Clean Water Act - Knowledge

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soaps, shampoos, human excrement, tissues, food particles, pesticides, hazardous waste, oil and grease. These domestic wastewaters are treated at the source in septic tanks, cesspools, portable toilets, or in publicly/privately owned wastewater treatment works. Alternately, municipal wastewater treatments consist of more levels of treatment that provide greater wastewater cleanup with larger amounts of sewage sludge. Primary municipal treatment remove solids that settle at the bottom, generating more than 3,000 liters of sludge per million liters of wastewater that is treated. Primary sludge water content is easily reduced by thickening or removing water and contains up to 7% solids. Secondary municipal treatment process produces sewage sludge that is generated by biological treatment processes that include activated sludge systems, trickling filters, and other attached growth systems. Microbes are used to break down and convert organic substances in wastewater to microbial residue in biological treatment processes. This process removes up to 90% of organic matter and produces sludge that contains up to 2% solids and has increased generated volumes of sludge. Methods of use and disposal of sewage sludge include the following: Application of sludge to agricultural and non-agricultural lands; sale or give-away of sludge for use in home gardens; disposal of sludge in municipal landfills, sludge-only landfills, surface disposal sites and incineration of sludge. Managing quality of sewage sludge not only involves wastewater reduction and separation of contaminated waste from non-contaminants but also pretreatment of non-domestic wastewater. If pretreatment does not sufficiently reduce pollutant levels, communities have to dispose rather than use sludge.

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inorganic chemicals. Benefits of reusing sewage sludge from use of organic and nutrient content in biosolids is valuable source in improving marginal lands and serving as supplements to fertilizers and soil conditioners. Extension of benefits of sludge on agriculture commodities include increase forest productivity, accelerated tree growth, re-vegetation of forest land previously devastated by natural disasters or construction activities. Also, sewage sludge use to aid growth of final vegetative cap for municipal solid waste landfills is enormously beneficial. Opposing benefits of sludge water result from high levels of pathogenic organisms that can possibly contaminate soil, water, crops, livestock, and fish. Pathogens, metals, organic chemical content and odors are cause of major health, environmental and aesthetic factors. Sludge treatment processes reduce the level of pathogens which becomes important when applying sludge to land as well as distributing and marketing it. Pollutants of sewage sludge come from domestic wastewater, discharge of industrial wastewater, municipal sewers and also from runoffs from parking lots, lawns and fields that were applied fertilizers, pesticides and insecticides.

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wildlife, recreational waters, agricultural, industrial and navigational water ways. Suitability of a water body is examined by states and tribes/nations usages based on physical, chemical, and biological characteristics. States and tribes/nations also examine geographical settings, scenic qualities and economic considerations to determine fitness of designated uses for water bodies. If those standards indicate designated uses to be less than those currently attained, states or tribes are required to revise standards to reflect the uses that are actually being attained. For any body of water with designated uses that do not include "fishable/swimmable" target use that is identified in section 101(a)(2) of CWA, a "Use Attainability Analysis" must be conducted. Every three years, such bodies of water must be re-examined to verify if new information is available that demand a revision of the standard. If new information is available that specify "fishable/swimmable" uses can be attained, the use must be designated.

1854:(sludge) generated by POTWs. The Act instructed EPA to develop guidelines for usage and disposal of sewage sludge or biosolids. The EPA regulations: (1) Identify uses for sewage sludge, including disposal; (2) Specify factors to be taken into account in determining the measures and practices applicable to each such use or disposal (including publication of information on costs); and (3) Identify concentrations of pollutants which interfere with each such use or disposal. EPA created an Intra-Agency Sludge Task Force to aid in developing comprehensive sludge regulations that are designed to do the following: (1) Conduct a multimedia examination of sewage sludge management, focusing on sewage sludge generated by POTWs; and (2) develop a cohesive Agency policy on sewage sludge management, designed to guide the Agency in implementing sewage sludge regulatory and management programs. 1879:

reasonable than numerical limitations and includes design standards, equipment standards, management practice, and operational standards or combination of these. Limits on sewage sludge quality allows treatment works that generate less contaminated pollutants and those that do not meet the sludge quality standards for use and disposal practice must clean up influent, improve sewage sludge treatment and/or select another use of disposal method. EPA has set standards for appropriate practices of use and disposal of biosolids in order to protect public health and the environment, but choice of use or disposal practices are reserved to local communities. Listed under section 405(e) of CWA, local communities are encouraged to use their sewage sludge for its beneficial properties instead of disposing it.

1562:(TMDL). A TMDL is a calculation of the maximum amount of a pollutant that a water body can receive and still meet WQS. The TMDL is determined after study of the specific properties of the water body and the pollutant sources that contribute to the non-compliant status. Generally, the TMDL determines load based on a Waste Load Allocation (WLA), Load Allocation (LA), and Margin of Safety (MOS) Once the TMDL assessment is completed and the maximum pollutant loading capacity defined, an implementation plan is developed that outlines the measures needed to reduce pollutant loading to the non-compliant water body, and bring it into compliance. Over 60,000 TMDLs are proposed or in development for U.S. waters in the next decade and a half. 967:

near fields sprayed with widely used insecticides. Unlike water supplies in large cities, private wells are mostly unregulated and are not monitored for contaminants. Many of them exist at shallow depths of less than 20 yards, and some of the crop chemicals used to kill pests and weeds can flow into ground water. Therefore, private wells are likely to contain pesticides, which can attack developing brains (womb or infancy), leading to neurological diseases later in life. A study led by UCLA epidemiology professor Beate Ritz suggests that "people with Parkinson's were more likely to have consumed private well water, and had consumed it on average 4.3 years longer than those who did not have the disease."

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requirements are applicable to all surface waters. These requirements maintain and protect current uses and the water quality conditions to support existing uses. Current uses are identified by showing that fishing, swimming, and other water uses have occurred and are suitable since November 28, 1975. "Tier 2" requirements maintains and protects water bodies with existing conditions that are better to support "fishable/swimmable" uses pursuant to CWA section 101(a)(2). "Tier 3" requirements maintain and protect water quality in "outstanding national resource waters" (ONRWs), which are the highest quality waters in the US with ecological significance.

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point source discharge where sewage is diluted by water. Methodology of mixing zone procedure determines the location, size, shape and quality of mixing zones. Variance policy temporarily relax water quality standard and are alternatives to removing a designated use. States and tribes may include variance as part of their water quality standard. Variance is subject to public review every three years and warrant development towards improvement of water quality. The "Low Flow" policy pertains to states and tribes water quality standards that identify procedures applied to determining critical low flow conditions.

1164:. As of the time of the case's decision, this was not an area the EPA has established regulations for, and the Court instructed the EPA to work with the courts to define such functional equivalents. The Court wrote that this would likely depend most on the distance the pollutants traveled and time to reach navigable waters, with consideration for the material that the pollutants traveled through, any physical or chemical interaction of the pollutants with components in the ground, and how much of the pollutant makes it to the navigable water. In July 2021, following the Supreme Court decision, the 1054: 1436: 1802:

Section 1344(f)(1)(C), which exempts discharge of dredged material "for the purpose of... the maintenance of drainage ditches." All of these exemptions were envisioned to be self-executing, that is not technically requiring an administrative no-jurisdiction determination. One such example was the maintenance of agricultural drainage ditches. Throughout the hearing process, Congressmen of every environmental persuasion repeatedly stated that the over $ 5 Billion invested in drainage facilities could be maintained without government regulation of any kind. Senator

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concern that the federal government was about to place all agricultural activities under the jurisdiction of USACE. For opponents of the Act, section 404 had, as a result of this concern, become a symbol of dramatic over-regulation. When Congress considered the 1977 CWA Amendments, a significant issue was to ensure that certain agricultural activities and other selected activities, could continue without the government's supervision—in other words, completely outside the regulatory or permit jurisdiction of any federal agency.

2272:(excess nitrogen and phosphorus) has become a major problem. It is argued in a 2008 paper that the Clean Water Act has made extremely positive contributions to the environment, but is in desperate need of reform to address the pollution problems that remain. A 2015 paper acknowledges that the CWA has been effective in controlling point sources, but that it has not been effective with nonpoint sources, and argues that the law must be updated to address the nation's current water quality problems. 11223: 10119: 7512: 2049:, suggested that modern treatment facilities and prohibitions on dumping "should either be made compulsory or at least encouraged everywhere in the United States." Most legal analysts have concluded that the 1899 law did not address environmental impacts from pollution, such as sewage or industrial discharges. However, there were several pollution enforcement cases in the 1960s and 1970s where the law was cited for broader pollution control objectives. 2276:

have estimated that the costs of the CWA (including the expenditures for the Title II construction grants program) are higher than the benefits. An EPA study had similar findings, but acknowledged that several kinds of benefits were unmeasured. A 2018 study argues that "available estimates of the costs and benefits of water pollution control programs are incomplete and do not conclusively determine the net benefits of surface water quality."

1929:(CWSRF) program was authorized by the 1987 WQA. This replaced the municipal construction grants program, which was authorized in the 1972 law under Title II. In the CWSRF, federal funds are provided to the states and Puerto Rico to capitalize their respective revolving funds, which are used to provide financial assistance (loans or grants) to local governments for wastewater treatment, nonpoint source pollution control and estuary protection. 12446: 5023: 12434: 1587:

states, territories and tribes. The assessments identify water quality problems within the states and jurisdictions, list the impaired and threatened water bodies, and identify non-point sources that contribute to poor water quality. Every two years states must submit reports that describe water quality conditions to EPA with a complete inquiry of social and economic costs and benefits of achieving goals of the Act.

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control litigation, with particular reference to work with the new Environmental Protection Agency, and announcing the filing of a lawsuit that morning against the Jones and Laughlin Steel Corporation for discharging substantial quantities of cyanide into the Cuyahoga River near Cleveland. It was largely based on these and other litigation experiences that criteria for new legislation were identified.

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activities that will result in minimal adverse effects to the environment. Individual permits are utilized for actions that are not addressed by a general permit, or that do not meet the conditions of a General Permit. In addition, individual permits typically require more analysis than do the general permits, and usually require much more time to prepare the application and to process the permit.

1398:(WIFIA) to provide an expanded credit program for water and wastewater infrastructure projects, with broader eligibility criteria than the previously authorized revolving fund unter CWA Title VI. Pursuant to WIFIA, EPA established its Water Infrastructure and Resiliency Finance Center in 2015 to help local governments and municipal utilities design innovative financing mechanisms, including 1827:(the clearing of forests by the timber industry), Congress recognized the need to impose some limitations on exemptions. Consequently, Congress placed the so-called recapture clause limitation on these new project exemptions. Under section 404(f)(2), such new projects would be deprived of their exemption if all of the following three characteristics could be shown: 1551:

by designating uses for the water body (e.g., recreation, water supply, aquatic life, agriculture) and applying water quality criteria (numeric pollutant concentrations and narrative requirements) to protect the designated uses. An antidegradation policy is also issued by each state to maintain and protect existing uses and high quality waters.

4171: (D. Arizona 2021-08-30) ("The seriousness of the Agencies' errors in enacting the NWPR, the likelihood that the Agencies will alter the NWPR's definition of "waters of the United States," and the possibility of serious environmental harm if the NWPR remains in place upon remand, all weigh in favor of remand with vacatur."), 1342:(NURP) to document the extent of the urban stormwater problem. The agency began to develop regulations for stormwater permit coverage but encountered resistance from industry and municipalities, and there were additional rounds of litigation. The litigation was pending when Congress considered further amendments to the CWA in 1986. 955:. New research by Brunel University and the University of Exeter strengthens the relationship between water pollution and rising male fertility problems. Study identified a group of chemicals that act as anti-androgens in polluted water, which inhibits the function of the male hormone, testosterone, reducing male fertility. 1815:

permit not being required. The problem is that if the landowner's assumptions were incorrect and the activity later determined not to be exempt, the USACE will issue a cease and desist order. Obtaining an advanced ruling provides some level of comfort that the activities will have been deemed conducted in good faith.

2009:, USACE and EPA published a revised definition of WOTUS on January 18, 2023, restoring the pre-2015 regulations on the scope of federal jurisdiction over waterways, effective March 20, 2023. However, on May 25, 2023, the restored WOTUS regulation would again be eliminated after the Supreme Court ruled in the second 938:

study investigating the association between drinking water quality and gastrointestinal illness in the elderly of Philadelphia, scientists found water quality 9 to 11 days before the visit was negatively associated with hospital admissions for gastrointestinal illness, with an interquartile range increase in

1188:." The standard becomes the minimum regulatory requirement in a permit. If the national standard is not sufficiently protective at a particular location, then water quality standards may be employed, and the permit authority (state or EPA) will include water quality-based effluent limitations in the permit. 831:. Its objective is to restore and maintain the chemical, physical, and biological integrity of the nation's waters; recognizing the responsibilities of the states in addressing pollution and providing assistance to states to do so, including funding for publicly owned treatment works for the improvement of 2220:

590 U.S. __ (2020), a 6–3 ruling that a NPDES permit is required for point sources (as established in the statute) or for non-point sources that are "functionally equivalent" to direct discharge, such as in the specific case, wastewater discharged into injection wells that eventually reach the ocean,

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systems (often called "MS4") as point sources, and requiring them to obtain NPDES permits, by specific deadlines. The permit exemption for agricultural discharges continued, but Congress created several programs and grants, including a demonstration grant program at the EPA to expand the research and

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States and federally recognized Indigenous Nations protect their designated areas by adopting water quality criteria that the EPA publishes under CWA section 304(a), modifying the criteria to reflect site-specific conditions or adopting criteria based on other scientifically defensible methods. Water

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are diseases of the brain, spine and the nerves that connect them. The new study of more than 700 people in California's Central Valley found that those who likely consumed contaminated private well water had a higher rate of Parkinson's. The risk was 90 percent higher for those who had private wells

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However, since the passage of the 1972 act, the levels of pollution in the United States have experienced a dramatic decrease. The law has resulted in much cleaner waterways than before the bill was passed. Agriculture, industry, communities and other sources continue to discharge waste into surface

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Categorical Pretreatment Standards are issued to industrial users (also called "indirect dischargers") contributing wastes to POTW. These standards are developed in conjunction with the effluent guidelines program. As with effluent guidelines and NSPS, pretreatment standards consists of Pretreatment

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A 2017 working paper finds that "most types of water pollution declined over the period 1962-2001, though the rate of decrease slowed over time... Our finding of decreases in most pollutants implies that the prevalence of such violations was even greater before the Clean Water Act." Several studies

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578 U.S. __ (2016), 8-0 ruling that a jurisdictional determination by the Army Corps of Engineers that land contains "waters of the United States" is a "final agency action", which is reviewable by the courts. This allows landowners to sue in court if the Army Corps of Engineers determines that the

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The 1977 amendments included a set of six section 404 exemptions. For example, totally new activities such as construction of farm roads, Sec. 1344(f)(1)(E), construction of farm or stock ponds or irrigation ditches, and minor agricultural drainage, Sec. 1344(f)(1)(A), all are exempted by Statute.

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Water quality assessments are conducted pursuant to water quality standards adopted by states and other jurisdictions (territories, interstate commissions and tribes). The report is conveyed to Congress as a means to inform Congress and the public of compliance with quality standards established by

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The CWA requires states to monitor their water bodies and establish Water Quality Standards for them. Water Quality Standards (WQS) are risk-based requirements which set site-specific allowable pollutant levels for individual water bodies, such as rivers, lakes, streams and wetlands. States set WQS

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States and Native American tribes also adopt general policies pertaining to water quality standards that are subject to review and approval by the EPA. Those provisions on water quality standards include mixing zones, variance, and low flow policies. Mixing zone policy is defined area surrounding a

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causes are known for protection against pollutants. A narrative criterion is water quality criteria which serves as a basis for limiting the toxicity of waste discharges to aquatic species. A biological criterion is based on the aquatic community which describes the number and types of species in a

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include such conditions as constipation, irritable bowel syndrome, hemorrhoids, anal fissures, perianal abscesses, anal fistulas, perianal infections, diverticular diseases, colitis, colon polyps and cancer. In general, children and the elderly are at highest risk for gastrointestinal disease. In a

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Standards are set for sewage sludge generated or treated by publicly owned and privately owned treatment works that treat domestic sewage and municipal wastewater. Materials flushed in household drains through sinks, toilets and tubs are referred to as domestic wastewater and include components of

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There are two main types of wetlands permits: general permits and individual permits. General permits change periodically and cover broad categories of activities, and require the permittee to comply with all stated conditions. General permits (such as the "Nationwide Permits") are issued for fill

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had authorized states to develop water quality standards, which would limit discharges from facilities based on the characteristics of individual water bodies. However, those standards were to be developed only for interstate waters, and the science to support that process (i.e. data, methodology)

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against any person who has allegedly violated an effluent standard or limitation (i.e., a provision in an NPDES permit) or against the EPA Administrator if the Administrator failed to perform any non-discretionary act or duty required by the CWA. Citizens may commence citizen suits after giving a

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releases. Some examples of health implications of water contamination are gastrointestinal illness, reproductive problems, and neurological disorders. Infants, young children, pregnant women, the elderly, and people whose immune systems are compromised because of AIDS, chemotherapy, or transplant

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with an objective to reduce volumes of waste generated. Sewage sludge contains nutrients such as nitrogen and phosphorus but also contains significant numbers of pathogens such as bacteria, viruses, protozoa and eggs of parasitic worms. Sludge also contains more than trace amounts of organic and

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Although Congress envisioned a set of self-executing exemptions, it has become common for landowners to seek no-jurisdiction determinations from the USACE. A landowner who intends to make substantial investments in acquisition or improvement of land might lawfully proceed with exempt activity, a

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After passage of the CWA in 1972, a controversy arose as to the application of section 404 to agriculture and certain other activities. The Act was interpreted by some to place restrictions on virtually all placement of dredged materials in wetlands and other waters of the United States, raising

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began, of water pollution allegedly being caused by about 12 companies in northeastern Ohio. It was the first grand jury investigation of water pollution in the area. The Attorney General of the United States, John N. Mitchell, gave a Press Conference December 18, 1970 referencing new pollution

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More than half of U.S. stream and river miles continue to violate water quality standards. Surveys of lakes, ponds and reservoirs indicated that about 70 percent were impaired (measured on a surface area basis), and a little more than 70 percent of the nation's coastlines, and 90 percent of the

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is still impaired for the particular water body, then the permit agency may add water quality-based limitations to that permit. The additional limitations are to be more stringent than the technology-based limitations and would require the permittee to install additional controls. Water quality

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denied, 2000). In 1994, during rock removal operations, a backhoe operator accidentally struck a petroleum pipeline near the railroad tracks. The operator's mistake caused the pipeline to rupture and spill between 1,000 and 5,000 gallons of heating oil into the Skagway river. Despite not being

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The fund provides loans to municipalities at lower-than-market rates. The program's average interest rate was 1.4 percent nationwide in 2017, compared to an average market rate of 3.5 percent. In 2017, CWSRF assistance totaling $ 7.4 billion was provided to 1,484 local projects across the

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and implement best management practices, but do not specify numeric effluent limits and may not include regular monitoring requirements. Some permits cover both stormwater and non-stormwater discharges. NPDES permits must be reissued every five years. Permit agencies (EPA, states, tribes) must

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As of 2023 the effluent guidelines and categorical pretreatment standards regulations have been published for 59 categories and apply to between 35,000 and 45,000 facilities that discharge directly to the nation's waters,129,000 facilities that discharge to POTWs, and construction sites. These

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More than half of U.S. stream and river miles, about 70 percent of lakes, ponds and reservoirs, and 90 percent of the surveyed ocean and near coastal areas continue to violate water quality standards. The reasons for the impairment vary by location; major sources are agriculture, industry and

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The quality of sewage sludge is controlled under section 405(d), where limitations are set with methods of use or disposal for pollutants in sludge. EPA, under section 405(d)(3), established a containment approach to limit pollutants instead of numerical limitations. This methodology is more

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The water quality standards regulations require states and federally recognized tribes/nations to specify appropriate uses for water bodies in their jurisdiction. Identification of appropriate water uses takes into consideration the usage and value of public water supply, protection of fish,

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supplies can not only occur in the source water but also in the distribution system. Sources of water contamination include naturally occurring chemicals and minerals (arsenic, radon, uranium), local land use practices (fertilizers, pesticides, concentrated feeding operations), manufacturing

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When the USACE processes an application for an Individual Permit, it must issue a public notice describing the proposed action described in the permit application. Although the Corps District Engineer makes the decision to grant a permit, the EPA Administrator may veto a permit if it is not

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test procedures include the chemical detection of trace elements such as cancer-causing metals. Some microbiological test procedures use microbial source tracking (MST) techniques to calculate and identify biological and chemical trends that may support new regulatory limits on pollutants.

