301:), an already persecuted minority group which one historian described as constituting the "opening wedge of the American economic conquest of Haiti in the early 1900s." Prior to ascending to the presidency, he had promised to rid Haiti of its Syrian population. In 1912 Leconte's foreign minister released a statement stating that it was "necessary to protect nationals against the disloyal competition of the Easterner whose nationality is uncertain." A 1903 law (aimed specifically at Syrians) limiting the immigration levels and commercial activities of foreigners was revived, and the harassment of Syrians that had been prevalent in the first few years of the 1900s was resumed. The Leconte administration did, however, continue to process claims made by Syrians who had been persecuted by the government of Nord Alexis. When Leconte died suddenly in 1912, a number of Syrians celebrated his passing and were imprisoned as a result, while others were deported. His Syrian policy would be continued by his successor
343:—differed significantly from most written accounts. As Hurston explained, "The history books all say Cincinnatus Leconte died in the explosion that destroyed the palace, but the people do not tell it that way. Not one person, high or low, ever told me that Leconte was killed by the explosion. It is generally accepted that the destruction of the palace was to cover up the fact that the President was already dead by violence." According to Hurston there were "many reasons given for the alleged assassination", but the main actors in the supposed plot were men who "were ambitious and stood to gain political power...by the death of President Leconte."
949:
33:
327:
So great was the force of the explosion, that a number of small cannon, fragments of iron and shell were thrown long distances in all directions, and many of the palace attendants were killed. Every house in the city was shaken violently and the entire population, greatly alarmed, rushed into the
338:
reported that an "accidental ignition of ammunition stores caused the death of
General Cincinnatus Leconte," while a 1927 article in the same journal deemed his death an "assassination." Oral histories circulating in Haiti—some of which were chronicled by Hurston in the 1930s in her book
1489:
276:
Upon attaining the presidency he instituted a number of reforms: paving streets, increasing teacher pay, installing telephone lines, and decreasing the size of the army.
273:
in triumph on August 7, 1911, Leconte was unanimously elected president of Haiti by
Congress on August 14 with a seven-year term. His salary was set at $ 24,000 a year.
286:, writing in the 1930s after extensive research in Haiti, pointed out that Leconte was "credited with beginning numerous reforms and generally taking positive steps."
176:
282:
argued in August 1912 that it was "generally admitted" that
Leconte's administration was "the ablest and the cleanest government Haiti has had in forty years."
269:
Returning from exile in 1911, Leconte gathered a large military force. After leading the revolution that ousted
President Simon and brought Leconte back to
1484:
866:
717:
1479:
1454:
1444:
313:
Despite being elected to a seven-year term, Leconte's time in office was short lived. On August 8, 1912, a violent explosion destroyed the
581:
1469:
1464:
1434:
361:
for its maiden voyage. While
Laroche's wife and daughters survived the sinking of the ocean liner, Laroche himself, the only man of
1419:
859:
1439:
948:
635:
Plummer, Brenda Gayle (October 1981). "Race, Nationality, and Trade in the
Caribbean: The Syrians in Haiti, 1903–1934".
1370:
1135:
347:
1350:
488:
The
African Abroad,: Or, His Evolution in Western Civilization, Tracing His Development Under Caucasian Milieu, V. 2
852:
718:"EXPLOSION KILLS HAITIAN PRESIDENT; Leconte Perishes in Destruction of His Palace -- 400 Others Killed or Injured"
1108:
875:
221:
1047:
1022:
997:
744:
1114:
351:
1204:
1414:
1027:
148:
1062:
819:
263:
68:
1174:
918:
529:
334:
1097:
1474:
982:
972:
512:
452:
294:
1459:
1449:
893:
314:
228:
186:
1299:
1289:
1264:
1259:
958:
592:
933:
486:
1320:
1102:
1042:
826:
1429:
1424:
1214:
482:
1209:
431:
8:
278:
1284:
1159:
1124:
1072:
908:
836:
506:
302:
80:
1304:
1052:
928:
884:
786:
617:
401:
283:
255:
232:
45:
530:"Leconte in Haiti's Capital; Revolutionary Leader Takes Possession of National Palace"
1334:
1037:
1012:
938:
923:
913:
290:
190:
1274:
1254:
1199:
1144:
1309:
1294:
1225:
898:
778:
644:
393:
319:
254:
Leconte, a lawyer by trade, had served as minister of the interior under
President
1339:
686:, Volume 2 (University of London, Institute of Commonwealth Studies, 1985), p. 115
648:
1329:
1092:
1082:
992:
977:
769:
Hayes, Carlton H.; Edward M. Sait (December 1912). "Record of
Political Events".
