: 4537: 4536: 4528: 4522: 4521: 4507:The tourist gaze 4501: 4495: 4480: 4474: 4457: 4444: 4443: 4415: 4409: 4408: 4406: 4404: 4390: 4384: 4383: 4359: 4353: 4352: 4350: 4348: 4320: 4314: 4313: 4295: 4275: 4269: 4268: 4266: 4264: 4245:10.2307/20537989 4224: 4218: 4217: 4215: 4213: 4193: 4187: 4186: 4168: 4162: 4159: 4153: 4150: 4144: 4143: 4095: 4089: 4088: 4072: 4066: 4049: 4043: 4042: 4026: 4020: 4019: 3991: 3985: 3975: 3969: 3968: 3966: 3964: 3949: 3943: 3942: 3940: 3938: 3923: 3917: 3916: 3914: 3912: 3903:. 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Neumann 1954:Nicéphore Niépce 1902:Alfred Stieglitz 1894:English-speaking 1872:Alfred Stieglitz 1815:Food photography 1692: 1689: 1683: 1674:You can help by 1656: 1655: 1648: 1627:color management 1344:The camera (or ' 1092:Lumière brothers 992:color photograph 818:astrophotography 806:Gabriel Lippmann 769: 766: 722:British chemist 717:Hippolyte Bayard 694:Franz von Kobell 620:Robert Cornelius 541:Nicéphore Niépce 521:Franz von Kobell 489:Nicéphore Niépce 303:Nicéphore Niépce 288:Henry Fox Talbot 284: 276: 263: 244: 237: 236: 230: 223: 222: 216: 209: 208: 194:contact printing 164:is an invisible 156:and stored in a 115:video production 107:photolithography 21: 6698: 6697: 6693: 6692: 6691: 6689: 6688: 6687: 6653: 6652: 6651: 6646: 6633: 6564:Decorative arts 6518: 6513: 6483: 6478: 6448: 6405: 6347: 6338:Push processing 6254: 6247: 6241:RGB color model 6190: 6096: 5980: 5892: 5858:Diagonal method 5844: 5589: 5493:Photojournalism 5356: 5188:Black-and-white 5156: 5135:Slide projector 5130:Movie projector 5009:available films 4883: 4878: 4838:Wayback Machine 4827: 4774: 4764: 4694: 4673: 4671:Reference works 4645: 4603: 4598: 4596:Further reading 4593: 4592: 4575: 4574: 4570: 4560: 4558: 4545: 4544: 4540: 4529: 4525: 4518: 4502: 4498: 4481: 4477: 4458: 4447: 4416: 4412: 4402: 4400: 4392: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4360: 4356: 4346: 4344: 4337: 4321: 4317: 4276: 4272: 4262: 4260: 4227:Brooke (1853). 4225: 4221: 4211: 4209: 4194: 4190: 4183: 4169: 4165: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4147: 4116:10.2307/1574733 4096: 4092: 4073: 4069: 4063:Wayback Machine 4050: 4046: 4027: 4023: 3992: 3988: 3976: 3972: 3962: 3960: 3951: 3950: 3946: 3936: 3934: 3924: 3920: 3910: 3908: 3893: 3889: 3880: 3876: 3866: 3864: 3849: 3845: 3830: 3826: 3803: 3799: 3789: 3787: 3778: 3777: 3773: 3748: 3744: 3734: 3732: 3724: 3723: 3719: 3709: 3707: 3700:The independent 3694: 3693: 3686: 3676: 3674: 3665: 3664: 3657: 3643: 3642: 3638: 3631: 3613: 3609: 3593: 3589: 3588: 3584: 3577: 3563: 3559: 3553:Wayback Machine 3544: 3540: 3525: 3521: 3511: 3509: 3500: 3499: 3495: 3486: 3482: 3465: 3461: 3452:Wayback Machine 3443: 3439: 3429: 3427: 3420: 3412:. 