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is used to differentiate treated sewage sludge that can be beneficially recycled. Environmental advantages of sewage sludge consist of, application of sludge to land due to its soil condition properties and nutrient content. Advantages also extend to reduction in adverse health effects of

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The water quality regulations include an anti-degradation policy that requires states and tribes to establish a three-tiered anti-degradation program. Anti-degradation procedures identify steps and questions that need to be addressed when specific activities affect water quality. "Tier 1"

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held that the term "waters of the United States" "includes only those relatively permanent, standing or continuously flowing bodies of water 'forming geographic features' that are described in ordinary parlance as 'streams... oceans, rivers, lakes.'" The concurrent written opinion of

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being associated with a 9% increase . The association was stronger in those over 75 than in the population aged 65–74. This example is a small reflection of residents of the United States remain at risk of waterborne gastrointestinal illness under current water treatment practices.

1451:(POTW), Title II established a system of construction grants. The 1972 CWA provided that federal funds would support 75% of project costs, with state and local funds providing the remaining 25%. In 1981 Congress reduced the federal funding proportion for most grants to 55%. 1998:. EPA then formally suspended the 2015 regulation and announced plans to issue a new version later in 2018. The Trump administration formally repealed the WOTUS rule on October 22, 2019 and published a replacement rule on April 21, 2020. On August 30, 2021, the 1250:

Most NPDES permittees are required to collect samples of their wastewater and analyze the samples using test methods specified in their permits. EPA publishes analytical methods that are used by the permittees. The procedures identify chemical compounds and

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opinion. Under this decision, the EPA is no longer permitted to regulate water which has been isolated from these larger bodies of water. Some estimates suggest this decision removed EPA control from as much as half of its previously-regulated waters.

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was in the early stages of development. That system was not effective, and there was no permit system in place to enforce the requirements. In the 1972 CWA, Congress added the permit system and a requirement for technology-based effluent limitations.

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as it attempted to define the Act's use of the terms "navigable waters" and "waters of the United States." The Court rejected the position of the USACE that its authority over water was essentially limitless. Though the case resulted in no binding

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598 U.S. __ (2023), a 5-4 ruling that only those waters with a "continuous surface connection" to traditionally-defined navigable waters are protected under the CWA, striking down the "significant nexus" test which had been in use since the 2006

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When EPA first opened its doors in 1970, the agency had weak authority to protect U.S. waters, lacking the legal power to write effluent guidelines and possessing only general authority to require secondary treatment from industrial dischargers.

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prohibited the intentional discharge of fuel oil into tidal waters and provided authorization for USACE to apprehend violators. This was repealed by the 1972 CWA, reducing the Corps' role in pollution control to the discharge of dredged or fill

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case that the Clean Water Act's regulatory authority of waters in the United States was limited to wetlands and waters "with a continuous surface connection" to larger bodies of water, returning to Justice Scalia's definition as outlined in his

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published by EPA in 1994. The policy requires municipalities to make improvements to reduce or eliminate overflow-related pollution problems. About 860 communities in the US have combined sewer systems, serving about 40 million people.

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For a first offense of criminal negligence, the minimum fine is $ 2,500, with a maximum of $ 25,000 fine per day of violation. A violator may also receive up to a year in jail. On a second offense, a maximum fine of $ 50,000 per day may be

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For a knowing endangerment violation, i.e. placing another person in imminent danger of death or serious bodily injury, a fine may be issued up to $ 250,000 and/or imprisonment up to 15 years for an individual, or up to $ 1,000,000 for an

2184:, the Court suggested a narrowing of federal jurisdiction and implied the federal government needed a more substantial link between navigable federal waters and wetlands than it had been using, but held onto the "significant nexus" test. 1753:

In 2012, EPA estimated that there are over 500,000 stormwater permittees. This number includes permanent facilities such as municipal (POTW, MS4) and industrial plants; and construction sites, which are temporary stormwater dischargers.

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and various grant authorizations for research programs and pollution control programs. Some of the programs authorized by the 1972 law are ongoing (e.g. section 104 research programs, section 106 pollution control programs, section 117

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Water bodies that do not meet applicable water quality standards with technology-based controls alone are placed on the section 303(d) list of water bodies not meeting standards. Water bodies on the 303(d) list require development of a

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of 1948 created a comprehensive set of water quality programs that also provided some financing for state and local governments. Enforcement was limited to interstate waters. The Public Health Service provided financial and technical

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To remove the exemption, all of these requirements must be fulfilled—the discharge, the project purpose of bringing an area into a use to which it was not previously subject, and the impairment or reduction of navigable waters.

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The 1972 statute frequently uses the term "navigable waters" but also defines the term as "waters of the United States, including the territorial seas." Regulations interpreting the 1972 law have included water features such as

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requires a section 404 permit when soil and rock from the mining operation is placed in streams and wetlands (commonly called a "valley fill"). Pollutant discharges from valley fills to streams also requires an NPDES permit.

520: 1160:, the Court also validated that some discharges may not be point sources, but are the "functional equivalent of a direct discharge" to navigable waters, such as in this case, the injection of wastewater into groundwater 11701: 1732:

Non-stormwater permits typically include numeric effluent limitations for specific pollutants. A numeric limitation quantifies the maximum pollutant load or concentration allowed in the discharge, e.g., 30 mg/L of

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Following the issuance of a TMDL for a water body, implementation of the requirements involves modification to NPDES permits for facilities discharging to the water body to meet the WLA allocated to the water body (see

672: 1737:. Exceeding a numeric limitation constitutes a violation of the permit, and the discharger is subject to fines as laid out in section 309. Facilities must periodically monitor their effluent (i.e., collect and analyze 1656:, education, training, technical assistance and related activities designed to reduce nonpoint source pollution. Grant funding for the program averaged $ 210 million annually for Fiscal Years 2004 through 2008. 691: 4517: 1665: 1535:

regulations are responsible for preventing the discharge of almost 700 billion pounds of pollutants each year. EPA has updated some categories since their initial promulgation and has added new categories.

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Research conducted starting in the late 1970s and 1980s indicated that stormwater runoff was a significant cause of water quality impairment in many parts of the US. In the early 1980s, the EPA conducted the

6833: 1038:, but this has been highly controversial. The agencies considered the CWA to cover bodies of water with a "significant nexus" with traditional navigable waters, according with Justice Kennedy's definition. 2037:, giving the Corps the authority to regulate most kinds of obstructions to navigation, including hazards resulting from effluents. Portions of this law remain in effect, including Section 13, the so-called 11303: 2032:

During the 1880s and 1890s, Congress directed USACE to prevent dumping and filling in the nation's harbors, and the program was vigorously enforced. Congress first addressed water pollution issues in the

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water body. A nutrient criterion solely protects against nutrient over enrichment, and a sediment criterion describes conditions of contaminated and uncontaminated sediments to avoid undesirable effects.

10741: 10731: 1806:, for example, explained that exempt activities such as agricultural drainage would be entirely unregulated. Other exemptions were granted as well, including exemptions for normal farming activities. 1766:

or fill material obtain a permit, unless the activity is eligible for an exemption. Essentially, all discharges affecting the bottom elevation of a jurisdictional water body require a permit from the

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required states to issue water quality standards for interstate waters, and authorized the newly created Federal Water Pollution Control Administration to set standards where states failed to do so.

10915: 2203:(6th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2009). Point source discharges of biological pesticides, and chemical pesticides that leave a residue, into waters of the U.S. are subject to NPDES permit requirements. 1196:

The 1972 act authorized continued use of the water quality-based approach, but in coordination with the technology-based standards. After application of technology-based standards to a permit, if

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Order Granting Plaintiffs's Motions for Summary Judgment; Order Denying Defendant's Motion for Summary Judgment. U.S. District Court for the District of Hawaii. July 15, 2021. Civ. No. 12-00198.

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The NPDES permits program is authorized by CWA section 402. The initial permits issued in the 1970s and early 1980s focused on POTWs and industrial wastewater—typically "process" wastewater and

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Congress exempted some water pollution sources from the point source definition in the 1972 CWA and was unclear on the status of some other sources. Such sources were therefore considered to be

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determined that the Maui County sewage treatment plant's groundwater injection of sewage was the "functional equivalent of a direct discharge" and required the plant to obtain an NPDES permit.

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U.S. Congress. Senate. Committee on Public Works (1978). "A Legislative History of the Clean Water Act of 1977." Serial No. 95-14. Vol. 4. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office.

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The 1972 CWA created a new requirement for technology-based standards for point source discharges. EPA develops those standards for categories of dischargers, based on the performance of

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Point sources may not discharge pollutants to surface waters without an NPDES permit. The system is managed by EPA in partnership with state environmental agencies. EPA has authorized 47

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on the definition of "waters of the United States" ("WOTUS") and the future enforcement of the act. Thirteen states sued, and on August 27 U.S. Chief District Judge for North Dakota

11913: 10817: 8716: 7735: 10834: 10773: 6520: 11599: 11583: 11435: 10990: 10985: 10655: 387: 5300: 11717: 7927: 1913:") protection provision. Employees in the U.S. who believe they were fired or suffered adverse action related to enforcement of the CWA may file a written complaint with the 730: 463: 406: 7697: 6384: 11507: 8932: 6679: 6539: 1987:," which would clarify the WOTUS definition. The agencies were ordered to reassess the rule consistent with promoting economic growth and minimizing regulatory uncertainty. 1862:

incineration, decreased chemical fertilizer dependency, diminishing greenhouse gas emissions deriving from incineration and reduction in incineration fuel and energy costs.

12154: 12057: 10878: 10704: 9249: 8992: 8923: 8916: 8544: 8160: 7169: 11685: 11669: 11653: 11645: 11591: 10856: 10687: 8955: 7057: 7025: 6503: 5604: 634: 596: 558: 539: 8850: 8857: 8843: 5516: 4492: 3262: 3233: 12333: 11259: 11134: 10940: 5998: 2045:, but a court ruled that pollution control was a matter left to the states alone. Speaking to the 1911 National Rivers and Harbors Congress, the chief of the Corps, 12471: 11969: 11365: 8292: 6065: 5862: 1999: 1834:

The discharge is incidental to an activity having as its purpose the bringing of an area of navigable waters into a use to which it was not previously subject, and

2959: 1184:. The intent of Congress was to create a "level playing field" by establishing a basic national discharge standard for all facilities within a category, using a " 6379: 1165: 979:

issued in 2023, all waters (such as streams, oceans, rivers and lakes) with "a continuous surface connection" to "navigable waters" are covered under the CWA.

12395: 12312: 12300: 12147: 11607: 11451: 10935: 8871: 8732: 8377: 7232: 5911: 1290:

were specifically exempted from permit requirements. Congress, however, provided support for research, technical and financial assistance programs at the U.S.

11875: 10851: 10682: 9279: 7566: 6638: 6564: 5763: 5148: 4661: 4635: 4616: 4562: 779: 759: 739: 719: 696: 677: 658: 639: 620: 601: 582: 563: 544: 525: 506: 487: 468: 449: 430: 411: 392: 373: 354: 335: 5293: 12220: 12123: 10660: 10218: 6900: 1961: 7690: 4076: 11963: 10208: 8708: 8285: 8102: 8056: 7676: 6493: 5984: 5883: 5632: 3537:

Department of Defense (DOD) and EPA (2017-01-11). "Uniform National Discharge Standards for Vessels of the Armed Forces-Phase II Batch One." Final rule.

2052:

Some sections of the 1899 act have been superseded by various amendments, including the 1972 CWA, while other notable legislative predecessors include:

1608:

States that are authorized by EPA to administer the NPDES program must have authority to enforce permit requirements under their respective state laws.

1530:

Standards for Existing Sources (PSES) and Pretreatment Standards for New Sources (PSNS). There are 28 categories with pretreatment standards as of 2023.

12093: 12075: 10350: 10264: 10047: 8456: 8169: 7800: 7252: 6895: 6709: 6587: 5756: 5539: 5311: 1582:

The primary mode of informing the quality of water of rivers, lakes, streams, ponds, estuaries, coastal waters and wetlands of the U.S. is through the

1465:), although some local utilities continued to receive "special purpose project grants" directly from Congress, through a budgetary procedure known as " 9754: 11733: 11693: 10925: 9235: 7632: 7287: 6438: 5270: 5256: 2224: 2010: 1570:). The development of WQS and TMDL is a complex process, both scientifically and legally, and it is a resource-intensive process for state agencies. 1497: 1042: 976: 770: 653: 9316: 12205: 11427: 11335: 9219: 8493: 8435: 8428: 7646: 6883: 6401: 5284: 5214: 2744: 2315: 2159: 1652:

Management Program under CWA section 319. This program provides grants to states, territories and Indian tribes to support demonstration projects,

850:(EPA) in coordination with state governments, though some of its provisions, such as those involving filling or dredging, are administered by the 8946: 8551: 8269: 6853: 6406: 6028: 5890: 5089: 1717:

to reduce pollutants to the "Maximum Extent Practicable." MS4s serve over 80% of the US population and provide drainage for 4% of the land area.

3629: 2363: 12215: 11459: 11381: 10296: 9673: 9205: 8891: 7839: 6374: 6369: 6364: 6143: 5712: 2110: 10643: 5027: 4474:

EPA Alumni Association: EPA Administrator Bill Ruckelshaus and some of his closest aides recall the opening months of the new agency in 1970,

3988: 12496: 12225: 12197: 12160: 11252: 10286: 9491: 8029: 8022: 7943: 6171: 5963: 5770: 4851: 3032: 2285: 2264:

communities (typically through urban runoff). Some of these pollution sources are difficult to control through national regulatory programs.

2194: 1914: 311: 1201:

standards consist of four basic elements: 1) Designated uses; 2) Water quality criteria; 3) Antidegradation policy and 4) General policies.

12140: 11443: 11046: 10841: 10785: 10672: 9718: 9270: 9212: 8999: 8939: 7662: 7655: 7200: 7052: 7020: 6751: 1714: 1490: 5477: 4130: 2589: 12081: 11397: 11389: 10213: 9776: 8647: 8299: 6912: 6604: 6473: 5655: 5597: 5562: 3781: 3192: 1542:.) The categorical pretreatment standards are typically implemented by POTWs through permits that they issue to their industrial users. 855: 4819: 3184: 1782:

reasonable. Before making such a decision, however, EPA must consult with the USACE. A USACE permit typically expires after five years.

11483: 11475: 10753: 10323: 8234: 7978: 7683: 5830: 5454: 4990: 1177: 1489:

for discussion of permit programs.) Recreational vessels are exempt from the permit requirements, but vessel operators must implement

1275:, such as sediments, nutrients, pesticides, fertilizers and animal wastes, account for more than half of the pollution in U.S. waters. 11833: 11105: 10965: 10318: 10306: 9886: 9263: 9256: 9228: 8836: 8530: 8465: 8449: 8361: 7559: 6873: 6843: 6766: 6413: 6204: 5929: 5320: 5141: 4172: 4038: 1326:

and industrial stormwater discharges in its initial implementation of the NPDES program, and subsequently the agency was sued by an

11796: 11245: 10873: 10868: 10797: 10699: 9020: 8976: 8472: 8241: 7867: 7618: 7593: 7584: 7072: 7040: 6731: 6609: 6597: 6428: 6197: 5569: 5175: 5166: 2151:

531 U.S. 159 (2001), possibly denying the CWA's hold in isolated intrastate waters and certainly denying the validity of the 1986 "

1685:

States are required to certify that discharges authorized by federal permits will not violate the state's water quality standards.

12466: 12368: 12230: 12039: 12035: 12031: 12027: 12023: 12019: 12015: 12011: 12007: 12003: 10970: 10930: 10883: 10829: 10812: 10768: 10736: 10709: 10665: 10638: 10633: 10333: 10054: 9013: 8985: 8969: 8909: 8370: 8320: 8313: 8123: 7307: 7111: 7067: 7047: 7035: 7015: 6816: 6359: 6349: 6340: 6301: 6093: 5918: 5807: 5786: 3557:

DOD and EPA (2020-07-17). "Uniform National Discharge Standards for Vessels of the Armed Forces—Phase II Batch Two." Final rule.

1291: 790: 12323: 12166: 12063: 12051: 11725: 11527: 10157: 9179: 8687: 8655: 8618: 8095: 8086: 7639: 6821: 6513: 6280: 5991: 5669: 5277: 4973: 2216: 2095:

had sparked national outrage; the Act grew out of it. In December 1970 a federal grand jury investigation led by U.S. Attorney

1595:

Under section 309, EPA can issue administrative orders against violators, and seek civil or criminal penalties when necessary:

1298: 1156: 896: 750: 4291: 1026:

defined the term more broadly, including wetlands with a "significant nexus" to traditionally-defined navigable waters. Since

12411: 11932: 11709: 11071: 8680: 8537: 8276: 8213: 8153: 8038: 7710: 7337: 7123: 6614: 6571: 6559: 6213: 5947: 5719: 4007: 2730: 2207: 1767: 1097: 851: 710: 4147:

EPA and USACE (2020-04-21). "The Navigable Waters Protection Rule: Definition of 'Waters of the United States.' Final rule.

4108:

EPA and USACE (2019-10-22). "Definition of 'Waters of the United States'-Recodification of Pre-Existing Rules." Final rule.

3966:

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE) and EPA (2015-06-29). "Clean Water Rule: Definition of 'Waters of the United States.'"

