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303:(1553–1558), a date roughly consistent with the "two hundred and fifty years ago" reported in 1775, and concluded that the tradition had originated in the 16th century. He suggested that the "1100" date on Biddenden cakes had originally read "1500", and explained the absence of names on prints of 18th century Biddenden cakes as an engraving error. It is likely that the cake moulds examined by Clinch were not the original moulds, as the designs Clinch examined are strikingly different to the earliest surviving drawings of Biddenden cakes, published in 1775. Writing in the early 1930s,
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recorded, and that they were known only as the "Maids of
Biddenden". The anonymous author recounts the story of their bequest of the lands to the parish to support the annual dole, and goes on to say that despite the antiquity of the events described, he has no doubt as to their authenticity. As with all accounts of the tradition prior to 1790 the author does not mention their alleged birth in 1100, or the name of Chulkhurst; these details first appeared in a
407:
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between the deaths of the
Biddenden Maids is plausible, and agreed with Ballantyne's proposal that the idea that the twins were joined at the shoulder is a later misinterpretation of the figures on the Biddenden cake. He also pointed out that although there is no recorded version of the legend prior to 1770, there would have been no possible motive for the villagers of the eighteenth century to fabricate the story.
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moulded with the imprint of two women in the last 50 years (i.e. since 1748) and that the figures were intended to represent "two poor widows, as the general objects of a charitable benefaction". While he mentioned a legend that the figures represent two conjoined twins who died in their 20s and bequeathed the Bread and Cheese Lands to the parish, he dismissed it as "a vulgar tradition".
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the adjacent towns and villages by the usage, and the wonderful account of its origin, and the day is spent in rude festivity". The large crowds were increasingly disorderly, and churchwardens on occasion had to use their staffs to hold back the mob. As a result, the distribution of the dole was moved from the church to the
385:(1992 and 2006) proposed that, while the names "Eliza and Mary Chulkhurst" are not recorded in any early documents and are likely to have been a later addition, the existence of the twins and the claimed 1100 year of birth cannot be dismissed. Although mediaeval chronicles are unreliable, he noted multiple reports in the
172:
bread, cheese and beer, hard bread rolls known as "Biddenden cakes", moulded into an image of the sisters, were thrown to crowds from the church roof. The
Biddenden cakes were flat, hard and made of flour and water, and were described as "not by any means tempting"; one writer in 1860 described one as "a biscuit plaque".
90:
thronged with rowdy visitors every Easter. In the late 19th century historians investigated the origins of the legend. It was suggested that the twins had genuinely existed but had been joined at the hip only rather than at both the hip and shoulder, and that they had lived in the 16th rather than the 12th century.
85:, the local historian of Kent, has dismissed the story of the Biddenden Maids as a folk myth, claiming that the image on the cake had originally represented two poor women and that the story of the conjoined twins was "a vulgar tradition" arising from a misinterpretation of the image, while influential historian
289:, but the crowds continued to cause problems. In 1882 Biddenden's rector applied for authority to abandon the ceremony; the Archbishop of Canterbury permitted the distribution of bread, cheese and Biddenden cakes to continue, but abolished the free beer in an effort to combat the problem of unruly crowds.
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of a pair of conjoined sisters born in or around 1100, although all three are records of Irish history and none mention Kent as the location. He concluded that the case of
Christine McCoy, who survived for eight hours following the death of her polypagus twin Millie, shows that the claimed six hours
614:, North Carolina in 1851, lived into their 60s and enjoyed a successful musical career under the stage name of "The Two Headed Nightingale". They were particular favourites of Queen Victoria, who met with them each time they toured England. They retired wealthy in 1900, dying of tuberculosis in 1912.
