Kodachrome - Knowledge

1143:, which formed three superimposed negative images, one for each primary color. After the first developer was washed out, the film underwent re-exposure and redevelopment. Re-exposure fogged the silver halides that were not developed in the first developer, limiting development to one layer at a time. A color developer then developed the fogged image, and its exhaustion products reacted with a color coupler to form a dye in the color complementary to the layer's sensitivity. The red-sensitive layer was re-exposed through the base of the film with red light, then redeveloped forming cyan dye. The blue-sensitive layer was re-exposed through the emulsion side of the film with blue light, then redeveloped forming yellow dye. The green-sensitive layer was redeveloped with a developer that chemically fogged it and formed magenta dye. After color development, the metallic silver was converted to silver halide using a bleach solution. The film was then 1124:, was introduced in 1974. The process was complex and exacting, requiring technicians with extensive chemistry training and large, complex machinery. This is because most color films contain dye couplers in the film itself; during development the couplers react with the developer to form the dyes that form the final image. Kodachrome film has no such couplers; instead the dyes are formed on the film by a complex processing sequence that required four different developers; one black and white developer, and three color developers. Normal color film requires just one developer. Also, processing Kodachrome film requires 8 or more tanks of processing chemicals, each of which must be precisely controlled for concentration, temperature and agitation, resulting in very complex processing equipment with precise chemical control, no small feat for small processing companies. 960: 1112: 771:

Such a multi-layered film had already been invented and patented in 1912 by the German inventor Rudolph Fischer. Each of the three layers in the proposed film would be sensitive to one of the three primary colors, and each of the three layers would have substances (called "color couplers") embedded in them that would form a dye of the required color when combined with the by-products of the developing silver image. When the silver images were bleached away, the three-color dye image would remain. Fischer, however, failed to find a way to stop the color couplers and color sensitizing dyes from wandering from one layer into the other, where they would produce unwanted colors.

808: 262: 1240: 270: 767:, a movie production using a four-color additive process. Both agreed the color was terrible. After reading up on the subject in the library they started to experiment with additive color processes. Their experiments were continued during their college years, eventually producing a camera having two lenses that projected images side by side on a single strip of film. The color rendition of this additive two-color process was not too bad, but aligning the two lenses of the projector was difficult. 948: 519: 937: 621: 478: 1210:, an independent facility in the United States, which became the world's last Kodachrome processing facility. Dwayne's processing of 35 mm films was fully endorsed by Kodak, but its Super-8 process was not endorsed because it required more agitation. Films sent for processing in the USA were mailed directly to Dwayne's, while those in Europe were sent to the Lausanne facility's address and forwarded to Dwayne's. 450:

transparency that was capable of surprisingly good (for a two-colour process) colour rendition of skin tones in portraits. Capstaff's Kodachrome was made commercially available in 1915. It was also adapted for use as a 35mm motion picture film process. Today, this first version of Kodachrome is nearly forgotten, completely overshadowed by the next Kodak product bearing the same name Kodachrome.

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motion picture films made after this point retain accurate color and density to this day. It has been calculated that the yellow dye, the least stable, would suffer a 20% loss of dye in 185 years. This is because developed Kodachrome does not retain unused color couplers. Nevertheless, Kodachrome's color stability under bright light, for example during

242:, requiring the company to offer Kodachrome film for sale without the development fee, as well as license Kodachrome development patents to independent photography stores. Kodak had sold mailers to users who wanted their films to be processed by them. Nonetheless, the process-paid arrangement continued in other markets around the world. 779:, referencing their experiments and asking if Mees could let them use the Kodak facilities for a few days. Mees offered to help, and after meeting with Mannes and Godowsky agreed to supply them with multi-layer emulsions made to their specifications. The pair then secured a $ 20,000 loan from the New York investment firm 1042:

After the late 1950s, 16 mm Kodachrome Commercial-originated films (and Ektachrome Commercial-originated films as well) were quite often duplicated onto Eastmancolor internegative film, after which these films were printed on Eastmancolor positive print film, as a cost-reduction measure, thereby

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If you have good light and you're at a fairly high shutter speed, it's going to be a brilliant color photograph. It had a great color palette. It wasn't too garish. Some films are like you're on a drug or something. Velvia made everything so saturated and wildly over-the-top, too electric. Kodachrome

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Mees immediately set things in motion to produce and market this film, but just before Kodak was about to do so in 1935 Mannes and Godowsky completed work on the long-awaited but no longer expected, much better, three-color version. On April 15, 1935, this new film, borrowing the name from Capstaff's

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Their experiments, which continued after they finished college, turned from multiple lenses that produced multiple, differently colored images that had to be combined to form the final transparency, to multiple layered film in which the different color images were already combined, perfectly aligned.

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Because of its complex processing requirements, the film was initially sold only with the cost of processing; independent photography stores were prohibited from developing Kodachrome. To develop the film, customers had to mail it to Kodak, which would then send the developed film back as part of the

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Capstaff, a former portrait photographer and physics and engineering student had already worked on colour photography before he joined C.K. Mees and other former Wratten and Wainright employees in their move to Rochester in 1912–1913 after Eastman had bought that company to persuade Mees to come and

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For professional uses, where duplication is expected and required, a special version, Kodachrome Commercial (KCO), was available in a 35 mm BH-perforated base (exclusively through Technicolor) and in a 16 mm base (exclusively through Eastman Kodak's professional products division). In both

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used simpler, quicker, and more accessible color development processes. Their higher film speeds also eroded Kodachrome's market share, as the quality of competing films improved over time. As digital photography reduced the demand for all film after 2000, Kodachrome sales further declined. On June

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When their money ran out in 1929 Mees decided to help them once more. He knew that the solution to the problem of the wandering dyes had already been found by one of Kodak's own scientists, Leslie Brooker, and so fronted Mannes and Godowsky the money to pay off their loan with Kuhn Loeb and offered

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by the Dutch office of the European Parliament because, although located in Switzerland, the facility served all of Europe and its closure would affect European photographers. The Parliamentary committees for Culture and Education and for Internal Market and Consumer Protection studied the matter.

