469:
hosts. The bacteria infect new plants through stomata and wounds. Pruning or hedging can cut open mesophyll tissues, creating wounds through which the plant may be directly infected. The rain can also cause water congestion on the leaf surface, form columns of water through the stomata and promote infection through natural openings. Infections can form on fruit, foliage and young stem. Leaves and stems are most susceptible to infection within the first six weeks of initial growth. Infection of fruit is most likely to occur during the 90 day period after petal fall during fruit formation. The varied size of lesions on citrus fruit is because of the multiple cycle of infections and can reflect different-aged lesions on the same fruit.
851:, the largest sweet orange production area in the world. Over 100,000 groves are in São Paulo, and the area planted with citrus is increasing. Of the estimated 2 million trees, greater than 80% are a single variety of orange, and the remainder is made up of tangerine and lemon trees. Because of the uniformity in citrus variety, the state has been adversely affected by canker, causing crop and monetary losses. In Brazil, rather than destroying entire groves to eradicate the disease, contaminated trees and trees within a 30-m radius are destroyed; by 1998, over half a million trees had been destroyed.
146:
402:) can be sites for infection to occur. Within a controlled laboratory setting, symptoms can appear in 14 days following inoculation into a susceptible host. In the field environment, the time for symptoms to appear and be clearly discernible from other foliar diseases varies; it may be on the order of several months after infection. Lower temperatures increase the latency of the disease. Citrus canker bacteria can stay viable in old lesions and other plant surfaces for several months.
29:
886:, 315 miles (500 km) away. In January 2000, the Florida Department of Agriculture adopted a policy of removing all infected trees and all citrus trees within a 1900-ft radius of an infected tree in both residential areas and commercial groves. Previous to this eradication policy, the department eradicated all citrus trees within 125 ft of an infected one. The program ended in January 2006 following a statement from the USDA that eradication was not feasible.
406:
2914:
2902:
875:. It took more than 20 years to eradicate that outbreak of citrus canker, from 1913 through 1931, $ 2.5 million in state and private funds were spent to control it—a sum equivalent to $ 28 million in 2000 dollars. In 26 counties, some 257,745 grove trees and 3,093,110 nursery trees were destroyed by burning. Citrus canker was detected again on the Gulf Coast of Florida in 1986 and declared eradicated in 1994.
2926:
707:(IPM) is utilized. The most notable feature of this management program is the transposition of susceptible citrus plants to field resistant citrus cultivars. Apart from using resistant cultivars in fields, there are several measures that are taken to control citrus canker from causing failed crop. The measures can be divided into three major categories: exclusion, eradication and sanitation.
797:. Some areas of the world have eradicated citrus canker and others have ongoing eradication programs, but the disease remains endemic in most areas where it has appeared. Because of its rapid spread, high potential for damage, and impact on export sales and domestic trade, citrus canker is a significant threat to all citrus-growing regions.
760:
can be transmitted by mechanical means such as humans and machinery. As a sanitation measure, the workers in citrus orchards are required to do thorough decontamination of personnel and equipment to prevent the spread of bacteria from the infected areas. Aerosol inoculum is able to cause infection in
494:
The disease can be detected in groves and on fruit by the appearance of lesions. Early detection is critical in quarantine situations. Bacteria can be tested for pathogenicity by inoculating multiple citrus species with them. Additional diagnostic tests (antibody detection), fatty-acid profiling, and
468:
overseason in an infected area which appears as a canker lesion on leaf or stem. Canker lesions start out as pinpoint spots 2 to 10 millimeters in diameter. The bacteria ooze out of the lesions when there is free moisture. During rainy weather, wind-blown rain carries the inoculum to new susceptible
731:
for exclusion of canker from orchard is also mandatory. Because the bacteria can be introduced from countries with endemic canker or canker outbreaks, strict restrictions on citrus importation are implemented in citrus-growing countries. Citrus trees will only be grown on canker-free fields at least
485:
declines after the first event of wind-blown rain dispersal. Apart from that, the bacteria also favor warm weather. The cases of citrus canker are more acute in areas that receive high rainfall and have high mean temperature, such as
Florida. Often, cankers emerge briskly during fall, slowly during
386:
or ring effect around the lesion. Older lesions have a corky appearance, still in many cases retaining the halo effect. The bacterium propagates in lesions in leaves, stems, and fruit. The lesions ooze bacterial cells that, when dispersed by windblown rain, can spread to other plants in the area.
744:
Once citrus canker is introduced into a field, removal of the infected trees is enacted to halt further spread of the bacteria. For instance, in
Florida between 2000 and 2006, all citrus trees within 1,900 feet (580 m) of infected trees were required to be eradicated. In the process, the
111:
of citrus trees, including lime, oranges, and grapefruit. While not harmful to humans, canker significantly affects the vitality of citrus trees, causing leaves and fruit to drop prematurely; a fruit infected with canker is safe to eat, but too unsightly to be sold. Citrus canker is mainly a
1110:
Rigano, Luciano; Siciliano, Florencia; Enrique, Ramón; Sendín, Lorena; Filippone, Paula; Torres, Pablo; Qüesta, Julia; Marano, Maria Rosa (2007). "Biofilm formation, epiphytic fitness, and canker development in
Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri".
523:
Not all species and varieties of citrus have been tested for citrus canker. Most of the common species and varieties of citrus are susceptible to it. Some species are more susceptible than others, while a few species are resistant to infection.
882:, on September 28, 1995, by Louis Willio Francillon, a Florida Department of Agriculture agronomist. Despite eradication attempts, by late 2005, the disease had been detected in many places distant from the original discovery, for example, in
805:
The citrus industry is the largest fresh-fruit exporting industry in
Australia. Australia has had four outbreaks of citrus canker, all of which have been successfully eradicated. The disease was found twice during the 1900s in the
391:. The disease can also be spread by contaminated equipment, and by transport of infected or apparently healthy plants. Due to latency of the disease, a plant may appear to be healthy, but actually be infected.