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By their will they bequeath to the
Churchwardens of the Parish of Biddenden and their successors Churchwardens for ever, certain Pieces or Parcels of Land in the Parish of Biddenden, containing Twenty Acres more or less, which now let at 40 Guineas per annum. There are usually made, in commemoration
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at both the shoulder and the hip. They grew up conjoined, and are said to have "had frequent quarrels, which sometimes terminated in blows". At the age of 34, Mary
Chulkhurst died suddenly. Doctors proposed to separate the still-living Eliza from her sister's body but she refused, saying "as we came
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Clinch believed that the evidence pointed to the twins having existed but that they had lived in the 16th century, rather than the early 12th century as generally claimed. They are not, however, mentioned in any journals or books from the period. This points against their having lived in the 16th
284:
In the 1820s, a new account of the
Biddenden Maids was published, which claimed that a gravestone marked with a diagonal line near the rector's pew in Biddenden church was the sisters' burial place. In 1830 it was noted that Biddenden was becoming thronged by visitors every Easter, "attracted from
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The reader will observe by the plate of them, that they lived together in the above state Thirty-four years, at the expiration of which time one of them was taken ill and in a short time died; the surviving one was advised to be separated from the body of her deceased Sister by dissection, but she
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magazine called in 1866 for a close examination of
Biddenden documents, the editors describing Hasted's conclusions as "very obscure and unsatisfactory" and questioning why the names "Eliza and Mary Chulkhurst" should have been added to the design of cakes granted by a family named Preston, but no
93:
In 1907, the Bread and Cheese Lands were sold for housing, and the resulting income allowed the annual dole to expand considerably, providing the widows and pensioners of
Biddenden with cheese, bread and tea at Easter and with cash payments at Christmas. Biddenden cakes continue to be given to the
171:
By 1770, it is recorded that the annual dole took place immediately after the afternoon Easter service. The annual income from the Bread and Cheese Lands had risen to 20 guineas (about £3,700 in 2024), and a huge quantity of food was distributed each year. By this time as well as the dole of
561:
Although later writers have stated that
Chambers accepted Hasted's arguments and dismissed the legend of the conjoined twins out of hand, unlike Hasted, Chambers accepted that the legend was potentially true. He concluded that in the absence of any evidence for the sisters having existed, on the
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As the annual dole grew larger the Easter distribution became increasingly popular. In 1808 a broadside featuring a woodcut of the twins and a brief history of their alleged story was sold outside the church at Easter, the first recorded mention of the names "Eliza and Mary Chulkhurst", and clay
231:
in 1869 pointed out that surnames were not in use in Kent in the 12th century, and that in older styles of English handwriting the 1 and 5 characters could easily be confused, and suggested a correct birthdate of 1500. The Biddenden Maids were occasionally mentioned in pieces on conjoined twins,
194:
in August 1770 is the earliest recorded account of the legend of the Biddenden Maids. This account states that the twins were joined at the hip only, rather than at both the hip and the shoulder, and that they lived to a relatively old age. The article explicitly states that their names were not
78:
Although the annual distribution of food and drink is known to have taken place since at least 1605, no records exist of the story of the sisters prior to 1770. Records of that time say that the names of the sisters were not known, and early drawings of Biddenden cakes do not give names for the
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The moon on the east side oriel shone / Through slender shafts of shapely stone / The silver light, so pale and faint / Shewed the twin sisters and many a saint / Whose images on the glass were dyed / Mysterious maidens side by side / The moon beam kissed the holy
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published in 1798, dismissed the legend of the Biddenden Maids. He claimed that the Bread and Cheese Lands were the gift of two women named Preston (although he elsewhere described the lands as having been "given by persons unknown"). Hasted stated that the Biddenden cakes had only begun to be
89:
accepted that the legend could be true but believed it unlikely. Throughout most of the 19th century little research was carried out into the origins of the legend. Despite the doubts among historians, in the 19th century the legend became increasingly popular and the village of Biddenden was
420:
In 1907, the Chulkhurst Charity was amalgamated with other local charities with similar purposes, to form the Biddenden Consolidated Charity, still functioning as a registered charity. The Bread and Cheese Lands were sold for housing, expanding the charity significantly to provide Biddenden
439:
tea, cheese and bread are given to local widows and pensioners through the windows of Biddenden's former workhouse. All those eligible for the annual dole are given a Biddenden cake, and they are sold as souvenirs to visitors. The cakes are baked so hard as to be inedible, to allow better
307:
explains the confusion over the dates, saying "the old-fashioned numeral five is so frequently taken as a one". He lamented the quality of the Biddenden cake then being produced, compared to that of former years. Coles Finch stated that the villagers considered the then-current cake to be
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of these wonderful Phenomena of Nature, about 1000 Rolls with their Impression printed on them, and given away to all strangers on Easter Sunday after Divine Service in the Afternoon; also about 500 Quartern Loaves and Cheese in proportion, to all the poor Inhabitants of the said Parish.