3782:"What EPA is Doing to Reduce the Adverse Impacts of Surface Coal Mining in Appalachia: Regulating under the Clean Water Act" 12111: 12069: 10338: 10291: 9736: 9419: 8398: 8109: 7611: 7552: 7534: 6789: 5509: 5396: 5200: 5134: 5116: 4057: 3949: 2659: 2244: 2176: 2126: 1746: 1105: 847: 12383: 12235: 11545: 11491: 11405: 11110: 11078: 10977: 10861: 10790: 10692: 10269: 10246: 9896: 9006: 8962: 8742: 8694: 8144: 7913: 7600: 7302: 7150: 7062: 7030: 6999: 6994: 6659: 6626: 6391: 5816: 5800: 5523: 5182: 5010: 4689: 3737: 3086: 2342: 2060: 1669: 7625: 12105: 11869: 11629: 11567: 11537: 11276: 11191: 10948: 10758: 10254: 9949: 9536: 9437: 9374: 7216: 6784: 6776: 6699: 6694: 5904: 5823: 5740: 5662: 4307: 4187:"Federal judge throws out Trump administration rule allowing the draining and filling of streams, marshes and wetlands" 3901: 3884: 3868: 3811: 3751: 3662: 3612: 3595: 3578: 3505: 3475: 3445: 3429: 3412: 3395: 3358: 3328: 3320: 3254: 3246: 3225: 3217: 3209: 3176: 3139: 3122: 3058: 2887: 2641: 1991: 1960:

issued a preliminary injunction blocking the regulation in those states. In a separate lawsuit, on October 9 a divided

444: 318: 181: 163: 150: 6396: 4599: 3381: 11938: 11881: 11845: 11677: 11347: 10233: 10015: 9992: 9942: 9348: 9337: 8820: 8486: 7899: 6979: 6113: 6019: 5954: 4788: 2847: 615: 4243: 1538:

The secondary treatment standards for POTWs and the effluent guidelines are implemented through NPDES permits. (See

1362:

Congress created a major public works financing program for municipal sewage treatment in the 1972 CWA. A system of

12491: 12363: 12343: 12210: 12099: 12045: 11920: 11100: 10069: 9928: 9664: 8391: 8340: 8185: 7950: 7935: 7669: 7363: 6741: 6726: 6592: 6005: 5940: 3275: 1926: 1745:

to the appropriate agency, to demonstrate compliance. Stormwater permits typically require facilities to prepare a

1455: 209: 4542: 4186: 2801: 11999: 11956: 11268: 11186: 11031: 10721: 10198: 9919: 9590: 9455: 9330: 8583: 8347: 7785: 7778: 7771: 7764: 7757: 7750: 7743: 7368: 7128: 7101: 7088: 6967: 6962: 6957: 6952: 6534: 6236: 6042: 5726: 5641: 5625: 5583: 5440: 5249: 5242: 5235: 5228: 5221: 4454: 4421: 4389: 4351: 3630:

Municipal Separate Storm Sewer System Permits: Compendium of Clear, Specific & Measurable Permitting Examples

1523: 1339: 123: 115: 17: 2725:

Water Pollution Control Foundation. "The Clean Water Act of 1987." Joan M. Kovalic et al. Alexandria, VA, 1987.

2249:

To date, the water quality goals stated by Congress in the 1972 act have not been achieved by American society:

1382:. Industrial and other private facilities are required to finance their own treatment improvements based on the 12290: 12270: 11981: 11926: 11808: 11575: 11557: 10543: 9866: 9383: 8767: 8419: 7193: 6932: 6719: 6654: 6423: 6304: 6079: 6072: 5676: 3920: 2034: 1448: 1399: 1066:

The CWA introduced the National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), a permit system for regulating

5412: 5004: 4965: 2833: 2617: 2409:("Clean Water Act" is the law's "common name," including link to Senate version of the Act with proper title). 2114:

474 U.S. 121 (1985). The Supreme Court upheld the Act's coverage in regulating wetlands that intermingle with

12486: 12481: 12476: 11899: 11417: 11002: 10954: 10301: 9727: 9563: 9392: 8724: 8514: 8500: 8384: 8354: 8206: 8116: 7267: 6942: 6863: 6456: 5970: 5897: 5648: 5433: 3306: 1995: 1837:

Where the flow or circulation of navigable waters may be impaired or the reach of such waters may be reduced.

1439:

The construction grants program funded new sewage treatment plants and upgrading existing plants to national

223: 4268: 2483: 1268: 11863: 10518: 10313: 10240: 9982: 9365: 9357: 9188: 8558: 8412: 8015: 7920: 7177: 7160: 6937: 6761: 6684: 6544: 6463: 6418: 6354: 6312: 6058: 6051: 5590: 5532: 3934: 2295: 1770:(USACE). These permits are an essential part of protecting streams and wetlands, which are often filled by 1030:, the EPA and the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers have attempted to define protected waters in the context of 4024: 3658: 3525: 3163: 3019: 2946: 1774:. Wetlands are vital to the ecosystem in filtering streams and rivers and providing habitat for wildlife. 869:

was enacted in 1948, but took on its modern form when completely rewritten in 1972 in an act entitled the

12328: 12275: 12245: 12128: 11950: 10535: 10228: 9965: 9653: 9242: 9126: 8227: 8079: 8072: 7575: 6799: 6035: 5793: 5157: 4960: 3001: 2290: 1742: 1128: 85: 4703: 3836: 12424: 11755: 11144: 11129: 11056: 11026: 10890: 10583: 10527: 10178: 10150: 9876: 9816: 9294: 9172: 8639: 8611: 8574: 8220: 7323: 7282: 6907: 6858: 6674: 6335: 6273: 5777: 5555: 4441: 4408: 4376: 3697: 3646: 3513: 3151: 3100: 3036: 3007: 2989: 2934: 2136: 2096: 1785: 1705:

where applicable, and in some cases, industrial stormwater. The 1987 WQA expanded the program to cover

1508:

Under the 1972 act EPA began to issue technology-based standards for municipal and industrial sources:

4224: 1435: 12318: 12255: 12134: 12117: 11987: 11893: 11857: 10061: 9856: 9599: 9572: 9323: 8405: 8130: 8045: 7957: 7431: 7381: 7118: 6736: 6245: 6086: 5705: 5502: 5461: 4978: 3147: 2305: 1734: 1649: 1280: 1272: 1185: 884: 307: 31: 4982: 4479: 4091: 108: 12406: 12401: 12338: 11661: 11036: 10997: 10920: 10649: 10281: 9806: 8701: 8248: 8176: 7860: 7830: 7823: 7419: 6888: 6714: 6664: 5869: 5447: 5373: 4656: 2171: 2019: 1969: 1559: 1005: 934: 577: 3655: 3522: 3160: 3016: 2943: 12186: 11993: 10423: 10077: 9554: 9527: 8255: 8008: 7892: 7883: 7140: 6220: 6180: 6164: 6134: 5876: 5846: 4733: 2998: 2564: 2310: 1526:(NSPS) are issued for categories of industrial facilities discharging directly to surface waters. 1383: 1374:. In the initial program, the federal portion of each grant was up to 75 percent of a facility's 1322:, and other sources were not specifically addressed in the 1972 law. EPA had declined to include 1132: 1101: 1087: 892: 2862: 2163:

547 U.S. 370 (2006). The Court ruled that section 401 state certification requirements apply to

11174: 11021: 10778: 10591: 10559: 10551: 10453: 10223: 10203: 10008: 9309: 9037: 8749: 8507: 8065: 7906: 7343: 7208: 6188: 5839: 5495: 4998: 4825:(Report). Edgewater, MD: Center for Progressive Reform. CPR White Paper No. 802. Archived from 2190:(9th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2008). Vessel discharges are subject to NPDES permit requirements. 1750:

provide notice to the public of pending permits and provide an opportunity for public comment.

1424: 1147: 9682: 5403: 5011:

NYT Investigation: Corporations Violated Clean Water Act Over 500,000 Times in Last Five Years

4858: 4518:"REF 51 "U.S. Opens Probe Here on Pollution" The Plain Dealer, Cleveland, Ohio, December 1970" 2867:

Riparian Forest Buffers: Function and Design for Protection and Enhancement of Water Resources

2863:"Continued Strengthening of the Clean Water Act Reflects the Public's Concern for Clean Water" 2406: 1629: 12306: 12295: 12180: 12173: 11887: 11851: 11763: 11295: 11226: 11041: 10343: 10259: 10143: 10122: 9545: 9410: 9165: 9086: 8796: 8776: 8604: 8442: 8137: 7971: 7515: 7455: 7437: 7185: 6689: 6633: 6621: 6549: 6478: 6266: 5747: 4826: 4665: 4639: 4620: 4566: 4475: 4244:"Supreme Court Limits EPA's Power for Second Year in a Row with New Water Pollution Decision" 2695: 2458: 2046: 1771: 1710: 1616:

Military bases, national parks and other federal facilities must comply with CWA provisions.

1346: 963: 799: 783: 763: 743: 723: 700: 681: 662: 643: 624: 605: 586: 567: 548: 529: 510: 491: 472: 453: 434: 415: 396: 377: 358: 339: 5040: 1053: 44: 12389: 11839: 11515: 11467: 10896: 10726: 10429: 9906: 9709: 9482: 8786: 7876: 7846: 7727: 7443: 7277: 7106: 6483: 6323: 6150: 5426: 4899: 4718: 3767: 2708: 2268:

waters nationwide, and many of these waters are drinking water sources. In many watersheds

2140: 1983:

signed documents directing EPA and USACE to review and rewrite the Obama administration's "

1345:

In the Water Quality Act of 1987, Congress responded to the stormwater problem by defining

873:. Major changes have subsequently been introduced via amendatory legislation including the 832: 9637: 7544: 5126: 2212:

land contains waters of the United States (and therefore falls under the Clean Water Act).

1482:

Section 301 of the Act prohibits discharges to waters of the U.S. except with a permit. (

775: 755: 735: 715: 8: 12285: 12280: 11802: 11287: 11061: 10507: 9836: 9700: 9428: 7604: 7449: 7387: 7375: 7272: 6806: 6794: 6756: 6526: 6468: 6315: 6120: 5855: 5348: 4324:

Franz, Andrew (Summer 2010). "Crimes Against Water: The Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899".

3715: 3344: 2777: 2594: 2152: 2148:

Solid Waste Agency of North Cook County (SWANCC) v. United States Army Corps of Engineers

1653: 1519: 1513: 1447:

To assist municipalities in building or expanding sewage treatment plants, also known as

1440: 1427:) while other programs no longer receive funds from Congress and have been discontinued. 1327: 1131:

to issue permits, but no tribes have been authorized by EPA. In the remaining states and

984: 952: 7853: 4952: 4903: 4583: 3292: 3180: 185: 11311: 10607: 10567: 9826: 9796: 9618: 9581: 9518: 9509: 9302: 7719: 7145: 6947: 6451: 6127: 4969: 4956: 4922: 4887: 4857:. Lowell, MA: New England Interstate Water Pollution Control Commission. Archived from 4668: 4642: 4623: 4569: 4333: 4225:"What the Supreme Court's Sackett v. EPA ruling means for wetlands and other waterways" 4155: 4116: 3974: 3565: 2541: 2508: 2320: 2269: 2167:, which are federally licensed, where the dams cause a discharge into navigable waters. 1863: 1823:

Because some of the six exemptions involved new activities, such as minor drainage and

1466: 1091: 795: 703: 665: 646: 627: 608: 589: 570: 513: 494: 475: 456: 437: 418: 399: 361: 342: 157: 4211: 3545: 2960:"EPA Launches Finance Center to Improve Community Water Infrastructure and Resiliency" 2509:"Drinking water turbidity and gastrointestinal illness in the elderly of Philadelphia" 1304: 684: 551: 532: 380: 290: 280: 260: 252: 232: 12348: 11975: 11905: 11821: 10599: 10355: 9935: 9846: 9500: 7964: 7297: 7262: 7224: 6746: 6104: 6012: 5611: 5190: 5083: 4927: 4784: 3666: 3616: 3509: 3399: 3362: 3258: 3250: 3221: 3143: 3126: 2726: 2546: 2528: 2300: 2164: 1957: 1625: 1256: 1010: 843: 3045: 1831:

A discharge of dredge or fill material in the navigable waters of the United States;

1693: 842:

The Clean Water Act was one of the United States' first and most influential modern

673:

Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council, Inc.

12265: 11169: 11159: 11116: 10615: 10393: 10033: 9401: 9062: 8199: 7329: 5698: 5380: 5356: 4917: 4907: 4759: 4755: 4450: 4417: 4385: 4208: 4203:

USACE and EPA (2023-01-18). "Revised Definition of 'Waters of the United States'."

4152: 4113: 3971: 3950:"Under new EPA rule, Clean Water Act protections will cover all active tributaries" 3849: 3683: 3562: 3542: 3109: 2536: 2520: 2115: 1984: 1965: 1953: 1947: 1367: 1035: 1014: 11237: 4986: 3905: 3888: 3872: 3815: 3755: 3599: 3582: 3479: 3449: 3433: 3416: 3332: 3324: 3229: 3213: 3062: 2891: 2645: 1990:

The Sixth Circuit appeals court stay was overturned on January 22, 2018, when the

1709:

discharges explicitly, both from municipal separate storm sewer systems (MS4) and

1554:

If a state fails to issue WQS, EPA is required to issue standards for that state.

171: 167: 12450: 11781: 11499: 11164: 11139: 10447: 9446: 9118: 9078: 8806: 8479: 7809: 7479: 7413: 7395: 6508: 6498: 6446: 6157: 5470: 5389: 5207: 4883: 4311: 3195: 2143:

and President Paul Taylor were both held responsible for the spill and convicted.

1023: 992: 828: 5103: 2393: 2234:

case and removing CWA protection from as much as half of the nation's waterways.

12358: 11179: 10501: 10435: 10097: 9956: 9626: 9094: 9046: 8756: 6811: 6488: 5364: 5341: 5327: 5015: 4603: 3718:. NPDES Permit Writers' Manual (Report). EPA. September 2010. EPA-833-K-10-001. 3492: 3347:. NPDES Permit Writers' Manual (Report). EPA. September 2010. EPA-833-K-10-001. 2690:

Some oil and gas extraction wastestreams were later exempted from regulations.

2092: 1721: 1315: 1161: 1083: 1018: 917: 11702:

Los Angeles County Flood Control District v. Natural Resources Defense Council

6834:

Solar Photovoltaic Energy Research, Development, and Demonstration Act of 1978

4804: 3730: 3679: 926:

medications, may be especially susceptible to illness from some contaminants.

12460: 12373: 12353: 11091: 10495: 10489: 10483: 10471: 10459: 10411: 10387: 9786: 9473: 7529: 7501: 7096: 5576: 5111: 2532: 2042: 1910: 1803: 1702: 1462: 1379: 1363: 1197: 1127:

to issue permits directly to the discharging facilities. The CWA also allows

1075: 824: 270: 205: 4912: 4600:"Taylor may get new trial; Court of Appeals rules 2-1 to reverse conviction" 3462: 12438: 12260: 11205: 10477: 10441: 10399: 10381: 10166: 10106: 9974: 9691: 9070: 8627: 7467: 7461: 7292: 6669: 6289: 5618: 4931: 3645:

United States. Wet Weather Quality Act of 2000, Section 112 of Division B,

2550: 2335: 1980: 1973: 1920: 1897: 1824: 1375: 1323: 1319: 1252: 1112: 1067: 4682: 4077:"Supreme Court Makes Jurisdictional Determination on Clean Water Act Rule" 3852: 3079: 1371: 12378: 11066: 10375: 9745: 9464: 9142: 9110: 8331: 7494: 7473: 7240: 7135: 6554: 5733: 5334: 5263: 4168:

Pasqua Yaqui Tribe et al v. United States Environmental Protection Agency

2973: 2524: 1637: 1633: 1350: 1287: 888: 820: 4425: 4337: 3989:"After Court Defeat, EPA Presses Forward With Water Rule in Some States" 2933:

United States. Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014.

2484:"Digestive Disorders & Gastrointestinal Diseases | Cleveland Clinic" 1430: 1334:

ruled that stormwater discharges must be covered by the permit program.

11814: 11149: 11083: 10465: 10417: 10405: 10001: 9102: 9054: 7425: 6705:

Financial Institutions Regulatory and Interest Rate Control Act of 1978

5689: 4458: 4393: 4355: 2418:

United States. Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972.

2131: 2038: 1901:

60-day prior notice of the alleged violations to the alleged violator.

1738: 1706: 1312: 1181: 988: 922: 127: 5419: 2445: 2432: 2419: 12087: 11827: 11745: 11374:

Baltimore Gas & Electric Co. v. Natural Resources Defense Council

11212: 10575: 10040: 9645: 8262: 7999: 7992: 6878: 4993: 2006: 1851: 939: 900: 502:

Solid Waste Agency of Northern Cook County v. Army Corps of Engineers

8193:

Federal Employees Liability Reform and Tort Compensation Act of 1988

6829:

Nuclear Safety, Research, Demonstration, and Development Act of 1980

4888:"The low but uncertain measured benefits of US water quality policy" 4756:

Consequences of the Clean Water Act and the Demand for Water Quality

1994:

ruled unanimously that challenges to the 2015 rule must be filed in

1041:

In 2023, the Supreme Court rejected the "significant nexus" test in

11154: 10274: 9134: 7985: 7816: 5546: 4764: 4269:"Supreme court catastrophically undermines clean water protections" 2181: 1763: 1220: 1124: 836: 5022: 2860: 2819: 1389: 12433: 11914:

Scenic Hudson Preservation Conference v. Federal Power Commission

11122: 10661:

links between campaign officials and Russian government officials

5060:"S. 2770, Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972" 4781:

Environmental Policy: New Directions for the Twenty-First Century

4683:

Legislative Approaches to Defining 'Waters of the United States.'

3837:"Standards for the Use or Disposal of Sewage Sludge; Final Rules" 3006:

2. Water Infrastructure Improvements for the Nation Act of 2016.

2618:"The Supreme Court has narrowed the scope of the Clean Water Act" 1964:

stayed the rule's application nationwide. Congress then passed a

1116: 1000: 68: 10219:

links between business partners and Russian government officials

4306:

Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, Ch. 425, Sec. 9, 30 Stat. 1151.

4058:"Trump Plans to Begin E.P.A. Rollback With Order on Clean Water" 2745:"Supreme Court Gives Environmentalists Partial Win on Water Law" 2041:. In 1910, USACE used the act to object to a proposed sewer in 1713:. The MS4 NPDES permits require regulated municipalities to use 1135:, the permits are issued by an EPA regional office. (See Titles 11600:

Weyerhaeuser Company v. United States Fish and Wildlife Service

11584:

Babbitt v. Sweet Home Chapter of Communities for a Great Oregon

10135: 8596: 6258: 4758:(Report). Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research. 4141: 1809: 1079: 858:

Subchapters D, N, and O (Parts 100–140, 401–471, and 501–503).

11718:

National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense

11670:

National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife

11592:

National Association of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife

11508:

HollyFrontier Cheyenne Refining v. Renewable Fuels Association

1512:

Municipal sewage treatment plants (POTW) are required to meet

1255:

components of wastewater, as required by the act. Some of the

731:

National Association of Manufacturers v. Department of Defense

8521: 3080:

Water Infrastructure Financing: History of EPA Appropriations

2259:"to prohibit discharge of toxic amounts of toxic pollutants". 1402:. Congress amended the WIFIA program in 2015, 2016 and 2018. 996: 846:. Its laws and regulations are primarily administered by the 213: 8545:

Surface Transportation and Uniform Relocation Assistance Act

8161:

Emergency Food Assistance and Soup Kitchen-Food Bank Program

2677: 1354:

development of non-point controls and management practices.

11686:

Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council

11654:

S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection

11646:

South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe

7574: 5156: 5045: 3281:(Report). EPA. January 2023. p. 2-1. EPA-821-R-22-004. 2465:. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). 12 March 2013 1664:

Congress amended the CWA in 1996 to require development of

1180:

without regard to the conditions of a particular receiving

635:

Coeur Alaska, Inc. v. Southeast Alaska Conservation Council

559:

S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Board of Environmental Protection

540:

South Florida Water Management District v. Miccosukee Tribe

310:; Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014; 3635:(Report). EPA. November 2018. p. 5. EPA 830-S-16-002. 3073: 3071: 2920: 1574:

surveyed ocean and near coastal areas were also impaired.