761:
wetted foliage in the zone of bacterial dispersal. Vehicles can also become contaminated by contacting the wet foliage. Contaminated equipment and machines can be disinfected by spraying bactericide.
745:
infected trees are uprooted and burned, as the bacteria can survive on the lesions of woody branches for years. In urban areas, the trees are cut down and chipped, then disposed of in landfills.
2887:
824:
to be destroyed rather than trying to isolate infected trees. Eradication was successful, with permission to replant being granted to farmers by the biosecurity unit of the
398:
or through wounds on leaves or other green parts. In most cases, younger leaves are considered to be the most susceptible. Also, damage caused by citrus leaf miner larvae (
1386:
3086:
1061:"Identification of putative TAL effector targets of the citrus canker pathogens shows functional convergence underlying disease development and defense response"
2494:
2489:
382:
Plants infected with citrus canker have characteristic lesions on leaves, stems, and fruit with raised, brown, water-soaked margins, usually with a yellow
715:
Citrus trees or fruits from outside of the country are inspected to ensure they are bacteria-free trees. Under the management program, the production of
2882:
3060:
958:
112:
leaf-spotting and rind-blemishing disease, but when conditions are highly favorable, it can cause defoliation, shoot dieback, and fruit drop.
3099:
119:, is extremely persistent when it becomes established in an area. Citrus groves have been destroyed in attempts to eradicate the disease.
1452:
847:
Citrus is an important domestic and export crop for Brazil. Citrus agriculture is the second-most important agricultural activity in the
825:
1370:
699:
Quarantine measures are implemented in areas where citrus canker is not endemic or has been obliterated to prevent the introduction of
732:
one year after effective eradication. Planting sites are also chosen to minimize favorable environmental conditions for the spread of
1059:
Pereira, Andre; Carazzolle, Marcelo; Abe, Valeria; Oliveira, Maria; Domingues, Mariane; Silva, Jacqueline; Benedetti, Celso (2014).
3034:
1253:
Bock, Clive H; Parker, P.E; Gottwald, Tim R (2005). "Effect of simulated wind-driven rain on duration and distance of dispersal of
736:. For example, areas with strong wind are avoided to decrease the dispersal of bacterial inoculum to the susceptible citrus trees.
1402:
3073:
814:. The state and federal governments ordered all commercial groves, all non-commercial citrus trees, and all native lime trees (
934:
438:
3078:
1001:
3150:
1444:
1298:
445:. The effector interacts with host machinery to induce transcription for genes that regulate plant hormones such as
2986:
1499:
3104:
316:, caused by a group of strains originally found in Asia, is the most widespread and severe form of the disease.
1036:
769:
Citrus canker is thought to have originated in the area of
Southeast Asia-India. It is now also present in
425:
for attachment on the host. The biofilm is the result of the production of extracellular polysaccharides (
895:
442:
145:
2918:
2804:
1295:
972:
Dewdney, Megan M.; Burrow, Jamie D.; Graham, James H.; Spann, Timothy M; Atwood, Ryan A. (March 2016).
879:
864:
704:
3114:
2809:
1931:
1310:
496:
383:
3155:
2549:
1736:
2930:
2794:
2774:
2731:
2703:
1721:
1417:
3065:
2948:
2769:
2746:
1976:
1956:
2121:
1951:
867:, more than 400 mi (600 km) away. Beyond Florida, the disease was discovered in the
481:. The bacteria are said to be readily dispersed by splashed rain and wind and the quantity of
2867:
2799:
2721:
2106:
499:
can be conducted to confirm diagnosis and may help to identify the particular canker strain.
230:
1367:
973:
3127:
3021:
2523:
1492:
883:
860:
2597:
1609:
848:
8:
2831:
2814:
2673:
2460:
1726:
821:
177:
2872:
2736:
2534:
2435:
2299:
2245:
2217:
2056:
1926:
1631:
1570:
1399:
1346:
1087:
1060:
952:
832:
811:
807:
256:
140:
3091:
3122:
3008:
2852:
2837:
2711:
2693:
2571:
2566:
2450:
2116:
1941:
1911:
1741:
1731:
1535:
1278:
1235:
1128:
1092:
940:
930:
836:
589:
2784:
1429:
1350:
3013:
2842:
2726:
2607:
2518:
2476:
2465:
2455:
2440:
2304:
2212:
2066:
1796:
1336:
1270:
1225:
1194:
1162:
1120:
1082:
1072:
1043:
868:
624:
197:
1891:
1008:. Australian Government; Dept of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forest. 12 August 2021
2906:
2862:
2847:
2779:
2648:
2587:
2528:
2388:
2335:
2319:
2309:
2235:
2227:
2202:
2189:
2179:
2174:
2164:
2159:
2154:
2101:
2006:
1996:
1936:
1906:
1876:
1866:
1816:
1786:
1746:
1686:
1646:
1550:
1525:
1485:
1406:
1374:
790:
774:
644:
618:
187:
1458:
1341:
1324:
1166:
1047:
831:
Citrus canker was detected again in April 2018 and confirmed in May 2018 in the
122:
Countries like Brazil and the United States also suffer from canker outbreaks.
2971:
2764:
2602:
2445:
2314:
2294:
2240:
2111:
2076:
1986:
1896:
1886:
1846:
1841:
1831:
1771:
1604:
1560:
1230:
1213:
1198:
900:
872:
778:
500:
167:
116:
3144:
2413:
2197:
2149:
2036:
2016:
1946:
1821:
1776:
1656:
1581:
1555:
1313:, Frederick Wolf, Journal of Agricultural Research, 1916-10, Volume 6, p. 68.
1077:
944:
816:
728:
437:
prior to the development of citrus canker. In addition, the bacteria secrete
332:
289:
1124:
859:
Citrus canker was first found in the United States in 1910 not far from the
2789:
2741:
2627:
2622:
2505:
2359:
2349:
2169:
1981:
1791:
1706:
1666:
1599:
1282:
1239:
1132:
1096:
810:
and was eradicated each time. In 2004, an unexplained outbreak occurred in
358:
28:
1301:, Clara Hasse, Journal of Agricultural Research, 1915-10, Volume 4, p. 97.