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2066:Christian Schad 2054:Thomas Wedgwood 1910:John Szarkowski 1906:Edward Steichen 1864: 1862:Art photography 1858: 1821:Photojournalism 1785:infrared camera 1760:sometimes work 1754:men's magazines 1749:Harper's Bazaar 1693: 1687: 1684: 1673: 1657: 1653: 1646: 1606: 1601: 1569: 1519:Michael Faraday 1510: 1504: 1491: 1433:rings of Saturn 1425: 1419: 1402: 1400:Dualphotography 1396: 1394:Dualphotography 1387: 1381: 1331:Digital cameras 1300: 1294: 1277: 1235:photojournalism 1197: 1191: 1185: 1177:slide projector 1138:film processing 1116:additive method 1098:incorporated a 1027:additive method 984: 978: 966:digital cameras 941:black-and-white 923:A photographic 917: 911: 909:Black-and-White 905: 899: 897:Black-and-white 836: 830: 767: 698:silver chloride 481: 469:Thomas Wedgwood 443:Wilhelm Homberg 435:Daniele Barbaro 421:silver chloride 417:Georg Fabricius 409:Albertus Magnus 336: 331: 325: 317:Main articles: 315: 232:), "light" and 218:), genitive of 202: 140:during a timed 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5354: 5349: 5344: 5339: 5334: 5332:Red-eye effect 5329: 5324: 5319: 5318: 5317: 5307: 5302: 5297: 5292: 5287: 5282: 5277: 5272: 5267: 5266: 5265: 5260: 5250: 5245: 5240: 5238:Exposure value 5235: 5230: 5225: 5223:Depth of focus 5220: 5218:Depth of field 5215: 5210: 5205: 5200: 5195: 5190: 5185: 5180: 5175: 5170: 5164: 5162: 5158: 5157: 5155: 5154: 5149: 5148: 5147: 5137: 5132: 5127: 5122: 5117: 5116: 5115: 5110: 5105: 5100: 5095: 5090: 5085: 5075: 5074: 5073: 5068: 5063: 5058: 5053: 5048: 5043: 5038: 5033: 5023: 5018: 5017: 5016: 5011: 5006: 5001: 4996: 4991: 4981: 4980: 4979: 4974: 4964: 4963: 4962: 4957: 4952: 4947: 4942: 4937: 4932: 4927: 4922: 4917: 4912: 4907: 4902: 4891: 4889: 4885: 4884: 4877: 4876: 4869: 4862: 4854: 4848: 4847: 4841: 4826: 4825:External links 4823: 4822: 4821: 4807: 4793: 4773: 4770: 4769: 4768: 4762: 4749: 4739: 4733: 4726: 4712: 4698: 4692: 4672: 4669: 4668: 4667: 4652: 4644: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4625: 4622: 4619: 4616: 4613: 4610: 4607: 4602: 4599: 4597: 4594: 4591: 4590: 4568: 4538: 4523: 4516: 4496: 4475: 4462:On Photography 4445: 4410: 4385: 4378: 4354: 4335: 4315: 4293:10.1.1.570.172 4270: 4219: 4188: 4181: 4163: 4154: 4145: 4110:(4): 262–268. 4090: 4067: 4044: 4021: 3986: 3970: 3944: 3918: 3887: 3881:Twede, David. 3874: 3859:. Medium.com. 3843: 3838:Film Criticism 3824: 3797: 3771: 3742: 3717: 3684: 3655: 3636: 3629: 3607: 3582: 3575: 3557: 3538: 3519: 3493: 3480: 3459: 3437: 3418: 3398: 3395:. 28 May 2024. 3377: 3344: 3323: 3304: 3287: 3270: 3250: 3233: 3198: 3178: 3155: 3140:on 3 July 2017 3116: 3094: 3079:on 3 July 2017 3055: 3009: 2994: 2971: 2960: 2937: 2886: 2863: 2856: 2833: 2804: 2774: 2767: 2742: 2714: 2694: 2664: 2657: 2637: 2618: 2598: 2577: 2552: 2529: 2522: 2503: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2495: 2490: 2485: 2480: 2475: 2470: 2465: 2460: 2455: 2450: 2445: 2440: 2435: 2430: 2423: 2420: 2403:Main article: 2400: 2397: 2317:On Photography 2267: 2264: 2244:Main article: 2241: 2238: 2206:pinhole camera 2195:Charles Brooke 2122: 2119: 2091:Main article: 2073: 2070: 2062:Edmund Kesting 2035:Pierre Cordier 2015:Pierre Cordier 1958:Louis Daguerre 1924:, often using 1914:F. Holland Day 1860:Main article: 1857: 