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in 1656 but again without success, and the charity continued to own the lands and to operate the annual Easter dole. Witness statements from these cases mention that the lands had been given by two women "who grew together in their bodies", but do not give any name for the women.
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preservation as souvenirs; they are baked in large batches every few years and kept until the stock runs out. Historically, the loaves used were of the archaic quartern loaf size, but this particular part of the tradition ended when Biddenden's last bakery closed in the 1990s.
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Hasted was an expert on genealogy and topography but knew little about folklore and local tradition, and later critics have often been sceptical regarding his accuracy, especially regarding social and biographical history. His contemporary (and Member of Parliament for nearby
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together we will also go together", and died six hours afterwards. In their wills, the sisters left five pieces of land in the Biddenden area comprising around 20 acres (8 ha) in total to the local church, with the income from these lands (claimed to have been 6
351:
In almost all drawings and Biddenden cake designs, the twins are shown as conjoined at both the hip and the shoulder. Although such a fusion is theoretically possible, in that twins fused at one point may form a secondary fusion elsewhere, no case of a
562:
balance of probabilities the figures on the Biddenden cake were more likely to represent "the general objects of a charitable benefaction" and that the story of the twins was likely to be a folk myth created to explain the unusual design of the cakes.
375:(twins joined at the pelvis). Pygopagus twins are known to put their arms around each other's shoulders when walking, and Ballantyne suggested that this accounted for their apparently being joined at the shoulders in drawings. The pygopagus
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of 1775 says that the sisters had lived "as tradition says, two hundred and fifty years ago". Drawings of Biddenden cakes from this period show that they featured an image of two women, possibly conjoined, but no names, dates or ages.
63:, Kent, England, in the year 1100. They are said to have been joined at both the shoulder and the hip, and to have lived for 34 years. It is claimed that on their death they bequeathed five plots of land to the village, known as the
331:
The earliest mould examined by Clinch. Clinch believed it dated from the 16th century and Ballantyne that it was from around 1750, but it is likely that it was not in use until the 19th century or that the names were a later
131:
The churchwardens of Biddenden continued to maintain the annual dole from the Bread and Cheese Lands. It is recorded that in 1605, the custom that "on that day our parson giveth unto the parishoners bread, cheese, cakes and
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described him as "a little, mean-looking man, with a long face and a high nose; quick in his movements, and sharp in his manner: he had no imagination or sentiment; nor any extraordinary quality of the mind, except
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and that they were buried in Hastings, but there is no evidence for this. (No grave is visible near the rector's pew, but the church organ is situated in the site described and it may cover the grave.).
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absolutely refused the separation by saying these words—"As we came together we will also go together,"—and in the space of about Six Hours after her Sister's decease she was taken ill and died also.
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No family named Preston is recorded as having lived in or near Biddenden during the period in question. Records exist of a family named Chulkhurst living in Biddenden in the 17th and 18th centuries.
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had lived in Britain for a short time before going on to a successful singing career in the United States, and it was known from their case that such twins were capable of surviving to adulthood.