1147:
924:
3047:
2980:
2857:
2653:
2364:
2332:
2207:
2096:
2071:
2051:
2021:
1921:
1871:
1856:
1641:
1540:
782:
561:
446:
405:
247:
207:
99:
1681:
1299:
PSEUDOMONAS CITRI, THE CAUSE OF CITRUS CANKER (archive.org text version)
3039:
3000:
2678:
1766:
1761:
1701:
1671:
1661:
1589:
1464:
1323:
Gottwald, Tim R.; Graham, James H.; Schubert, Timothy S. (2017-08-08).
1296:
PSEUDOMONAS CITRI, THE CAUSE OF CITRUS CANKER (archive.org book reader)
1274:
1214:"Meeting the challenge of eradicating citrus canker in Florida - again"
786:
659:
541:
3052:
1961:
1428:
Florida
Department of Agriculture and Consumer Services Press Release
300:. A number of types of citrus canker diseases are caused by different
2344:
2126:
2086:
2046:
1971:
1811:
1696:
1651:
923:
Timmer, L. W.; Garnsey, Stephen
Michael; Graham, J. H., eds. (2000).
601:
388:
297:
69:
2942:
2592:
2965:
2877:
2683:
2663:
2658:
2632:
2612:
2374:
2354:
2268:
2263:
2031:
1966:
1916:
1836:
1691:
1636:
1623:
553:
508:
370:
328:
301:
157:
327:
strains originally found in South
America is a disease of lemons,
2995:
2688:
2617:
2369:
2278:
2255:
2081:
2061:
2026:
1901:
1751:
1716:
1676:
1545:
1517:
1368:
USDA Secretary Deputy Chuck Conner's Memo to
Commissioner Bronson
974:"PP323 Dooryard Citrus Production: Asiatic Citrus Canker Disease"
863:– Florida border. Subsequently, canker was discovered in 1912 in
794:
667:
609:
426:
422:
395:
3026:
2668:
2141:
2091:
2041:
2011:
2001:
1991:
1881:
1861:
1851:
1826:
1806:
1801:
1781:
1756:
1711:
1565:
1530:
1508:
636:
605:
515:
played a major part in saving citrus crops in multiple states.
504:
429:). The biofilm ensures the virulence and epiphytic survival of
336:
293:
93:
2888:
University of
California, Riverside Citrus Variety Collection
1594:
1430:
2006 - USDA Determines Citrus Canker Eradication Not Feasible
1316:
770:
569:
450:
366:
108:
1455:. Lists general information and resources for Citrus Canker.
1109:
1058:
878:
The most recent outbreak of citrus canker was discovered in
684:(2002). Citrus canker: The pathogen and its impact. Online.
2131:
526:
362:
354:
1189:
Gottwald, Tim R; Graham, James H (2000). "Citrus canker".
703:
On the other hand, in regions where citrus canker occurs,
1477:
1418:
Citrus Canker Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service
971:
477:
Wind-driven rain plays a major role in the dispersal of
1387:"New citrus canker biosecurity regulation now in force"
1035:
Gottwald, T.R, Graham, J.H. and Schubert, J.S. (2002).
107:). Infection causes lesions on the leaves, stems, and
1322:
472:
115:
The disease, which is believed to have originated in
64:
citrus trees, including lime, oranges and grapefruit
922:
764:
394:Citrus canker bacteria can enter through a plant's
292:bacterium with polar flagella. The bacterium has a
2883:University of California Citrus Experiment Station
1459:Electronic Data Information Source - Citrus Canker
1252:
3142:
1451:, National Invasive Species Information Center,
588:) including Tahiti lime, Palestine sweet lime;
486:winter and most rapidly in mid to late spring.
1400:Xanthomonas axonopodis pv citri GENOME PROJECT
1188:
511:parasite. Her research published in the 1915
439:transcriptional activator-like (TAL) effectors
1493:
981:Plant Pathology Department, UF/IFAS Extension
1362:
1360:
1325:"Citrus Canker: The Pathogen and Its Impact"
1453:United States National Agricultural Library
826:Queensland Department of Primary Industries
342:Cancrosis C, also caused by strains within
1500:
1486:
1184:
1182:
1180:
1178:
1176:
1037:Citrus canker: The pathogen and its impact
1031:
1029:
1027:
1025:
1023:
957:: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (
350:, only infects key lime and bitter orange.
27:
1357:
1340:
1229:
1086:
1076:
503:determined that citrus canker was not of
1366:United States Department of Agriculture
1211:
404:
1473:- the Bacterial Diversity Metadatabase
1393:
1173:
1020:
793:, some countries in South America, and
308:The Asiatic type of canker (canker A),
3143:
1526:Australian and Papuan wild limes group
1461:, University of Florida IFAS Extension
1212:Schubert, Tim S.; et al. (2001).
2947:
2946:
1481:
1422:
1411:
3115:27fb6198-ae33-4ec0-9370-184f21a47c9b
2925:
1113:Molecular Plant-Microbe Interactions
918:
916:
1261:from canker-infected citrus tree".
1145:
13:
473:Favorable environmental conditions
319:Cancrosis B, caused by a group of
14:
3167:
1438:
913:
518:
2924:
2913:
2912:
2901:
2900:
1445:Species Profile- Citrus Canker (
929:(2nd ed.). St. Paul, Minn.
854:
765:Distribution and economic impact
513:Journal of Agricultural Research
456:
413:
387:Infection may spread further by
144:
97:species caused by the bacterium
1379:
1304:
1289:
1246:
1155:Journal of Applied Horticulture
528:
304:and variants of the bacterium:
1205:
1139:
1103:
1052:
994:
965:
739:
680:Modified from: Gottwald, T.R.