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Due to its complex processing requirements, Kodachrome film was initially sold at a price that included processing by Kodak. An envelope was included with the film in which the photographer would send the exposed film to the nearest of several designated Kodak laboratories. The film was processed,

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into the emulsion layers. The dye couplers are added during processing. This means that Kodachrome emulsion layers are thinner and less light is scattered upon exposure, meaning that the film could record an image with more sharpness than substantive films. Transparencies made with non-substantive

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Shortly before their deadline at the end of 1933, Mannes and Godowsky still had not managed to come up with anything usable, and thought their experiments would be terminated by Kodak. Instead, Mees granted them a one-year extension and, still having technical challenges they needed to solve, they

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By 1924 they were able to patent a two-color process that employed "controlled diffusion". By timing how long it took for an image to form in the top layer ahead of the lower they began to probe the prospects of timed processing as a means of controlling wandering dyes. Some three years later they

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Dwayne's Photo announced in late 2010 that it would process all Kodachrome rolls received at the lab by December 30, 2010, after which processing would cease. As Dwayne's final processing deadline approached, thousands of stored rolls of film were sent in for processing. Once film received by the

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slide film, caused a drop in Kodachrome sales. Some business analysts speculated that heavy subsidies by the Japanese government propped up Fuji and may have even allowed dumping of Fuji's films at below the cost to manufacture them. Kodachrome products were gradually discontinued and on June 22,

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photography students on more than 100 rolls of by-then rare Kodachrome film and processed by Dwayne's on the last day (extended to January 18, 2011) before processing chemicals officially ceased production. Kodachrome film can no longer be processed in color, but it can be processed in black and

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radiation passes through the film but not through dust particles. Dust, scratches, and fingerprints on the slide are typically detected and removed by a scanner's software. Kodachrome interacts with this infrared channel in two ways. The absorption of the cyan dye extends into the near infrared

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When stored in darkness, Kodachrome's long-term stability under suitable conditions is superior to other types of color film of the same era. While existing Kodachrome materials from before Kodak simplified the development process in 1938 are almost always faded, images on Kodachrome slides and

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Kodachrome Commercial has a low-contrast characteristic that complements the various duplication films with which it is intended to be used: silver separation negatives for 35 mm (controlled exclusively by Technicolor) and reversal duplicating and printing stocks for 16 mm (controlled

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Because of the decline in business, many Kodak-owned and independent Kodachrome processing facilities were closed. The loss of processing availability further accelerated the decline in Kodachrome sales. In 1999, Kodak attempted to increase the availability of K-14 processing through its K-Lab

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Using dyes that were absorbed only by the unhardened gelatin, the negative that recorded the blue and green light was dyed red-orange and the red-exposed negative was dyed blue-green. The result was a pair of positive dye images. The plates were then assembled emulsion to emulsion, producing

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Mannes and Godowsky followed that route, and started experimenting with color couplers, but their experiments were hindered by a lack of money, supplies and facilities. In 1922 Robert Wood, a friend of Mannes, wrote a letter of introduction for Mannes and Godowsky to Kodak chief scientist

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mounted in 2 in × 2 in (51 mm × 51 mm) cardboard mounts in the case of 35 mm slides, and returned by mail to the sender. After 1954, as a result of a lawsuit from the federal government, this practice was prohibited in the United States as

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films have an easily visible relief image on the emulsion side of the film. Kodachrome 64 and 200 can record a dynamic range of about 2.3D or 8 stops, as shown in the characteristic curves. Kodachrome 25 transparencies have a dynamic range of around 12 stops, or 3.6–3.8D.

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Kodachrome, and other non-substantive films, unlike most color films, required complex processing that could not practicably be carried out by amateurs. The process underwent four significant alterations since its inception. The final version of the process, designated

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of data in the 24 mm x 36 mm image. Scanning Kodachrome transparencies can be problematic because of the film's tendency to scan with a blue color cast. Some software producers deliver special Kodachrome color profiles with their software to avoid this. An

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in 1935. It was one of the first successful color materials and was used for both cinematography and still photography. For many years, Kodachrome was widely used for professional color photography, especially for images intended for publication in print media.

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deadline had been developed, the world's last K-14 processing machine was taken out of service. The final roll to be processed was exposed by Dwayne Steinle, owner of Dwayne's Photo. The cessation of processing by Dwayne's Photo is commemorated in the book

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Kodachrome is appreciated in the archival and professional market for its accurate color reproduction and dark-storage longevity. Because of these qualities, it was used by Walton Sound and Film Services in the UK in 1953 for the official 16mm film of the

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Rudolf Fischer was granted a patent in 1913 for a proposed color photography process in which three separate emulsions, each sensitive to a different color, would be exposed simultaneously. However, Fischer was unable to implement the idea.

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Unprocessed Kodachrome film may survive long periods between exposure and processing. In one case, several rolls were exposed and then lost in a Canadian forest. Upon discovery 19 years later they were processed and the slides were usable.

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22, 2009, Kodak announced it would no longer manufacture Kodachrome film, citing declining demand. During its heyday, many Kodak and independent laboratories processed Kodachrome, but by 2010, only one Kodak-certified facility remained:

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were still experimenting with such a method in a multi-layer emulsion, but by then they had decided that instead of incorporating the color couplers into the emulsion layers themselves, they could be added to the developing chemicals.