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per annum at the time of their death) to provide an annual dole of bread, cheese and beer to the poor every Easter. Henceforward, the lands were to be known as the Bread and Cheese Lands.
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investigated the Biddenden Maids in detail. Examining the costumes of the figures on the Biddenden cake moulds, he concluded that the style of dress depicted dated from the reign of
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364:(1617 – after 1646) had prompted great interest in conjoined twins, and conjoined sisters surviving to adulthood in south-east England would have been widely noted.
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The point about the style of dress depicted on the cakes being that of the 16th, not the 12th, century had previously been made by an anonymous contributor to
152:(land intended for the use of the parish priest), and attempted to take control of the lands. The case of the Bread and Cheese Lands was brought before the
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144:, owing to previous ceremonies having caused "much disorder by reason of some unruly ones, which at such time we cannot restrain with any ease". In 1645,
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It has been claimed that an account of the Maids was published in 1660, but this is believed to be a later addition which was pasted into the 1660 book.
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184:
The earliest surviving depiction of Biddenden cakes, 1775. The figures are shown as conjoined, but the names, ages and 1100 date are not shown.
515:. Consumer pricing does not translate accurately into modern equivalents; 2024 equivalent prices should be treated as a very rough guide only.
255:
Illustration from the 1808 broadside. Although the image caption uses the spelling "Elisa", the accompanying text gives the name as "Eliza".
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pensioners and widows with bread, cheese, and tea at Easter, a cash payment at Christmas, and distribute Biddenden cakes. (During the
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window depicting the Biddenham Maids, citing a purported poem found in "old charity documents" as evidence, which supposedly read
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of food and drink to the poor every Easter. Since at least 1775, the dole has included Biddenden cakes, hard
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According to tradition Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst, or Chalkhurst, were born to relatively wealthy parents in
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sisters; it is not until the early 19th century that the names "Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst" were first used.
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of the 1940s and early 1950s, the cheese was replaced by cocoa. Distribution of cheese resumed in 1951.) A
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168:. The distribution of the dole ceased to be conducted inside the church; it was moved to the church porch.
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Although it is known that the charity had been in operation as early as 1656, an anonymous article in
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proved that conjoined twins could live to an advanced age and lead relatively normal lives.
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1431:(April 1992), "The Biddenden Maids: a curious chapter in the history of conjoined twins",
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The Bread and Cheese Lands are today occupied by housing, known as the Chulkhurst Estate,
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barrels of beer, brought in there and drawn" was suspended on account of a visit from
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showing the Biddenden Maids was erected on Biddenden village green in the 1920s.
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In the year of our Lord 1100 at Biddenden in the County of Kent, commonly called
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Freaks: The Pig-Faced Lady of Manchester Square & Other Medical Marvels
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poor of Biddenden each Easter, and are sold as souvenirs to visitors.
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Lloyd, George (10 February 1866), "Chulkhurst: The Biddenden Maids",
487:; the line given as "Shewed the twin sisters and many a saint" reads
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Hasted's arguments were largely accepted by influential historian
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1582:(2 August 1834), "Autobiography of Sir Egerton Brydges, Bart",
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One source claims that the sisters were taken to the monks at
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The tradition of the dole continues to the present, and every
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Biddenden Consolidated Charity, registered charity no. 209504
925:(66), Cambridge: Cambridge Camden Society: 388, December 1860
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William Horner claimed that the Bread and Cheese Lands were
67:. The income from these lands was used to pay for an annual
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1398:. No. 51959. London. 27 March 1951. col C, p. 2.
1375:. No. 51662. London. 11 April 1950. col D, p. 3.
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The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent
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The History and Topographical Survey of the County of Kent
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significant research into the tradition was carried out.
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A Short but Concise account of Eliza and Mary Chulkhurst
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who were born joined together by the Hips and Shoulders
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perspective. He suggested that they had in fact been
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507:. The rural Kent economy in this period was based on
416:, 1896, indicates a popular interest in their legend.