409:Citrus canker lesions on fruit
1:
2165:Fingered citron/Buddha's hand
926:Compendium of citrus diseases
906:
748:
694:
421:has the capability to form a
2603:Dried lime tea (noomi basra)
871:and reached as far north as
800:
710:
489:
377:
82:Brazil and the United States
7:
1342:10.1094/php-2002-0812-01-rv
1191:The Plant Health Instructor
1167:10.37855/jah.2003.v05i01.15
1048:10.1094/PHP-2002-0812-01-RV
896:Bacterial blight of cassava
889:
507:origin but was caused by a
105:X.axonopodis; X. campestris
10:
3172:
1507:
1231:10.1094/pdis.2001.85.4.340
1199:10.1094/PHI-I-2000-1002-01
1148:"Citrus canker - A review"
1146:Das, A.K. (January 2003).
880:Miami-Dade County, Florida
705:Integrated Pest Management
353:A* strains, discovered in
125:
3151:Bacterial citrus diseases
2955:
2896:
2823:
2810:Johann Christoph Volkamer
2757:
2702:
2641:
2580:
2548:
2519:Orange-flowered oxanthera
2503:
2474:
2422:
2400:
2387:
2328:
2287:
2277:
2254:
2226:
2188:
2140:
1942:Myrtle-leaved orange tree
1932:Midknight Valencia Orange
1620:
1579:
1515:
842:
678:
616:hybrids); sweet oranges (
596:); citranges/citrumelos (
529:
497:polymerase chain reaction
495:genetic procedures using
443:type III secretion system
262:
255:
236:
229:
141:Scientific classification
139:
134:
78:
68:
60:
46:
38:
26:
21:
1078:10.1186/1471-2164-15-157
42:bacterial spot of citrus
2795:Walter Tennyson Swingle
2775:Lena B. Smithers Hughes
2466:Brown River finger lime
1125:10.1094/MPMI-20-10-1222
91:is a disease affecting
3092:xanthomonas-axonopodis
2987:Xanthomonas axonopodis
2957:Xanthomonas axonopodis
2770:Robert Willard Hodgson
2461:Australian finger lime
1977:Palestinian sweet lime
1957:New Zealand grapefruit
1467:Xanthomonas axonopodis
1447:Xanthomonas axonopodis
1255:Xanthomonas axonopodis
462:Xanthomonas axonopodis
419:Xanthomonas axonopodis
410:
400:Phyllocnistis citrella
286:Xanthomonas axonopodis
269:Xanthomonas campestris
240:Xanthomonas axonopodis
51:Xanthomonas axonopodis
2868:List of citrus fruits
2441:Australian round lime
2107:Variegated pink lemon
1329:Plant Health Progress
1041:Plant Health Progress
820:) in the vicinity of
686:Plant Health Progress
408:
2524:Large-leaf oxanthera
2436:New Guinea wild lime
296:length around 5 mega
16:Species of bacterium
2832:The Citrus Industry
2815:Herbert John Webber
2674:Orange flower water
2529:Wavy-leaf oxanthera
1727:Fairchild tangerine
622:); bitter oranges (
594:Poncirus trifoliata
538:Highly susceptible
178:Gammaproteobacteria
2873:Mother Orange Tree
2535:Oxanthera brevipes
2495:Clymenia polyandra
2490:Clymenia platypoda
2451:Maiden's wild lime
2446:Russell River lime
2198:Cleopatra mandarin
2057:Smith Red Valencia
1777:Indian wild orange
1405:2005-08-30 at the
1373:2006-09-25 at the
1275:10.1094/PD-89-0071
849:state of São Paulo
833:Northern Territory
812:central Queensland
808:Northern Territory
411:
265:Pseudomonas citrii
222:X. axonopodis
3138:
3137:
3123:Open Tree of Life
2949:Taxon identifiers
2940:
2939:
2853:Cold-hardy citrus
2838:Citrus production
2572:Trifoliate orange
2544:
2543:
2512:
2483:
2429:
2407:
2383:
2382:
2295:Hong Kong kumquat
2241:Mountain "citron"
2218:Willowleaf orange
1967:Orangelo/Chironja
1912:Melanesian papeda
1732:Florentine citron
1613:
1119:(20): 1222–1230.
936:978-0-89054-585-0
837:Western Australia
692:
691:
688:
664:X Citrofortunella
656:Highly resistant
590:trifoliate orange
283:
282:
277:Xanthomonas citri
86:
85:
39:Common names
33:Lesions on leaves
3163:
3131:
3130:
3118:
3117:
3108:
3107:
3095:
3094:
3082:
3081:
3069:
3068:
3056:
3055:
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3042:
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3029:
3017:
3016:
3004:
3003:
2991:
2990:
2989:
2976:
2975:
2974:
2944:
2943:
2928:
2927:
2916:
2915:
2904:
2903:
2843:Citrus rootstock
2800:Chōzaburō Tanaka
2758:Citrus botanists
2608:Grapefruit juice
2510:
2481:
2456:Mount White lime
2427:
2405:
2398:
2397:
2393:wild limes group
2329:Kumquat hybrids
2285:
2284:
2190:Mandarin oranges
2037:Satsuma mandarin
1797:Jamaican tangelo
1607:
1502:
1495:
1488:
1479:
1478:
1432:
1426:
1420:
1415:
1409:
1397:
1391:
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1383:
1377:
1364:
1355:
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1344:
1320:
1314:
1308:
1302:
1293:
1287:
1286:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1233:
1209:
1203:
1202:
1186:
1171:
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1152:
1143:
1137:
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1107:
1101:
1100:
1090:
1080:
1056:
1050:
1033:
1018:
1017:
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1013:
998:
992:
991:
989:
987:
978:
969:
963:
962:
956:
948:
920:
679:
558:C. aurantiifolia
527:
288:is a rod-shaped
242:
198:Xanthomonadaceae
149:
148:
132:
131:
31:
19:
18:
3171:
3170:
3166:
3165:
3164:
3162:
3161:
3160:
3156:Xanthomonadales
3141:
3140:
3139:
3134:
3126:
3121:
3113:
3111:
3103:
3098:
3090:
3085:
3077:
3072:
3064:
3059:
3051:
3046:
3038:
3033:
3025:
3020:
3012:
3007:
2999:
2994:
2985:
2984:
2979:
2970:
2969:
2964:
2951:
2941:
2936:
2892:
2863:Japanese citrus
2848:Citrus taxonomy
2819:
2805:Ikuro Takahashi
2780:David Mabberley
2753:
2698:
2649:Calcium citrate
2637:
2588:Calamansi juice
2576:
2554:
2552:
2540:
2511:(former genera)
2509:
2499:
2482:(former genera)
2480:
2470:
2428:(former genera)
2426:
2418:
2406:(former genera)
2404:
2392:
2390:
2379:
2336:Citrofortunella
2330:
2324:
2320:Malayan kumquat
2315:Jiangsu kumquat
2288:Kumquat species
2273:
2250:
2222:
2184:
2180:Yemenite citron
2175:Moroccan citron
2160:Diamante citron
2155:Corsican citron
2136:
2102:Valencia orange
1997:Ponderosa lemon
1867:Kobayashi mikan
1737:Forbidden fruit
1687:Cara cara navel
1647:Bergamot orange
1622:
1621:True and hybrid
1616:
1575:
1571:Ryukyu mandarin
1561:Mountain citron
1551:Mandarin orange
1511:
1506:
1465:Type strain of
1441:
1436:
1435:
1427:
1423:
1416:
1412:
1407:Wayback Machine
1398:
1394:
1389:. January 2013.
