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Dissipation is a process that occurs continuously in circumstellar discs throughout the lifetime of the central star, and at the same time, for the same stage, is a process that is present in different parts of the disc. Dissipation can be divided in inner disc dissipation, mid-disc dissipation, and
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Material dissipation is one of the processes responsible for circumstellar discs evolution. Together with information about the mass of the central star, observation of material dissipation at different stages of a circumstellar disc can be used to determine the timescales involved in its evolution.
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Once a circumstellar disk has formed, spiral density waves are created within the circumstellar material via a differential torque due to the binary's gravity. The majority of these discs form axissymmetric to the binary plane, but it is possible for processes such as the
Bardeen-Petterson effect, a
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emissions is seen on the order of 50–200 days; much slower than the systems' binary orbit of ~1 day. The periodic blockage is believed to result from precession of a circumprimary or circumbinary disk, which normally occurs retrograde to the binary orbit as a result of the same differential torque
535:
It was originally believed that all binaries located within circumbinary disk would evolve towards orbital decay due to the gravitational torque of the circumbinary disk, primarily from material at the innermost edge of the excised cavity. This decay is no longer guaranteed when accretion from the
614:
Evidence of tilted circumbinary disks can be seen through warped geometry within circumstellar disks, precession of protostellar jets, and inclined orbits of circumplanetary objects (as seen in the eclipsing binary TY CrA). For disks orbiting a low secondary-to-primary mass ratio binary, a tilted
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outer
Lindblad resonances. This period is approximately five times the binary orbital period. For eccentric binaries, the period of accretion variability is the same as the binary orbital period due to each binary component scooping in matter from the circumbinary disk each time it reaches the
807:, indeed in the mid-infrared region, which makes it very difficult to detect and to predict the timescale of this region's dissipation. Studies made to determine the dissipation timescale in this region provide a wide range of values, predicting timescales from less than 10 up to 100 Myr.
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Stages in circumstellar discs refer to the structure and the main composition of the disc at different times during its evolution. Stages include the phases when the disc is composed mainly of submicron-sized particles, the evolution of these particles into grains and larger objects, the
273:
Circumsecondary disc is one which orbits around the secondary (i.e. less massive) star of the binary star system. This type of disc will only form when a high enough level of angular momentum is present within the infalling gas. The amount of angular momentum required is dependent on the
754:
Dissipation process and its duration in each stage is not well understood. Several mechanisms, with different predictions for discs' observed properties, have been proposed to explain dispersion in circumstellar discs. Mechanisms like decreasing dust opacity due to grain growth,
182:. If the disc is sufficiently massive, the runaway accretions begin, resulting in the appearance of planetary embryos. The formation of planetary systems is thought to be a natural result of star formation. A sun-like star usually takes around 100 million years to form.
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circumbinary disc will undergo rigid precession with a period on the order of years. For discs around a binary with a mass ratio of one, differential torques will be strong enough to tear the interior of the disc apart into two or more separate, precessing discs.
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around the young, rotating star. The former is a rotating circumstellar disc of dense gas and dust that continues to feed the central star. It may contain a few percent of the mass of the central star, mainly in the form of gas which is itself mainly
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825:. Mean dust masses for this region has been reported to be ~ 10 solar masses. Studies of older debris discs (10 - 10 yr) suggest dust masses as low as 10 solar masses, implying that diffusion in outer discs occurs on a very long timescale.
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data showed that circumbinary disks around short period binaries are often aligned with the orbit of the binary. Binaries with a period longer than one month showed typically a misalignment of the disk with the binary orbit.
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disc is one which orbits about both the primary and secondary stars. Such a disc will form at a later time than the circumprimary and circumsecondary discs, with an inner radius much larger than the orbital radius of the
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Viscosity in the disc, whether molecular, turbulent or other, transports angular momentum outwards in the disc and most of the mass inwards, eventually accreting onto the central object. The mass accretion onto the star
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and the behavior of the gas along the innermost region of the cavity. For non-eccentric binaries, accretion variability coincides with the
Keplerian orbital period of the inner gas, which develops lumps corresponding to
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is generally unable to perturb the disc strongly enough for gas to be further accreted onto the circumprimary and circumsecondary discs. An example of a circumbinary disc may be seen around the star system
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consist of planetesimals along with fine dust and small amounts of gas generated through their collisions and evaporation. The original gas and small dust particles have been dispersed or accumulated into
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Protoplanetary disks and debris disks can be imaged with different methods. If the disk is seen edge-on, the disk can sometimes block the light of the star and the disk can be directly observed without a
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is the material in the Solar System created by collisions of asteroids and evaporation of comet seen to observers on Earth as a band of scattered light along the ecliptic before sunrise or after sunset.
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on the other hand can map larger millimeter-sized dust grains found in the mid-plane of the disk. Radio arrays like ALMA can also detect narrow emission from the gas of the disk. This can reveal the
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Avenhaus, Henning; Quanz, Sascha P.; Garufi, Antonio; Perez, Sebastian; Casassus, Simon; Pinte, Christophe; Bertrang, Gesa H. -M.; Caceres, Claudio; Benisty, Myriam; Dominik, Carsten (2018-08-01).
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Pinte, C.; van der Plas, G.; Ménard, F.; Price, D. J.; Christiaens, V.; Hill, T.; Mentiplay, D.; Ginski, C.; Choquet, E.; Boehler, Y.; Duchêne, G.; Perez, S.; Casassus, S. (2019-08-01).
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circumbinary disk onto the binary occurs, and can even lead to increased binary separations. The dynamics of orbital evolution depend on the binary's parameters, such as the mass ratio
160:. The main accretion phase lasts a few million years, with accretion rates typically between 10 and 10 solar masses per year (rates for typical systems presented in Hartmann et al.).
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of the disc, which is the amount of mass per unit area so after the volume density at a particular location in the disc has been integrated over the vertical structure, is given by:
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For example, observations of the dissipation process in transition discs (discs with large inner holes) estimate the average age of a circumstellar disc to be approximately 10 Myr.
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Given the formation of a circumbinary disc, the formation of an inner cavity surrounding the binary is inevitable. This cavity is the result of spiral density waves located at
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Gomez's
Hamburger, with the bright "buns" being the scattered light of the star on the surface of the disk. The reddish dark "patty" represents the mid-plane of the disk.
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803:) and is characterized for the presence of much more cooler material than in the inner part of the disc. Consequently, radiation emitted from this region has greater
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Transition discs: At this stage, the disc shows significant reduction in the presence of gas and dust and presents properties between protoplanetary and debris discs.
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712:: In this stage large quantities of primordial material (e.g., gas and dust) are present and the discs are massive enough to have potential to be planet-forming.