1854: 1853: 1852: 1846: 1840: 1830: 1824: 1818: 1803: 1802: 1795: 1788: 1778: 1771: 1765: 1736: 1730: 1724: 1695: 1694: 1660: 1658: 1651: 1645: 1642: 1634:face detection 1605: 1602: 1600: 1597: 1568: 1565: 1521:in 1846, the " 1503: 1500: 1490: 1487: 1421:Main article: 1418: 1415: 1398:Main article: 1395: 1392: 1383:Main article: 1380: 1377: 1350:Process camera 1346:camera obscura 1296:Main article: 1293: 1290: 1276: 1273: 1195:Digital camera 1187:Main article: 1184: 1181: 1146:color couplers 980:Main article: 977: 974: 901:Main article: 898: 895: 871:nitrocellulose 862:George Eastman 832:Main article: 829: 826: 739:in late 1839. 737:glass negative 599:silver halides 592:Louis Daguerre 575:Louis Daguerre 551:camera obscura 480: 477: 473:silver nitrate 463:In June 1802, 429:Book of Optics 425:Ibn al-Haytham 413:silver nitrate 382:pinhole camera 378:Ibn al-Haytham 375:Arab physicist 348:camera obscura 335: 332: 314: 311: 307:Louis Daguerre 305:, Talbot, and 301:The inventors 201: 198: 58: 36: 30: 27: 25: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6695: 6684: 6681: 6679: 6676: 6674: 6671: 6669: 6666: 6664: 6661: 6660: 6658: 6643: 6640: 6639: 6636: 6630: 6627: 6625: 6622: 6620: 6617: 6615: 6612: 6610: 6607: 6605: 6602: 6600: 6597: 6595: 6592: 6590: 6587: 6585: 6582: 6580: 6577: 6575: 6572: 6570: 6567: 6565: 6562: 6558: 6557:pallet crafts 6555: 6554: 6553: 6550: 6548: 6545: 6543: 6540: 6538: 6535: 6533: 6530: 6528: 6525: 6524: 6521: 6517: 6510: 6505: 6503: 6498: 6496: 6491: 6490: 6487: 6475: 6466: 6464: 6455: 6454: 6451: 6445: 6442: 6440: 6437: 6435: 6432: 6428: 6425: 6423: 6420: 6419: 6418: 6415: 6414: 6412: 6408: 6402: 6399: 6395: 6392: 6390: 6387: 6385: 6382: 6380: 6377: 6376: 6375: 6374:Photographers 6372: 6370: 6367: 6365: 6362: 6360: 6357: 6356: 6354: 6350: 6344: 6341: 6339: 6336: 6334: 6331: 6329: 6326: 6324: 6321: 6319: 6316: 6314: 6311: 6309: 6306: 6304: 6301: 6299: 6296: 6294: 6291: 6289: 6286: 6284: 6281: 6279: 6276: 6274: 6271: 6269: 6266: 6264: 6263:Bleach bypass 6261: 6260: 6258: 6256: 6250: 6242: 6239: 6237: 6234: 6232: 6231:primary color 6229: 6227: 6224: 6223: 6222: 6219: 6217: 6216:Reversal film 6214: 6210: 6207: 6206: 6205: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6197: 6193: 6187: 6184: 6182: 6181:Image sharing 6179: 6175: 6172: 6170: 6167: 6165: 6162: 6160: 6157: 6156: 6155: 6152: 6150: 6147: 6145: 6142: 6140: 6137: 6133: 6130: 6128: 6125: 6121: 6118: 6117: 6116: 6113: 6112: 6111: 6108: 6107: 6105: 6103: 6099: 6093: 6090: 6088: 6085: 6083: 6082:United States 6080: 6078: 6075: 6073: 6070: 6068: 6065: 6063: 6060: 6058: 6055: 6053: 6050: 6048: 6045: 6043: 6040: 6038: 6035: 6033: 6030: 6028: 6025: 6023: 6020: 6018: 6015: 6013: 6010: 6008: 6005: 6003: 6000: 5998: 5995: 5993: 5990: 5989: 5987: 5983: 5977: 5974: 5972: 5969: 5967: 5964: 5962: 5959: 5957: 5954: 5952: 5949: 5947: 5944: 5942: 5941:Daguerreotype 5939: 5937: 5934: 5932: 5929: 5927: 5924: 5922: 5919: 5917: 5914: 5912: 5909: 5907: 5904: 5903: 5901: 5899: 5895: 5889: 5886: 5884: 5881: 5879: 5876: 5874: 5871: 