1385:
1384:
1380:
1375:Wayback Machine
1365:
1358:
1321:
1317:
1309:
1305:
1294:
1290:
1251:
1247:
1210:
1206:
1187:
1174:
1150:
1144:
1140:
1108:
1104:
1057:
1053:
1034:
1021:
1011:
1009:
1002:"Citrus canker"
1000:
999:
995:
985:
983:
976:
970:
966:
950:
949:
937:
921:
914:
909:
892:
857:
845:
828:in early 2009.
803:
791:Pacific Islands
767:
751:
742:
713:
697:
530:Susceptibility
521:
492:
475:
459:
416:
380:
275:
267:
251:
244:
238:
225:
188:Xanthomonadales
143:
128:
34:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3169:
3159:
3158:
3153:
3136:
3135:
3133:
3132:
3119:
3109:
3096:
3083:
3070:
3057:
3044:
3031:
3018:
3005:
2992:
2977:
2961:
2959:
2953:
2952:
2938:
2937:
2935:
2934:
2922:
2910:
2897:
2894:
2893:
2891:
2890:
2885:
2880:
2875:
2870:
2865:
2860:
2855:
2850:
2845:
2840:
2835:
2827:
2825:
2824:Related topics
2821:
2820:
2818:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2792:
2787:
2785:Clément Rodier
2782:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2765:Clara H. Hasse
2761:
2759:
2755:
2754:
2752:
2751:
2750:
2749:
2739:
2734:
2729:
2724:
2719:
2714:
2708:
2706:
2700:
2699:
2697:
2696:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2676:
2671:
2666:
2661:
2656:
2651:
2645:
2643:
2639:
2638:
2636:
2635:
2630:
2625:
2620:
2615:
2610:
2605:
2600:
2595:
2590:
2584:
2582:
2578:
2577:
2575:
2574:
2562:
2560:
2550:Related genera
2546:
2545:
2542:
2541:
2539:
2538:
2531:
2526:
2521:
2515:
2513:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2497:
2492:
2486:
2484:
2472:
2471:
2469:
2468:
2463:
2458:
2453:
2448:
2443:
2438:
2432:
2430:
2420:
2419:
2417:
2416:
2410:
2408:
2395:
2385:
2384:
2381:
2380:
2378:
2377:
2372:
2367:
2362:
2357:
2352:
2347:
2341:
2339:
2326:
2325:
2323:
2322:
2317:
2312:
2307:
2302:
2297:
2291:
2289:
2282:
2275:
2274:
2272:
2271:
2266:
2260:
2258:
2252:
2251:
2249:
2248:
2243:
2238:
2236:Celebes papeda
2232:
2230:
2224:
2223:
2221:
2220:
2215:
2210:
2205:
2200:
2194:
2192:
2186:
2185:
2183:
2182:
2177:
2172:
2167:
2162:
2157:
2152:
2146:
2144:
2138:
2137:
2135:
2134:
2129:
2124:
2122:Xã Đoài orange
2119:
2114:
2112:Volkamer lemon
2109:
2104:
2099:
2094:
2089:
2084:
2079:
2074:
2069:
2064:
2059:
2054:
2049:
2044:
2039:
2034:
2029:
2024:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2004:
1999:
1994:
1989:
1987:Pixie mandarin
1984:
1979:
1974:
1969:
1964:
1959:
1954:
1949:
1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1909:
1904:
1899:
1894:
1889:
1887:Lemonade fruit
1884:
1879:
1874:
1869:
1864:
1859:
1854:
1849:
1847:Kinkoji unshiu
1844:
1839:
1834:
1832:Kawachi bankan
1829:
1824:
1819:
1814:
1809:
1804:
1799:
1794:
1789:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1772:Imperial lemon
1769:
1764:
1759:
1754:
1749:
1744:
1739:
1734:
1729:
1724:
1719:
1714:
1709:
1704:
1699:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1679:
1674:
1669:
1664:
1659:
1654:
1649:
1644:
1639:
1634:
1628:
1626:
1618:
1617:
1615:
1614:
1602:
1597:
1592:
1586:
1584:
1577:
1576:
1574:
1573:
1568:
1563:
1558:
1553:
1548:
1546:Kumquats group
1543:
1538:
1533:
1528:
1522:
1520:
1513:
1512:
1505:
1504:
1497:
1490:
1482:
1476:
1475:
1462:
1456:
1440:
1439:External links
1437:
1434:
1433:
1421:
1410:
1392:
1378:
1356:
1315:
1303:
1288:
1245:
1224:(4): 340–356.