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917:"Leicester Agricultural and Archæological Society",
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pane / And threw on the pavement a mystic stain
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claims that Biddenden church at one time featured a
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replicas of Biddenden cakes were sold as souvenirs.
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The Mirror of Literature, Amusement and Instruction
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610:Millie and Christine McCoy, born into slavery in
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75:imprinted with an image of two conjoined women.
1108:(1), London: British Medical Association: 363,
1100:Heaton, J. D. (17 April 1869), "United Twins",
511:and involved significant amounts of barter and
503:inflation numbers based on data available from
1599:), ed. (August 1770), "Of Biddenden in Kent",
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835:, Oxford: Pitt Rivers Museum, archived from
724:Cheverells (22 November 1856), "Folk Lore",
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1497:, Philadelphia: J. B. Lippincott & Co
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410:An engraving of the Biddenden Maids from
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728:, London: Chappell & Co: 404–405
699:from the original on 5 November 2010
571:A quartern loaf used a quarter of a
575:(3½ lb; 1.6 kg) of flour.
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473:. This is in fact an extract from
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1567:(26), London: T. B. Sharpe: 413,
664:, British History Online: 130–141
154:Committee for Plundered Ministers
40:erected in Biddenden in the 1920s
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127:All Saints' Church, Biddenden
1538:, London: Macmillan & Co
1509:, London: C W Daniel Company
480:The Lay of the Last Minstrel
55:(1100–1134), were a pair of
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1535:Highways and Byways in Kent
10:
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1734:Hammer Mill (iron furnace)
1445:10.1177/014107689208500413
939:. Biddenden Parish Council
391:Annals of the Four Masters
377:Millie and Christine McCoy
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1590:(675), London: J. Limbird
1557:"Old and Popular customs"
692:What are conjoined twins?
213:, in the third volume of
202:The Antiquarian Repertory
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51:), commonly known as the
45:Mary and Eliza Chulkhurst
1620:Biddenden Parish Council
1601:The Gentleman's Magazine
1561:Sharpe's London Magazine
1507:Watermills and Windmills
1391:"Cheese Charity Resumed"
413:The Gentleman's Magazine
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191:The Gentleman's Magazine
166:Archbishop of Canterbury
142:Archdeacon of Canterbury
1729:Hammer Mill (corn mill)
1573:2027/njp.32101064477191
1401:(subscription required)
1378:(subscription required)
1102:British Medical Journal
505:Measuring Worth: UK CPI
228:British Medical Journal
1688:Bread and Cheese Lands
1634:exhibited at London's
549:Samuel Egerton Brydges
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395:Annals of Clonmacnoise
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158:Court of the Exchequer
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65:Bread and Cheese Lands
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1839:People from Biddenden
1791:King Rama VII of Siam
1625:10 April 2012 at the
1368:"An Old Kent Charity"
658:"Parishes: Biddenden"
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360:century; the case of
316:Belief and scepticism
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247:Growth of the charity
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1503:Coles Finch, William
444:Notes and references
344:Biddenden cake, 1896
234:Chang and Eng Bunker
1681:parish of Biddenden
1298:, pp. 248–249.
983:, pp. 241–242.
839:on 27 December 2010
813:, pp. 238–239.
680:, pp. 237–238.
305:William Coles Finch
272:The Biddenden Maids
232:particularly after
199:published in 1790.
59:supposedly born in
1679:Locations with the
1607:, London: D. Henry
1519:The Every-Day Book
1334:, pp. 249–50.
919:The Ecclesiologist
462:Pitt Rivers Museum
418:
387:Chronicon Scotorum
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1724:Cherry Clack Mill
1719:Biddenden Station
1394:. News in Brief.
1371:. News in Brief.