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in which infalling gas contains some degree of angular momentum. A general progression of disc formation is observed with increasing levels of angular momentum:
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785:). Since it is closest to the star, this region is also the hottest, thus material present there typically emits radiation in the near-infrared region of the
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C. Roddier; F. Roddier; M. J. Northcott; J. E. Graves; K. Jim (1996). "Adaptive optics imaging of GG Tauri: Optical detection of the circumbinary ring".
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The infall of gas onto a binary system allows the formation of circumstellar and circumbinary discs. The formation of such a disc will occur for any
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The indicative timescale that governs the short-term evolution of accretion onto binaries within circumbinary disks is the binary's orbital period
771:), or the dynamical influence of a giant planet forming within the disc are some of the processes that have been proposed to explain dissipation.
722:
721:: In this stage the circumstellar disc is a tenuous dust disc, presenting small gas amounts or even no gas at all. It is characterized by having
3624:
789:. Study of the radiation emitted by the very hot dust present in that part of the disc indicates that there is an empirical connection between
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Strong evidence of tilted disks is seen in the systems Her X-1, SMC X-1, and SS 433 (among others), where a periodic line-of-sight blockage of
2214:
Bryden, G.; et al. (1999). "Tidally
Induced Gap Formation in Protostellar Disks: Gap Clearing and Suppression of Protoplanetary Growth".
2067:
Cieza, L; et al. (2007). "The spitzer c2d survey of weak-line T Tauri stars. II New constraints on the timescale for planet building".
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As mentioned, circumstellar discs are not equilibrium objects, but instead are constantly evolving. The evolution of the surface density
39:
35:
2690:
Hodapp, Klaus W.; Walker, Christina H.; Reipurth, Bo; Wood, Kenneth; Bally, John; Whitney, Barbara A.; Connelley, Michael (2004-01-01).
1990:
90:. Around the youngest stars, they are the reservoirs of material out of which planets may form. Around mature stars, they indicate that
459:
Eccentric binaries also see accretion variability over secular timescales hundreds of times the binary period. This corresponds to the
266:
Circumprimary disc is one which orbits the primary (i.e. more massive) star of the binary system. This type of disc will form through
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An artist's illustration giving a simple overview of the main regions of a protoplanetary disk, delineated by the soot and frost line
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301:, specifically the outer Lindblad resonances. The exact resonances which excise the cavity depend on the eccentricity of the binary
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98:, they indicate that planetary material survived the whole of stellar evolution. Such a disc can manifest itself in various ways.
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or differential images to take an image of the disk with a telescope. These optical and infrared observations, for example with
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1283:
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C. Terquem; J. C. B. Papaloizou (2000). "The response of an accretion disc to an inclined dipole with application to AA Tau".
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stage. Within this disc, the formation of small dust grains made of rocks and ices can occur, and these can coagulate into
3445:
2449:"Disks around T Tauri Stars with SPHERE (DARTTS-S). I. SPHERE/IRDIS Polarimetric Imaging of Eight Prominent T Tauri Disks"
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523:. This eccentricity may in turn affect the inner cavity accretion as well as dynamics further out in the disk, such as
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is dust around another star than the Sun in a location analogous to that of the
Zodiacal Light in the Solar System.
190:
3852:
3803:
3726:
3565:
2868:
2278:
Eisner, J.A.; Carpenter, J.M. (2003). "Distribution of circumstellar disk masses in the young cluster NGC 2024".
2257:
Hillenbrand, L.A. (2005). "Observational
Constraints on Dust Disk Lifetimes: Implications for Planet Formation".
285:. A circumbinary disc may form with an upper mass limit of approximately 0.005 solar masses, at which point the
3808:
1861:
1533:"The hydrodynamical response of a tilted circumbinary disc: linear theory and non-linear numerical simulations"
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1040:. This equation assumes axisymmetric symmetry in the disc, but is compatible with any vertical disc structure.
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smaller than the age of the disc, hence indicating that the disc is second generation rather than primordial.
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secondary-to-primary mass ratio. A circumsecondary disk is sometimes seen transiting in front of the primary.
4019:
3365:
1800:
P. R. Maloney; M. C. Begelman (1997). "The origin of warped, precessing accretion disks in X-ray binaries".
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4014:
3813:
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Pontoppidan, Klaus M.; Green, Joel D.; Pauly, Tyler A.; Salyk, Colette; DePasquale, Joseph (2020-06-01).
973:{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \Sigma }{\partial t}}={\frac {3}{r}}{\frac {\partial }{\partial r}}\left}
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Images at 4.44 and 3.56 microns of the circumstellar debris disk around AU mic, a red dwarf star
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3653:
3265:
3215:
2769:
2014:
Mamajek, Eric (2009). "Initial
Conditions of Planet Formation: Lifetimes of Primordial Disks".
1319:
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30:
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3510:
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3119:
831:
690:, and the growth and orbital evolution of planetesimals into the planetary systems, like our
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of the gas within and around the disk. In some cases an edge-on protoplanetary disk (e.g.
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on the surface of the disk and trace small micron-sized dust particles. Radio arrays like
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1966:"Circumstellar Disk Structure and Evolution through Resolved Submillimeter Observations"
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1290:) can cast a shadow onto the surrounding dusty material. This cast shadow works like a
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Uzpen, B; et al. (2008). "A glimpse into the Nature of
Galactic Mid-IR Excess".
1919:
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814:
800:
782:
250:, a young system in the constellation Scorpius. The image of the disk was taken with
211:
located between the orbit of Mars and
Jupiter. It is a source of interplanetary dust.
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1487:"Accretion during binary star formation - II. Gaseous accretion and disc formation"
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1324:
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328:, but in each case the size of the cavity is proportional to the binary separation
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396:. Accretion into the inner cavity is not constant, and varies depending on
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91:
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2175:"The dispersal of circumstellar discs: the role of the ultraviolet switch"
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rate of the inner edge of the cavity, which develops its own eccentricity
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1626:"Circumbinary Accretion: From Binary Stars to Massive Binary Black Holes"
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1329:
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1235:
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718:
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has a toroid-like shape. The outer Oort cloud is more spherical in shape.
226:
143:) is formed by the gravitational collapse of a pocket of matter within a
95:
71:
2508:"Kinematic detection of a planet carving a gap in a protoplanetary disk"
631:
3573:
3340:
3114:
3038:
2964:
2943:
2773:
1683:"The Lense-Thirring effect and accretion discs around Kerr black holes"
1259:
818:
804:
490:, along with a significant region of the inner circumbinary disk up to
247:
230:
195:
118:
2424:"The Flying Saucer protoplanetary disc around 2MASS J16281370-2431391"
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outer disc dissipation, depending on the part of the disc considered.