1204:
1172:
1138:
1102:
1051:
1019:
993:
964:
935:
911:
910:
908:
905:
904:
903:
901:Clara H. Hasse
898:
891:
888:
873:South Carolina
856:
853:
844:
841:
802:
799:
779:Central Africa
766:
763:
750:
747:
741:
738:
712:
709:
701:X. axonopodis.
696:
693:
690:
689:
676:
675:
657:
653:
652:
634:
630:
629:
582:
578:
577:
539:
535:
534:
531:
520:
519:Susceptibility
517:
501:Clara H. Hasse
491:
488:
474:
471:
458:
455:
415:
412:
379:
376:
375:
374:
369:, only infect
351:
340:
317:
281:
280:
260:
259:
253:
252:
245:
234:
233:
227:
226:
219:
217:
213:
212:
205:
201:
200:
195:
191:
190:
185:
181:
180:
175:
171:
170:
168:Pseudomonadota
165:
161:
160:
155:
151:
150:
137:
136:
135:Citrus canker
127:
124:
117:Southeast Asia
84:
83:
80:
76:
75:
72:
66:
65:
62:
58:
57:
48:
44:
43:
40:
36:
35:
32:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3168:
3157:
3154:
3152:
3149:
3148:
3146:
3129:
3124:
3120:
3116:
3110:
3106:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3084:
3080:
3075:
3071:
3067:
3062:
3058:
3054:
3049:
3045:
3041:
3036:
3032:
3028:
3023:
3019:
3015:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2997:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2978:
2973:
2967:
2963:
2962:
2960:
2958:
2954:
2950:
2945:
2933:
2932:
2923:
2921:
2920:
2911:
2909:
2908:
2899:
2898:
2895:
2889:
2886:
2884:
2881:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2866:
2864:
2861:
2859:
2856:
2854:
2851:
2849:
2846:
2844:
2841:
2839:
2836:
2834:
2833:
2829:
2828:
2826:
2822:
2816:
2813:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2796:
2793:
2791:
2788:
2786:
2783:
2781:
2778:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2762:
2760:
2756:
2748:
2745:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2738:
2735:
2733:
2730:
2728:
2725:
2723:
2720:
2718:
2715:
2713:
2710:
2709:
2707:
2705:
2701:
2695:
2692:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2675:
2672:
2670:
2667:
2665:
2662:
2660:
2657:
2655:
2652:
2650:
2647:
2646:
2644:
2640:
2634:
2631:
2629:
2626:
2624:
2621:
2619:
2616:
2614:
2611:
2609:
2606:
2604:
2601:
2599:
2596:
2594:
2591:
2589:
2586:
2585:
2583:
2579:
2573:
2569:
2568:
2564:
2563:
2561:
2558:
2551:
2547:
2537:
2536:
2532:
2530:
2527:
2525:
2522:
2520:
2517:
2516:
2514:
2508:
2507:
2502:
2496:
2493:
2491:
2488:
2487:
2485:
2479:
2478:
2473:
2467:
2464:
2462:
2459:
2457:
2454:
2452:
2449:
2447:
2444:
2442:
2439:
2437:
2434:
2433:
2431:
2425:
2421:
2415:
2412:
2411:
2409:
2403:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2386:
2376:
2373:
2371:
2368:
2366:
2363:
2361:
2358:
2356:
2353:
2351:
2348:
2346:
2343:
2342:
2340:
2337:
2334:
2327:
2321:
2318:
2316:
2313:
2311:
2310:Round kumquat
2308:
2306:
2303:
2301:
2300:Meiwa kumquat
2298:
2296:
2293:
2292:
2290:
2286:
2283:
2280:
2276:
2270:
2267:
2265:
2262:
2261:
2259:
2257:
2253:
2247:
2246:Ichang papeda
2244:
2242:
2239:
2237:
2234:
2233:
2231:
2229:
2225:
2219:
2216:
2214:
2211:
2209:
2206:
2204:
2201:
2199:
2196:
2195:
2193:
2191:
2187:
2181:
2178:
2176:
2173:
2171:
2168:
2166:
2163:
2161:
2158:
2156:
2153:
2151:
2150:Balady citron
2148:
2147:
2145:
2143:
2139:
2133:
2130:
2128:
2125:
2123:
2120:
2118:
2115:
2113:
2110:
2108:
2105:
2103:
2100:
2098:
2095:
2093:
2090:
2088:
2085:
2083:
2080:
2078:
2077:Sweet limetta
2075:
2073:
2070:
2068:
2065:
2063:
2060:
2058:
2055:
2053:
2050:
2048:
2045:
2043:
2040:
2038:
2035:
2033:
2030:
2028:
2025:
2023:
2020:
2018:
2017:Rhobs el Arsa
2015:
2013:
2010:
2008:
2005:
2003:
2000:
1998:
1995:
1993:
1990:
1988:
1985:
1983:
1980:
1978:
1975:
1973:
1970:
1968:
1965:
1963:
1960:
1958:
1955:
1953:
1950:
1948:
1947:Nagpur orange
1945:
1943:
1940:
1938:
1935:
1933:
1930:
1928:
1925:
1923:
1920:
1918:
1915:
1913:
1910:
1908:
1905:
1903:
1900:
1898:
1895:
1893:
1892:Limón de Pica
1890:
1888:
1885:
1883:
1880:
1878:
1875:
1873:
1870:
1868:
1865:
1863:
1860:
1858:
1855:
1853:
1850:
1848:
1845:
1843:
1840:
1838:
1835:
1833:
1830:
1828:
1825:
1823:
1820:
1818:
1815:
1813:
1810:
1808:
1805:
1803:
1800:
1798:
1795:
1793:
1790:
1788:
1785:
1783:
1780:
1778:
1775:
1773:
1770:
1768:
1765:
1763:
1760:
1758:
1755:
1753:
1750:
1748:
1745:
1743:
1740:
1738:
1735:
1733:
1730:
1728:
1725:
1723:
1720:
1718:
1715:
1713:
1710:
1708:
1705:
1703:
1700:
1698:
1695:
1693:
1690:
1688:
1685:
1683:
1680:
1678:
1675:
1673:
1670:
1668:
1665:
1663:
1660:
1658:
1657:Bitter orange
1655:
1653:
1650:
1648:
1645:
1643:
1640:
1638:
1635:
1633:
1630:
1629:
1627:
1625:
1619:
1611:
1606:
1603:
1601:
1598:
1596:
1593:
1591:
1588:
1587:
1585:
1583:
1578:
1572:
1569:
1567:
1564:
1562:
1559:
1557:
1556:Mangshanyegan
1554:
1552:
1549:
1547:
1544:
1542:
1539:
1537:
1536:Ichang papeda
1534:
1532:
1529:
1527:
1524:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1514:
1510:
1503:
1498:
1496:
1491:
1489:
1484:
1483:
1480:
1474:
1472:
1468:
1463:
1460:
1457:
1454:
1450:
1448:
1443:
1442:
1431:
1425:
1419:
1414:
1408:
1404:
1401:
1396:
1388:
1382:
1376:
1372:
1369:
1363:
1361:
1352:
1348:
1343:
1338:
1334:
1330:
1326:
1319:
1312:
1311:CITRUS CANKER
1307:
1300:
1297:
1292:
1284:
1280:
1276:
1272:
1269:(89): 71–80.