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filter made from discrete color elements that were visible upon enlargement. The finished transparencies absorbed between 70% and 80% of light upon projection, requiring very bright projection lamps, especially for large projections.

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region, making this layer opaque to infrared radiation. Kodachrome also has a pronounced relief image that can affect the infrared channel. These effects can sometimes cause a slight loss of sharpness in the scanned image when

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in the United States, and allowed independent processing laboratories to acquire the chemicals needed to process Kodachrome films. In other countries, the price of Kodachrome film continued to include processing by Kodak.

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The color rendering of Kodachrome films was unique in color photography for several decades after its introduction in the 1930s. Even after the introduction of other successful professional color films, such as Fuji

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photographer. McCurry had asked Kodak for the last roll in stock, then went out on his own to use that roll. Although McCurry retains ownership of the slides, prints of the 36 exposures are permanently housed at the

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had more poetry in it, a softness, an elegance. With digital photography, you gain many benefits you have to put in post-production. you take it out of the box and the pictures are already brilliant.

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podcast, "we are investigating Kodachrome, looking at what it would take to bring that back". Although the statement generated widespread media interest, it was subsequently conceded by an official at

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In later years, Kodachrome was produced in a wide variety of film formats including 120 and 4 in × 5 in (100 mm × 130 mm), and in ISO-ASA values ranging from 8 to 200.

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program, where small labs equipped with smaller Kodak processing machines would supplement Kodak's own processing services. This effort did not endure and all the K-labs were closed by 2005.

289:, had used the additive screenplate methods. Until its discontinuation, Kodachrome was the oldest surviving brand of color film. It was manufactured for 74 years in various formats to suit 3246: 2988: 834:

In 1961 Kodak released Kodachrome II with sharper images and faster speeds at 25 ASA. In 1962, Kodachrome-X at ASA 64 was introduced. In 1974, with the transition to the

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in the Super 8 movie format was discontinued in June 2005, despite protests from filmmakers. Kodak launched a replacement color reversal film in the Super 8 format,

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eventually presented Mees with a mere two-color movie process in 1934, just as the original Kodachrome invented by John Capstaff some 20 years earlier had been.

2533: 763: 1010:, some professionals continued to prefer Kodachrome, and maintain that it still has certain advantages over digital. Steve McCurry told Vanity Fair magazine: 2701: 2472: 4634: 4521: 1980: 2956: 2084: 2625: 1786: 1056:, is inferior to substantive slide films. Kodachrome's fade time under projection is about one hour, compared to Fujichrome's two and a half hours. 2773: 2743: 2411: 1226:

magazine worldwide pictures editor Arnold Drapkin and Dwayne's Photo vice president Grant Steinle. The book presents a year of pictures shot by

3359: 3254: 3232: 2506: 4264: 2995: 3631: 3636: 1921: 353:. Copies of the film for sale to the public were also produced using Kodachrome. More recent professional film photographers such as 1892: 2109: 885:. On July 14, 2010, it was announced that the last roll of Kodachrome manufactured had been developed by Dwayne's for photographer 3666: 1673: 3618: 3042: 1677: 761:

Mannes and Godowsky first took an interest in color photography as high school pupils in 1917, when they saw a movie called

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Kodachrome is generally used for direct projection using white light. As such, it possesses a relatively high contrast.

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On July 25, 2006, extensive documentation about Kodak's Lausanne Kodachrome lab's impending closure was sent to the

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them a yearly salary, coupled to a three-year deadline to come up with a finished and commercially viable product.

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Before Kodachrome film was marketed in 1935 most color photography had been achieved using films that employed

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See Susan Stang's detailed description of the collaboration in Bill Barrett and Susan Hacker Stang (editors),

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calibration with a special Kodachrome calibration target is necessary for accurate color reproduction.

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The first Kodak product called Kodachrome was invented by John Capstaff in 1913. His Kodachrome was a

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The use of transparency film declined in the 1980s and 1990s, which, combined with competition from

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found that this practice violated antitrust laws by being uncompetitive. Kodak then entered into a

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railroad companies repainted hundreds of locomotives into a unified red and yellow livery, which

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A typical plastic 35mm Kodachrome slide from the 1990s showing logo and text on the reverse side

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2009, Kodak announced that the remaining film, Kodachrome 64, would no longer be manufactured.

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The next version of Kodachrome was invented in the early 1930s by two professional musicians,

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George Eastman House Museum: – "Saying "farewell" while celebrating 75 years of Kodachrome"

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After its Lausanne processing facility closed, Kodak subcontracted the processing work to

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Dictionary of Photography: A Reference Book for Amateur and Professional Photographers

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A 35mm Kodachrome transparency, like other 35mm transparencies on films of comparable

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Many scanners use an additional infrared channel to detect defects, as the long wave

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The Kodachrome product range diminished progressively through the 1990s and 2000s.

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movie film with an ASA speed of 10 and the following year it was made available as

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white by some labs that specialize in obsolete processes and old film processing.

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It's much more likely that we will be bringing back other films than Kodachrome.'

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Kodachrome II and Kodachrome-X were replaced by Kodachrome 25 and Kodachrome 64.

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Kodachrome was the first color film to be successfully mass-marketed that used a

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process that used only two colours: blue-green and red-orange. It required two

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in Utah was named after it, becoming the only park named for a brand of film.

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also favored the film. It was used by McCurry for his iconic 1984 portrait of

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Adler, Eric (January 9, 2011). "In Kansas town, Kodachrome's last gasps".

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with an alkaline solution and wash. The film was then developed using a

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with many written resources and many photographs of Kodachrome prints.