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1334:
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to produce a significant warp or tilt to an initially flat disk.
168:
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3064:
2888:
2823:
63:
1991:"Webb Looks for Fomalhaut's Asteroid Belt and Finds Much More"
2783:
2369:
Armitage, Philip (2011). "Dynamics of Protoplanetary Disks".
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697:
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which creates spiral density waves in an axissymmetric disk.
607:
242:
83:
55:
2505:
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635:
Primordial cloud of gas and dust surrounding the young star
1799:
163:
132:
87:
42:. The bottom images are illustrations of above real images.
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2630:
817:, where temperatures are much lower and emitted radiation
4025:
Exoplanetary Circumstellar Environments and Disk Explorer
2576:"Projection of circumstellar disks on their environments"
67:
2692:"A Disk Shadow around the Young Star ASR 41 in NGC 1333"
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2446:
270:
if any angular momentum is present in the infalling gas.
1909:
793:
from a disc onto the star and ejections in an outflow.
2172:
781:
occurs at the inner part of the disc (< 0.05 – 0.1
590:, as well as the thermodynamics of the accreting gas.
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1175:{\displaystyle {\dot {M}}=3\pi \nu \Sigma \left^{-1}}
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Artist's impression of a transitional disc around a
2574:Pontoppidan, K. M.; Dullemond, C. P. (2005-05-01).
1862:"The Strange Orbits of 'Tatooine' Planetary Disks"
1201:
1174:
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1012:
992:
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840:
705:Major stages of evolution of circumstellar discs:
582:
555:
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482:
442:
415:
388:
347:
320:
147:. The infalling material possesses some amount of
3702:Habitability of K-type main-sequence star systems
3697:Habitability of F-type main-sequence star systems
2633:"Variability of the Great Disk Shadow in Serpens"
2331:Wyatt, Mark (2008). "Evolution of Debris Disks".
1530:
729:
174:The disc gradually cools in what is known as the
4165:
3321:List of interstellar and circumstellar molecules
2421:
2364:
2362:
2277:
1416:"Accretion and the Evolution of T Tauri Disks"
151:, which results in the formation of a gaseous
2799:
1758:
1382:"Circumstellar Disks HD 141943 and HD 191089"
2359:
2173:Clarke, C; Gendrin, A; Sotomayor, M (2001).
2371:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
2256:
1630:Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics
1484:
1456:"ALMA Reveals Planetary Construction Sites"
1340:Formation and evolution of the Solar System
2806:
2792:
1910:Klahr, Hubert; Brandner, Wolfgang (2006).
1531:Larwood, J.D.; Papaloizou, J.C.B. (1997).
821:increases to the millimeter region of the
185:
131:According to the widely accepted model of
2864:Exoplanet orbital and physical parameters
2753:"Catalog of Resolved Circumstellar Disks"
2707:
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2523:
2482:
2464:
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2262:
2198:
2133:
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2027:
1813:
1784:
1761:"Self-induced warping of accretion discs"
1735:
1706:
1641:
1624:Lai, Dong; Muñoz, Diego J. (2023-08-18).
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1548:
1510:
1439:
364:
3732:List of potentially habitable exoplanets
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1623:
1310:List of transiting circumsecondary disks
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1216:
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696:
672:
630:
454:
359:
241:
189:
162:
135:formation, sometimes referred to as the
105:
29:
2013:
1681:J. M. Bardeen; J. A. Petterson (1975).
1000:is the radial location in the disc and
14:
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2750:
2353:10.1146/annurev.astro.45.051806.110525
2213:
1988:
1963:
207:is a reservoir of small bodies in the
94:formation has taken place, and around
4040:Geodynamics of terrestrial exoplanets
2787:
2569:
2567:
2330:
2119:
2066:
799:, occurs at the mid-disc region (1-5
686:agglomeration of larger objects into
599:misaligned dipole magnetic field and
3722:Habitability of yellow dwarf systems
3712:Habitability of neutron star systems
1866:National Radio Astronomy Observatory
1619:
1617:
1615:
1613:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1480:
1478:
1476:
1474:
1472:
1305:List of resolved circumstellar disks
530:
27:Accumulation of matter around a star
4065:Sudarsky's gas giant classification
3692:Habitability of binary star systems
2401:10.1146/annurev-astro-081710-102521
1660:10.1146/annurev-astro-052622-022933
1238:or other advanced techniques (e.g.
813:occurs in regions between 50 – 100
593:
24:
4050:Nexus for Exoplanet System Science
3707:Habitability of natural satellites
2564:
1124:
944:
932:
928:
894:
890:
866:
861:
858:
835:
167:Illustration of the dynamics of a
25:
4195:
3717:Habitability of red dwarf systems
2744:
1802:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
1687:The Astrophysical Journal Letters
1610:
1519:
1469:
1212:
121:has an unusual circumstellar disc
4151:
4139:
4127:
4115:
4103:
3814:Stars with proto-planetary discs
3778:NASA Star and Exoplanet Database
3768:Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia
3256:Extraterrestrial sample curation
2887:
2778:Circumstellar Disk Learning Site
2200:10.1046/j.1365-8711.2001.04891.x
237:
3727:Habitable zone for complex life
3165:Ultra-short period planet (USP)
2869:Methods of detecting exoplanets
2683:
2624:
2499:
2440:
2415:
2324:
2271:
2250:
2207:
2166:
2113:
2060:
2007:
1982:
1957:
1940:"Safe havens for young planets"
1932:
1903:
1878:
1854:
1793:
1752:
1270:, usually take an image of the
1073:in terms of the disc viscosity
767:photons from the central star (
3908:Discovered exoplanets by year
2813:
1715:
1674:
1575:
1448:
1399:
1374:
730:Disc dissipation and evolution
13:
1:
4184:Stellar astrophysics concepts
4035:Extrasolar planets in fiction
3682:Extraterrestrial liquid water
2751:McCabe, Caer (May 30, 2007).
1367:
1246:). Other edge-on disks (e.g.
1202:{\displaystyle r_{\text{in}}}
1020:is the viscosity at location
246:The circumbinary disk around
223:, beyond the orbit of Neptune
217:, beyond the orbit of Neptune
101:
4055:Planets in globular clusters
3672:Circumstellar habitable zone
2333:Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys
1989:Adkins, Jamie (2023-05-08).
1485:Bate, M; Bonnell, A (1997).