1268:
1264:
1263:Plant Disease
1260:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1232:
1227:
1223:
1219:
1218:Plant Disease
1215:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1185:
1183:
1181:
1179:
1177:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1156:
1149:
1142:
1134:
1130:
1126:
1122:
1118:
1114:
1106:
1098:
1094:
1089:
1084:
1079:
1074:
1070:
1066:
1062:
1055:
1049:
1045:
1042:
1038:
1032:
1030:
1028:
1026:
1024:
1007:
1003:
997:
982:
975:
968:
960:
954:
946:
942:
938:
932:
928:
927:
919:
917:
912:
902:
899:
897:
894:
893:
887:
885:
881:
876:
874:
870:
866:
862:
855:United States
852:
850:
840:
838:
834:
829:
827:
823:
819:
818:
813:
809:
798:
796:
792:
788:
784:
780:
776:
772:
762:
759:
755:
754:X. axonopodis
746:
737:
735:
734:X. axonopodis
730:
729:nursery trees
726:
722:
721:X. axonopodis
718:
708:
706:
702:
687:
683:
677:
673:
669:
665:
661:
658:
655:
654:
650:
649:C. reticulata
646:
642:
638:
635:
632:
631:
627:
626:
621:
620:
615:
614:C. reticulata
611:
607:
603:
599:
598:P. trifoliata
595:
591:
587:
583:
580:
579:
575:
571:
567:
563:
559:
555:
551:
547:
543:
540:
537:
536:
532:
525:
516:
514:
510:
506:
502:
498:
487:
484:
483:X. axonopodis
480:
479:X. axonopodis
470:
467:
463:
457:Disease cycle
454:
452:
448:
444:
440:
436:
432:
431:X. axonopodis
428:
424:
420:
414:Pathogenicity
407:
403:
401:
397:
392:
390:
385:
372:
368:
364:
360:
356:
352:
349:
345:
344:X. axonopodis
341:
338:
334:
333:bitter orange
330:
326:
322:
321:X. axonopodis
318:
315:
311:
310:X. axonopodis
307:
306:
305:
303:
299:
295:
291:
290:Gram-negative
287:
279:
278:
274:
270:
266:
261:
258:
254:
249:
243:
241:
235:
232:
231:Binomial name
228:
224:
223:
218:
215:
214:
211:
210:
206:
203:
202:
199:
196:
193:
192:
189:
186:
183:
182:
179:
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142:
138:
133:
130:
123:
120:
118:
113:
110:
106:
102:
101:
96:
95:
90:
89:Citrus canker
81:
77:
73:
71:
67:
63:
59:
56:
52:
49:
47:Causal agents
45:
41:
37:
30:
25:
22:Citrus canker
20:
2956:
2929:
2917:
2905:
2830:
2790:Robert Soost
2742:Phytophthora
2722:CTV/Tristeza
2716:
2628:Yuja-hwachae
2623:Orange juice
2565:
2556:
2533:
2504:
2475:
2423:
2401:
2360:Mandarinquat
2350:Citrangequat
2305:Oval kumquat
2170:Greek citron
1982:Persian lime
1842:Khasi papeda
1792:Jaffa orange
1707:Coorg orange
1667:Blood orange
1610:sweet orange
1470:
1466:
1446:
1424:
1413:
1395:
1381:
1332:
1328:
1318:
1306:
1291:
1266:
1262:
1258:
1254:
1248:
1221:
1217:
1207:
1190:
1158:
1154:
1141:
1116:
1112:
1105:
1068:
1065:BMC Genomics
1064:
1054:
1040:
1010:. Retrieved
1005:
996:
984:. Retrieved
980:
967:
925:
877:
858:
846:
830:
815:
804:
768:
757:
753:
752:
743:
733:
724:
720:
716:
714:
700:
698:
685:
681:
671:
663:
648:
640:
625:C. aurantium
623:
617:
613:
597:
593:
586:C. latifolia
585:
581:Susceptible
573:
565:
557:
549:
545:
522:
512:
493:
482:
478:
476:
465:
461:
460:
441:through the
434:
430:
418:
417:
399:
393:
381:
359:Saudi Arabia
348:aurantifolii
347:
343:
325:aurantifolii
324:
320:
313:
309:
285:
284:
276:
272:
268:
264:
263:
239:
237:
221:
220:
208:
129:
121:
114:
104:
98:
92:
88:
87:
79:Distribution
54:
50:
3048:iNaturalist
2981:Wikispecies
2858:Hesperidium
2654:Citric acid
2424:Microcitrus
2414:Desert lime
2402:Eromocitrus
2365:Procimequat
2208:Nanfengmiju
2117:Winged lime
2097:Tsunonozomi
2072:Sweet lemon
2067:Suruga yuko
2052:Shonan Gold
2022:Rough lemon
1922:Meyer lemon
1857:Kishu mikan
1817:Kakadu lime
1742:Ginger lime
1642:Assam lemon
1541:Kaffir lime
1071:(15): 157.