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Library of Congress Preservation/Restoration Resources for Kodachrome

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Kodachrome Commercial was available until the mid-1950s, after which

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From Dry Plates to Ektachrome Film: A Story of Photographic Research

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In 2012 Capstaff's early film tests were added to the United States

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Lane, William S. in Buzit-Tragni; et al. (January 25, 2005).

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at the beginning of 2017, Eastman Kodak CMO Steven Overman told

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and most of the pictures have been published on the Internet by

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Kodachrome – End of the Run: Photographs from the Final Batches

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Kodachrome – End of the Run: Photographs from the Final Batches

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Until manufacturing was taken over by rival film manufacturer

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This article is about the brand of film. For other uses, see

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35 mm and 828, daylight (ASA 10) & Type A (ASA 16)

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yielding relatively low-cost prints for direct projection.

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Home Movies: A History of the American Industry, 1897–1979

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35 mm and 828, daylight (ASA 25/early) (ASA 64/late)

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Kodachrome films are non-substantive. Unlike substantive

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The Permanence and Care of Color Photographs (Chapter5)

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Ciné-Kodak Kodachrome 8mm movie film (expired May 1946)

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The first step in the process was the removal of the

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Eventually, the growth and popularity of alternative

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16 mm, daylight (ASA 10) & Type A (ASA 16)