516:{\displaystyle \sim 10a_{b}}
82:, or collision fragments in
7:
4015:Exoplanet naming convention
3125:Planet/Brown dwarf boundary
2770:Image Gallery of Dust disks
1297:
10:
4200:
3251:Extraterrestrial materials
2885:
2610:10.1051/0004-6361:20042059
2580:Astronomy and Astrophysics
2016:AIP Conference Proceedings
1916:Cambridge University Press
1724:Astronomy and Astrophysics
1272:star light being scattered
1254:) and face-on disks (e.g.
1066:{\displaystyle {\dot {M}}}
744:James Webb Space Telescope
124:
4078:Discoveries of exoplanets
4073:
4002:
3791:
3750:
3652:
3564:
3471:
3404:
3281:Interplanetary dust cloud
3177:
3057:
2983:
2909:
2896:
2851:
2819:
2696:The Astrophysical Journal
2637:The Astrophysical Journal
2542:10.1038/s41550-019-0852-6
2453:The Astrophysical Journal
2280:The Astrophysical Journal
2216:The Astrophysical Journal
2122:The Astrophysical Journal
2069:The Astrophysical Journal
1584:The Astrophysical Journal
1420:The Astrophysical Journal
1262:) require a coronagraph,
746:with annotations by NASA.
668:
527:formation and migration.
58:, pancake or ring-shaped
3783:Open Exoplanet Catalogue
3758:Nearby Habitable Systems
3644:Transit-timing variation
2668:10.3847/1538-4357/ab91ae
2484:10.3847/1538-4357/aab846
1362:, producing a dusty disk
823:electromagnetic spectrum
787:electromagnetic spectrum
742:'s asteroid belt by the
618:A study from 2020 using
451:apocenter of its orbit.
4060:Small planet radius gap
3763:Exoplanet Data Explorer
3687:Galactic habitable zone
3261:Giant-impact hypothesis
2602:2005A&A...435..595P
2393:2011ARA&A..49..195A
2345:2008ARA&A..46..339W
1886:"Planets in the Making"
1786:10.1093/mnras/281.1.357
1746:2000A&A...360.1031T
1652:2023ARA&A..61..517L
1568:10.1093/mnras/285.2.288
841:{\displaystyle \Sigma }
626:
186:Around the Solar System
4020:Exoplanet phase curves
3858:Terrestrial candidates
3809:Multiplanetary systems
3773:NASA Exoplanet Archive
3456:Mean-motion resonances
3266:Gravitational collapse
3216:Circumstellar envelope
1759:J. E. Pringle (1996).
1512:10.1093/mnras/285.1.33
1320:Circumstellar envelope
1230:
1222:
1203:
1176:
1087:
1067:
1034:
1014:
994:
974:
842:
811:Outer disc dissipation
779:Inner disc dissipation
747:
702:
682:
640:
584:
557:
517:
484:
444:
417:
390:
365:Short-Term Variability
349:
322:
255:
199:
171:
122:
43:
3895:Potentially habitable
3800:Exoplanetary systems
3742:Superhabitable planet
3501:F/Yellow-white dwarfs
3386:Sample-return mission
3286:Interplanetary medium
2422:information@eso.org.
1228:
1220:
1209:is the inner radius.
1204:
1177:
1088:
1068:
1035:
1015:
995:
975:
843:
737:
700:
694:or many other stars.
676:
634:
585:
583:{\displaystyle e_{b}}
558:
556:{\displaystyle q_{b}}
518:
485:
483:{\displaystyle e_{d}}
455:Long-Term Variability
445:
418:
416:{\displaystyle e_{b}}
391:
389:{\displaystyle P_{b}}
360:Accretion Variability
350:
348:{\displaystyle a_{b}}
323:
321:{\displaystyle e_{b}}
245:
215:Edgeworth-Kuiper belt
193:
166:
145:giant molecular cloud
116:
33:
4030:Extragalactic planet
4010:Carl Sagan Institute
3291:Interplanetary space
3206:Circumplanetary disk
2879:Planet-hosting stars
1964:Hughes, Amy (2010).
1352:− oddly dimming star
1244:Flying Saucer Nebula
1186:
1097:
1086:{\displaystyle \nu }
1077:
1048:
1024:
1013:{\displaystyle \nu }
1004:
984:
852:
832:
797:Mid-disc dissipation
710:Protoplanetary discs
677:Protoplanetary disk
567:
540:
494:
467:
428:
400:
373:
332:
305:
34:Circumstellar discs
4174:Circumstellar disks
3371:Protoplanetary disk
3351:Planetary migration
3306:Interstellar medium
3085:Circumtriple planet
3080:Circumbinary planet
2718:2004ApJ...601L..79H
2659:2020ApJ...896..169P
2534:2019NatAs...3.1109P
2475:2018ApJ...863...44A
2302:2003ApJ...598.1341E
2228:1999ApJ...514..344B
2191:2001MNRAS.328..485C
2144:2008ApJ...685.1157U
2091:2007ApJ...667..308C
2038:2009AIPC.1158....3M
1824:1997ApJ...491L..43M
1777:1996MNRAS.281..357P
1699:1975ApJ...195L..65B
1596:1996ApJ...463..326R
1559:1997MNRAS.285..288L
1503:1997MNRAS.285...33B
1432:1998ApJ...495..385H
656:interplanetary dust
525:circumbinary planet
443:{\displaystyle m=1}
299:Lindblad resonances
153:protoplanetary disc
127:Protoplanetary disk
3336:Nebular hypothesis
3311:Interstellar space
3296:Interstellar cloud
3276:Internal structure
3211:Circumstellar disc
1358:- star destroying
1231:
1223:
1199:
1172:
1083:
1063:
1030:
1010:
990:
970:
838:
748:
703:
683:
641:
601:radiation pressure
580:
553:
513:
480:
461:apsidal precession
440:
413:
386:
345:
318:
256:
200:
172:
137:nebular hypothesis
123:
52:circumstellar disk
48:circumstellar disc
44:
18:Circumstellar disk
4091:
4090:
3667:Astrooceanography
3301:Interstellar dust
3173:
3172:
3049:Ultra-hot Neptune
3044:Ultra-hot Jupiter
2993:Eccentric Jupiter
2843:Planetary science
2518:(12): 1109–1114.