1145:Notes and Queries
726:Notes and Queries
599:Notes and Queries
239:Notes and Queries
16:(Redirected from
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949:
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860:
854:
848:
847:
846:
844:
827:
814:
808:
802:
796:
790:
784:
778:
772:
753:
747:
730:
729:
721:
708:
707:
706:
704:
687:
681:
675:
666:
665:
650:
624:
621:
615:
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582:
576:
569:
563:
559:
553:
540:
534:
531:
525:
522:
516:
498:
492:
491:in the original.
458:
341:
328:
310:unleavened bread
138:Charles Fotherby
21:
1864:
1863:
1859:
1858:
1857:
1855:
1854:
1853:
1829:Conjoined twins
1814:
1813:
1810:
1805:
1776:Mary Chulkhurst
1754:
1738:
1697:
1693:Woolpack Corner
1680:
1674:
1669:
1632:Biddenden cakes
1627:Wayback Machine
1616:
1611:
1530:Jerrold, Walter
1484:
1418:
1410:
1406:
1400:
1388:
1387:
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1377:
1365:
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1196:
1188:
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1171:
1164:
1156:
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1141:
1137:
1129:
1122:
1098:
1094:
1086:
1079:
1071:
1062:
1054:
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1038:
1030:
1017:
1009:
1002:
994:
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979:
975:
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952:
942:
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935:
934:
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916:
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899:
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884:
876:
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855:
851:
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840:
829:
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733:
722:
711:
702:
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689:
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684:
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669:
651:
636:
627:
622:
618:
612:Columbus County
609:
605:
596:
592:
583:
579:
570:
566:
560:
556:
541:
537:
532:
528:
523:
519:
513:payment in kind
499:
495:
459:
455:
446:
404:
349:
348:
347:
346:
345:
342:
334:
333:
329:
318:
281:
277:
274:
270:
268:
266:
249:
223:Robert Chambers
178:
121:
100:
87:Robert Chambers
57:conjoined twins
53:Biddenden Maids
28:
27:Conjoined twins
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
1862:
1852:
1851:
1846:
1841:
1836:
1831:
1826:
1807:
1806:
1804:
1803:
1798:
1793:
1788:
1783:
1778:
1773:
1768:
1766:Thomas Bickley
1762:
1760:
1756:
1755:
1753:
1752:
1750:The West House
1746:
1744:
1740:
1739:
1737:
1736:
1731:
1726:
1721:
1716:
1711:
1709:Bettenham Mill
1705:
1703:
1699:
1698:
1696:
1695:
1690:
1684:
1682:
1676:
1675:
1668:
1667:
1660:
1653:
1645:
1639:
1638:
1636:Science Museum
1629:
1615:
1614:External links
1612:
1610:
1609:
1592:
1576:
1552:
1540:
1526:
1511:
1499:
1487:
1482:
1466:
1424:
1417:
1416:
1414:, p. 237.
1404:
1381:
1358:
1336:
1324:
1322:, p. 221.
1312:
1310:, p. 259.
1300:
1288:
1286:, p. 248.
1276:
1274:, p. 247.
1264:
1262:, p. 220.
1245:
1243:, p. 250.
1233:
1231:, p. 246.
1221:
1209:
1207:, p. 244.
1194:
1192:, p. 219.
1177:
1175:, p. 240.
1162:
1160:, p. 445.
1150:
1135:
1133:, p. 243.
1120:
1092:
1090:, p. 257.
1077:
1075:, p. 427.
1060:
1048:
1046:, p. 219.
1036:
1034:, p. 241.
1015:
1013:, p. 245.
1000:
998:, p. 242.
985:
973:
971:, p. 218.
950:
928:
909:
907:, p. 413.
897:
895:, p. 239.
882:
880:, p. 372.
861:
849:
815:
803:
801:, p. 258.
791:
789:, p. 218.
779:
777:, p. 238.
754:
752:, p. 217.