2662: 1833: 1831: 1328:8 mm, daylight (ASA 10) & Type A (ASA 16) 1072:rating, contains an equivalent of approximately 20 1039:(ECO) replaced it for these specific applications. 467: 2828: 2512:"National Geographic: The Last Roll of Kodachrome" 2048: 1895:. Ftvdb.bfi.org.uk. April 16, 2009. Archived from 1405:16 mm, daylight (ASA 25) and Type A (ASA 40) 1063: 992:color films, Kodachrome film does not incorporate 2628:. Thomson Reuters. March 26, 2009. Archived from 1785:. Deseret News Publishing Company. Archived from 1413:8 mm, daylight (ASA 25) and Type A (ASA 40) 422: 4616: 3637:Kodachrome on Timeline of Historical Film Colors 3585: 3175: 3173: 2700:: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown ( 2682:. Archived from the original on February 9, 2011 2652:"Eastman Kodak kills its colour-true Kodachrome" 1916: 1914: 1862: 1860: 1828: 309:for movies (exclusively through Eastman Kodak), 249:, and, much later, the widespread transition to 3310: 3308: 3306: 2951: 2949: 2947: 2945: 2576:"Kodak announces Kodachrome to be discontinued" 2311:"Kodak: History of Kodak: Milestones 1930–1959" 2073:(1st ed.). New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc. 2068: 1028:cases, Eastman Kodak performed the processing. 758:, who were also university-trained scientists. 3562:"Lyrics - Alan Parsons Project - Psychobabble" 3520:. NBC News Interactive News LLC. June 22, 2009 2024: 2009: 855: 3660: 3518:"Sorry, Paul Simon, Kodak's axing Kodachrome" 3170: 2962:. Eastman Kodak Company. 2000. Archived from 2674:"The Last Roll of Kodachrome—Frame by Frame!" 2303: 2133: 2043: 1911: 1857: 1697:and featured a dying photographer, played by 911: 58:6/9°, 10/11°, 25/15°, 40/17°, 64/19°, 200/24° 3487: 3303: 2942: 2928:"Kodachrome: The Legendary Film's Last Days" 2859: 2445:"Kodachrome: The Legendary Film's Last Days" 2405: 2403: 2401: 1780: 963:Kodachrome photo by Chalmers Butterfield of 3354: 3352: 3266: 3264: 2473:"Last Kodachrome roll processed in Parsons" 2467: 2465: 2442: 1218:, edited by photographers Bill Barrett and 802: 506:Learn how and when to remove these messages 4635:Products and services discontinued in 2009 3667: 3653: 3360:"Kodachrome slide film rolls into history" 3314: 3045:. Historicphotoarchive.com. Archived from 2853: 2779:. Wilhelm Imaging Research. Archived from 2620: 2618: 2064: 2062: 2014:(19th ed.). London: Iliffe Books Ltd. 1953: 1801: 1437:Professional, 35 mm, Type A (ASA 40) 1201: 313:for movies (exclusively available through 34: 3366:. content.usatoday.com. December 30, 2010 3247:"Internal Market and Consumer Protection" 2806:"Long Term Color Stability of Kodachrome" 2398: 2085:"Complete National Film Registry Listing" 738:Learn how and when to remove this message 720:Learn how and when to remove this message 665:Learn how and when to remove this message 603:Learn how and when to remove this message 3349: 3327: 3261: 3113:"Fuji accused of unfair trade practices" 2826: 2820: 2717: 2462: 2379:. Hearst Magazines: 96. September 1974. 1949: 1947: 1945: 1943: 1603:Professional film, 35 mm, daylight 1592:Professional film, daylight, 120 format 1584:Professional film, 35 mm, daylight 1506:Professional film, 35 mm, daylight 1238: 1110: 958: 946: 935: 860:Later color transparency films, such as 806: 268: 260: 3615:Two-Color Kodachrome Test Shots No. III 3493: 3315:Sulzberger, A. G. (December 29, 2010). 2808:. Huennebeck-online.de. August 20, 2009 2766: 2615: 2586: 2365: 2328: 2235: 2059: 2003: 1956:"The digital age takes Kodachrome away" 1807: 462:Two-Color Kodachrome Test Shots No. III 4617: 3469:"Fans beg: Don't take Kodachrome away" 2908:. Pearsonimaging.com. November 8, 2007 2198: 1924:. Kodak. June 22, 2009. Archived from 1868:"Kodak Wants to Bring Back More Films" 1344:Kodachrome Professional film (sheets) 1243:Kodachrome 200 – Film for color slides 265:Kodachrome K135 20 Color Reversal film 3648: 3384: 1940: 1837: 1633: 1347:daylight (ASA 8) and Type B (ASA 10) 1150: 1046: 815:Kodachrome was first sold in 1935 as 415:methods avoided these disadvantages. 273:Kodachrome II – film for color slides 4598:You Press the Button, We Do the Rest 3286:"KODACRHOME Processing Laboratories" 1808:Deschin, Jacob (December 26, 1954). 1774: 1365:35 mm and 828, Type F (ASA 12) 852:stereo reels used Kodachrome films. 676: 614: 541:adding citations to reliable sources 512: 471: 389: 317:Corp as "Technicolor Monopack") and 281:method. Previous materials, such as 3540:"KODACHROME Discontinuation Notice" 1810:"OUTLOOK FOR KODACHROME PROCESSING" 1695:Toronto International Film Festival 1622:Double Regular 8 mm, tungsten 1301: 16:Brand name of an Eastman Kodak film 13: 1284:was discontinued in November 2006. 1234: 931: 692:tone or style may not reflect the 351:Elizabeth II of the United Kingdom 14: 4646: 4522:Kodak v. Image Technical Services 3674: 3608: 3225:"Culture and Education Committee" 2671:David Friend (February 9, 2011): 2443:Jim Axelrod (December 26, 2010). 1954:Ben Dobbin (September 22, 2008). 1490:Movie film, 16 mm, daylight 799:process, was formally announced. 487:This section has multiple issues. 112:Corp as "Technicolor Monopack"), 3136:. PhotographyBLOG. June 22, 2009 3021:"FindLaw | Cases and Codes" 1838:Ottke, Adam (January 11, 2017). 