2046:10.1063/1.3215910
1386:ESA/Hubble images
1240:Gomez's Hamburger
1196:
1156:
1155:
1149:
1109:
1060:
1033:{\displaystyle r}
993:{\displaystyle r}
939:
901:
886:
873:
563:and eccentricity
531:Orbital Evolution
229:; only the inner
114:
16:(Redirected from
4191:
4156:
4155:
4154:
4144:
4143:
4142:
4132:
4131:
4130:
4120:
4119:
4108:
4107:
4106:
4099:
4045:Neptunian desert
3431:Tidally detached
3366:Planet formation
3356:Planetary system
3246:Exozodiacal dust
3236:Disrupted planet
3160:Ultra-cool dwarf
3090:Disrupted planet
3075:Chthonian planet
2907:
2906:
2891:
2874:Planetary system
2808:
2801:
2794:
2785:
2784:
2766:
2764:
2763:
2738:
2737:
2711:
2709:astro-ph/0312256
2687:
2681:
2680:
2670:
2652:
2628:
2622:
2621:
2595:
2593:astro-ph/0502103
2571:
2562:
2561:
2527:
2512:Nature Astronomy
2503:
2497:
2496:
2486:
2468:
2444:
2438:
2437:
2435:
2434:
2419:
2413:
2412:
2386:
2366:
2357:
2356:
2328:
2322:
2321:
2295:
2293:astro-ph/0308279
2286:(2): 1341–1349.
2275:
2269:
2268:
2266:
2264:astro-ph/0511083
2254:
2248:
2247:
2211:
2205:
2204:
2202:
2170:
2164:
2163:
2137:
2128:(2): 1157–1182.
2117:
2111:
2110:
2084:
2064:
2058:
2057:
2031:
2011:
2005:
2004:
2002:
2001:
1986:
1980:
1979:
1977:
1975:
1970:
1961:
1955:
1954:
1952:
1950:
1936:
1930:
1929:
1912:Planet Formation
1907:
1901:
1900:
1898:
1896:
1882:
1876:
1875:
1873:
1872:
1858:
1852:
1851:
1840:2060/19980058823
1817:
1815:astro-ph/9710060
1797:
1791:
1790:
1788:
1756:
1750:
1749:
1739:
1737:astro-ph/0006113
1719:
1713:
1712:
1710:
1678:
1672:
1671:
1645:
1621:
1608:
1607:
1579:
1573:
1572:
1570:
1552:
1550:astro-ph/9609145
1528:
1517:
1516:
1514:
1482:
1467:
1466:
1464:
1462:
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1410:; Gullbring, E;
1403:
1397:
1396:
1394:
1392:
1378:
1325:Disrupted planet
1208:
1206:
1205:
1200:
1198:
1197:
1194:
1181:
1179:
1178:
1173:
1171:
1170:
1162:
1158:
1157:
1151:
1150:
1147:
1141:
1140:
1111:
1110:
1102:
1092:
1090:
1089:
1084:
1072:
1070:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1061:
1053:
1039:
1037:
1036:
1031:
1019:
1017:
1016:
1011:
999:
997:
996:
991:
979:
977:
976:
971:
969:
965:
964:
963:
959:
940:
938:
927:
925:
924:
920:
902:
900:
889:
887:
879:
874:
872:
864:
856:
847:
845:
844:
839:
757:photoevaporation
662:Exozodiacal dust
594:Misaligned Disks
589:
587:
586:
581:
579:
578:
562:
560:
559:
554:
552:
551:
522:
520:
519:
514:
512:
511:
489:
487:
486:
481:
479:
478:
449:
447:
446:
441:
422:
420:
419:
414:
412:
411:
395:
393:
392:
387:
385:
384:
354:
352:
351:
346:
344:
343:
327:
325:
324:
319:
317:
316:
149:angular momentum
139:, a young star (
115:
21:
4199:
4198:
4194:
4193:
4192:
4190:
4189:
4188:
4164:
4163:
4162:
4152:
4150:
4140:
4138:
4128:
4126:
4114:
4104:
4102:
4094:
4092:
4087:
4083:Search projects
4069:
3998:
3787:
3746:
3648:
3620:Radial velocity
3560:
3516:K/Orange dwarfs
3506:G/Yellow dwarfs
3467:
3461:Titius–Bode law
3400:
3331:Molecular cloud
3231:Detached object
3182:
3180:
3169:
3155:Toroidal planet
3145:Sub-brown dwarf
3053:
2979:
2951:(Super-Mercury)
2924:Coreless planet
2900:
2898:
2892:
2883:
2847:
2815:
2812:
2761:
2759:
2747:
2742:
2741:
2688:
2684:
2629:
2625:
2572:
2565:
2504:
2500:
2445:
2441:
2432:
2430:
2420:
2416:
2367:
2360:
2329:
2325:
2276:
2272:
2255:
2251:
2212:
2208:
2171:
2167:
2118:
2114:
2065:
2061:
2012:
2008:
1999:
1997:
1987:
1983:
1973:
1971:
1968:
1962:
1958:
1948:
1946:
1938:
1937:
1933:
1926:
1908:
1904:
1894:
1892:
1884:
1883:
1879:
1870:
1868:
1860:
1859:
1855:
1798:
1794:
1757:
1753:
1720:
1716:
1679:
1675:
1622:
1611:
1580:
1576:
1529:
1520:
1483:
1470:
1460:
1458:
1454:
1453:
1449:
1404:
1400:
1390:
1388:
1380:
1379:
1375:
1370:
1365:
1300:
1264:adaptive optics
1215:
1193:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1183:
1163:
1146:
1142:
1139:
1132:
1128:
1127:
1101:
1100:
1098:
1095:
1094:
1078:
1075:
1074:
1052:
1051:
1049:
1046:
1045:
1025:
1022:
1021:
1005:
1002:
1001:
985:
982:
981:
955:
951:
947:
931:
926:
916:
912:
908:
907:
903:
893:
888:
878:
865:
857:
855:
853:
850:
849:
833:
830:
829:
759:of material by
732:
671:
629:
596:
574:
570:
568:
565:
564:
547:
543:
541:
538:
537:
533:
507:
503:
495:
492:
491:
474:
470:
468:
465:
464:
457:
429:
426:
425:
407:
403:
401:
398:
397:
380:
376:
374:
371:
370:
367:
362:
339:
335:
333:
330:
329:
312:
308:
306:
303:
302:
240:
188:
129:
106:
104:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
4197:
4187:
4186:
4181:
4176:
4161:
4160:
4148:
4136:
4124:
4112:
4089:
4088:
4086:
4085:
4080:
4074:
4071:
4070:
4068:
4067:
4062:
4057:
4052:
4047:
4042:
4037:
4032:
4027:
4022:
4017:
4012:
4006:
4004:
4000:
3999:
3997:
3996:
3995:
3994:
3989:
3984:
3979:
3974:
3969:
3964:
3959:
3954:
3949:
3944:
3939:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3919:
3914:
3905:
3904:
3903:
3902:
3897:
3892:
3887:
3886:
3885:
3880:
3875:
3870:
3860:
3855:
3850:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3830:
3819:
3818:
3817:
3816:
3811:
3806:
3797:
3795:
3789:
3788:
3786:
3785:
3780:
3775:
3770:
3765:
3760:
3754:
3752:
3748:
3747:
3745:
3744:
3739:
3734:
3729:
3724:
3719:
3714:
3709:
3704:
3699:
3694:
3689:
3684:
3679:
3674:
3669:
3664:
3658:
3656:
3650:
3649:
3647:
3646:
3641:
3640:
3639:
3632:Transit method