1413: 1136: 483:

PUD No. 1 of Jefferson Cty. v. Washington Dept. of Ecology

12334:

National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

5999:

National Emissions Standards for Hazardous Air Pollutants

4462: 4429: 4397: 4131:"Trump Administration Rolls Back Clean Water Protections" 3770:. EPA. 2004. Wetland Fact Sheet Series. EPA-843-F-04-001. 2364:"Richard Nixon and the Rise of American Environmentalism" 2253:"to make all U.S. waters fishable and swimmable by 1983;" 911: 11366:

Metropolitan Edison Co. v. People Against Nuclear Energy

8293:

Voting Accessibility for the Elderly and Handicapped Act

6066:

Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act of 1972

5863:

Congressional Budget and Impoundment Control Act of 1974

2000:

United States District Court for the District of Arizona

1921:

Title VI - State Water Pollution Control Revolving Funds

1866:

of sewage sludge is supported in EPA policies: the 1984

1472: 597:

National Ass'n of Home Builders v. Defenders of Wildlife

63:

An Act to amend the Federal Water Pollution Control Act.

10916:

FBI investigation into handling of government documents

4543:"Press Conference Attorney General Mitchell 12-18-1970" 4290:

United States Army Corps of Engineers, Washington, DC.

4160: 3068: 1872:

Inter-agency Policy on Beneficial Use of Sewage Sludge,

1396:

Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act of 2014

11608:

United States Fish and Wildlife Service v. Sierra Club

11452:

Alaska Department of Environmental Conservation v. EPA

11328:

Friends of the Earth v. Laidlaw Environmental Services

8378:

Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1985

5912:

Emergency Daylight Saving Time Energy Conservation Act

4852:"Modernization of the Clean Water Act is Long Overdue" 3731:

Stormwater Permits: Status of EPA's Regulatory Program

2640:

United States. Clean Water Act (CWA) section 502 (7);

2506: 2063:

to study problems of sanitation, sewage and pollution.

871:

Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972

55:

Federal Water Pollution Control Act Amendments of 1972

12422: 10823:

Republican reactions to Trump's election fraud claims

5764:

National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health

4754:

Keiser, David A.; Shapiro, Joseph S. (January 2017).

3716:"Chapter 3. Overview of the NPDES Permitting Process" 3493:"Clean Water Act Section 319(h) Grant Funds History." 3345:"Chapter 6. Water Quality-Based Effluent Limitations" 2848:"Other Clean Water Act Test Methods: Microbiological" 2507:

Schwartz, J.; Levin, R.; Goldstein, R. (2017-04-24).

1643: 1503: 1431:

Title II - Grants for Construction of Treatment Works

12124:

Alien Species Prevention and Enforcement Act of 1992

8263:

Superfund Amendments and Reauthorization Act of 1986

6901:

Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement

3935:

Clean Water State Revolving Fund: 2017 Annual Report

3382:

National Water Quality Inventory: Report to Congress

2974:"Water Infrastructure and Resiliency Finance Center" 2660:"SCOTUS to revisit definition of federal "wetlands"" 2565:"Declining Male Fertility Linked To Water Pollution" 1845: 1680: 1567: 1539: 1486: 1140: 306:

Clean Water Act of 1977; Water Quality Act of 1987;

11964:

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act

11267: 8286:

Uniformed and Overseas Citizens Absentee Voting Act

5884:

Consolidated Farm and Rural Development Act of 1972

5540:

Federal Supplemental Educational Opportunity Grants

4522:

Home | Robert Walter Jones J.D. Library and Archive

4178: 1577: 1454:The construction grant program was replaced by the 521:

Borden Ranch Partnership v. Army Corps of Engineers

12094:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act 8457:Medicaid Home and Community-Based Services Waivers 8170:Emergency Planning and Community Right-to-Know Act 7527: 6896:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act of 1977 6710:Federal Financial Institutions Examination Council 5109: 5057: 4881: 4818:Andreen, William L.; Jones, Shana C. (July 2008). 4708:537 F.3d 1006 (9th Cir. 2008). Decided 2008-07-23. 4588:Certiorari denied, No. 99-323. Decided 2000-01-10. 4442: 4409: 4377: 3921:"Learn About the Clean Water State Revolving Fund" 3647: 3514: 3152: 3101: 3037: 3008: 2990: 2935: 2392:Jim Hanlon, Mike Cook, Mike Quigley, Bob Wayland. 2175:547 U.S. 715 (2006). The Supreme Court questioned 1688: 1675: 1545: 1357: 1286:Agricultural stormwater discharges and irrigation 951:Reproductive problems refer to any illness of the 12148:Coalition for Responsible Regulation, Inc. v. EPA 10926:New York investigations of The Trump Organization 7288:United Nations Prize in the Field of Human Rights 4128: 4075:Petersen, Rafe; Heishman, Aaron S. (2018-02-02). 3307:Introduction to the National Pretreatment Program 2678:"National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System" 2256:"to have zero water pollution discharge by 1985;" 1850:The 1987 WQA created a program for management of 1498:Regulation of ship pollution in the United States 1294:to improve runoff management practices on farms. 12458: 12206:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 11970:Marine Protection, Research, and Sanctuaries Act 11336:BP P.L.C. v. Mayor and City Council of Baltimore 8494:Tax Equity and Fiscal Responsibility Act of 1982 8436:Interest and Dividend Tax Compliance Act of 1983 6884:Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry 4597: 4074: 4008:"Appeals Court Blocks EPA Water Rule Nationwide" 2988:1. Fixing America's Surface Transportation Act. 2780:(Report). EPA. September 2010. EPA-833-K-10-001. 2590:"Rural Well Water Linked to Parkinson's Disease" 2316:Water supply and sanitation in the United States 2160:S. D. Warren Co. v. Maine Bd. of Env. Protection 692:Decker v. Northwest Environmental Defense Center 30:For the Clean Water Act of Ontario, Canada, see 27:1972 U.S. federal law regulating water pollution 12472:United States federal environmental legislation 8552:Technical and Miscellaneous Revenue Act of 1988 8270:Temporary Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 6854:Alaska National Interest Lands Conservation Act 6029:National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration 5891:Agriculture and Consumer Protection Act of 1973 4892:Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 4704:Northwest Environmental Advocates et al. v. EPA 4129:Davenport, Coral; Friedman, Lisa (2019-09-19). 3702:National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 3680:"Combined Sewer Overflow (CSO) Control Policy." 3661:, December 21, 2000. Added CWA section 402(q), 2772: 2770: 2713:National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System 2357: 2355: 2188:Northwest Environmental Advocates et al. v. EPA 1886: 1390:Water Infrastructure Finance and Innovation Act 854:. Its implementing regulations are codified at 12216:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 11460:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen 11382:Department of Transportation v. Public Citizen 5713:National Highway Traffic Safety Administration 4493:"Water act inspired by Cuyahoga River burning" 4184: 2834:"Other Clean Water Act Test Methods: Chemical" 2762:Hawai'i Wildlife Fund et al v. County of Maui. 2111:United States v. Riverside Bayview Homes, Inc. 1941: 1219:quality criteria can be numeric criteria that 1003:as "waters of the United States." In 2006, in 883:The Clean Water Act does not directly address 12226:United States Environmental Protection Agency 11876:Watershed Protection and Flood Prevention Act 11253: 10151: 9287:Inaugural Celebration at the Lincoln Memorial 9173: 8656:Illinois State Senator from the 13th district 8612: 7944:Caribbean Basin Economic Recovery Act of 1983 7560: 6274: 5771:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 5142: 5066:. U.S. Capitol Visitor Center. Archived from 4783:(10th ed.). Washington, D.C.: CQ Press. 4753: 3384:(Report). EPA. August 2017. EPA 841-R-16-011. 3046:155–270 (menu; GPO has not yet published law) 2195:Ballast water regulation in the United States 1915:Occupational Safety and Health Administration 1477: 1405: 1308:Map of municipal separate storm sewer systems 1283:that were not subject to the permit program. 1171: 1048: 11436:Chevron v. Natural Resources Defense Council 8429:Garn–St. Germain Depository Institutions Act 6752:Tax Reduction and Simplification Act of 1977 6639:U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 4817: 4185:Grandoni, Dino; Dennis, Brady (2021-08-30). 3937:(Report). EPA. March 2018. EPA 830-R-17-007. 3698:"Combined Sewer Overflow Frequent Questions" 2921:"Polluted Runoff: Nonpoint Source Pollution" 2767: 2513:Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health 2394:"Water Quality: A Half Century of Progress." 2352: 1810:Importance of no-jurisdiction determinations 12082:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act 11398:Winter v. Natural Resources Defense Council 11390:Norton v. Southern Utah Wilderness Alliance 9777:By the People: The Election of Barack Obama 6913:Uranium Mill Tailings Radiation Control Act 6605:Cooperative Forestry Assistance Act of 1978 6474:International Emergency Economic Powers Act 5985:Federal Environmental Pesticide Control Act 5598:Health Maintenance Organization Act of 1973 5563:Equal Educational Opportunities Act of 1974 5088:: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list ( 5007:Environmental Law Institute (2nd ed., 2012) 4820:The Clean Water Act: A Blueprint For Reform 4602:. Skagway, AK: Skagway News. Archived from 2904:Natural Resources Defense Council v. Train, 2812: 1668:("UNDS") for military vessels. EPA and the 1104:) and other government facilities (such as 929: 12076:Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act 11484:American Electric Power Co. v. Connecticut 11476:Environmental Defense v. Duke Energy Corp. 11428:Train v. Natural Resources Defense Council 11260: 11246: 10158: 10144: 9250:Republican and conservative support (2008) 9180: 9166: 8619: 8605: 8256:Safe Drinking Water Act Amendments of 1986 8235:National Appliance Energy Conservation Act 7979:Immigration Reform and Control Act of 1986 7567: 7553: 6281: 6267: 5831:Securities Investor Protection Corporation 5149: 5135: 5005:"Clean Water Act Jurisdictional Handbook." 4779:Vig, Norman J.; Kraft, Michael E. (2017). 4749: 4747: 4222: 4092:"E.P.A. Blocks Obama-Era Clean Water Rule" 3797: 3795: 3793: 3791: 3672: 3376: 3374: 3372: 3370: 3033:America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 2906:396 F.Supp. 1393 (D.D.C. 1975), aff'd. by 2795: 2793: 2791: 2789: 2787: 2286:America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 2226:Sackett v. Environmental Protection Agency 1972:overturning the WOTUS rule, but President 1952:In May 2015 USACE and EPA published a new 1818: 1762:Section 404 requires that a discharger of 1757: 1245: 1227: 1191: 891:protection provisions are included in the 312:America's Water Infrastructure Act of 2018 245:Reported by the joint conference committee 11834:North Pacific Fur Seal Convention of 1911 11803:Forest Service Organic Administration Act 11444:Whitman v. American Trucking Associations 9887:Obama: In Pursuit of a More Perfect Union 8531:Secondary Mortgage Market Enhancement Act 8466:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1987 8450:Omnibus Budget Reconciliation Act of 1981 8362:Federal Agricultural Mortgage Corporation 8030:Israel–United States Free Trade Agreement 8023:Canada–United States Free Trade Agreement 6874:Endangered Species Act Amendments of 1978 6767:Crude Oil Windfall Profit Tax Act of 1980 6504:Support for Iraq during the Iran-Iraq War 5801:Lead-Based Paint Poisoning Prevention Act 5104:Water Quality: A Half Century of Progress 4921: 4911: 4849: 4763: 4560:United States v. Riverside Bayview Homes, 4286: 4284: 4282: 4089: 4055: 3830: 3828: 3826: 3824: 2615: 2540: 1724:are required to comply with the national 1213: 958: 11797:Yellowstone National Park Protection Act 9674:There's No One as Irish as Barack O'Bama 8473:Railroad Retirement Solvency Act of 1983 8242:National Fishing Enhancement Act of 1984 7538:) is being considered for deletion. See 7112:Jimmy & Rosalynn Carter Work Project 6908:Three Mile Island accident investigation 6610:Department of Education Organization Act 5570:Equal Employment Opportunity Act of 1972 5120:) is being considered for deletion. See 5106:, a report by the EPA Alumni Association 4778: 4680: 4648: 4552: 4005: 3986: 3947: 3728: 3077: 2861:U.S. Forest Service, Northeastern Area. 2333: 1692: 1584:National Water Quality Inventory Report. 1434: 1303: 1267: 1052: 1045:and established the current definition. 946: 861:Technically, the name of the law is the 12231:United States Fish and Wildlife Service 8371:Cable Communications Policy Act of 1984 8321:Water Resources Development Act of 1988 8314:Water Resources Development Act of 1986 8124:Comprehensive Crime Control Act of 1984 7709: 6817:National Energy Conservation Policy Act 6094:Water Resources Development Act of 1974 5919:Trans-Alaska Pipeline Authorization Act 5808:Poison Prevention Packaging Act of 1970 5787:U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission 5058:92nd U.S. Congress (October 28, 1971). 4744: 4241: 3788: 3367: 3309:(Report). EPA. June 2011. 833-B-11-001. 2913: 2784: 2719: 2657: 2135:present at the scene during operations 1726:Combined Sewer Overflow Control Policy, 1414:Title I - Research and Related Programs 791:City and County of San Francisco v. EPA 331:EI duPont de Nemours & Co. v. Train 14: 12459: 12324:National Ambient Air Quality Standards 12167:Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act 12064:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 12052:Hazardous Materials Transportation Act 11726:County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund 8096:Asbestos Hazard Emergency Response Act 8087:Office of National Drug Control Policy 6822:Public Utility Regulatory Policies Act 5992:National Ambient Air Quality Standards 5670:Legislative Reorganization Act of 1970 4882:Keiser, David A.; Shapiro, Joseph S.; 4734:"Pesticide Permitting—Program History" 4584:"Edward Hanousek, Jr v. United States" 4279: 3821: 2949:, title V, §5022. Approved 2014-06-10. 2217:County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund 2118:. This ruling was revised by the 2006 2027: 2005:Under the administration of President 1936: 1904: 1672:published standards in 2017 and 2020. 1299:Natural Resources Conservation Service 1157:County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund 912:Health implications of water pollution 897:Resource Conservation and Recovery Act 751:County of Maui v. Hawaii Wildlife Fund 287:Overridden by the House and became law 12412:Uranium Mill Tailings Remedial Action 11933:Environmental Quality Improvement Act 11710:Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co. 11320:Lujan v. National Wildlife Federation 11241: 10139: 9161: 8600: 8538:Surface Transportation Assistance Act 8277:The Emergency Food Assistance Program 8154:Emergency Food Assistance Act of 1983 8039:Omnibus Trade and Competitiveness Act 7548: 7338:Jimmy Carter National Historical Park 7124:Jimmy Carter National Historical Park 6572:Nuclear Non-Proliferation Act of 1978 6560:Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act 6262: 5948:Environmental Quality Improvement Act 5720:Urban Mass Transportation Act of 1970 5605:Drug Abuse Prevention and Control Act 5130: 5097: 4850:Radcliffe, Heather (September 2015). 4323: 4263: 4261: 4039:"Senate fails to override Obama veto" 3863: 3861: 2927: 2742: 2361: 2336:Clean Water Act: A Summary of the Law 2208:Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co. 2002:threw out the 2020 replacement rule. 1636:). These standards are applicable to 1628:discharges, as well as standards for 1611: 1473:Title III - Standards and enforcement 1070:of pollution. Point sources include: 711:Army Corps of Engineers v. Hawkes Co. 12497:Water pollution in the United States 12141:Energy Independence and Security Act 12112:National Environmental Education Act 8399:Extra-Long Staple Cotton Act of 1983 8110:Civil Rights Restoration Act of 1987 6790:Federal Energy Regulatory Commission 6732:Humphrey–Hawkins Full Employment Act 5510:Minority Business Development Agency 4036: 3099:Clean Water Act Amendments of 1981, 2820:"Clean Water Act Analytical Methods" 2696:"Oil and Gas Stormwater Permitting." 2587: 2245:Water pollution in the United States 2127:Edward Hanousek, Jr v. United States 1747:Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan 1666:Uniform National Discharge Standards 1619: 1370:plants was authorized and funded in 848:U.S. Environmental Protection Agency 426:Chemical Manufacturers Assn. v. NRDC 12384:Significant New Alternatives Policy 12236:U.S. Global Change Research Program 11546:Southern Union Co. v. United States 11492:Utility Air Regulatory Group v. EPA 11406:Monsanto Co. v. Geertson Seed Farms 10978:Smith special counsel investigation 10179:45th President of the United States 9755:Signed, Sealed, Delivered I'm Yours 8695:2004 Democratic National Convention 8640:44th President of the United States 8145:United States Sentencing Commission 7151:Continuity of Government Commission 6660:Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1980 6627:Federal Emergency Management Agency 6052:Great Lakes Water Quality Agreement 5817:Public Health Cigarette Smoking Act 5524:Alaska Native Claims Settlement Act 5455:Prevention of Nuclear War Agreement 4979:Federal Water Pollution Control Act 4966:As codified in 33 U.S.C. chapter 26 4953:As codified in 33 U.S.C. chapter 26 4690:U.S. Congressional Research Service 3834: 3738:U.S. Congressional Research Service 3276:Effluent Guidelines Program Plan 15 3087:U.S. Congressional Research Service 2802:"What are Water Quality Standards?" 2799: 2396:EPA Alumni Association. March 2016. 2343:U.S. Congressional Research Service 2074:Federal Water Pollution Control Act 2061:United States Public Health Service 2012:Sackett v. Environmental Protection 1659: 1624:Section 316 requires standards for 1349:dischargers and municipal separate 1318:from industrial sources, municipal 1263: 1236: 970: 863:Federal Water Pollution Control Act 835:; and maintaining the integrity of 142:Federal Water Pollution Control Act 24: 12161:America's Water Infrastructure Act 12151:(D.C. Cir. Court of Appeals, 2012) 11870:Fish and Wildlife Coordination Act 11630:United States v. Riverside Bayview 11568:Tennessee Valley Authority v. Hill 11538:City of Philadelphia v. New Jersey 10234:Trump Media & Technology Group 9375:Barack Obama: Der schwarze Kennedy 7217:We Can Have Peace in the Holy Land 6700:Federal Reserve Reform Act of 1977 6695:Fair Debt Collection Practices Act 6514:Iran–United States Claims Tribunal 5905:Emergency Petroleum Allocation Act 5824:Securities Investor Protection Act 5757:Occupational Safety and Health Act 5741:Economic Stabilization Act of 1970 5663:District of Columbia Home Rule Act 4447:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 4414:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 4382:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 4258: 4242:Chamlee, Virginia (May 25, 2023). 3858: 3652:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 3519:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 3157:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 3146:. This provision was added by the 3106:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 3042:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 3013:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 2995:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 2940:Tooltip Public Law (United States) 2658:Soronen, Lisa (January 31, 2022). 2130:(9th Cir. Court of Appeals, 1996; 1644:Nonpoint Source Management Program 1504:Technology-Based Standards Program 1204: 921:processes, and sewer overflows or 445:United States v. Riverside Bayview 350:Costle v. Pacific Legal Foundation 25: 12508: 12177:(5th Cir. Court of Appeals, 2022) 11939:National Environmental Policy Act 11917:(2nd Cir. Court of Appeals, 1965) 11678:Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc. 11638:SWANCC v. Army Corps of Engineers 9317:Gates–Crowley Rose Garden meeting 8487:Economic Recovery Tax Act of 1981 7542:to help reach a consensus. › 6494:Engagement with Ruhollah Khomeini 6020:Reorganization Plan No. 3 of 1970 5955:National Environmental Policy Act 5124:to help reach a consensus. › 5046:Total Maximum Daily Loads Program 4941: 4223:Turrentine, Jeff (June 5, 2023). 2709:"NPDES State Program Information" 2386: 2057:Public Health Service Act of 1912 1846:POTW Biosolids Management Program 1681:State certification of compliance 1640:and other industrial facilities. 1074:Industrial facilities (including 616:Entergy Corp. v. Riverkeeper Inc. 204:in the Senate as S. 2770 by 12444: 12432: 12364:Presidential Climate Action Plan 12344:New Source Performance Standards 12211:Council on Environmental Quality 12100:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act 11222: 11221: 10165: 10118: 10117: 9665:The President Sang Amazing Grace 9187: 8626: 8392:Expedited Funds Availability Act 8341:Agriculture and Food Act of 1981 8186:Emergency Wetlands Resources Act 7951:Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act 7936:We begin bombing in five minutes 7511: 7510: 6864:Clean Air Act Amendments of 1977 6742:National Aquaculture Act of 1980 6727:Food and Agriculture Act of 1977 6593:Civil Service Reform Act of 1978 6288: 6006:New Source Performance Standards 5941:Council on Environmental Quality 5052:Historical legislative documents 5041:Clean Water State Revolving Fund 5021: 4875: 4843: 4811: 4797: 4772: 4726: 4711: 4696: 4674: 4629: 4610: 4591: 4575: 4535: 4510: 4485: 4468: 4435: 4402: 4370: 4361: 4344: 4326:Tulane Environmental Law Journal 4317: 3729:Copeland, Claudia (2012-07-30). 