884:Orange Park
869:Gulf states
865:Dade County
783:Middle East
740:Eradication
619:C. sinensis
562:Kaffir lime
447:gibberellin
209:Xanthomonas
100:Xanthomonas
3145:Categories
2919:Production
2712:Black spot
2679:Orange oil
2391:and Papuan
2389:Australian
1767:Hyuganatsu
1762:Heen naran
1702:Clementine
1672:Byeonggyul
1662:Blood lime
1590:Grapefruit
1039:. Online.
1012:5 November
986:5 November
907:References
787:Bangladesh
749:Sanitation
695:Management
672:Fortunella
660:Calamondin
633:Resistant
602:tangerines
600:hybrids);
566:C. hystrix
542:Grapefruit
389:hurricanes
298:base pairs
2747:citricola
2737:Mal secco
2727:Exocortis
2555:properly
2506:Oxanthera
2345:Calamansi
2213:Tachibana
2087:Tangerine
2047:Shangjuan
1972:Oroblanco
1927:Micrantha
1812:Kaji Nemu
1697:Citrumelo
1652:Bizzarria
1624:cultivars
1161:: 52–60.
953:cite book
945:754604839
817:C. glauca
801:Australia
711:Exclusion
645:Mandarins
641:C. medica
509:bacterial
490:Detection
378:Pathology
302:pathovars
248:C H Hasse
216:Species:
70:EPPO Code
3066:10033424
2972:Q2955986
2966:Wikidata
2907:Category
2878:Orangery
2732:Greening
2704:Diseases
2684:Orangeat
2664:Limonene
2659:Lemonene
2642:Products
2633:Yuja tea
2613:Lemonade
2567:Poncirus
2553:(perhaps
2477:Clymenia
2375:Yuzuquat
2355:Limequat
2279:Kumquats
2269:Dangyuja
2264:Banpeiyu
2203:Shīkwāsā
2032:Sanbokan
1952:Nasnaran
1917:Melogold
1837:Key lime
1692:Citrange
1682:Cam sành
1637:Amanatsu
1403:Archived
1371:Archived
1351:85240202
1283:30795287
1240:30831965
1133:17918624
1097:24564253
890:See also
610:tangelos
574:C. limon
554:Key lime
550:paradisi
533:Variety
371:key lime
329:key lime
257:Synonyms
194:Family:
164:Phylum:
158:Bacteria
154:Domain:
3040:5427655
2996:BacDive
2931:Commons
2689:Succade
2618:Limeade
2598:Curaçao
2370:Sunquat
2256:Pomelos
2228:Papedas
2142:Citrons
2082:Tangelo
2062:Sudachi
2027:Samuyao
2007:Rangpur
1962:Ōgonkan
1937:Murcott
1907:Mandora
1902:Mandelo
1877:Komikan
1752:Hassaku
1717:Dekopon
1677:Biasong
1582:hybrids
1518:species
1088:4028880
861:Georgia
822:Emerald
795:Florida
727:)-free
668:kumquat
606:tangors
584:Limes (
505:fungoid
427:xanthan
423:biofilm
396:stomata
250:, 1915)
204:Genus:
184:Order:
174:Class:
126:Biology
3112:NZOR:
3079:967770
3053:564067
3027:973418
2717:Canker
2669:Neroli
2593:Chūhai
2581:Drinks
2557:Citrus
2092:Tangor
2042:Setoka
2012:Reikou
2002:Ponkan
1992:Pompia
1882:Laraha
1862:Kiyomi
1852:Kinnow
1827:Kanpei
1807:Kabosu
1802:Kabbad
1787:Jabara
1782:Iyokan
1757:Hebesu
1747:Haruka
1722:Encore
1712:Daidai
1632:Alemow
1605:Orange
1580:Major
1566:Pomelo
1531:Citron
1509:Citrus
1469:at Bac
1349:
1335:: 15.
1281:
1238:
1131:
1095:
1085:
943:
933:
843:Brazil
789:, the
781:, the
682:et al.
674:spp.)
637:Citron
546:Citrus
365:, and
337:pomelo
335:, and
294:genome
94:Citrus
74:XANTCI
3128:74800
3105:53413
3061:IRMNG
3014:7G6VT
3001:17593
2281:group
1897:Lumia
1822:Kalpi
1595:Lemon
1516:True
1347:S2CID
1259:citri
1151:(PDF)
977:(PDF)
775:South
771:Japan
758:citri
725:citri
570:lemon
466:citri
451:auxin
435:citri
367:India
314:citri
273:citri
109:fruit
61:Hosts
55:citri
3100:NCBI
3087:LPSN
3074:ITIS
3035:GBIF
2694:Zest
2132:Yuzu
2127:Yūkō
1872:Koji
1600:Lime
1471:Dive
1279:PMID
1257:pv.
1236:PMID
1129:PMID
1093:PMID
1014:2022
1006:DAFF
988:2022
959:link
941:OCLC
931:ISBN
835:and
777:and
756:pv.
723:pv.
464:pv.
449:and
433:pv.
384:halo
363:Iran
355:Oman
346:pv.
323:pv.
312:pv.
271:pv.
53:pv.
3022:EoL
3009:CoL
1337:doi
1271:doi
1226:doi
1195:doi
1163:doi
1121:doi
1083:PMC
1073:doi
1044:doi
717:Xac
666:),
643:),
568:),
560:),
552:),
3147::
3125::
3102::
3089::
3076::
3063::
3050::
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2983::
2968::
1359:^
1345:.
1331:.
1327:.
1277:.
1267:89
1265:.
1234:.
1222:85
1220:.
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1193:.
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Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