731:
709:
682:
667:
654:Hasted, Edward
633:
626:
625:
616:
603:
590:
577:
564:
554:
535:
526:
517:
509:tenant farming
493:
452:
445:
442:
423:food rationing
403:
400:
343:
336:
335:
330:
323:
322:
321:
320:
319:
317:
314:
263:
248:
245:
177:
174:
120:
117:
99:
96:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
1861:
1850:
1847:
1845:
1844:English twins
1842:
1840:
1837:
1835:
1834:Kent folklore
1832:
1830:
1827:
1825:
1822:
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1553:
1549:
1545:
1544:Scott, Walter
1541:
1537:
1536:
1531:
1527:
1524:
1520:
1516:
1515:Hone, William
1512:
1508:
1504:
1500:
1496:
1492:
1488:
1485:
1483:0-7524-3662-7
1479:
1475:
1471:
1470:Bondeson, Jan
1467:
1464:
1460:
1455:
1450:
1446:
1442:
1438:
1434:
1430:
1429:Bondeson, Jan
1426:
1425:
1423:
1422:
1413:
1412:Bondeson 2006
1408:
1397:
1392:
1385:
1374:
1369:
1362:
1354:
1350:
1348:
1340:
1333:
1332:Bondeson 2006
1328:
1321:
1320:Bondeson 1992
1316:
1309:
1308:Bondeson 2006
1304:
1297:
1296:Bondeson 2006
1292:
1285:
1284:Bondeson 2006
1280:
1273:
1272:Bondeson 2006
1268:
1261:
1260:Bondeson 1992
1256:
1254:
1252:
1250:
1242:
1241:Bondeson 2006
1237:
1230:
1229:Bondeson 2006
1225:
1219:, p. 92.
1218:
1213:
1206:
1205:Bondeson 2006
1201:
1199:
1191:
1190:Bondeson 1992
1186:
1184:
1182:
1174:
1173:Bondeson 2006
1169:
1167:
1159:
1154:
1146:
1139:
1132:
1131:Bondeson 2006
1127:
1125:
1116:
1111:
1107:
1103:
1096:
1089:
1088:Bondeson 2006
1084:
1082:
1074:
1073:Chambers 1863
1069:
1067:
1065:
1058:, p. 96.
1057:
1052:
1045:
1040:
1033:
1032:Bondeson 2006
1028:
1026:
1024:
1022:
1020:
1012:
1011:Bondeson 2006
1007:
1005:
997:
996:Bondeson 2006
992:
990:
982:
981:Bondeson 2006
977:
970:
969:Bondeson 1992
965:
963:
961:
959:
957:
955:
938:
932:
924:
920:
913:
906:
901:
894:
893:Bondeson 2006
889:
887:
879:
874:
872:
870:
868:
866:
859:, p. 24.