5869: 5866: 5864: 5861: 5859: 5856: 5855: 5853: 5851: 5847: 5841: 5838: 5836: 5833: 5831: 5828: 5826: 5823: 5821: 5818: 5814: 5811: 5810: 5809: 5806: 5804: 5801: 5797: 5794: 5793: 5792: 5789: 5787: 5786:Stopping down 5784: 5782: 5779: 5777: 5774: 5772: 5769: 5767: 5764: 5762: 5759: 5757: 5754: 5752: 5751:Rephotography 5749: 5747: 5744: 5742: 5739: 5737: 5734: 5732: 5729: 5727: 5724: 5722: 5719: 5717: 5714: 5712: 5709: 5707: 5704: 5702: 5699: 5697: 5694: 5692: 5689: 5687: 5686:Long-exposure 5684: 5682: 5679: 5677: 5674: 5672: 5669: 5667: 5664: 5662: 5659: 5657: 5654: 5652: 5649: 5647: 5644: 5642: 5639: 5637: 5634: 5632: 5629: 5627: 5624: 5622: 5619: 5617: 5614: 5612: 5609: 5607: 5604: 5602: 5599: 5598: 5596: 5592: 5586: 5583: 5581: 5578: 5576: 5573: 5571: 5568: 5566: 5563: 5561: 5558: 5556: 5553: 5551: 5548: 5546: 5543: 5541: 5538: 5536: 5533: 5529: 5526: 5525: 5524: 5521: 5519: 5516: 5514: 5511: 5509: 5506: 5504: 5501: 5499: 5496: 5494: 5491: 5489: 5486: 5484: 5481: 5479: 5476: 5474: 5471: 5469: 5466: 5464: 5461: 5459: 5456: 5454: 5451: 5449: 5446: 5444: 5441: 5439: 5436: 5434: 5431: 5429: 5426: 5424: 5421: 5419: 5416: 5414: 5411: 5409: 5406: 5404: 5401: 5399: 5396: 5394: 5391: 5389: 5386: 5384: 5383:Architectural 5381: 5379: 5376: 5374: 5371: 5369: 5366: 5365: 5363: 5359: 5353: 5350: 5348: 5345: 5343: 5342:Shutter speed 5340: 5338: 5335: 5333: 5330: 5328: 5325: 5323: 5320: 5316: 5313: 5312: 5311: 5308: 5306: 5303: 5301: 5298: 5296: 5295:Metering mode 5293: 5291: 5288: 5286: 5283: 5281: 5278: 5276: 5273: 5271: 5268: 5264: 5261: 5259: 5256: 5255: 5254: 5251: 5249: 5246: 5244: 5241: 5239: 5236: 5234: 5231: 5229: 5226: 5224: 5221: 5219: 5216: 5214: 5211: 5209: 5208:Color balance 5206: 5204: 5201: 5199: 5196: 5194: 5191: 5189: 5186: 5184: 5181: 5179: 5176: 5174: 5173:Angle of view 5171: 5169: 5166: 5165: 5163: 5159: 5153: 5150: 5146: 5143: 5142: 5141: 5138: 5136: 5133: 5131: 5128: 5126: 5123: 5121: 5120:Manufacturers 5118: 5114: 5111: 5109: 5106: 5104: 5101: 5099: 5096: 5094: 5091: 5089: 5086: 5084: 5081: 5080: 5079: 5076: 5072: 5069: 5067: 5064: 5062: 5059: 5057: 5054: 5052: 5049: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5037: 5034: 5032: 5029: 5028: 5027: 5024: 5022: 5019: 5015: 5012: 5010: 5007: 5005: 5002: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4990: 4987: 4986: 4985: 4982: 4978: 4975: 4973: 4970: 4969: 4968: 4965: 4961: 4958: 4956: 4953: 4951: 4948: 4946: 4943: 4941: 4938: 4936: 4933: 4931: 4928: 4926: 4923: 4921: 4918: 4916: 4913: 4911: 4908: 4906: 4903: 4901: 4898: 4897: 4896: 4893: 4892: 4890: 4886: 4882: 4875: 4870: 4868: 4863: 4861: 4856: 4855: 4852: 4845: 4842: 4839: 4835: 4832: 4829: 4828: 4819: 4818:0-240-80033-8 4815: 4811: 4808: 4805: 4804:1-933952-68-7 4801: 4797: 4794: 4791: 4790:1-55013-099-4 4787: 4783: 4779: 4776: 4775: 4765: 4759: 4755: 4750: 4748: 4747:0-240-51417-3 4744: 4740: 4737: 4734: 4731: 4727: 4725: 4721: 4717: 4713: 4711: 4710:3-426-66479-8 4707: 4703: 4699: 4695: 4689: 4685: 4684: 4679: 4675: 4674: 4665: 4664:3-00-004407-8 4661: 4657: 4653: 