1498:Movie film, 8 mm, daylight 702:guide to writing better articles 681: 619: 517: 476: 468:Development of modern Kodachrome 3588:"SPSF: Shouldn't Paint So Fast" 3579: 3554: 3532: 3510: 3461: 3432: 3419: 3393: 3378: 3278: 3239: 3217: 3195: 3148: 3134:"Kodak Retires Kodachrome Film" 3126: 3105: 3083: 3061: 3043:"Kodachrome Slide Dating Guide" 3035: 3013: 2981: 2920: 2898: 2876: 2835:. Oxford: Focal Press. p. 2798: 2736: 2711: 2644: 2568: 2554: 2526: 2514:. YouTube.com. January 12, 2013 2495: 2479:. July 14, 2010. Archived from 2436: 2272: 2172: 2146: 2136:"Kodak to Take Kodachrome Away" 2134:Robert Tomsho (June 23, 2009). 2127: 2102: 2077: 2037: 2018: 1985:National Film and Sound Archive 1732: 1525:Movie film, 16 mm, Type A 1297:were discontinued in June 2009. 1064:Digital scanning and resolution 1032:exclusively by Eastman Kodak). 916:After announcing the return of 528:needs additional citations for 495:or discuss these issues on the 398:methods and materials, such as 3586:Lawrence, Elrond (July 2021). 3335:"Kodachrome—The end of an era" 2906:"About Digital ICE Processing" 1973: 1885: 1781:Carma Wadley (June 25, 1999). 1762:. Photo.net. February 26, 2011 1638:Kodachrome was the subject of 1549:Movie film, 8 mm, Type A 1541:Sound Movie film, S-8, Type A 940:Kodachrome photo taken at the 423:First use of 'Kodachrome' name 221:is the brand name for a color 1: 4179:Kodacolor (still photography) 2930:. CBS News. December 26, 2010 2755:. p. 164. Archived from 2594:"Kodachrome 64 and 200 films" 1746: 1668:Anticipating the approval of 1373:Kodachrome Professional film 1100: 1095:infrared channel dust removal 256: 234:purchase price. In 1954, the 3473:International Herald Tribune 2543:. p. 37. Archived from 2182:. Invent.org. Archived from 2156:. Invent.org. Archived from 2010:A.L.M. Sowerby, ed. (1961). 1376:35 mm, Type A (ASA 16) 1222:with introductory essays by 951:Kodachrome photo, President 7: 4625:Products introduced in 1935 3930:Z712 IS ZOOM digital camera 2831:Basic Photography (7th Ed.) 1708: 1648:Kodachrome Basin State Park 1387:Type D (slide duping film) 1384:Kodak Color Print Material 1292:Kodachrome 64 Professional 1019: 979: 856:Decline and discontinuation 831:formats for still cameras. 645:the claims made and adding 21:Kodachrome (disambiguation) 10: 4651: 2860:David Brooks (June 2009). 2827:Langford, Michael (2000). 2377:Popular Mechanics Magazine 2340:Popular Mechanics Magazine 2247:Popular Mechanics Magazine 2210:Popular Mechanics Magazine 1653:The brand is mentioned in 1617: 1598: 1555: 1512: 1477: 1443: 1400: 1315: 1172: 1104: 942:1939 New York World's Fair 912:2017 reintroduction rumors 384: 236:U.S. Department of Justice 18: 4584: 4538: 4506: 4455: 4399: 4366: 4343: 4227: 4192: 4156: 4133: 4077: 4070: 4020: 4004: 3963: 3955:Cine Special 16mm Cameras 3942: 3912: 3829: 3755: 3732: 3725: 3718: 3682: 3093:. Kodak.com. May 15, 1950 1599: 1556: 1513: 1478: 1471: 1444: 1401: 1394: 1354: 1316: 1308: 1264:was discontinued in 2002. 1258:was discontinued in 1996. 175: 167: 87: 75: 62: 52: 42: 33: 28: 4630:Kodak photographic films 4245:Carousel slide projector 3925:Z612 Zoom Digital Camera 3710:ESL Federal Credit Union 3494:Unknown (May 10, 2005). 3023:. Caselaw.lp.findlaw.com 2864:. Source Interlink Media 2753:Wilhelm Imaging Research 2069:Douglas Collins (1990). 1725: 1684:nicknamed "Kodachrome". 1655:The Alan Parsons Project 1533:Movie film, S-8, Type A 1276:E-6 processing chemistry 1274:, which uses the common 1000: 803:Launch and later history 3272:"Slide Film Processing" 3156:"Eastman Kodak Company" 2718:Kattelle, Alan (2000). 2140:The Wall Street Journal 1701:, whose son, played by 1202:Cessation of processing 1160:. Kodak entered into a 341:for still photography. 4592:Union of Kodak Workers 4576:Eastman Color Positive 4571:Eastman Color Negative 4174:Kodacolor (filmmaking) 3622:National Film Registry 3617:essay by James Layton 3592:Railfan & Railroad 3542:. Kodak. June 22, 2009 2550:on September 25, 2012. 2154:"Leopold Godowsky, Jr" 2026:US Patent 1055155A 1244: 1116: 1017: 976: 956: 944: 812: 781:Kuhn, Loeb and Company 458:National Film Registry 274: 266: 247:photographic materials 4463:Eastman Business Park 2762:on December 30, 2006. 1611:35 mm, daylight 1576:110 format, daylight 1568:126 format, daylight 1560:35 mm, daylight 1482:35 mm, daylight 1421:S-8, Type A (ASA 40) 1242: 1114: 1037:Ektachrome Commercial 1012: 962: 953:Franklin D. Roosevelt 950: 939: 810: 433:glass plate negatives 357:, David Alan Harvey, 272: 264: 108:(exclusively through 4417:Leopold Godowsky Jr. 4290:Kodacolor Technology 4250:Cinema Digital Sound 3387:The Kansas City Star 3235:on October 18, 2006. 3166:on December 3, 2010. 2884:"Scanner Technology" 2786:on December 30, 2006 2342:. Hearst Magazines: 2249:. Hearst Magazines: 2212:. Hearst Magazines: 2186:on December 10, 2011 2160:on December 10, 2011 1991:on September 4, 2007 1874:. January 26, 2017. 