362:
197:
1269:
1194:
1184:
1239:
1179:
1032:
1017:
1007:
967:
903:
270:
236:
165:
1149:
1408:
1359:
1249:
1169:
1164:
1154:
1077:
298:
193:
1244:
1234:
1087:
844:
1364:
1119:
1279:
790:
405:
32:
782:
397:
384:
Douglas, Paul H. (June 1927). "The
American Occupation of Haiti I".
661:
In 1905 the Syrian population of Haiti was estimated to be 15,000.
355:
259:
240:
235:
and the first ruler of an independent Haiti—and was an uncle of
491:. The Tuttle, Morehouse & Taylor press. pp. 624–625.
224:
from August 15, 1911, until his death on August 8, 1912.
317:, killing the president and several hundred soldiers. An
453:"What Happened to the Only Black Family on the Titanic"
346:
Just several months before Leconte died, his nephew,
1490:
National presidents assassinated in the 20th century
768:
622:
Tell My Horse: Voodoo and Life in Haiti and Jamaica
341:
Tell My Horse: Voodoo and Life in Haiti and Jamaica
289:Leconte pursued a discriminatory policy toward the
218:Jean Jacques Dessalines Michel Cincinnatus Leconte
1406:
511:. The Encyclopædia Britannica Company. pp.
624:. New York City: Harper & Row. p. 104.
703:
701:
860:
365:on board the ship, perished in the disaster.
207:Engineer, businessman, industrialist, teacher
262:after a 1908 revolt deposed Alexis and gave
239:, the only black passenger to perish on the
874:
698:
867:
853:
568:The Tribune Almanac and Political Register
500:
498:
220:(September 29, 1854 – August 8, 1912) was
31:
736:
379:
377:
98:December 13, 1897 – May 12, 1902
58:August 15, 1911 – August 8, 1912
1485:Assassinated presidents in North America
674:(Markus Wiener Publishers, 1999), p. 219
504:
477:
475:
473:
436:Histoire de du peuple haïtien, 1492–1952
87:Minister of Public Works and Agriculture
634:
616:
610:
570:(The Tribune Association, 1912), p. 502
495:
446:
444:
383:
1407:
742:
481:
450:
374:
1480:Politicians assassinated in the 1910s
848:
582:"Democracy and Human Rights in Haiti"
470:
422:(Three Continents Press, 1981), p. 77
670:Charles Arthur and J. Michael Dash,
441:
1455:People from Artibonite (department)
1445:19th-century Haitian businesspeople
579:
332:A 1912 account of the explosion in
249:
13:
14:
1501:
1371:Transitional Presidential Council
745:"To Haiti, With Love and Squalor"
348:Joseph Philippe Lemercier Laroche
1470:20th-century Haitian politicians
1465:19th-century Haitian politicians
1435:Assassinated Haitian politicians
947:
743:Danner, Mark (August 11, 1991).
637:The International History Review
988:Council of Secretaries of State
797:
762:
710:
689:
677:
664:
655:
628:
573:
560:
551:
522:
425:
412:
258:. He was forced into exile in
16:President of Haiti (1854-1912)
1:
1420:Government ministers of Haiti
649:10.1080/07075332.1981.9640260
368:
227:He was the great-grandson of
1190:Executive Government Council
451:Hughes, Zondra (June 2000).