858:
853:
838:
834:
833:
826:
824:
822:
820:
812:
811:Bondeson 2006
807:
800:
799:Bondeson 2006
795:
788:
783:
776:
775:Bondeson 2006
771:
769:
767:
765:
763:
761:
759:
751:
750:Bondeson 1992
746:
744:
742:
740:
738:
736:
727:
720:
718:
716:
714:
698:
694:
693:
686:
679:
678:Bondeson 2006
674:
672:
663:
659:
655:
649:
647:
645:
643:
641:
639:
634:
632:
631:
620:
613:
607:
600:
594:
587:
581:
574:
568:
558:
550:
546:
539:
530:
521:
514:
510:
506:
502:
497:
490:
486:
485:Melrose Abbey
483:, describing
482:
481:
476:
472:
467:
466:stained glass
463:
457:
453:
451:
450:
441:
438:
437:Easter Monday
433:
431:
428:
424:
415:
414:
408:
399:
396:
392:
388:
384:
380:
378:
374:
370:
369:teratological
365:
363:
357:
355:
340:
327:
313:
311:
306:
302:
298:
297:George Clinch
295:
290:
288:
280:
273:
261:
253:
244:
241:
240:
235:
230:
229:
224:
219:
216:
212:
211:Edward Hasted
207:
204:
203:
198:
193:
192:
182:
173:
169:
167:
162:
159:
155:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
125:
116:
114:
109:
105:
95:
91:
88:
84:
83:Edward Hasted
80:
76:
74:
70:
66:
62:
58:
54:
50:
46:
39:
36:Wrought-iron
34:
30:
19:
1811:
1796:Elias Sydall
1786:Edward Nares
1775:
1770:
1687:
1604:
1600:
1587:
1583:
1564:
1560:
1547:
1534:
1518:
1506:
1494:
1473:
1436:
1432:
1420:
1419:
1407:
1395:
1384:
1372:
1361:
1346:
1339:
1327:
1315:
1303:
1291:
1279:
1267:
1236:
1224:
1212:
1153:
1144:
1138:
1105:
1101:
1095:
1051:
1044:Jerrold 1914
1039:
976:
941:. Retrieved
931:
922:
918:
912:
900:
852:
841:, retrieved
837:the original
831:
806:
794:
787:Jerrold 1914
782:
725:
701:, retrieved
691:
685:
661:
629:
628:
619:
606:
598:
593:
586:Battle Abbey
580:
567:
557:
538:
529:
520:
496:
488:
478:
475:Walter Scott
469:
456:
448:
447:
434:
430:village sign
427:wrought iron
419:
411:
383:Jan Bondeson
381:
366:
358:
350:
291:
283:
271:
264:
258:
237:
226:
220:
214:
208:
200:
189:
187:
170:
163:
130:
101:
92:
81:
77:
64:
52:
48:
44:
43:
38:village sign
29:
1849:1100 births
1801:John Winder
1781:Robert Kahn
1597:Edward Cave
1580:Timbs, John
1523:Thomas Tegg
943:22 November
905:Sharpe 1846
294:antiquarian
1818:Categories
1743:Businesses
1521:, London:
1056:Timbs 1834
878:Urban 1770
857:Scott 1855
843:13 October
703:15 October
630:References
209:Historian
49:Chalkhurst
18:Chulkhurst
1702:Buildings
1672:Biddenden
1396:The Times
1373:The Times
1158:Hone 1830
545:Maidstone
373:pygopagus
332:addition.
292:In 1900,
287:workhouse
197:broadside
108:conjoined
104:Biddenden
61:Biddenden
1824:Biscuits
1623:Archived
1546:(1855),
1532:(1914),
1517:(1830),
1505:(1933),
1493:(1863),
1472:(2006),
697:archived
656:(1798),
601:in 1856.
552:memory."
477:'s 1805
393:and the
73:biscuits
1463:1433064
1454:1294728
1421:Sources
1115:2259775
695:, BBC,
119:History
113:guineas
1759:People
1714:Church
1480:
1461:
1451:
1112:
937:"Home"
501:UK CPI
389:, the
354:viable
301:Mary I
146:rector
140:, the
134:divers
98:Legend
573:stone
449:Notes
402:Today
150:glebe
1478:ISBN
1459:PMID
1106:1869
945:2010
845:2010
705:2010
460:The
69:dole
47:(or
1569:hdl
1449:PMC
1441:doi
1110:PMC
1820::
1605:40
1603:,
1588:24
1586:,
1563:,
1559:,
1457:,
1447:,
1437:85
1435:,
1351:.
1248:^
1197:^
1180:^
1165:^
1123:^
1104:,
1080:^
1063:^
1018:^
1003:^
988:^
953:^
923:27
921:,
885:^
864:^
818:^
757:^
734:^
712:^
670:^
660:,
637:^
547:)
312:.
1664:e
1657:t
1650:v
1571::
1565:1
1443::
1355:.
1349:"
1345:"
947:.
20:)
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