1448:35 mm (ASA 64) 1129:antihalation backing 896:George Eastman House 752:Leopold Godowsky Jr. 537:improve this article 4488:Kodak Picture Kiosk 4478:Kodak Park Railroad 4200:High-Speed Infrared 3498:. Penton Media, Inc 3407:. December 30, 2010 3251:European Parliament 3229:European Parliament 2989:"KODAK COLOR FILMS" 2632:on February 1, 2013 2534:"Kodak Color Films" 2373:"Popular Mechanics" 2336:"Popular Mechanics" 2243:"Popular Mechanics" 2206:"Popular Mechanics" 2114:Library of Congress 2089:Library of Congress 1899:on October 22, 2012 1816:. Last. p. 175 1517:35 mm, Type A 1514:Kodachrome 40 film 1479:Kodachrome 25 film 1402:Kodachrome II film 1195:European Parliament 900:Rochester, New York 891:National Geographic 823:movie film, and in 455:Library of Congress 435:, one made using a 378:National Geographic 297:cameras, including 251:digital photography 4422:Thomas J. Hargrave 4381:Four Thirds system 3337:. dwaynesphoto.com 3321:The New York Times 2071:The Story of Kodak 1814:The New York Times 1789:on August 13, 2010 1634:In popular culture 1445:Kodachrome-X film 1245: 1228:Webster University 1220:Susan Hacker Stang 1151:Prepaid processing 1117: 1097:function is used. 1047:Archival stability 977: 973:West End of London 965:Shaftesbury Avenue 957: 945: 813: 630:possibly contains 275: 267: 206:December 30, 2010 4612: 4611: 4447:William S. Vaughn 4385:Micro Four Thirds 4315:Proofing Software 4223: 4222: 4066: 4065: 4053:Vest Pocket Kodak 3938: 3937: 3690:Chinon Industries 3274:. Dwayne's Photo. 3257:on July 18, 2006. 3001:on March 25, 2020 2969:on April 20, 2003 2886:. Kenrockwell.com 2477:The Wichita Eagle 2281:Popular Mechanics 1693:premiered at the 1687:In 2017 the film 1629: 1628: 969:Piccadilly Circus 748: 747: 740: 730: 729: 722: 696:used on Knowledge 694:encyclopedic tone 675: 674: 667: 632:original research 613: 612: 605: 587: 510: 413:Subtractive color 390:Before Kodachrome 279:subtractive color 216: 215: 190:(ISO 40 inch 8mm) 4642: 4493:Kodak, Tennessee 4483:Kodak Photo Spot 4240:Autographic film 4235:Approval proofer 4075: 4074: 3730: 3729: 3723: 3722: 3669: 3662: 3655: 3646: 3645: 3603: 3602: 3600: 3598: 3583: 3577: 3576: 3574: 3572: 3558: 3552: 3551: 3549: 3547: 3536: 3530: 3529: 3527: 3525: 3514: 3508: 3507: 3505: 3503: 3491: 3485: 3484: 3482: 3480: 3465: 3459: 3458: 3456: 3454: 3444: 3436: 3430: 3423: 3417: 3416: 3414: 3412: 3397: 3391: 3390: 3382: 3376: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3356: 3347: 3346: 3344: 3342: 3331: 3325: 3324: 3312: 3301: 3300: 3298: 3296: 3282: 3276: 3275: 3268: 3259: 3258: 3253:. Archived from 3243: 3237: 3236: 3231:. 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June 23, 2009. 2648: 2642: 2641: 2639: 2637: 2622: 2613: 2612: 2610: 2608: 2598: 2590: 2584: 2583: 2572: 2566: 2565: 2558: 2552: 2551: 2549: 2538: 2530: 2524: 2523: 2521: 2519: 2499: 2493: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2483:on April 8, 2014 2469: 2460: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2440: 2434: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2424:on July 25, 2011 2423: 2417:. Archived from 2416: 2407: 2396: 2395: 2393: 2391: 2369: 2363: 2362: 2360: 2358: 2332: 2326: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2307: 2301: 2300: 2297:Internet Archive 2294: 2292: 2284:. 1959. p. 2276: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2253:. January 1989. 2239: 2233: 2232: 2230: 2228: 2202: 2196: 2195: 2193: 2191: 2180:"Leopold Mannes" 2176: 2170: 2169: 2167: 2165: 2150: 2144: 2143: 2131: 2125: 2124: 2122: 2120: 2106: 2100: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2081: 2075: 2074: 2066: 2057: 2056: 2054: 2041: 2035: 2034: 2033: 2029: 2022: 2016: 2015: 2007: 2001: 2000: 1998: 1996: 1987:. Archived from 1977: 1971: 1970: 1968: 1966: 1951: 1938: 1937: 1935: 1933: 1928:on July 13, 2011 1918: 1909: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1889: 1883: 1882: 1879: 1864: 1855: 1854: 1852: 1850: 1835: 1826: 1825: 1823: 1821: 1805: 1799: 1798: 1796: 1794: 1778: 1772: 1771: 1769: 1767: 1756: 1740: 1736: 1674:Southern Pacific 1619:Cine-Chrome 40A 1362:Kodachrome film 1317:Kodachrome film 1306: 1305: 1302:Product timeline 1164:that ended this 872:and Kodak's own 743: 736: 725: 718: 714: 711: 705: 704:for suggestions. 700:See Knowledge's 685: 684: 677: 670: 663: 659: 656: 650: 647:inline citations 623: 622: 615: 608: 601: 597: 594: 588: 586: 545: 521: 513: 502: 480: 479: 472: 460:under the title 209: 203: 197: 191: 185: 38: 26: 25: 4650: 4649: 4645: 4644: 4643: 4641: 4640: 4639: 4615: 4614: 4613: 4608: 4580: 4534: 4529:Vroegh v. Kodak 4515:Kodak v. Worden 4502: 4451: 4442:Henry A. Strong 4395: 4368: 4362: 4339: 4219: 4188: 4152: 4129: 4062: 4058:Vigilant camera 4016: 4000: 3959: 3934: 3908: 3825: 3759: 3751: 3714: 3678: 3673: 3611: 3606: 3596: 3594: 3584: 3580: 3570: 3568: 3560: 3559: 3555: 3545: 3543: 3538: 3537: 3533: 3523: 3521: 3516: 3515: 3511: 3501: 3499: 3492: 3488: 3478: 3476: 3467: 3466: 3462: 3452: 3450: 3442: 3438: 3437: 3433: 3424: 3420: 3410: 3408: 3399: 3398: 3394: 3383: 3379: 3369: 3367: 3358: 3357: 3350: 3340: 3338: 3333: 3332: 3328: 3313: 3304: 3294: 3292: 3284: 3283: 3279: 3270: 3269: 3262: 3245: 3244: 3240: 3223: 3222: 3218: 3208: 3206: 3201: 3200: 3196: 3186: 3184: 3183:. randrews4.com 3179: 3178: 3171: 3154: 3153: 3149: 3139: 3137: 3132: 3131: 3127: 3117: 3115: 3111: 3110: 3106: 3096: 3094: 3089: 3088: 3084: 3074: 3072: 3067: 3066: 3062: 3052: 3050: 3041: 3040: 3036: 3026: 3024: 3019: 3018: 3014: 3004: 3002: 2998: 2991: 2987: 2986: 2982: 2972: 2970: 2966: 2959: 2955: 2954: 2943: 2933: 2931: 2926: 2925: 2921: 2911: 2909: 2904: 2903: 2899: 2889: 2887: 2882: 2881: 2877: 2867: 2865: 2858: 2854: 2847: 2825: 2821: 2811: 2809: 2804: 2803: 2799: 2789: 2787: 2783: 2776: 2772: 2771: 2767: 2759: 2748: 2742: 2741: 2737: 2730: 2716: 2712: 2693: 2692: 2685: 2683: 2672: 2670: 2663: 2650: 2649: 2645: 2635: 2633: 2624: 2623: 2616: 2606: 2604: 2601:wwwuk.kodak.com 2596: 2592: 2591: 2587: 2574: 2573: 2569: 2560: 2559: 2555: 2547: 2536: 2532: 2531: 2527: 2517: 2515: 2510: 2507:Wayback Machine 2500: 2496: 2486: 2484: 2471: 2470: 2463: 2453: 2451: 2441: 2437: 2427: 2425: 2421: 2414: 2408: 2399: 2389: 2387: 2371: 2370: 2366: 2356: 2354: 2346:. 