3293:"Industrial Effluent Guidelines" 3185:"Secondary Treatment Regulation" 3078:Copeland, Claudia (2012-04-05). 2962:. EPA. 2015-01-16. News Release. 2334:Copeland, Claudia (2016-10-18). 1979:On February 28, 2017, President 1927:Clean Water State Revolving Fund 1891: 1648:The 1987 amendments created the 1578:National Water Quality Inventory 1524:New Source Performance Standards 1456:Clean Water State Revolving Fund 1061: 879:Water Quality Act (WQA) of 1987. 369:EPA v. Nat'l Crushed Stone Assn. 43: 12000:Water Resources Development Act 11957:Coastal Zone Management Program 11269:United States environmental law 9456:Between Barack and a Hard Place 9213:Citizenship conspiracy theories 8348:Agricultural Credit Act of 1987 7303:Carter–Menil Human Rights Prize 7129:Jimmy and Rosalynn Carter House 7102:Presidential Library and Museum 6535:Strategic Arms Limitation Talks 6521:Diplomatic relations with China 6043:Coastal Zone Management Program 5964:Environmental Protection Agency 5727:Federal-Aid Highway Act of 1973 5642:Federal Contested Elections Act 5626:Drug Enforcement Administration 5584:End Stage Renal Disease Program 5013:(2009-09-14) - video report by 4994:Statute Compilations collection 4805:"Nutrient Pollution: The Issue" 4598:Dimitra Lavrakas (2000-08-25). 4300: 4235: 4216: 4197: 4122: 4102: 4090:Davenport, Coral (2018-01-31). 4083: 4068: 4056:Davenport, Coral (2017-02-28). 4049: 4030: 4018: 3999: 3980: 3960: 3941: 3927: 3913: 3894: 3877: 3804: 3774: 3760: 3744: 3722: 3708: 3690: 3639: 3622: 3605: 3588: 3571: 3551: 3531: 3498: 3485: 3469: 3455: 3439: 3422: 3405: 3388: 3351: 3337: 3313: 3299: 3285: 3268: 3239: 3202: 3169: 3132: 3115: 3093: 3051: 3025: 2980: 2966: 2952: 2910:568 F.2d 1369 (D.C. Cir. 1977). 2897: 2880: 2854: 2840: 2826: 2806:Standards for Water Body Health 2755: 2736: 2701: 2684: 2670: 2651: 2634: 2609: 2581: 2557: 1909:The CWA includes an employee (" 1689:NPDES permits for point sources 1676:Title IV - Permits and licenses 1546:Water Quality Standards Program 1420:Declaration of Goals and Policy 1358:Financing of pollution controls 1340:Nationwide Urban Runoff Program 1154:In the 2020 Supreme Court case 241:on March 29, 1972 (passed) 12467:Water law in the United States 12291:Environmental impact statement 12271:Corporate average fuel economy 12155:Lautenberg Chemical Safety Act 11576:Lujan v. Defenders of Wildlife 10544:Trump: The Art of the Comeback 10297:False or misleading statements 10016:Barack Obama's summer playlist 9537:Where's the Birth Certificate? 9280:First inauguration invitations 8420:Dairy Export Incentive Program 7194:Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid 6720:Right to Financial Privacy Act 6655:Agricultural Trade Act of 1978 6424:Solar power at the White House 6305:President of the United States 6080:Endangered Species Act of 1973 6073:Endangered Species Act of 1969 5677:Congressional Research Service 5257:VP confirmation of Gerald Ford 4999:Summary of the Clean Water Act 4719:National Cotton Council v. EPA 4006:Gershman, Jacob (2015-10-09). 3987:Gershman, Jacob (2015-08-28). 3948:Shepherd, Katie (2015-05-27). 3768:"Wetland Regulatory Authority" 3112:, Sec. 7. Approved 1981-12-29. 2743:Stohr, Greg (April 23, 2020). 2616:Totenberg, Nina (2023-05-25). 2500: 2476: 2451: 2438: 2425: 2412: 2407:Summary of the Clean Water Act 2399: 2201:National Cotton Council v. EPA 2035:Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 1590: 1493:to control their discharges. ( 1449:publicly owned treatment works 1366:for construction of municipal 1178:pollution control technologies 1146:In legislation prior to 1972, 1057:Common point source discharges 977:the current Supreme Court rule 13: 1: 10754:Sexual misconduct allegations 9393:The Case Against Barack Obama 8866:U.S. House of Representatives 8515:Low-Income Housing Tax Credit 8501:Katie Beckett Medicaid waiver 8443:Internal Revenue Code of 1986 8385:Deficit Reduction Act of 1984 8355:Agriculture Mediation Program 8207:Hunger Prevention Act of 1988 8117:Coastal Barrier Resources Act 7391:(2002 television documentary) 7268:Presidential Medal of Freedom 5898:Federal Energy Administration 5649:Federal Election Campaign Act 5434:Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 4723:553 F.3d 927 (6th Cir. 2009). 3022:, §5008. Approved 2016-12-16. 3004:, §1445. Approved 2015-12-04. 2326: 1996:United States district courts 1792: 1697:Components of an NPDES permit 1332:D.C. Circuit Court of Appeals 906: 388:City of Milwaukee v. Illinois 224:Senate Public Works Committee 12070:Toxic Substances Control Act 9737:Barack Obama vs. Mitt Romney 9366:Obama: From Promise to Power 9229:Religion conspiracy theories 8559:Video Privacy Protection Act 8413:Conservation Reserve Program 8016:Trade and Tariff Act of 1984 7921:Strategic Defense Initiative 7344:Georgia State Capitol statue 6762:Trade Agreements Act of 1979 6685:Electronic Fund Transfer Act 6615:U.S. Department of Education 6545:1980 Summer Olympics boycott 6059:Marine Mammal Protection Act 5971:Clean Air Amendments of 1970 5591:Supplemental Security Income 5533:Education Amendments of 1972 4688:(Report). Washington, D.C.: 4037:Cama, Timothy (2017-01-21). 3736:(Report). Washington, D.C.: 3189:Code of Federal Regulations, 2778:NPDES Permit Writers' Manual 2341:(Report). Washington, D.C.: 2296:Great Lakes Areas of Concern 2059:expanded the mission of the 1896:Any U.S. citizen may file a 1887:Title V - General Provisions 1768:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 1743:Discharge Monitoring Reports 852:U.S. Army Corps of Engineers 464:Department of Energy v. Ohio 407:Weinberger v. Romero-Barcelo 7: 12329:National Climate Assessment 12276:Discharge Monitoring Report 12129:Food Quality Protection Act 11951:Coastal Zone Management Act 10536:Trump: Surviving at the Top 10214:business projects in Russia 10034:Barack Obama Day (Illinois) 9243:Jeremiah Wright controversy 9206:Oprah Winfrey's endorsement 8228:Minerals Management Service 8080:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988 8073:Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986 7576:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 7535:Presidency of Ronald Reagan 7482:(first cousin once removed) 6800:Synthetic Fuels Corporation 6036:Coastal Zone Management Act 5794:Consumer Product Safety Act 5577:National Cancer Act of 1971 5215:1970 Lincoln Memorial visit 5158:Presidency of Richard Nixon 5117:Presidency of Richard Nixon 4974:US House of Representatives 4295:Brief History of the Corps. 4292:"Environmental Activities." 4079:. Holland & Knight LLP. 2597:, Environmental Health News 2459:"The Effects: Human Health" 2444:Water Quality Act of 1987. 2291:Coastal Zone Management Act 2279: 2103: 1962:Sixth Circuit appeals court 1942:Waters of the United States 1522:(for existing sources) and 1400:public–private partnerships 1115:facilities, such as animal 319:United States Supreme Court 151:33 U.S.C.: Navigable Waters 86:92nd United States Congress 10: 12513: 12106:Global Change Research Act 11756:United States v. Bestfoods 11145:Trump derangement syndrome 11130:Donald J. Trump State Park 10830:2024 presidential campaign 10808:non-political endorsements 10769:2020 presidential campaign 10639:2016 presidential campaign 10634:2000 presidential campaign 10584:Why We Want You to Be Rich 10528:Trump: The Art of the Deal 9877:Renegades: Born in the USA 8733:Change Has Come to America 8648:U.S. Senator from Illinois 8221:Medical Waste Tracking Act 8214:Martin Luther King Jr. Day 7698:Presidential proclamations 7324:Jimmy Carter Peanut Statue 7283:Philadelphia Liberty Medal 6948:State of the Union Address 6859:Antarctic Conservation Act 6675:Community Reinvestment Act 6198:Senate Watergate Committee 5778:Permissible exposure limit 5556:Rehabilitation Act of 1973 5301:Presidential Proclamations 4768:. Working Paper No. 23070. 4681:Copeland, Claudia (2010). 3048:Approved October 23, 2018. 2588:Cone, Marla (2009-08-05). 2242: 2238: 2137:White Pass and Yukon Route 2097:Robert Jones (Ohio lawyer) 1945: 1786:Mountaintop removal mining 1478:Discharge permits required 1406:Major statutory provisions 1273:Nonpoint source pollutants 1172:Technology-based standards 1049:Pollution control strategy 935:Gastrointestinal disorders 289:on October 18, 1972 ( 279:on October 17, 1972 ( 231:on November 2, 1971 ( 29: 12379:Section 608 Certification 12319:Maximum contaminant level 12256:Best available technology 12244: 12196: 11902:(1963, 1970, 1977, 1990) 11882:Air Pollution Control Act 11846:Migratory Bird Treaty Act 11778: 11744: 11618: 11556: 11526: 11416: 11346: 11275: 11200: 11014: 10991:election obstruction case 10986:classified documents case 10906: 10842:2024 Republican primaries 10786:2020 Republican primaries 10673:2016 Republican primaries 10626: 10517: 10368: 10330:Attempted assassinations 10189: 10173: 10091: 10062:Higher Ground Productions 10025: 9918: 9765: 9728:Hope! – Das Obama Musical 9627:I Got a Crush... on Obama 9610: 9347: 9324:Firing of Shirley Sherrod 9195: 9157: 9036: 8901: 8883: 8828: 8819: 8766: 8702:Pre-presidential speeches 8670: 8666: 8634: 8568: 8406:Food Security Act of 1985 8330: 8307:Water Quality Act of 1987 8131:Armed Career Criminal Act 8055: 7799: 7736:Joint session of Congress 7583: 7489: 7406: 7353: 7316: 7251: 7159: 7087: 7008: 6987: 6978: 6925: 6842: 6785:U.S. Department of Energy 6775: 6737:Motor Carrier Act of 1980 6647: 6580: 6457:Egypt–Israel peace treaty 6437: 6334: 6296: 6230: 6103: 6087:Oil Pollution Act of 1973 5928: 5706:Fair Credit Reporting Act 5688: 5503:Revised Philadelphia Plan 5487: 5462:Threshold Test Ban Treaty 5310: 5165: 3148:Clean Boating Act of 2008 2869:. Radnor, PA. NA-PR-07-91 2664:National League of Cities 2431:Clean Water Act of 1977. 2306:Oil Pollution Act of 1990 2081:Water Quality Act of 1965 2067:Oil Pollution Act of 1924 1735:biochemical oxygen demand 1715:Best Management Practices 1632:intake structures (e.g., 1491:Best Management Practices 1410:This Act has six titles. 1292:Department of Agriculture 1186:Best Available Technology 885:groundwater contamination 325: 317: 308:Clean Boating Act of 2008 305: 300: 259:on October 4, 1972 ( 251:on October 4, 1972 ( 197: 192: 177: 156: 146: 138: 133: 114: 104: 99: 91: 80: 67: 59: 51: 42: 32:Clean Water Act (Ontario) 12407:Toxicity category rating 12402:Total maximum daily load 12339:National Priorities List 12221:Office of Surface Mining 12046:Federal Noxious Weed Act 11947:(1972, 1977, 1987, 2014) 11921:Solid Waste Disposal Act 11662:Rapanos v. United States 10921:FBI search of Mar-a-Lago 10650:Make America Great Again 10474:(former daughter-in-law) 10324:Las Vegas rally incident 10070:One Last Time (44 Remix) 8924:GOP/conservative support 8249:Nuclear Waste Policy Act 8177:Toxics Release Inventory 7540:templates for discussion 6889:National Priorities List 6715:National security letter 6665:Airline Deregulation Act 6598:Senior Executive Service 6464:Torrijos–Carter Treaties 6237:← Johnson administration 5870:Agricultural Act of 1970 5413:1973 Chilean coup d'état 5122:templates for discussion 4657:Rapanos v. United States 4027:, 114th Congress (2015). 2172:Rapanos v. United States 2020:Rapanos v. United States 1970:Congressional Review Act 1560:Total Maximum Daily Load 1006:Rapanos v. United States 930:Gastrointestinal illness 578:Rapanos v. United States 277:Overridden by the Senate 12492:1972 in the environment 12369:Renewable Fuel Standard 12187:Inflation Reduction Act 11994:Safe Drinking Water Act 11111:wiretapping allegations 10424:Mary Anne MacLeod Trump 10339:raised-fist photographs 10078:Sunlight before signing 9817:The Road We've Traveled 9555:Barack Obama: The Story 9528:O: A Presidential Novel 9295:Citizen's Briefing Book 9113:(paternal half-brother) 8575:← Carter administration 8009:American Homecoming Act 7893:Constructive engagement 7656:Administration scandals 7201:reaction and commentary 7141:Nairobi Agreement, 1999 6933:Moral Equivalent of War 6869:Clean Water Act of 1977 6135:Saturday Night Massacre 5877:Farm Credit Act of 1971 5847:Alternative minimum tax 4913:10.1073/pnas.1802870115 4012:The Wall Street Journal 3993:The Wall Street Journal 3463:"Cooling Water Intakes" 2311:Safe Drinking Water Act 1868:Beneficial Reuse Policy 1819:Recapture of exemptions 1758:Dredge and fill permits 1384:polluter pays principle 1246:Laboratory test methods 1228:Anti-degradation policy 1192:Water quality standards 1102:sewage treatment plants 1024:Justice Anthony Kennedy 893:Safe Drinking Water Act 875:Clean Water Act of 1977 220:Committee consideration 178:U.S.C. sections amended 11982:Endangered Species Act 11927:Endangered Species Act 11809:Rivers and Harbors Act 11358:United States v. SCRAP 11304:Vermont Yankee v. NRDC 11175:Black Voices for Trump 11004:Trump v. United States 10956:Trump v. United States 10931:Stormy Daniels scandal 10857:running mate selection 10803:political endorsements 10688:running mate selection 10592:Think Big and Kick Ass 10560:Trump: How to Get Rich 10552:The America We Deserve 10480:(former sister-in-law) 10454:Elizabeth Christ Trump 10204:The Trump Organization 9993:President Barack Obama 9857:America's Great Divide 9638:Barack the Magic Negro 9310:New Energy for America 9236:Bill Ayers controversy 9105:(paternal half-sister) 9097:(maternal grandmother) 9089:(maternal grandfather) 9081:(maternal half-sister) 8956:running mate selection 8688:Illinois Senate career 8508:Tax Reform Act of 1986 7728:"Tear down this wall!" 7209:Beyond the White House 7058:running mate selection 7026:running mate selection 6943:A Crisis of Confidence 6189:United States v. Nixon 5840:Tax Reform Act of 1969 5517:Native American policy 5496:Family Assistance Plan 3528:, approved 1996-02-10. 1698: 1444: 1425:Chesapeake Bay Program 1309: 1276: 1214:Water quality criteria 1088:oil and gas extraction 1058: 1019:Justice Antonin Scalia 964:Neurological disorders 959:Neurological disorders 249:agreed to by the House 12307:Executive Order 13990 12301:Executive Order 13432 12296:Environmental justice 12181:CHIPS and Science Act 11888:Fish and Wildlife Act 11764:Guam v. United States 11296:Sierra Club v. Morton 10869:2024 general election 10798:2020 general election 10722:Republican opposition 10700:2016 general election 9807:2016: Obama's America 9411:Culture of Corruption 9257:Assassination threats 9087:Stanley Armour Dunham 8778:Dreams from My Father 8681:Early life and career 8584:Bush administration → 8138:Sentencing Reform Act 8046:Exon–Florio Amendment 7972:Executive Order 12333 7958:Goldwater–Nichols Act 7633:Judicial appointments 7619:Assassination attempt 7456:Ruth Carter Stapleton 7438:James Earl Carter Sr. 7186:Our Endangered Values 6690:Executive Order 12086 6634:Executive Order 12172 6622:Executive Order 12148 6550:Executive Order 12036 6479:Executive Order 12170 6402:Judicial appointments 6324:Georgia State Senator 6246:Ford administration → 5748:Smithsonian Agreement 5271:Judicial appointments 4947:CWA text and analysis 2680:. EPA. 6 August 2014. 2221:a navigable waterway. 1741:samples), and submit 1696: 1670:Department of Defense 1438: 1347:industrial stormwater 1307: 1271: 1166:Hawaii District Court 1098:Municipal governments 1056: 947:Reproductive problems 216:) on October 28, 1971 12487:1987 in American law 12482:1977 in American law 12477:1972 in American law 12390:State of the Climate 12058:Magnuson–Stevens Act 11864:McSweeney-McNary Act 11516:West Virginia v. EPA 11468:Massachusetts v. EPA 10982:Federal prosecution 10897:God Bless the U.S.A. 10818:attempts to overturn 10727:Never Trump movement 10430:Maryanne Trump Barry 9907:Picturing the Obamas 9710:Air and Simple Gifts 9483:Conservative Victory 9338:Tan suit controversy 8788:The Audacity of Hope 8725:A More Perfect Union 8709:The Audacity of Hope 8066:AIDS crisis response 7840:Soviet Union summits 7444:Lillian Gordy Carter 7278:Silver Buffalo Award 7107:Habitat for Humanity 6484:Operation Eagle Claw 6151:White House Plumbers 4989:) as amended in the 4654:U.S. Supreme Court. 4581:U.S. Supreme Court. 4558:U.S. Supreme Court. 4297:Accessed 2013-10-19. 3740:. p. 2. 97-290. 3495:Accessed 2008-07-28. 2569:www.sciencedaily.com 2525:10.1136/jech.54.1.45 2435:, December 27, 1977. 2362:Rinde, Meir (2017). 2177:federal jurisdiction 2141:Edward Hanousek, Jr. 1976:vetoed the measure. 1394:Congress passed the 985:intermittent streams 833:wastewater treatment 247:on October 4, 1972; 12354:Not-To-Exceed (NTE) 12286:Environmental crime 12281:Effluent guidelines 12042:, 2014, 2016, 2022) 11782:federal legislation 11288:Missouri v. Holland 11072:penthouse apartment 11062:85-15 Wareham Place 10962:State prosecutions 10666:Crossfire Hurricane 10508:John Whitney Walter 10270:Political positions 9837:Hillary and Clinton 9701:Deadheads for Obama 9683:Sí Se Puede Cambiar 9429:Barack and Michelle 9331:Impeachment efforts 8743:Political positions 8300:1982 VRA Amendments 7928:International trips 7900:Invasion of Grenada 7670:Impeachment efforts 7612:Second inauguration 7605:Release of hostages 7450:Gloria Carter Spann 7273:Freedom of the City 6938:Island of Stability 6807:National Energy Act 6795:Energy Security Act 6757:Revenue Act of 1978 6540:International trips 6527:Goldwater v. Carter 6469:Iran hostage crisis 6392:Political positions 6316:Governor of Georgia 6205:impeachment process 6121:Operation Sandwedge 5856:Revenue Act of 1971 5656:1970 VRA Amendments 5404:Shanghai Communiqué 5397:1972 visit to China 5349:Paris Peace Accords 5321:International trips 5201:Second inauguration 4904:2019PNAS..116.5262K 4884:Kling, Catherine L. 4191:The Washington Post 3263:40 CFR Subchapter N 3234:40 CFR Subchapter N 2698:Updated 2021-09-16. 2595:Scientific American 2448:, February 4, 1987. 2422:, October 18, 1972. 2153:Migratory Bird Rule 2028:Earlier legislation 1937:Recent developments 1905:Employee protection 1654:technology transfer 1520:Effluent guidelines 1514:secondary treatment 1441:secondary treatment 1418:Title I includes a 1328:environmental group 1084:shipping activities 953:reproductive system 273:on October 17, 1972 193:Legislative history 39: 12174:Louisiana v. Biden 12088:CERCLA (Superfund) 11996:(1974, 1986, 1996) 11312:Hughes v. Oklahoma 11192:Knowledge coverage 11032:In popular culture 10737:Mitt Romney speech 10568:The Way to the Top 10319:Security incidents 9827:Southside with You 9797:Obama Anak Menteng 9600:The World as It Is 9546:Obama's Last Stand 9519:The Obama Identity 9510:The Obama Syndrome 9303:Tea Party protests 7907:Iran–Contra affair 7601:First inauguration 7399:(2007 documentary) 7170:Everything to Gain 7146:One America Appeal 6452:Camp David Accords 6128:Operation Gemstone 5427:1972 Moscow Summit 5183:First inauguration 5098:General Background 5070:on October 8, 2013 5064:86 U.S. Stats. 