4650: 4647: 4646: 4638: 4637:0-415-30704-X 4634: 4630: 4626: 4623: 4620: 4617: 4614: 4611: 4608: 4605: 4604: 4586: 4582: 4578: 4572: 4556: 4552: 4548: 4542: 4534: 4527: 4519: 4513: 4509: 4508: 4500: 4493: 4492:0-415-15785-4 4489: 4485: 4479: 4472: 4471:0-312-42009-9 4468: 4464: 4463: 4456: 4454: 4452: 4450: 4441: 4437: 4433: 4429: 4425: 4421: 4414: 4399: 4395: 4389: 4381: 4375: 4371: 4367: 4366: 4358: 4342: 4338: 4332: 4328: 4327: 4319: 4311: 4307: 4303: 4299: 4294: 4289: 4285: 4281: 4274: 4258: 4254: 4250: 4246: 4242: 4239:(5): 308–11. 4238: 4234: 4230: 4223: 4207: 4203: 4199: 4192: 4184: 4178: 4174: 4167: 4158: 4149: 4141: 4137: 4133: 4129: 4125: 4121: 4117: 4113: 4109: 4105: 4101: 4094: 4086: 4082: 4078: 4071: 4064: 4060: 4057: 4053: 4048: 4040: 4036: 4032: 4025: 4017: 4013: 4009: 4005: 4002:(4): 374–87. 4001: 3997: 3990: 3983: 3979: 3974: 3958: 3954: 3948: 3933: 3929: 3922: 3906: 3902: 3898: 3891: 3884: 3878: 3862: 3858: 3854: 3847: 3839: 3835: 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2978: 2976: 2968: 2963: 2957: 2953: 2952: 2944: 2942: 2933: 2929: 2925: 2921: 2917: 2913: 2909: 2908:10.1068/p3210 2905: 2901: 2897: 2890: 2884: 2880: 2876: 2872: 2867: 2859: 2853: 2849: 2848: 2840: 2838: 2831: 2830:0-7456-2930-X 2827: 2823: 2822: 2818: 2815: 2808: 2792: 2788: 2784: 2778: 2770: 2764: 2760: 2756: 2749: 2747: 2738: 2732: 2717: 2715:9781482813982 2711: 2707: 2706: 2698: 2682: 2678: 2674: 2668: 2660: 2658:9788531409448 2654: 2650: 2649: 2641: 2625: 2621: 2615: 2611: 2610: 2602: 2594: 2593: 2588: 2581: 2566: 2562: 2556: 2549: 2545: 2541: 2538: 2533: 2525: 2519: 2515: 2508: 2504: 2494: 2491: 2489: 2488:Medium format 2486: 2484: 2481: 2479: 2476: 2474: 2471: 2469: 2466: 2464: 2463:Image editing 2461: 2459: 2456: 2454: 2451: 2449: 2446: 2444: 2441: 2439: 2436: 2434: 2431: 2429: 2426: 2425: 2419: 2416: 2412: 2406: 2396: 2394: 2389: 2386: 2382: 2381:photos of war 2377: 2372: 2370: 2366: 2362: 2361:image editing 2358: 2357:photomontages 2354: 2350: 2344: 2339: 2337: 2336: 2331: 2326: 2323: 2319: 2318: 2309: 2305: 2300: 2293: 2290:from 1988 by 2289: 2285: 2281: 2277: 2272: 2263: 2256: 2252: 2247: 2237: 2233: 2231: 2230:Victorian era 2227: 2224:, as well as 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2202: 2200: 2196: 2192: 2188: 2184: 2180: 2176: 2172: 2167: 2165: 2161: 2157: 2153: 2149: 2145: 2137: 2133: 2128: 2118: 2116: 2112: 2108: 2104: 2099: 2094: 2086: 2082: 2078: 2069: 2067: 2063: 2059: 2055: 2051: 2047: 2043: 2040: 2036: 2032: 2028: 2024: 2020: 2016: 2012: 2004: 2000: 1996: 1992: 1990: 1986: 1984: 1983: 1976: 1971: 1969: 1965: 1961: 1959: 1955: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1939: 1936:to advocate ' 1935: 1931: 1927: 1923: 1919: 1918:Edward Weston 1915: 1911: 1907: 1903: 1899: 1895: 1891: 1887: 1879: 1878: 1873: 1868: 1863: 1850: 1847: 1844: 1841: 1838: 1834: 1831: 1828: 1825: 1822: 1819: 1816: 1813: 1812: 1807: 1800: 1796: 1792: 1789: 1786: 1782: 1779: 1775: 1772: 1769: 1766: 1763: 1759: 1755: 1751: 1750: 1745: 1741: 1737: 1734: 1731: 1728: 1725: 1722: 1718: 1714: 1710: 1709: 1708: 1706: 1702: 1691: 1682:is available. 