3629:
3628:
3627:
3617:
3616:
3615:
3605:
3600:
3599:
3598:
3588:
3587:
3586:
3579:Direct imaging
3576:
3570:
3568:
3562:
3561:
3559:
3558:
3553:
3548:
3543:
3538:
3533:
3528:
3523:
3518:
3513:
3508:
3503:
3498:
3493:
3488:
3483:
3477:
3475:
3469:
3468:
3466:
3465:
3464:
3463:
3458:
3453:
3448:
3440:
3435:
3434:
3433:
3423:
3422:
3421:
3410:
3408:
3402:
3401:
3399:
3398:
3396:Star formation
3393:
3391:Scattered disc
3388:
3383:
3378:
3373:
3368:
3363:
3358:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3328:
3323:
3318:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3293:
3288:
3283:
3278:
3273:
3268:
3263:
3258:
3253:
3248:
3243:
3241:Excretion disk
3238:
3233:
3228:
3223:
3218:
3213:
3208:
3203:
3198:
3196:Accretion disk
3193:
3187:
3185:
3175:
3174:
3171:
3170:
3168:
3167:
3162:
3157:
3152:
3147:
3142:
3137:
3132:
3127:
3122:
3117:
3112:
3107:
3105:Eyeball planet
3102:
3097:
3092:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3067:
3061:
3059:
3055:
3054:
3052:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2995:
2989:
2987:
2981:
2980:
2978:
2977:
2972:
2967:
2962:
2957:
2952:
2946:
2941:
2936:
2931:
2926:
2921:
2915:
2913:
2904:
2894:
2893:
2886:
2884:
2882:
2881:
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2855:
2853:
2849:
2848:
2846:
2845:
2840:
2839:
2838:
2837:
2836:
2820:
2817:
2816:
2811:
2810:
2803:
2796:
2788:
2782:
2781:
2767:
2746:
2745:External links
2743:
2740:
2739:
2726:10.1086/381732
2702:(1): L79–L82.
2682:
2623:
2586:(2): 595–610.
2563:
2498:
2439:
2414:
2377:(1): 195–236.
2358:
2323:
2310:10.1086/379102
2270:
2249:
2236:10.1086/306917
2222:(1): 344–367.
2206:
2185:(2): 485–491.
2165:
2152:10.1086/591119
2112:
2099:10.1086/520698
2075:(1): 308–328.
2059:
2006:
1981:
1956:
1931:
1924:
1918:. p. 25.
1902:
1877:
1853:
1832:10.1086/311058
1808:(1): L43–L46.
1792:
1771:(1): 357–361.
1751:
1714:
1708:10.1086/181711
1673:
1636:(1): 517–560.
1609:
1604:10.1086/177245
1574:
1518:
1468:
1447:
1441:10.1086/305277
1426:(1): 385–400.
1398:
1372:
1371:
1369:
1366:
1364:
1363:
1353:
1347:
1345:Peter Pan disk
1342:
1337:
1332:
1327:
1322:
1317:
1315:Accretion disk
1312:
1307:
1301:
1299:
1296:
1252:AU Microscopii
1214:
1213:Direct imaging
1211:
1192:
1169:
1166:
1161:
1154:
1145:
1138:
1135:
1131:
1126:
1123:
1120:
1117:
1114:
1108:
1105:
1093:is expressed:
1082:
1059:
1056:
1029:
1009:
989:
968:
962:
958:
954:
950:
946:
943:
937:
934:
930:
923:
919:
915:
911:
906:
899:
896:
892:
885:
882:
877:
871:
868:
863:
860:
837:
731:
728:
727:
726:
723:dust lifetimes
716:
713:
670:
667:
666:
665:
659:
652:Zodiacal cloud
649:
628:
625:
595:
592:
577:
573:
550:
546:
532:
529:
510:
506:
502:
499:
477:
473:
456:
453:
439:
436:
433:
410:
406:
383:
379:
366:
363:
361:
358:
357:
356:
342:
338:
315:
311:
295:
275:
271:
239:
236:
235:
234:
224:
221:Scattered disc
218:
212:
187:
184:
125:Main article:
103:
100:
60:accretion disk
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
4196:
4185:
4182:
4180:
4177:
4175:
4172:
4171:
4169:
4159:
4149:
4147:
4137:
4135:
4125:
4123:
4118:
4113:
4111:
4101:
4100:
4097:
4084:
4081:
4079:
4076:
4075:
4072:
4066:
4063:
4061:
4058:
4056:
4053:
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4048:
4046:
4043:
4041:
4038:
4036:
4033:
4031:
4028:
4026:
4023:
4021:
4018:
4016:
4013:
4011:
4008:
4007:
4005:
4001:
3993:
3990:
3988:
3985:
3983:
3980:
3978:
3975:
3973:
3970:
3968:
3965:
3963:
3960:
3958:
3955:
3953:
3950:
3948:
3945:
3943:
3940:
3938:
3935:
3933:
3930:
3928:
3925:
3923:
3920:
3918:
3915:
3913:
3910:
3909:
3907:
3906:
3901:
3898:
3896:
3893:
3891:
3888:
3884:
3881:
3879:
3876:
3874:
3871:
3869:
3866:
3865:
3864:
3861:
3859:
3856:
3854:
3851:
3849:
3846:
3844:
3841:
3839:
3836:
3834:
3831:
3829:
3826:
3825:
3824:
3821:
3820:
3815:
3812:
3810:
3807:
3805:
3802:
3801:
3799:
3798:
3796:
3794:
3790:
3784:
3781:
3779:
3776:
3774:
3771:
3769:
3766:
3764:
3761:
3759:
3756:
3755:
3753:
3749:
3743:
3740:
3738:
3735:
3733:
3730:
3728:
3725:
3723:
3720:
3718:
3715:
3713:
3710:
3708:
3705:
3703:
3700:
3698:
3695:
3693:
3690:
3688:
3685:
3683:
3680:
3678:
3675:
3673:
3670:
3668:
3665:
3663:
3660:
3659:
3657:
3655:
3651:
3645:
3642:
3638:
3635:
3634:
3633:
3630:
3626:
3623:
3622:
3621:
3618:
3614:
3611:
3610:
3609:
3606:
3604:
3601:
3597:
3594:
3593:
3592:
3589:
3585:
3582:
3581:
3580:
3577:
3575:
3572:
3571:
3569:
3567:
3563:
3557:
3556:Yellow giants
3554:
3552:
3549:
3547:
3544:
3542:
3539:
3537:
3534:
3532:
3529:
3527:
3524:
3522:
3519:
3517:
3514:
3512:
3509:
3507:
3504:
3502:
3499:
3497:
3494:
3492:
3489:
3487:
3484:
3482:
3479:
3478:
3476:
3474:
3470:
3462:
3459:
3457:
3454:
3452:
3449:
3447:
3444:
3443:
3441:
3439:
3436:
3432:
3429:
3428:
3427:
3424:
3420:
3417:
3416:
3415:
3412:
3411:
3409:
3407:
3403:
3397:
3394:
3392:
3389:
3387:
3384:
3382:
3379:
3377:
3374:
3372:
3369:
3367:
3364:
3362:
3359:
3357:
3354:
3352:
3349:
3347:
3344:
3342:
3339:
3337:
3334:
3332:
3329:
3327:
3326:Merging stars
3324:
3322:
3319:
3317:
3314:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3292:
3289:
3287:
3284:
3282:
3279:
3277:
3274:
3272:
3269:
3267:
3264:
3262:
3259:
3257:
3254:
3252:
3249:
3247:
3244:
3242:
3239:
3237:
3234:
3232:
3229:
3227:
3224:
3222:
3219:
3217:
3214:
3212:
3209:
3207:
3204:
3202:
3201:Asteroid belt
3199:
3197:
3194:
3192:
3189:
3188:
3186:
3184:
3176:
3166:
3163:
3161:
3158:
3156:
3153:
3151:
3148:
3146:
3143:
3141:
3140:Pulsar planet
3138:
3136:
3133:
3131:
3128:
3126:
3123:
3121:
3118:
3116:
3113:
3111:
3108:
3106:
3103:
3101:
3098:
3096:
3095:Double planet
3093:
3091:
3088:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3066:
3063:
3062:
3060:
3056:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3034:Super-Neptune
3032:
3030:
3029:Super-Jupiter
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3005:
3004:Helium planet
3002:
2999:
2996:
2994:
2991:
2990:
2988:
2986:
2982:
2976:
2973:
2971:
2968:
2966:
2963:
2961:
2958:
2956:
2953:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2939:Hycean planet
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2929:Desert planet
2927:
2925:
2922:
2920:
2919:Carbon planet
2917:
2916:
2914:
2912:
2908:
2905:
2903:
2895:
2890:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2856:
2854:
2850:
2844:
2841:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2830:
2827:
2826:
2825:
2822:
2821:
2818:
2809:
2804:
2802:
2797:
2795:
2790:
2789:
2786:
2779:
2775:
2771:
2768:
2758:
2754:
2749:
2748:
2735:
2731:
2727:
2723:
2719:
2715:
2710:
2705:
2701:
2697:
2693:
2686:
2678:
2674:
2669:
2664:
2660:
2656:
2651:
2646:
2642:
2638:
2634:
2627:
2619:
2615:
2611:
2607:
2603:
2599:
2594:
2589:
2585:
2581:
2577:
2570:
2568:
2559:
2555:
2551:
2547:
2543:
2539:
2535:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2517:
2513:
2509:
2502:
2494:
2490:
2485:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2467:
2462:
2458:
2454:
2450:
2443:
2429:
2425:
2418:
2410:
2406:
2402:
2398:
2394:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2376:
2372:
2365:
2363:
2354:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2334:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2311:
2307:
2303:
2299:
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2289:
2285:
2281:
2274:
2265:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2229:
2225:
2221:
2217:
2210:
2201:
2196:
2192:
2188:
2184:
2180:
2176:
2169:
2161:
2157:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2127:
2123:
2116:
2108:
2104:
2100:
2096:
2092:
2088:
2083:
2078:
2074:
2070:
2063:
2055:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2030:
2025:
2021:
2017:
2010:
1996:
1992:
1985:
1967:
1960:
1945:
1941:
1935:
1927:
1925:0-521-86015-6
1921:
1917:
1913:
1906:
1891:
1887:
1881:
1867:
1863:
1857:
1849:
1845:
1841:
1837:
1833:
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1816:
1811:
1807:
1803:
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1523:
1513:
1508:
1504:
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1473:
1457:
1451:
1442:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1421:
1417:
1413:
1409:
1406:Hartmann, L;
1402:
1387:
1383:
1377:
1373:
1361:
1357:
1354:
1351:
1348:
1346:
1343:
1341:
1338:
1336:
1333:
1331:
1328:
1326:
1323:
1321:
1318:
1316:
1313:
1311:
1308:
1306:
1303:
1302:
1295:
1293:
1289:
1285:
1281:
1277:
1273:
1269:
1265:
1261:
1257:
1253:
1249:
1248:Beta Pictoris
1245:
1241:
1237:
1227:
1219:
1210:
1190:
1167:
1164:
1159:
1152:
1143:
1136:
1133:
1129:
1121:
1118:
1115:
1112:
1106:
1103:
1080:
1057:
1054:
1041:
1027:
1007:
987:
966:
960:
956:
952:
948:
941:
935:
921:
917:
913:
909:
904:
897:
883:
880:
875:
869:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
806:
802:
798:
794:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
770:
766:
762:
758:
752:
745:
741:
736:
724:
720:
717:
714:
711:
708:
707:
706:
699:
695:
693:
689:
688:planetesimals
680:
675:
663:
660:
657:
653:
650:
646:
643:
642:
638:
633:
624:
621:
616:
612:
609:
604:
602:
591:
575:
571:
548:
544:
528:
526:
508:
504:
500:
497:
475:
471:
462:
452:
437:
434:
431:
408:
404:
381:
377:
340:
336:
313:
309:
300:
296:
293:
288:
287:binary system
284:
283:binary system
279:
276:
272:
269:
265:
264:
263:
261:
260:binary system
253:
249:
244:
238:Binary system
232:
228:
225:
222:
219:
216:
213:
210:
206:
205:asteroid belt
202:
201:
197:
192:
183:
181:
180:planetesimals
177:
170:
165:
161:
159:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
128:
120:
99:
97:
93:
89:
85:
81:
77:
76:planetesimals
73:
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
41:
37:
32:
19:
4158:Solar System
3900:Proper names
3677:Earth analog
3662:Astrobiology
3654:Habitability
3591:Microlensing
3551:White dwarfs
3521:M/Red dwarfs
3511:Herbig Ae/Be
3496:Brown dwarfs
3438:Rogue planet
3419:Interstellar
3361:Planetesimal
3210:
3130:Planetesimal
3110:Giant planet
3100:Ecumenopolis
2998:Mini-Neptune
2934:Dwarf planet
2760:. Retrieved
2699:
2695:
2685:
2640:
2636:
2626:
2583:
2579:
2515:
2511:
2501:
2456:
2452:
2442:
2431:. Retrieved
2427:
2417:
2374:
2370:
2336:
2332:
2326:
2283:
2279:
2273:
2252:
2219:
2215:
2209:
2182:
2178:
2168:
2125:
2121:
2115:
2072:
2068:
2062:
2019:
2015:
2009:
1998:. Retrieved
1994:
1984:
1972:. Retrieved
1959:
1947:. Retrieved
1943:
1934:
1911:
1905:
1893:. Retrieved
1889:
1880:
1869:. Retrieved
1865:
1856:
1805:
1801:
1795:
1768:
1764:
1754:
1727:
1723:
1717:
1690:
1686:
1676:
1633:
1629:
1587:
1583:
1577:
1540:
1536:
1497:(1): 33–48.