816 4970:United States Code 4957:United States Code 4807:. EPA. 2019-02-04. 4740:. EPA. 2017-01-03. 4358:, August 14, 1912. 4135:The New York Times 4096:The New York Times 4062:The New York Times 3923:. EPA. 2018-03-06. 3835:EPA (1993-02-19). 3784:. EPA. 2016-10-06. 3678:EPA (1994-04-19). 3465:. EPA. 2017-04-26. 3295:. EPA. 2023-12-15. 3253:; and CWA 307(c), 2976:. EPA. 2022-05-12. 2923:. EPA. 2022-05-31. 2850:. EPA. 2022-01-19. 2836:. EPA. 2021-10-21. 2822:. EPA. 2022-04-28. 2800:EPA (2022-04-14). 2715:. EPA. 2018-08-20. 2463:Nutrient Pollution 2321:Mitigation banking 2270:nutrient pollution 2165:hydroelectric dams 1711:industrial sources 1699: 1612:Federal facilities 1445: 1310: 1277: 1092:service industries 1059: 844:environmental laws 52:Other short titles 37: 12420: 12419: 12349:New Source Review 12135:Energy Policy Act 12118:Oil Pollution Act 11988:Oil Pollution Act 11976:Noise Control Act 11906:Acid Rain Program 11894:Oil Pollution Act 11858:Oil Pollution Act 11852:Clarke–McNary Act 11774: 11773: 11734:Sackett v. EPA II 11235: 11234: 10907:Post-presidential 10899:" (campaign song) 10600:Time to Get Tough 10468:(daughter-in-law) 10265:Honors and awards 10255:American football 10133: 10132: 10087: 10086: 10048:Awards and honors 10041:Obama Day (Kenya) 9983:The Forgotten Man 9936:Artists for Obama 9501:The Obama Diaries 9153: 9152: 9032: 9031: 8750:Nobel Peace Prize 8594: 8593: 7965:Montreal Protocol 7795: 7794: 7786:1988 SOTU Address 7779:1987 SOTU Address 7772:1986 SOTU Address 7765:1985 SOTU Address 7758:1984 SOTU Address 7751:1983 SOTU Address 7744:1982 SOTU Address 7684:Executive actions 7525: 7524: 7298:Christopher Award 7263:Nobel Peace Prize 7225:White House Diary 7178:The Hornet's Nest 7083: 7082: 6921: 6920: 6747:Staggers Rail Act 6429:Reagan transition 6414:Executive Actions 6256: 6255: 6181:White House tapes 6172:list of opponents 6013:Noise Control Act 5612:Shafer Commission 5478:Space exploration 5448:Washington Summit 5342:Cambodian bombing 5250:1974 SOTU Address 5243:1973 SOTU Address 5236:1972 SOTU Address 5229:1971 SOTU Address 5222:1970 SOTU Address 5191:Bring Us Together 5026:Works related to 4898:(12): 5262–5269. 4205:Federal Register, 4149:Federal Register, 4110:Federal Register, 3968:Federal Register, 3954:Los Angeles Times 3750:CWA section 404. 3611:CWA sec. 402(p), 3559:Federal Register, 3539:Federal Register, 3319:CWA 303 and 305. 3232:. Regulations at 3181:§ 1314(d)(1) 2731:978-0-943244-40-2 2301:Ocean Dumping Act 2091:The 1969 burning 1958:Ralph R. Erickson 1626:thermal pollution 1620:Thermal pollution 1458:in the 1987 WQA ( 1257:chemical compound 1034:through the 2015 916:Contamination of 819:) is the primary 809: 808: 771:Sackett v. EPA II 229:Passed the Senate 117:Statutes at Large 16:(Redirected from 12504: 12449: 12448: 12447: 12437: 12436: 12428: 12266:Clean Power Plan 12198:Federal agencies 11840:Weeks–McLean Act 11694:Sackett v. EPA I 11344: 11343: 11262: 11255: 11248: 11239: 11238: 11225: 11224: 11170:Blacks for Trump 11160:Bikers for Trump 11117:Real News Update 10949:Carroll v. Trump 10779:2020 Tulsa rally 10760:Access Hollywood 10616:Crippled America 10394:Donald Trump Jr. 10287:2021 CPAC speech 10182: 10160: 10153: 10146: 10137: 10136: 10126: 10121: 10120: 10110: 10101: 10098:← George W. Bush 10080: 10073: 10064: 10057: 10050: 10043: 10036: 10018: 10011: 10004: 9997: 9987: 9977: 9970: 9961: 9952: 9945: 9938: 9931: 9929:Social media use 9911: 9901: 9891: 9881: 9871: 9861: 9851: 9841: 9831: 9821: 9811: 9801: 9791: 9781: 9758: 9749: 9740: 9731: 9722: 9713: 9704: 9695: 9686: 9677: 9668: 9657: 9648: 9641: 9630: 9621: 9603: 9594: 9585: 9576: 9567: 9564:Game Change 2012 9558: 9549: 9540: 9531: 9522: 9513: 9504: 9495: 9486: 9477: 9468: 9459: 9450: 9441: 9432: 9423: 9414: 9405: 9402:The Obama Nation 9396: 9387: 9378: 9369: 9360: 9340: 9333: 9326: 9319: 9312: 9305: 9298: 9289: 9282: 9273: 9266: 9259: 9252: 9245: 9238: 9231: 9222: 9215: 9208: 9198:political events 9182: 9175: 9168: 9159: 9158: 9146: 9138: 9130: 9129:(brother-in-law) 9122: 9114: 9106: 9098: 9090: 9082: 9074: 9066: 9063:Barack Obama Sr. 9058: 9050: 9023: 9016: 9009: 9002: 8995: 8988: 8979: 8972: 8965: 8958: 8949: 8947:primary campaign 8942: 8935: 8926: 8919: 8912: 8894: 8874: 8867: 8860: 8853: 8846: 8839: 8826: 8825: 8812: 8802: 8792: 8782: 8759: 8752: 8745: 8736: 8728: 8720: 8712: 8704: 8697: 8690: 8683: 8668: 8667: 8659: 8651: 8643: 8621: 8614: 8607: 8598: 8597: 8587: 8578: 8561: 8554: 8547: 8540: 8533: 8524: 8517: 8510: 8503: 8496: 8489: 8482: 8475: 8468: 8459: 8452: 8445: 8438: 8431: 8422: 8415: 8408: 8401: 8394: 8387: 8380: 8373: 8364: 8357: 8350: 8343: 8323: 8316: 8309: 8302: 8295: 8288: 8279: 8272: 8265: 8258: 8251: 8244: 8237: 8230: 8223: 8216: 8209: 8202: 8200:Grace Commission 8195: 8188: 8179: 8172: 8163: 8156: 8147: 8140: 8133: 8126: 8119: 8112: 8105: 8098: 8089: 8082: 8075: 8068: 8048: 8041: 8032: 8025: 8018: 8011: 8002: 7995: 7988: 7981: 7974: 7967: 7960: 7953: 7946: 7939: 7930: 7923: 7916: 7909: 7902: 7895: 7886: 7884:Governors Island 7879: 7870: 7863: 7856: 7849: 7842: 7833: 7826: 7819: 7812: 7788: 7781: 7774: 7767: 7760: 7753: 7746: 7739: 7731: 7723: 7707: 7706: 7700: 7693: 7691:Executive orders 7686: 7679: 7672: 7665: 7658: 7649: 7642: 7635: 7628: 7621: 7614: 7607: 7596: 7569: 7562: 7555: 7546: 7545: 7514: 7513: 7233:A Call to Action 6985: 6984: 6435: 6434: 6327: 6319: 6308: 6283: 6276: 6269: 6260: 6259: 6249: 6240: 6223: 6216: 6207: 6200: 6193: 6183: 6174: 6167: 6160: 6153: 6146: 6137: 6130: 6123: 6116: 6096: 6089: 6082: 6075: 6068: 6061: 6054: 6045: 6038: 6031: 6022: 6015: 6008: 6001: 5994: 5987: 5980: 5973: 5966: 5957: 5950: 5943: 5921: 5914: 5907: 5900: 5893: 5886: 5879: 5872: 5865: 5858: 5849: 5842: 5833: 5826: 5819: 5810: 5803: 5796: 5789: 5780: 5773: 5766: 5759: 5750: 5743: 5736: 5729: 5722: 5715: 5708: 5701: 5699:Bank Secrecy Act 5679: 5672: 5665: 5658: 5651: 5644: 5635: 5628: 5621: 5614: 5607: 5600: 5593: 5586: 5579: 5572: 5565: 5558: 5549: 5542: 5535: 5526: 5519: 5512: 5505: 5498: 5480: 5473: 5464: 5457: 5450: 5443: 5436: 5429: 5422: 5415: 5406: 5399: 5392: 5383: 5376: 5367: 5360: 5357:Peace with Honor 5351: 5344: 5337: 5330: 5323: 5303: 5296: 5294:Executive Orders 5287: 5280: 5273: 5266: 5259: 5252: 5245: 5238: 5231: 5224: 5217: 5210: 5203: 5194: 5185: 5178: 5151: 5144: 5137: 5128: 5127: 5093: 5087: 5079: 5077: 5075: 5025: 4936: 4935: 4925: 4915: 4879: 4873: 4872: 4870: 4869: 4863: 4856: 4847: 4841: 4840: 4838: 4837: 4831: 4824: 4815: 4809: 4808: 4801: 4795: 4794: 4776: 4770: 4769: 4767: 4751: 4742: 4741: 4730: 4724: 4715: 4709: 4700: 4694: 4693: 4687: 4678: 4672: 4652: 4646: 4633: 4627: 4614: 4608: 4607: 4595: 4589: 4587: 4579: 4573: 4556: 4550: 4549: 4547: 4539: 4533: 4532: 4530: 4529: 4514: 4508: 4507: 4505: 4504: 4489: 4483: 4472: 4466: 4464: 4448: 4444: 4439: 4433: 4431: 4415: 4411: 4406: 4400: 4399: 4383: 4379: 4374: 4368: 4365: 4359: 4348: 4342: 4341: 4321: 4315: 4304: 4298: 4288: 4277: 4276: 4265: 4256: 4255: 4253: 4251: 4239: 4233: 4232: 4220: 4214: 4201: 4195: 4194: 4182: 4176: 4170: 4164: 4158: 4145: 4139: 4138: 4126: 4120: 4106: 4100: 4099: 4087: 4081: 4080: 4072: 4066: 4065: 4053: 4047: 4046: 4034: 4028: 4025:S.J.Res. 22 4022: 4016: 4015: 4003: 3997: 3996: 3984: 3978: 3964: 3958: 3957: 3945: 3939: 3938: 3931: 3925: 3924: 3917: 3911: 3898: 3892: 3881: 3875: 3865: 3856: 3847: 3844:Federal Register 3841: 3832: 3819: 3808: 3802: 3799: 3786: 3785: 3778: 3772: 3771: 3764: 3758: 3748: 3742: 3741: 3735: 3726: 3720: 3719: 3712: 3706: 3705: 3694: 3688: 3684:Federal Register 3676: 3670: 3653: 3649: 3643: 3637: 3636: 3634: 3626: 3620: 3609: 3603: 3592: 3586: 3575: 3569: 3555: 3549: 3535: 3529: 3520: 3516: 3502: 3496: 3489: 3483: 3473: 3467: 3466: 3459: 3453: 3443: 3437: 3426: 3420: 3409: 3403: 3392: 3386: 3385: 3378: 3365: 3355: 3349: 3348: 3341: 3335: 3317: 3311: 3310: 3303: 3297: 3296: 3289: 3283: 3282: 3280: 3272: 3266: 3243: 3237: 3206: 3200: 3198: 3173: 3167: 3166:, July 29, 2008. 3158: 3154: 3136: 3130: 3119: 3113: 3107: 3103: 3097: 3091: 3090: 3084: 3075: 3066: 3055: 3049: 3043: 3039: 3029: 3023: 3014: 3010: 2996: 2992: 2984: 2978: 2977: 2970: 2964: 2963: 2956: 2950: 2941: 2937: 2931: 2925: 2924: 2917: 2911: 2901: 2895: 2884: 2878: 2877: 2875: 2874: 2858: 2852: 2851: 2844: 2838: 2837: 2830: 2824: 2823: 2816: 2810: 2809: 2797: 2782: 2781: 2774: 2765: 2759: 2753: 2752: 2740: 2734: 2723: 2717: 2716: 2705: 2699: 2688: 2682: 2681: 2674: 2668: 2667: 2655: 2649: 2638: 2632: 2631: 2629: 2628: 2613: 2607: 2606: 2604: 2603: 2585: 2579: 2578: 2576: 2575: 2561: 2555: 2554: 2544: 2504: 2498: 2497: 2495: 2494: 2488:Cleveland Clinic 2480: 2474: 2473: 2471: 2470: 2455: 2449: 2442: 2436: 2429: 2423: 2416: 2410: 2403: 2397: 2390: 2384: 2383: 2381: 2379: 2359: 2346: 2340: 2116:navigable waters 2047:William H. Bixby 1985:Clean Water Rule 1966:joint resolution 1948:Clean Water Rule 1864:Beneficial reuse 1660:Military vessels 1368:sewage treatment 1281:nonpoint sources 1264:Nonpoint sources 1237:General policies 1036:Clean Water Rule 1015:US Supreme Court 993:prairie potholes 971:Waters protected 654:Sackett v. EPA I 301:Major amendments 239:Passed the House 160:sections created 118: 95:October 18, 1972 73: 47: 40: 36: 21: 12512: 12511: 12507: 12506: 12505: 12503: 12502: 12501: 12457: 12456: 12455: 12445: 12443: 12431: 12423: 12421: 12416: 12248: 12240: 12192: 11945:Clean Water Act 11789: 11788:and lower court 11787: 11785: 11780: 11770: 11740: 11614: 11552: 11522: 11500:Michigan v. EPA 11412: 11342: 11279: 11271: 11266: 11236: 11231: 11218: 11196: 11165:Women for Trump 11140:Trump Force One 11010: 10908: 10902: 10622: 10513: 10486:(mother-in-law) 10448:Frederick Trump 10364: 10334:in Pennsylvania 10199:Business career 10191: 10185: 10177: 10169: 10164: 10134: 10129: 10115: 10104: 10095: 10083: 10076: 10067: 10060: 10053: 10046: 10039: 10032: 10021: 10014: 10007: 10000: 9996:(2018 portrait) 9990: 9986:(2010 painting) 9980: 9973: 9964: 9955: 9948: 9941: 9934: 9927: 9914: 9904: 9894: 9884: 9874: 9864: 9854: 9844: 9834: 9824: 9814: 9804: 9794: 9784: 9774: 9767: 9761: 9752: 9743: 9734: 9725: 9716: 9707: 9698: 9689: 9680: 9671: 9662: 9651: 9644: 9635: 9624: 9617: 9606: 9597: 9588: 9579: 9573:Buyer's Remorse 9570: 9561: 9552: 9543: 9534: 9525: 9516: 9507: 9498: 9489: 9480: 9471: 9462: 9453: 9447:The Obama Story 9444: 9435: 9426: 9417: 9408: 9399: 9390: 9384:Redemption Song 9381: 9372: 9363: 9356: 9343: 9336: 9329: 9322: 9315: 9308: 9301: 9292: 9285: 9278: 9269: 9262: 9255: 9248: 9241: 9234: 9227: 9218: 9211: 9204: 9197: 9191: 9186: 9149: 9141: 9133: 9125: 9121:(mother-in-law) 9119:Marian Robinson 9117: 9109: 9101: 9093: 9085: 9079:Maya Soetoro-Ng 9077: 9069: 9061: 9053: 9045: 9028: 9019: 9012: 9005: 8998: 8991: 8984: 8975: 8968: 8961: 8954: 8945: 8938: 8931: 8922: 8915: 8908: 8897: 8890: 8879: 8870: 8865: 8856: 8849: 8842: 8835: 8815: 8808:A Promised Land 8805: 8795: 8785: 8775: 8762: 8755: 8748: 8741: 8731: 8723: 8715: 8707: 8700: 8693: 8686: 8679: 8672: 8662: 8654: 8646: 8638: 8630: 8625: 8595: 8590: 8581: 8572: 8564: 8557: 8550: 8543: 8536: 8529: 8520: 8513: 8506: 8499: 8492: 8485: 8480:Reagan tax cuts 8478: 8471: 8464: 8455: 8448: 8441: 8434: 8427: 8418: 8411: 8404: 8397: 8390: 8383: 8376: 8369: 8360: 8353: 8346: 8339: 8332:Economic policy 8326: 8319: 8312: 8305: 8298: 8291: 8284: 8275: 8268: 8261: 8254: 8247: 8240: 8233: 8226: 8219: 8212: 8205: 8198: 8191: 8184: 8175: 8168: 8159: 8152: 8143: 8136: 8129: 8122: 8115: 8108: 8103:Cannabis policy 8101: 8094: 8085: 8078: 8071: 8064: 8057:Domestic policy 8051: 8044: 8037: 8028: 8021: 8014: 8007: 7998: 7991: 7984: 7977: 7970: 7963: 7956: 7949: 7942: 7933: 7926: 7919: 7912: 7905: 7898: 7891: 7882: 7875: 7866: 7859: 7852: 7845: 7838: 7829: 7822: 7815: 7810:Reagan Doctrine 7808: 7791: 7784: 7777: 7770: 7763: 7756: 7749: 7742: 7734: 7726: 7718: 7705: 7696: 7689: 7682: 7677:Opinion polling 7675: 7668: 7663:Bush transition 7661: 7654: 7645: 7638: 7631: 7624: 7617: 7610: 7599: 7592: 7579: 7573: 7543: 7526: 7521: 7502:Ronald Reagan → 7485: 7480:Hugh Carter Jr. 7414:Rosalynn Carter 7402: 7396:Man from Plains 7349: 7312: 7254: 7247: 7155: 7089:Post-presidency 7079: 7004: 6974: 6917: 6845: 6838: 6771: 6648:Economic policy 6643: 6588:Cannabis policy 6581:Domestic policy 6576: 6509:Algiers Accords 6499:1979 oil crisis 6447:Carter Doctrine 6433: 6419:Rabbit incident 6338: 6330: 6322: 6311: 6300: 6292: 6287: 6257: 6252: 6243: 6234: 6226: 6219: 6212: 6203: 6196: 6186: 6179: 6170: 6163: 6158:Watergate Seven 6156: 6149: 6142: 6133: 6126: 6119: 6112: 6099: 6092: 6085: 6078: 6071: 6064: 6057: 6050: 6041: 6034: 6027: 6018: 6011: 6004: 5997: 5990: 5983: 5978:Clean Water Act 5976: 5969: 5962: 5953: 5946: 5939: 5931: 5924: 5917: 5910: 5903: 5896: 5889: 5882: 5875: 5868: 5861: 5854: 5845: 5838: 5829: 5822: 5815: 5806: 5799: 5792: 5785: 5776: 5769: 5762: 5755: 5746: 5739: 5732: 5725: 5718: 5711: 5704: 5697: 5690:Economic policy 5684: 5675: 5668: 5661: 5654: 5647: 5640: 5633:Cannabis policy 5631: 5624: 5617: 5610: 5603: 5596: 5589: 5582: 5575: 5568: 5561: 5554: 5545: 5538: 5531: 5522: 5515: 5508: 5501: 5494: 5488:Domestic policy 5483: 5476: 5471:Operation CHAOS 5469: 5460: 5453: 5446: 5439: 5432: 5425: 5418: 5411: 5402: 5395: 5390:Tar Baby option 5388: 5379: 5374:Cold War period 5372: 5363: 5354: 5347: 5340: 5333: 5326: 5319: 5306: 5299: 5292: 5283: 5276: 5269: 5262: 5255: 5248: 5241: 5234: 5227: 5220: 5213: 5208:Silent majority 5206: 5199: 5188: 5181: 5174: 5161: 5155: 5125: 5100: 5081: 5080: 5073: 5071: 5028:Clean Water Act 4944: 4939: 4880: 4876: 4867: 4865: 4861: 4854: 4848: 4844: 4835: 4833: 4829: 4822: 4816: 4812: 4803: 4802: 4798: 4791: 4777: 4773: 4752: 4745: 4732: 4731: 4727: 4716: 4712: 4701: 4697: 4685: 4679: 4675: 4653: 4649: 4634: 4630: 4615: 4611: 4596: 4592: 4582: 4580: 4576: 4557: 4553: 4545: 4541: 4540: 4536: 4527: 4525: 4516: 4515: 4511: 4502: 4500: 4491: 4490: 4486: 4473: 4469: 4463:October 2, 1965 4446: 4440: 4436: 4413: 4407: 4403: 4381: 4375: 4371: 4366: 4362: 4349: 4345: 4322: 4318: 4314:. March 3, 1899 4305: 4301: 4289: 4280: 4275:. May 25, 2023. 4267: 4266: 4259: 4249: 4247: 4240: 4236: 4221: 4217: 4202: 4198: 4183: 4179: 4166: 4165: 4161: 4146: 4142: 4127: 4123: 4107: 4103: 4088: 4084: 4073: 4069: 4054: 4050: 4035: 4031: 4023: 4019: 4004: 4000: 3985: 3981: 3965: 3961: 3946: 3942: 3933: 3932: 3928: 3919: 3918: 3914: 3899: 3895: 3882: 3878: 3866: 3859: 3839: 3833: 3822: 3809: 3805: 3800: 3789: 3780: 3779: 3775: 3766: 3765: 3761: 3749: 3745: 3733: 3727: 3723: 3714: 3713: 3709: 3696: 3695: 3691: 3677: 3673: 3651: 3644: 3640: 3632: 3628: 3627: 3623: 3610: 3606: 3593: 3589: 3576: 3572: 3556: 3552: 3536: 3532: 3518: 3503: 3499: 3490: 3486: 3474: 3470: 3461: 3460: 3456: 3444: 3440: 3427: 3423: 3410: 3406: 3393: 3389: 3380: 3379: 3368: 3356: 3352: 3343: 3342: 3338: 3318: 3314: 3305: 3304: 3300: 3291: 3290: 3286: 3278: 3274: 3273: 3269: 3244: 3240: 3224:; and CWA 306, 3207: 3203: 3191: 3175:CWA 304(d)(1), 3174: 3170: 3156: 3137: 3133: 3120: 3116: 3105: 3098: 3094: 3082: 3076: 3069: 3056: 3052: 3041: 3031:United States. 3030: 3026: 3012: 3005: 2994: 2987: 2985: 2981: 2972: 2971: 2967: 2958: 2957: 2953: 2939: 2932: 2928: 2919: 2918: 2914: 2908:NRDC v. Costle, 2902: 2898: 2885: 2881: 2872: 2870: 2859: 2855: 2846: 2845: 2841: 2832: 2831: 2827: 2818: 2817: 2813: 2798: 2785: 2776: 2775: 2768: 2760: 2756: 2741: 2737: 2724: 2720: 2707: 2706: 2702: 2689: 2685: 2676: 2675: 2671: 2656: 2652: 2639: 2635: 2626: 2624: 2614: 2610: 2601: 2599: 2586: 2582: 2573: 2571: 2563: 2562: 2558: 2505: 2501: 2492: 2490: 2482: 2481: 2477: 2468: 2466: 2457: 2456: 2452: 2443: 2439: 2430: 2426: 2417: 2413: 2404: 2400: 2391: 2387: 2377: 2375: 2360: 2353: 2349: 2338: 2329: 2282: 2247: 2241: 2106: 2030: 1950: 1944: 1939: 1923: 1907: 1894: 1889: 1848: 1821: 1812: 1795: 1772:land developers 1760: 1722:combined sewers 1691: 1683: 1678: 1662: 1650:Nonpoint Source 1646: 1622: 1614: 1593: 1580: 1548: 1506: 1480: 1475: 1433: 1416: 1408: 1392: 1360: 1330:. In 1977, the 1266: 1253:microbiological 1248: 1239: 1230: 1216: 1207: 1205:Designated uses 1194: 1174: 1162:injection wells 1064: 1051: 973: 961: 949: 932: 914: 909: 829:water pollution 813:Clean Water Act 805: 296: 116: 81:Enacted by 71: 38:Clean Water Act 35: 28: 23: 22: 18:Clean water act 15: 12: 11: 5: 12510: 12500: 12499: 12494: 12489: 12484: 12479: 12474: 12469: 12454: 12453: 12441: 12418: 12417: 12415: 12414: 12409: 12404: 12399: 12396:Tailoring Rule 12393: 12386: 12381: 12376: 12371: 12366: 12361: 12359:PACE financing 12356: 12351: 12346: 12341: 12336: 12331: 12326: 12321: 12316: 12310: 12304: 12298: 12293: 12288: 12283: 12278: 12273: 12268: 12263: 12258: 12252: 12250: 12242: 12241: 12239: 12238: 12233: 12228: 12223: 12218: 12213: 12208: 12202: 12200: 12194: 12193: 12191: 12190: 12184: 12178: 12170: 12164: 12158: 12152: 12144: 12138: 12132: 12126: 12121: 12115: 12109: 12103: 12097: 12091: 12085: 12079: 12073: 12067: 12061: 12055: 12049: 12043: 11997: 11991: 11985: 11979: 11973: 11967: 11961: 11960: 11959: 11948: 11942: 11936: 11930: 11924: 11918: 11910: 11909: 11908: 11897: 11891: 11885: 11879: 11873: 11867: 11861: 11855: 11849: 11843: 11837: 11831: 11825: 11819: 11818: 11817: 11806: 11800: 11793: 11791: 11776: 11775: 11772: 11771: 11769: 11768: 11760: 11751: 11749: 11742: 11741: 11739: 11738: 11730: 11722: 11714: 11706: 11698: 11690: 11682: 11674: 11666: 11658: 11650: 11642: 11634: 11625: 11623: 11616: 11615: 11613: 11612: 11604: 11596: 11588: 11580: 11572: 11563: 11561: 11554: 11553: 11551: 11550: 11542: 11533: 11531: 11524: 11523: 11521: 11520: 11512: 11504: 11496: 11488: 11480: 11472: 11464: 11456: 11448: 11440: 11432: 11423: 11421: 11414: 11413: 11411: 11410: 11402: 11394: 11386: 11378: 11370: 11362: 11353: 11351: 11341: 11340: 11332: 11324: 11316: 11308: 11300: 11292: 11283: 11281: 11273: 11272: 11265: 11264: 11257: 11250: 11242: 11233: 11232: 11230: 11229: 11217: 11216: 11209: 11206:← Barack Obama 11201: 11198: 11197: 11195: 11194: 11189: 11184: 11183: 11182: 11180:Gays for Trump 11177: 11172: 11167: 11162: 11152: 11147: 11142: 11137: 11135:Nicknames