1681: 1677: 1671: 1670: 1666: 1661:This section 1659: 1650: 1649: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1632: 1628: 1624: 1620: 1619:camera phones 1616: 1611: 1596: 1594: 1593:image scanner 1590: 1586: 1582: 1578: 1574: 1561: 1557: 1553: 1549: 1548: 1543: 1538: 1534: 1531: 1526: 1524: 1520: 1516: 1509: 1499: 1496: 1486: 1484: 1480: 1476: 1471: 1467: 1465: 1459: 1457: 1453: 1449: 1442: 1438: 1434: 1429: 1424: 1414: 1406: 1401: 1391: 1386: 1376: 1373: 1368: 1366: 1362: 1358: 1353: 1351: 1347: 1342: 1340: 1336: 1332: 1328: 1324: 1319: 1317: 1313: 1309: 1305: 1299: 1289: 1281: 1272: 1265: 1261: 1259: 1255: 1251: 1247: 1242: 1240: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1224: 1222: 1218: 1214: 1206: 1201: 1196: 1190: 1180: 1178: 1174: 1170: 1168: 1164: 1160: 1157: 1153: 1149: 1147: 1143: 1142:complementary 1139: 1135: 1131: 1127: 1123: 1119: 1117: 1113: 1109: 1105: 1104:potato starch 1101: 1097: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1083: 1079: 1078:Hermann Vogel 1073: 1071: 1067: 1059: 1055: 1050: 1046: 1044: 1040: 1036: 1032: 1031:carbon prints 1028: 1024: 1020: 1015: 1012: 1005: 1001: 1000:Thomas Sutton 997: 993: 988: 983: 973: 971: 967: 962: 961:photographers 957: 955: 954:albumen print 951: 947: 943: 942: 937: 930: 926: 921: 916: 910: 904: 894: 890: 887: 883: 879: 874: 872: 867: 864:, founder of 863: 858: 856: 852: 845: 840: 835: 825: 823: 819: 813: 811: 807: 803: 798: 796: 792: 788: 784: 780: 776: 761: 754: 753: 748: 744: 740: 738: 733: 729: 725: 724:John Herschel 720: 718: 713: 711: 707: 703: 699: 695: 690: 688: 683: 679: 675: 671: 667: 663: 659: 656:Meanwhile, a 654: 652: 648: 640: 636: 632: 627: 623: 621: 616: 612: 608: 604: 603:daguerreotype 600: 595: 593: 589: 585: 576: 572: 571:daguerreotype 568: 567: 562: 558: 556: 552: 548: 547: 542: 538: 530: 526: 522: 518: 514: 507: 503: 502: 497: 490: 485: 476: 474: 470: 466: 461: 459: 455: 454: 448: 444: 440: 436: 432: 430: 426: 422: 418: 414: 410: 405: 402: 397: 393: 391: 387: 383: 379: 376: 371: 369: 365: 361: 357: 356:ancient China 353: 349: 340: 330: 324: 320: 310: 308: 304: 299: 297: 296:John Herschel 293: 289: 285: 283: 277: 275: 274: 266: 264: 262: 256: 252: 247: 245: 243: 231: 229: 217: 215: 197: 195: 191: 187: 183: 179: 175: 171: 167: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 128:Typically, a 126: 124: 120: 116: 112: 108: 104: 100: 96: 93:by recording 92: 88: 84: 78: 77:Sierra Nevada 73: 69: 65: 48: 44: 40: 33: 28: 19: 6598: 6547:Computer art 6527:Architecture 6439:Polaroid art 6328:K-14 process 6323:Instant film 6318:Gum printing 6268:C-41 process 6253:Photographic 6154:Image sensor 6149:Film scanner 5803:Sun printing 5736:Print toning 5528:space selfie 5498:Pictorialism 5428:Ethnographic 5408:Conservation 5280:Guide number 5275:Focal length 4880: 4809: 4795: 4777: 4753: 4735: 4729: 4715: 4701: 4682: 4655: 4648: 4628: 4601:Introduction 4585:the original 4580: 4571: 4559:. 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