1494:
1490:
1459:. Retrieved
1450:
1423:
1419:
1412:D’Alessio, P
1401:
1389:. Retrieved
1385:
1376:
1360:planetesimal
1350:Tabby's Star
1232:
1042:
827:
810:
809:
796:
795:
778:
777:
773:
769:stellar wind
753:
749:
719:Debris discs
704:
692:Solar System
684:
645:Debris discs
617:
613:
605:
597:
534:
458:
368:
278:Circumbinary
257:
209:Solar System
176:T Tauri star
173:
130:
96:white dwarfs
92:planetesimal
66:composed of
51:
47:
45:
4146:Outer space
4134:Spaceflight
3912:before 2000
3828:Discoveries
3603:Polarimetry
3491:Binary star
3381:Rubble pile
3376:Ring system
3346:Outer space
3316:Kuiper belt
3271:Hills cloud
3226:Debris disk
3221:Cosmic dust
3150:Sub-Neptune
3135:Protoplanet
3070:Brown dwarf
3058:Other types
3014:Hot Neptune
3009:Hot Jupiter
3000:(Gas dwarf)
2975:Super-Earth
2960:Ocean world
2955:Lava planet
2949:Iron planet
2911:Terrestrial
2852:Main topics
2428:www.eso.org
2339:: 339–383.
1944:www.eso.org
1895:26 December
1890:www.eso.org
1693:: L65–L67.
1590:: 326–335.
1461:21 December
1356:WD 1145+017
1330:Exoasteroid
1292:shadow play
1236:coronagraph
227:Hills cloud
4168:Categories
3823:Exoplanets
3804:Host stars
3751:Catalogues
3574:Astrometry
3536:Subdwarf B
3473:Host stars
3446:Retrograde
3341:Oort cloud
3179:Formation
3115:Mesoplanet
3039:Super-puff
2965:Mega-Earth
2944:Ice planet
2829:Definition
2814:Exoplanets
2774:Paul Kalas
2762:2007-07-17
2650:2006.05965
2643:(2): 169.
2525:1907.02538
2466:1803.10882
2433:2024-03-13
2000:2023-05-08
1974:2 February
1949:4 February
1871:2020-03-21
1643:2211.00028
1543:(2): 288.
1368:References
1260:AB Aurigae
819:wavelength
805:wavelength
248:AK Scorpii
231:Oort cloud
196:young star
119:SAO 206462
102:Young star
4110:Astronomy
3917:2000–2009
3883:1501–2000
3878:1001–1500
3566:Detection
3531:Red giant
3191:Accretion
3183:evolution
3024:Ice giant
3019:Gas giant
2970:Sub-Earth
2859:Exoplanet
2734:0004-637X
2677:0004-637X
2618:0004-6361
2558:195820690
2550:2397-3366
2493:0004-637X
2459:(1): 44.
2384:1011.1496
2244:121394271
2135:0807.3982
2082:0706.0563
2029:0906.5011
1668:0066-4146
1408:Calvet, N
1335:Exoplanet
1165:−
1137:−
1125:Σ
1122:ν
1119:π
1107:˙
1081:ν
1058:˙
1008:ν
945:Σ
942:ν
933:∂
929:∂
895:∂
891:∂
867:∂
862:Σ
859:∂
836:Σ
791:accretion
740:Fomalhaut
738:Image of
637:HD 163296
498:∼
268:accretion
141:protostar
117:The star
86:around a
80:asteroids
40:HD 191089
36:HD 141943
3873:501–1000
3853:Heaviest
3833:Extremes
3541:Subgiant
3414:Exocomet
2757:NASA JPL
2409:55900935
2160:17412712
2107:14805330
2054:16660243
2022:: 3–10.
1848:16725007
1730:: 1031.
1414:(1998).
1391:29 April
1298:See also
1280:velocity
648:planets.
292:GG Tauri
158:hydrogen
4179:Nebulae
4096:Portals
3848:Largest
3843:Nearest
3546:T Tauri
3442:Orbits
3426:Exomoon
3406:Systems
3120:Planemo
2985:Gaseous
2714:Bibcode
2655:Bibcode
2598:Bibcode
2530:Bibcode
2471:Bibcode
2389:Bibcode
2341:Bibcode
2298:Bibcode
2224:Bibcode
2187:Bibcode
2140:Bibcode
2087:Bibcode
2034:Bibcode
1820:Bibcode
1773:Bibcode
1742:Bibcode
1695:Bibcode
1648:Bibcode
1592:Bibcode
1555:Bibcode
1499:Bibcode
1428:Bibcode
1256:IM Lupi
169:proplyd
54:) is a
3863:Kepler
3838:Firsts
3737:Tholin
3608:Timing
3526:Pulsar
3451:Trojan
3065:Blanet
2824:Planet
2772:(from
2732:
2675:
2616:
2556:
2548:
2491:
2407:
2318:478399
2316:
2242:
2158:
2105:
2052:
1922:
1846:
1666:
1288:ASR 41
1268:SPHERE
1182:where
980:where
679:AS 209
669:Stages
64:matter
4122:Stars
4003:Other
3868:1–500
3793:Lists
2902:types
2897:Sizes
2704:arXiv
2645:arXiv
2588:arXiv
2554:S2CID
2520:arXiv
2461:arXiv
2405:S2CID
2379:arXiv
2314:S2CID
2288:arXiv
2259:arXiv
2240:S2CID
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