7:
1058:Commission for Public Order
771:Political Science Quarterly
539:. August 8, 1911. p. 4
386:Political Science Quarterly
335:Political Science Quarterly
10:
1506:
1440:Deaths by explosive device
323:report at the time noted:
136:Michel Cincinnatus Leconte
1380:
1348:
1318:
1223:
1133:
956:
945:
882:
833:
824:
820:François C. Antoine Simon
816:
811:
695:Plummer, pp. 522–23, 533.
672:A Haiti Anthology: Libète
420:Jean Price-Mars and Haiti
264:François C. Antoine Simon
211:
203:
182:
172:
155:
149:Saint-Michel-de-l'Atalaye
131:
126:
122:
112:
102:
91:
86:
74:
69:François C. Antoine Simon
62:
51:
43:
39:
30:
23:
508:The Britannica year book
308:
108:Jean-Chrisostome Arteaud
1109:Revolutionary Committee
876:Heads of state of Haiti
505:Chisholm, Hugh (1913).
350:, had been one of over
291:local Syrian population
229:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
187:Jean-Jacques Dessalines
1003:Public Order Committee
354:and crew on board the
330:
483:Ferris, William Henry
325:
1215:Jean-Claude Duvalier
894:Dessalines/Jacques I
591:: 13. Archived from
589:World Policy Reports
517:Cincinnatus Leconte.
438:(Held, 1953), p. 233
118:Démosthène Césarions
1415:Presidents of Haiti
939:Soulouque/Faustin I
684:Caribbean Societies
618:Hurston, Zora Neale
418:Jacques Carmeleau,
25:Cincinnatus Leconte
899:Christophe/Henry I
827:President of HaĂŻti
812:Political offices
749:The New York Times
722:The New York Times
598:on January 1, 2007
537:The New York Times
295:Christian migrants
284:Zora Neale Hurston
256:Pierre Nord Alexis
233:Haitian Revolution
222:President of Haiti
146:September 29, 1854
46:President of Haiti
1475:Dessalines family
1402:
1401:
1210:François Duvalier
843:
842:
834:Succeeded by
580:Reading, Andrew.
432:Dantès Bellegarde
231:—a leader of the
215:
214:
191:Florvil Hyppolite
1497:
1394:
1386:
1260:Pascal-Trouillot
951:
869:
862:
855:
846:
845:
837:Tancrède Auguste
817:Preceded by
809:
808:
804:
803:Hurston, p. 103.
801:
795:
794:
766:
760:
759:
757:
755:
740:
734:
733:
731:
729:
724:. August 9, 1912
714:
708:
707:Plummer, p. 536.
705:
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653:
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566:Horace Greeley,
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429:
423:
416:
410:
409:
381:
352:2,200 passengers
320:Associated Press
303:Tancrède Auguste
279:Collier's Weekly
266:the presidency.
250:Political career
162:
145:
143:
127:Personal details
115:
105:
96:
81:Tancrède Auguste
77:
65:
56:
35:
21:
20:
1505:
1504:
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1405:
1404:
1403:
1398:
1392:
1384:
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873:
839:
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783:10.2307/2141264
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629:
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611:
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595:
584:
578:
574:
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557:Ferris, p. 623.
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459:
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398:10.2307/2142787
382:
375:
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363:African descent
315:National Palace
311:
252:
198:Yolette Leconte
173:Political party
164:
160:
147:
141:
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138:
137:
113:
103:
97:
92:
75:
63:
57:
52:
26:
17:
12:
11:
5:
1503:
1493:
1492:
1487:
1482:
1477:
1472:
1467:
1462:
1460:1910s in Haiti
1457:
1452:
1450:Haitian exiles
1447:
1442:
1437:
1432:
1427:
1422:
1417:
1400:
1399:
1397:
1396:
1390:
1381:
1378:
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1375:
1374:
1367:
1362:
1356:
1354:
1353:(2021–present)
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1075:
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1065:
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1055:
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1048:Boisrond-Canal
1045:
1040:
1035:
1030:
1025:
1023:Boisrond-Canal
1020:
1015:
1010:
1005:
1000:
998:Boisrond-Canal
995:
990:
985:
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975:
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964:
962:
954:
953:
946:
944:
942:
941:
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919:Rivière-Hérard
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643:(4): 517–518.