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A1. 3388: 3381: 3365: 3361: 3355: 3353: 3336: 3330: 3322: 3318: 3311: 3309: 3307: 3291: 3287: 3281: 3273: 3267: 3265: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3234: 3230: 3226: 3220: 3209:September 18, 3204: 3198: 3182: 3176: 3174: 3165: 3161: 3157: 3151: 3135: 3129: 3114: 3108: 3097:September 18, 3092: 3086: 3075:September 18, 3070: 3064: 3053:September 18, 3048: 3044: 3038: 3027:September 18, 3022: 3016: 2997: 2990: 2984: 2965: 2958: 2952: 2950: 2948: 2946: 2929: 2923: 2912:September 18, 2907: 2901: 2890:September 18, 2885: 2879: 2863: 2856: 2848: 2846:0-240-51592-7 2842: 2838: 2833: 2832: 2823: 2812:September 18, 2807: 2801: 2782: 2775: 2769: 2758: 2754: 2747: 2746: 2739: 2731: 2729:0-9654497-8-5 2725: 2721: 2714: 2708: 2703: 2697: 2681: 2680: 2675: 2668: 2666: 2657: 2653: 2647: 2631: 2627: 2621: 2619: 2602: 2595: 2589: 2581: 2577: 2571: 2563: 2557: 2546: 2542: 2535: 2529: 2513: 2508: 2504: 2498: 2482: 2478: 2474: 2468: 2466: 2450: 2446: 2439: 2420: 2413: 2406: 2404: 2402: 2386: 2382: 2378: 2374: 2368: 2353: 2349: 2345: 2341: 2337: 2331: 2316: 2312: 2306: 2298: 2287: 2283: 2282: 2275: 2260: 2256: 2252: 2248: 2244: 2238: 2223: 2219: 2215: 2211: 2207: 2201: 2185: 2181: 2175: 2159: 2155: 2149: 2142:. p. B6. 2141: 2137: 2130: 2115: 2111: 2105: 2090: 2086: 2080: 2072: 2065: 2063: 2053: 2052: 2046: 2045:Mees, Kenneth 2040: 2027: 2021: 2013: 2006: 1990: 1986: 1982: 1976: 1961: 1957: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1932:September 18, 1927: 1923: 1917: 1915: 1903:September 18, 1898: 1894: 1888: 1881: 1873: 1869: 1863: 1861: 1845: 1841: 1834: 1832: 1815: 1811: 1804: 1788: 1784: 1777: 1761: 1755: 1751: 1739:work for him. 1735: 1731: 1721: 1718: 1716: 1713: 1712: 1706: 1704: 1700: 1696: 1692: 1691: 1685: 1683: 1679: 1675: 1671: 1666: 1664: 1660: 1656: 1651: 1649: 1645: 1641: 1631: 1624: 1621: 1618: 1613: 1610: 1609: 1605: 1602: 1594: 1591: 1590: 1586: 1583: 1582: 1578: 1575: 1574: 1570: 1567: 1566: 1562: 1559: 1551: 1548: 1547: 1543: 1540: 1539: 1535: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1524: 1523: 1519: 1516: 1508: 1505: 1504: 1500: 1497: 1496: 1492: 1489: 1488: 1484: 1481: 1470: 1466: 1463: 1462: 1458: 1455: 1454: 1450: 1447: 1439: 1436: 1435: 1431: 1428: 1427: 1423: 1420: 1419: 1415: 1412: 1411: 1407: 1404: 1393: 1389: 1386: 1383: 1382: 1378: 1375: 1372: 1371: 1367: 1364: 1361: 1360: 1353: 1349: 1346: 1343: 1342: 1338: 1335: 1334: 1330: 1327: 1326: 1322: 1319: 1311: 1307: 1296: 1293: 1289: 1288:Kodachrome 64 1286: 1283: 1280: 1277: 1273: 1269: 1268:Kodachrome 40 1266: 1263: 1262:Kodachrome 25 1260: 1257: 1253: 1252:Kodachrome 64 1250: 1249: 1248: 1241: 1232: 1229: 1225: 1221: 1217: 1211: 1209: 1199: 1196: 1191: 1187: 1184: 1180: 1170: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1148: 1146: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1125: 1123: 1113: 1108: 1098: 1096: 1093:or a similar 1092: 1087: 1082: 1080: 1075: 1071: 1061: 1057: 1055: 1044: 1040: 1038: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1016: 1011: 1009: 998: 995: 991: 987: 974: 970: 966: 961: 954: 949: 943: 938: 929: 927: 923: 919: 909: 907: 906: 901: 897: 892: 888: 887:Steve McCurry 884: 880: 875: 871: 867: 863: 853: 851: 847: 842: 839: 837: 832: 830: 826: 822: 818: 809: 800: 796: 792: 788: 784: 782: 778: 772: 768: 766: 765: 759: 757: 753: 742: 739: 724: 721: 713: 703: 697: 695: 688: 679: 678: 669: 666: 658: 648: 644: 640: 634: 633: 628:This section 626: 617: 616: 607: 604: 596: 585: 582: 578: 575: 571: 568: 564: 561: 557: 554: – 553: 549: 548:Find sources: 542: 538: 532: 531: 526:This section 524: 520: 515: 514: 509: 507: 500: 499: 494: 493: 488: 483: 474: 473: 465: 463: 459: 456: 451: 447: 445: 441: 438: 434: 430: 420: 416: 414: 409: 405: 401: 397: 382: 380: 379: 374: 373: 368: 364: 360: 359:Peter Guttman 356: 355:Steve McCurry 352: 348: 342: 340: 336: 332: 328: 324: 320: 316: 312: 308: 304: 300: 296: 292: 288: 284: 280: 271: 263: 254: 252: 248: 243: 241: 237: 231: 228: 227:Eastman Kodak 224: 223:reversal film 220: 205: 199: 193: 187: 181: 180: 178: 174: 170: 166: 163: 159: 155: 151: 147: 143: 139: 135: 131: 127: 123: 119: 115: 111: 107: 103: 102:Super 8 movie 99: 95: 92: 90: 86: 83: 80: 78: 74: 71: 68: 65: 61: 57: 55: 51: 48: 47:Eastman Kodak 45: 41: 37: 32: 27: 22: 4604:Sponsorships 4527: 4520: 4513: 4432:Kenneth Mees 4358:The Brownies 4350: 4164:Eastmancolor 4147: 3683:Subsidiaries 3642: 3614: 3595:. 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