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310:
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271:Port-au-Prince
251:
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237:Joseph Laroche
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209:
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205:
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184:
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177:National Party
174:
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166:Port-au-Prince
163:(aged 57)
159:August 8, 1912
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1103:Guillaume Sam
1101:
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917:
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907:
905:
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900:
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895:
892:
891:
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886:
885:Revolutionary
881:
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829:
828:
821:
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739:
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353:
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316:
306:
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299:Ottoman Syria
296:
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281:
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261:
257:
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245:
244:
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199:
196:
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194:Nissage Saget
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134:
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125:
121:
117:
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85:
82:
79:
73:
70:
67:
61:
55:
50:
47:
42:
38:
34:
29:
22:
19:
1387:
1369:
1189:
1175:Pierre-Louis
1115:Dartiguenave
1107:
1067:
1057:
1002:
987:
825:
799:
774:
770:
764:
752:. Retrieved
748:
738:
726:. Retrieved
721:
712:
691:
683:
679:
671:
666:
657:
640:
636:
630:
621:
612:
600:. Retrieved
593:the original
588:
575:
567:
562:
553:
541:. Retrieved
536:
524:
516:
507:
487:
460:. Retrieved
456:
435:
427:
419:
414:
389:
385:
357:
345:
340:
333:
331:
326:
318:
312:
288:
277:
275:
268:
253:
242:
226:
217:
216:
189:
161:(1912-08-08)
114:Succeeded by
93:
76:Succeeded by
53:
18:
1430:1912 deaths
1425:1854 births
1395:Provisional
1323:(2011–2021)
1228:(1986–2011)
1138:(1930–1986)
961:(1859–1930)
887:(1804–1859)
754:January 13,
602:January 13,
543:January 13,
462:January 13,
104:Preceded by
64:Preceded by
1409:Categories
1321:earthquake
1285:Jonassaint
1136:Occupation
831:1911–1912
777:(4): 752.
392:(2): 232.
369:References
204:Profession
142:1854-09-29
1305:Alexandre
1043:Simon Sam
1038:Hyppolite
1013:Hyppolite
356:RMS
241:RMS
183:Relations
94:In office
54:In office
44:19th
1388:De facto
1330:Martelly
1300:Aristide
1290:Aristide
1265:Aristide
1226:Duvalier
1170:Magloire
1098:Théodore
1093:Polynice
1083:Polynice
1028:LĂ©gitime
993:Domingue
968:Geffrard
959:Imperial
924:Guerrier
904:Blanchet
620:(1990).
485:(1913).
328:street.
1393:‡
1335:Privert
1275:NĂ©rette
1255:Abraham
1240:Manigat
1205:KĂ©breau
1200:Fignolé
1195:Cantave
1185:Cantave
1180:Sylvain
1145:Vincent
1073:Auguste
1068:Leconte
1018:Salomon
1008:Lamothe
978:Salnave
929:Pierrot
791:2141264
728:July 9,
406:2142787
358:Titanic
260:Jamaica
243:Titanic
168:, Haiti
151:, Haiti
1360:Joseph
1310:Préval
1295:Préval
1270:CĂ©dras
1245:Namphy
1235:Namphy
1165:Lavaud
1160:Estimé
1155:Lavaud
1150:Lescot
1078:Oreste
1053:Alexis
909:PĂ©tion
789:
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1365:Henry
1351:MoĂŻse
1349:Post–
1340:MoĂŻse
1319:Post–
1280:Bazin
1250:Avril
1224:Post–
1134:Post–
1120:Borno
1088:Zamor
1063:Simon
1033:Jeune
983:Saget
973:Saget
957:Post–
934:Riché
914:Boyer
883:Post–
787:JSTOR
596:(PDF)
585:(PDF)
533:(PDF)
457:Ebony
402:JSTOR
309:Death
297:from
756:2010
730:2021
604:2010
545:2010
513:1086
464:2010
156:Died
132:Born
1125:Roy
779:doi
645:doi
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