used 11132: 11127: 11126: 11125: 11120: 11113: 11108: 11103: 11095: 11088: 11087: 11086: 11081: 11076: 11075: 11074: 11064: 11054: 11053: 11052: 11044: 11039: 11029: 11024: 11018: 11016: 11012: 11011: 11009: 11008: 11000: 10998:Trump mug shot 10995: 10994: 10993: 10988: 10980: 10975: 10974: 10973: 10968: 10960: 10952: 10945: 10944: 10943: 10938: 10933: 10923: 10918: 10912: 10910: 10904: 10903: 10901: 10900: 10893: 10888: 10887: 10886: 10881: 10876: 10866: 10865: 10864: 10859: 10854: 10849: 10839: 10838: 10837: 10827: 10826: 10825: 10820: 10815: 10810: 10805: 10795: 10794: 10793: 10783: 10782: 10781: 10776: 10766: 10765: 10764: 10751: 10750: 10749: 10744: 10739: 10734: 10729: 10719: 10718: 10717: 10712: 10707: 10697: 10696: 10695: 10690: 10685: 10680: 10670: 10669: 10668: 10663: 10658: 10653: 10646: 10636: 10630: 10628: 10624: 10623: 10621: 10620: 10612: 10604: 10596: 10588: 10580: 10572: 10564: 10556: 10548: 10540: 10532: 10523: 10521: 10515: 10514: 10512: 10511: 10505: 10502:Fred Trump III 10499: 10493: 10487: 10481: 10475: 10469: 10463: 10457: 10451: 10445: 10439: 10436:Fred Trump Jr. 10433: 10427: 10421: 10415: 10409: 10403: 10397: 10391: 10385: 10379: 10372: 10370: 10366: 10365: 10363: 10362: 10361: 10360: 10359: 10358: 10348: 10347: 10346: 10341: 10328: 10327: 10326: 10316: 10311: 10310: 10309: 10299: 10294: 10289: 10284: 10279: 10278: 10277: 10267: 10262: 10257: 10252: 10251: 10250: 10247:The Apprentice 10238: 10237: 10236: 10231: 10226: 10221: 10216: 10211: 10206: 10195: 10193: 10187: 10186: 10184: 10183: 10174: 10171: 10170: 10163: 10162: 10155: 10148: 10140: 10131: 10130: 10128: 10127: 10112: 10111: 10107:Donald Trump → 10102: 10092: 10089: 10088: 10085: 10084: 10082: 10081: 10074: 10065: 10058: 10051: 10044: 10037: 10029: 10027: 10023: 10022: 10020: 10019: 10012: 10005: 9998: 9988: 9978: 9971: 9967:Situation Room 9962: 9958:Hair Like Mine 9953: 9950:"Joker" poster 9946: 9939: 9932: 9924: 9922: 9916: 9915: 9913: 9912: 9902: 9897:The First Lady 9892: 9882: 9872: 9862: 9852: 9842: 9832: 9822: 9812: 9802: 9792: 9782: 9771: 9769: 9763: 9762: 9760: 9759: 9750: 9741: 9732: 9723: 9714: 9705: 9696: 9687: 9678: 9669: 9660: 9659: 9658: 9642: 9633: 9632: 9631: 9614: 9612: 9608: 9607: 9605: 9604: 9595: 9586: 9577: 9568: 9559: 9550: 9541: 9532: 9523: 9514: 9505: 9496: 9487: 9478: 9469: 9460: 9451: 9442: 9433: 9424: 9415: 9406: 9397: 9388: 9379: 9370: 9361: 9353: 9351: 9345: 9344: 9342: 9341: 9334: 9327: 9320: 9313: 9306: 9299: 9290: 9283: 9276: 9275: 9274: 9271:2008 Tennessee 9267: 9253: 9246: 9239: 9232: 9225: 9224: 9223: 9209: 9201: 9199: 9193: 9192: 9185: 9184: 9177: 9170: 9162: 9155: 9154: 9151: 9150: 9148: 9147: 9139: 9131: 9127:Craig Robinson 9123: 9115: 9107: 9099: 9095:Madelyn Dunham 9091: 9083: 9075: 9067: 9059: 9051: 9047:Michelle Obama 9042: 9040: 9034: 9033: 9030: 9029: 9027: 9026: 9025: 9024: 9017: 9010: 9003: 8996: 8982: 8981: 8980: 8973: 8966: 8959: 8952: 8951: 8950: 8936: 8929: 8928: 8927: 8905: 8903: 8899: 8898: 8896: 8895: 8887: 8885: 8881: 8880: 8878: 8877: 8876: 8875: 8863: 8862: 8861: 8854: 8847: 8832: 8830: 8823: 8817: 8816: 8814: 8813: 8803: 8798:Of Thee I Sing 8793: 8783: 8772: 8770: 8764: 8763: 8761: 8760: 8757:West Wing Week 8753: 8746: 8739: 8738: 8737: 8729: 8721: 8713: 8698: 8691: 8684: 8676: 8674: 8664: 8663: 8661: 8660: 8652: 8644: 8635: 8632: 8631: 8624: 8623: 8616: 8609: 8601: 8592: 8591: 8589: 8588: 8579: 8569: 8566: 8565: 8563: 8562: 8555: 8548: 8541: 8534: 8527: 8526: 8525: 8518: 8511: 8504: 8497: 8490: 8476: 8469: 8462: 8461: 8460: 8446: 8439: 8432: 8425: 8424: 8423: 8416: 8402: 8395: 8388: 8381: 8374: 8367: 8366: 8365: 8358: 8344: 8336: 8334: 8328: 8327: 8325: 8324: 8317: 8310: 8303: 8296: 8289: 8282: 8281: 8280: 8266: 8259: 8252: 8245: 8238: 8231: 8224: 8217: 8210: 8203: 8196: 8189: 8182: 8181: 8180: 8166: 8165: 8164: 8150: 8149: 8148: 8141: 8134: 8120: 8113: 8106: 8099: 8092: 8091: 8090: 8076: 8069: 8061: 8059: 8053: 8052: 8050: 8049: 8042: 8035: 8034: 8033: 8026: 8012: 8005: 8004: 8003: 7996: 7989: 7975: 7968: 7961: 7954: 7947: 7940: 7931: 7924: 7917: 7910: 7903: 7896: 7889: 7888: 7887: 7880: 7873: 7872: 7871: 7857: 7850: 7836: 7835: 7834: 7827: 7813: 7805: 7803: 7801:Foreign policy 7797: 7796: 7793: 7792: 7790: 7789: 7782: 7775: 7768: 7761: 7754: 7747: 7740: 7732: 7724: 7715: 7713: 7704: 7703: 7702: 7701: 7694: 7680: 7673: 7666: 7659: 7652: 7651: 7650: 7643: 7629: 7622: 7615: 7608: 7597: 7589: 7587: 7581: 7580: 7572: 7571: 7564: 7557: 7549: 7523: 7522: 7520: 7519: 7506: 7505: 7498: 7490: 7487: 7486: 7484: 7483: 7477: 7471: 7465: 7459: 7453: 7447: 7441: 7435: 7429: 7423: 7417: 7410: 7408: 7404: 7403: 7401: 7400: 7392: 7384: 7379: 7373: 7372: 7371: 7366: 7357: 7355: 7351: 7350: 7348: 7347: 7341: 7335: 7327: 7320: 7318: 7314: 7313: 7311: 7310: 7305: 7300: 7295: 7290: 7285: 7280: 7275: 7270: 7265: 7259: 7257: 7249: 7248: 7246: 7245: 7237: 7229: 7221: 7213: 7205: 7204: 7203: 7190: 7182: 7174: 7165: 7163: 7157: 7156: 7154: 7153: 7148: 7143: 7138: 7133: 7132: 7131: 7121: 7116: 7115: 7114: 7104: 7099: 7093: 7091: 7085: 7084: 7081: 7080: 7078: 7077: 7076: 7075: 7070: 7065: 7060: 7055: 7045: 7044: 7043: 7038: 7033: 7028: 7023: 7012: 7010: 7006: 7005: 7003: 7002: 6997: 6991: 6989: 6982: 6976: 6975: 6973: 6972: 6971: 6970: 6965: 6960: 6955: 6945: 6940: 6935: 6929: 6927: 6923: 6922: 6919: 6918: 6916: 6915: 6910: 6905: 6904: 6903: 6893: 6892: 6891: 6886: 6876: 6871: 6866: 6861: 6856: 6850: 6848: 6840: 6839: 6837: 6836: 6831: 6826: 6825: 6824: 6819: 6814: 6812:Energy Tax Act 6804: 6803: 6802: 6792: 6787: 6781: 6779: 6773: 6772: 6770: 6769: 6764: 6759: 6754: 6749: 6744: 6739: 6734: 6729: 6724: 6723: 6722: 6717: 6712: 6702: 6697: 6692: 6687: 6682: 6677: 6672: 6667: 6662: 6657: 6651: 6649: 6645: 6644: 6642: 6641: 6636: 6631: 6630: 6629: 6619: 6618: 6617: 6607: 6602: 6601: 6600: 6590: 6584: 6582: 6578: 6577: 6575: 6574: 6569: 6568: 6567: 6557: 6552: 6547: 6542: 6537: 6532: 6531: 6530: 6518: 6517: 6516: 6511: 6506: 6501: 6496: 6491: 6489:Canadian Caper 6486: 6481: 6476: 6466: 6461: 6460: 6459: 6449: 6443: 6441: 6439:Foreign policy 6432: 6431: 6426: 6421: 6416: 6411: 6410: 6409: 6399: 6394: 6389: 6388: 6387: 6382: 6377: 6372: 6367: 6357: 6352: 6346: 6344: 6332: 6331: 6329: 6328: 6320: 6309: 6297: 6294: 6293: 6286: 6285: 6278: 6271: 6263: 6254: 6253: 6251: 6250: 6241: 6231: 6228: 6227: 6225: 6224: 6217: 6210: 6209: 6208: 6194: 6184: 6177: 6176: 6175: 6161: 6154: 6147: 6140: 6139: 6138: 6131: 6124: 6109: 6107: 6101: 6100: 6098: 6097: 6090: 6083: 6076: 6069: 6062: 6055: 6048: 6047: 6046: 6032: 6025: 6024: 6023: 6016: 6009: 6002: 5995: 5988: 5981: 5974: 5960: 5959: 5958: 5951: 5936: 5934: 5926: 5925: 5923: 5922: 5915: 5908: 5901: 5894: 5887: 5880: 5873: 5866: 5859: 5852: 5851: 5850: 5836: 5835: 5834: 5820: 5813: 5812: 5811: 5804: 5797: 5783: 5782: 5781: 5774: 5767: 5753: 5752: 5751: 5744: 5730: 5723: 5716: 5709: 5702: 5694: 5692: 5686: 5685: 5683: 5682: 5681: 5680: 5666: 5659: 5652: 5645: 5638: 5637: 5636: 5629: 5615: 5608: 5601: 5594: 5587: 5580: 5573: 5566: 5559: 5552: 5551: 5550: 5543: 5529: 5528: 5527: 5513: 5506: 5499: 5491: 5489: 5485: 5484: 5482: 5481: 5474: 5467: 5466: 5465: 5458: 5451: 5444: 5437: 5430: 5416: 5409: 5408: 5407: 5393: 5386: 5385: 5384: 5381:Linkage policy 5370: 5369: 5368: 5365:Vietnamization 5361: 5352: 5345: 5331: 5328:Nixon Doctrine 5324: 5316: 5314: 5312:Foreign policy 5308: 5307: 5305: 5304: 5297: 5290: 5289: 5288: 5281: 5267: 5260: 5253: 5246: 5239: 5232: 5225: 5218: 5211: 5204: 5197: 5196: 5195: 5179: 5171: 5169: 5163: 5162: 5154: 5153: 5146: 5139: 5131: 5108: 5107: 5099: 5096: 5095: 5094: 5054: 5053: 5049: 5048: 5043: 5037: 5036: 5032: 5031: 5019: 5016:Democracy Now! 5008: 5002: 4996: 4976: 4963: 4949: 4948: 4943: 4942:External links 4940: 4938: 4937: 4874: 4842: 4810: 4796: 4789: 4771: 4765:10.3386/w23070 4743: 4725: 4710: 4695: 4673: 4647: 4628: 4609: 4606:on 2011-01-10. 4590: 4574: 4551: 4534: 4524:. 24 June 2018 4509: 4484: 4467: 4434: 4401: 4369: 4360: 4343: 4332:(2): 255–278. 4316: 4308:33 U.S.C. 4299: 4278: 4257: 4234: 4215: 4196: 4177: 4159: 4140: 4121: 4101: 4082: 4067: 4048: 4029: 4017: 3998: 3979: 3959: 3940: 3926: 3912: 3902:33 U.S.C. 3893: 3885:33 U.S.C. 3876: 3869:33 U.S.C. 3857: 3820: 3812:33 U.S.C. 3803: 3787: 3773: 3759: 3752:33 U.S.C. 3743: 3721: 3707: 3689: 3687:, 59 FR 18688. 3671: 3667:§ 1342(q) 3663:33 U.S.C. 3656:106–554 (text) 3638: 3621: 3617:§ 1342(p) 3613:33 U.S.C. 3604: 3596:33 U.S.C. 3594:CWA sec. 402, 3587: 3579:33 U.S.C. 3570: 3550: 3530: 3523:104–106 (text) 3510:§ 1322(n) 3506:33 U.S.C. 3497: 3484: 3476:33 U.S.C. 3468: 3454: 3446:33 U.S.C. 3438: 3430:33 U.S.C. 3421: 3413:33 U.S.C. 3404: 3400:§ 1315(b) 3396:33 U.S.C. 3387: 3366: 3363:§ 1313(b) 3359:33 U.S.C. 3350: 3336: 3329:33 U.S.C. 3321:33 U.S.C. 3312: 3298: 3284: 3267: 3259:§ 1317(c) 3255:33 U.S.C. 3251:§ 1317(b) 3247:33 U.S.C. 3238: 3226:33 U.S.C. 3222:§ 1314(b) 3218:33 U.S.C. 3216:; CWA 304(b), 3210:33 U.S.C. 3201: 3177:33 U.S.C. 3168: 3161:110–288 (text) 3144:§ 1342(r) 3140:33 U.S.C. 3131: 3127:§ 1311(a) 3123:33 U.S.C. 3114: 3092: 3067: 3059:33 U.S.C. 3050: 3024: 3017:114–322 (text) 2986:United States. 2979: 2965: 2951: 2944:113–121 (text) 2926: 2912: 2896: 2888:33 U.S.C. 2879: 2853: 2839: 2825: 2811: 2783: 2766: 2754: 2749:Bloomberg News 2735: 2718: 2700: 2683: 2669: 2650: 2642:33 U.S.C. 2633: 2608: 2580: 2556: 2499: 2475: 2450: 2437: 2424: 2411: 2405:See U.S. EPA, 2398: 2385: 2350: 2348: 2347: 2330: 2328: 2325: 2324: 2323: 2318: 2313: 2308: 2303: 2298: 2293: 2288: 2281: 2278: 2261: 2260: 2257: 2254: 2240: 2237: 2236: 2235: 2222: 2213: 2204: 2198: 2185: 2168: 2156: 2144: 2123: 2105: 2102: 2093:Cuyahoga River 2085: 2084: 2078: 2071: 2064: 2029: 2026: 1946:Main article: 1943: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1922: 1919: 1906: 1903: 1893: 1890: 1888: 1885: 1847: 1844: 1839: 1838: 1835: 1832: 1820: 1817: 1811: 1808: 1794: 1791: 1759: 1756: 1690: 1687: 1682: 1679: 1677: 1674: 1661: 1658: 1645: 1642: 1621: 1618: 1613: 1610: 1606: 1605: 1601: 1592: 1589: 1579: 1576: 1547: 1544: 1532: 1531: 1527: 1517: 1505: 1502: 1479: 1476: 1474: 1471: 1432: 1429: 1415: 1412: 1407: 1404: 1391: 1388: 1359: 1356: 1265: 1262: 1247: 1244: 1238: 1235: 1229: 1226: 1215: 1212: 1206: 1203: 1193: 1190: 1173: 1170: 1121: 1120: 1109: 1106:military bases 1100:(particularly 1095: 1063: 1060: 1050: 1047: 1043:Sackett v. EPA 972: 969: 960: 957: 948: 945: 931: 928: 918:drinking water 913: 910: 908: 905: 807: 806: 804: 803: 802:___ (2025) 798:, ___ 787: 786:___ (2023) 767: 766:___ (2020) 747: 746:___ (2018) 727: 726:___ (2016) 707: 688: 669: 650: 631: 612: 593: 574: 555: 536: 517: 498: 479: 460: 441: 422: 403: 384: 365: 346: 326: 323: 322: 315: 314: 303: 302: 298: 297: 295: 294: 284: 274: 264: 242: 236: 226: 217: 198: 195: 194: 190: 189: 179: 175: 174: 164:33 U.S.C. 161: 154: 153: 148: 147:Titles amended 144: 143: 140: 136: 135: 131: 130: 120: 112: 111: 106: 102: 101: 97: 96: 93: 89: 88: 82: 78: 77: 74: 65: 64: 61: 57: 56: 53: 49: 48: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 12509: 12498: 12495: 12493: 12490: 12488: 12485: 12483: 12480: 12478: 12475: 12473: 12470: 12468: 12465: 12464: 12462: 12452: 12442: 12440: 12435: 12430: 12429: 12426: 12413: 12410: 12408: 12405: 12403: 12400: 12397: 12394: 12392: 12391: 12387: 12385: 12382: 12380: 12377: 12375: 12374:Right to know 12372: 12370: 12367: 12365: 12362: 12360: 12357: 12355: 12352: 12350: 12347: 12345: 12342: 12340: 12337: 12335: 12332: 12330: 12327: 12325: 12322: 12320: 12317: 12314: 12311: 12308: 12305: 12302: 12299: 12297: 12294: 12292: 12289: 12287: 12284: 12282: 12279: 12277: 12274: 12272: 12269: 12267: 12264: 12262: 12259: 12257: 12254: 12253: 12251: 12247: 12243: 12237: 12234: 12232: 12229: 12227: 12224: 12222: 12219: 12217: 12214: 12212: 12209: 12207: 12204: 12203: 12201: 12199: 12195: 12188: 12185: 12182: 12179: 12176: 12175: 12171: 12168: 12165: 12162: 12159: 12156: 12153: 12150: 12149: 12145: 12142: 12139: 12136: 12133: 12130: 12127: 12125: 12122: 12119: 12116: 12113: 12110: 12107: 12104: 12101: 12098: 12095: 12092: 12089: 12086: 12083: 12080: 12077: 12074: 12071: 12068: 12065: 12062: 12059: 12056: 12053: 12050: 12047: 12044: 12041: 12037: 12033: 12029: 12025: 12021: 12017: 12013: 12009: 12005: 12001: 11998: 11995: 11992: 11989: 11986: 11983: 11980: 11977: 11974: 11971: 11968: 11965: 11962: 11958: 11955: 11954: 11952: 11949: 11946: 11943: 11940: 11937: 11934: 11931: 11928: 11925: 11922: 11919: 11916: 11915: 11911: 11907: 11904: 11903: 11901: 11900:Clean Air Act 11898: 11895: 11892: 11889: 11886: 11883: 11880: 11877: 11874: 11871: 11868: 11865: 11862: 11859: 11856: 11853: 11850: 11847: 11844: 11841: 11838: 11835: 11832: 11829: 11826: 11823: 11820: 11816: 11813: 11812: 11810: 11807: 11804: 11801: 11798: 11795: 11794: 11792: 11783: 11777: 11766: 11765: 11761: 11758: 11757: 11753: 11752: 11750: 11747: 11743: 11736: 11735: 11731: 11728: 11727: 11723: 11720: 11719: 11715: 11712: 11711: 11707: 11704: 11703: 11699: 11696: 11695: 11691: 11688: 11687: 11683: 11680: 11679: 11675: 11672: 11671: 11667: 11664: 11663: 11659: 11656: 11655: 11651: 11648: 11647: 11643: 11640: 11639: 11635: 11632: 11631: 11627: 11626: 11624: 11621: 11617: 11610: 11609: 11605: 11602: 11601: 11597: 11594: 11593: 11589: 11586: 11585: 11581: 11578: 11577: 11573: 11570: 11569: 11565: 11564: 11562: 11559: 11555: 11548: 11547: 11543: 11540: 11539: 11535: 11534: 11532: 11529: 11525: 11518: 11517: 11513: 11510: 11509: 11505: 11502: 11501: 11497: 11494: 11493: 11489: 11486: 11485: 11481: 11478: 11477: 11473: 11470: 11469: 11465: 11462: 11461: 11457: 11454: 11453: 11449: 11446: 11445: 11441: 11438: 11437: 11433: 11430: 11429: 11425: 11424: 11422: 11419: 11415: 11408: 11407: 11403: 11400: 11399: 11395: 11392: 11391: 11387: 11384: 11383: 11379: 11376: 11375: 11371: 11368: 11367: 11363: 11360: 11359: 11355: 11354: 11352: 11349: 11345: 11338: 11337: 11333: 11330: 11329: 11325: 11322: 11321: 11317: 11314: 11313: 11309: 11306: 11305: 11301: 11298: 11297: 11293: 11290: 11289: 11285: 11284: 11282: 11278: 11277:Supreme Court 11274: 11270: 11263: 11258: 11256: 11251: 11249: 11244: 11243: 11240: 11228: 11220: 11219: 11215: 11214: 11210: 11208: 11207: 11203: 11202: 11199: 11193: 11190: 11188: 11185: 11181: 11178: 11176: 11173: 11171: 11168: 11166: 11163: 11161: 11158: 11157: 11156: 11153: 11151: 11148: 11146: 11143: 11141: 11138: 11136: 11133: 11131: 11128: 11124: 11121: 11119: 11118: 11114: 11112: 11109: 11107: 11104: 11102: 11099: 11098: 11097:Social media 11096: 11094: 11093: 11092:The Visionary 11089: 11085: 11082: 11080: 11077: 11073: 11070: 11069: 11068: 11065: 11063: 11060: 11059: 11058: 11055: 11051: 11049: 11045: 11043: 11040: 11038: 11035: 11034: 11033: 11030: 11028: 11025: 11023: 11020: 11019: 11017: 11013: 11007: 11005: 11001: 10999: 10996: 10992: 10989: 10987: 10984: 10983: 10981: 10979: 10976: 10972: 10969: 10967: 10964: 10963: 10961: 10959: 10957: 10953: 10951: 10950: 10946: 10942: 10939: 10937: 10934: 10932: 10929: 10928: 10927: 10924: 10922: 10919: 10917: 10914: 10913: 10911: 10909:legal affairs 10905: 10898: 10894: 10892: 10889: 10885: 10882: 10880: 10877: 10875: 10872: 10871: 10870: 10867: 10863: 10860: 10858: 10855: 10853: 10850: 10848: 10845: 10844: 10843: 10840: 10836: 10833: 10832: 10831: 10828: 10824: 10821: 10819: 10816: 10814: 10811: 10809: 10806: 10804: 10801: 10800: 10799: 10796: 10792: 10789: 10788: 10787: 10784: 10780: 10777: 10775: 10772: 10771: 10770: 10767: 10763: 10761: 10757: 10756: 10755: 10752: 10748: 10745: 10743: 10740: 10738: 10735: 10733: 10730: 10728: 10725: 10724: 10723: 10720: 10716: 10713: 10711: 10708: 10706: 10703: 10702: 10701: 10698: 10694: 10691: 10689: 10686: 10684: 10681: 10679: 10676: 10675: 10674: 10671: 10667: 10664: 10662: 10659: 10657: 10654: 10651: 10647: 10645: 10642: 10641: 10640: 10637: 10635: 10632: 10631: 10629: 10625: 10618: 10617: 10613: 10610: 10609: 10605: 10602: 10601: 10597: 10594: 10593: 10589: 10586: 10585: 10581: 10578: 10577: 10573: 10570: 10569: 10565: 10562: 10561: 10557: 10554: 10553: 10549: 10546: 10545: 10541: 10538: 10537: 10533: 10530: 10529: 10525: 10524: 10522: 10520: 10516: 10509: 10506: 10503: 10500: 10497: 10496:Mary L. Trump 10494: 10491: 10490:John G. Trump 10488: 10485: 10484:Amalija Knavs 10482: 10479: 10476: 10473: 10472:Vanessa Trump 10470: 10467: 10464: 10461: 10460:Jared Kushner 10458: 10456:(grandmother) 10455: 10452: 10450:(grandfather) 10449: 10446: 10443: 10440: 10437: 10434: 10431: 10428: 10425: 10422: 10419: 10416: 10413: 10412:Tiffany Trump 10410: 10407: 10404: 10401: 10398: 10395: 10392: 10389: 10388:Melania Trump 10386: 10384:(second wife) 10383: 10380: 10377: 10374: 10373: 10371: 10367: 10357: 10354: 10353: 10352: 10349: 10345: 10342: 10340: 10337: 10336: 10335: 10332: 10331: 10329: 10325: 10322: 10321: 10320: 10317: 10315: 10312: 10308: 10305: 10304: 10303: 10300: 10298: 10295: 10293: 10290: 10288: 10285: 10283: 10280: 10276: 10273: 10272: 10271: 10268: 10266: 10263: 10261: 10258: 10256: 10253: 10249: 10248: 10244: 10243: 10242: 10239: 10235: 10232: 10230: 10227: 10225: 10222: 10220: 10217: 10215: 10212: 10210: 10209:legal affairs 10207: 10205: 10202: 10201: 10200: 10197: 10196: 10194: 10188: 10180: 10176: 10175: 10172: 10168: 10161: 10156: 10154: 10149: 10147: 10142: 10141: 10138: 10125: 10124: 10114: 10113: 10109: 10108: 10103: 10100: 10099: 10094: 10093: 10090: 10079: 10075: 10071: 10066: 10063: 10059: 10056: 10052: 10049: 10045: 10042: 10038: 10035: 10031: 10030: 10028: 10024: 10017: 10013: 10010: 10006: 10003: 9999: 9995: 9994: 9989: 9985: 9984: 9979: 9976: 9972: 9969: 9968: 9963: 9960: 9959: 9954: 9951: 9947: 9944: 9943:"Hope" poster 9940: 9937: 9933: 9930: 9926: 9925: 9923: 9921: 9917: 9909: 9908: 9903: 9899: 9898: 9893: 9889: 9888: 9883: 9879: 9878: 9873: 9869: 9868: 9867:We the People 9863: 9859: 9858: 9853: 9849: 9848: 9843: 9839: 9838: 9833: 9829: 9828: 9823: 9819: 9818: 9813: 9809: 9808: 9803: 9799: 9798: 9793: 9789: 9788: 9783: 9779: 9778: 9773: 9772: 9770: 9764: 9756: 9751: 9748: 9747: 9746:Barack's Dubs 9742: 9738: 9733: 9730: 9729: 9724: 9721: 9720: 9719:Change Is Now 9715: 9711: 9706: 9702: 9697: 9693: 9688: 9684: 9679: 9675: 9670: 9666: 9661: 9655: 9650: 9649: 9647: 9643: 9639: 9634: 9628: 9623: 9622: 9620: 9616: 9615: 9613: 9609: 9602: 9601: 9596: 9593: 9592: 9587: 9584: 9583: 9578: 9575: 9574: 9569: 9566: 9565: 9560: 9557: 9556: 9551: 9548: 9547: 9542: 9539: 9538: 9533: 9530: 9529: 9524: 9521: 9520: 9515: 9512: 9511: 9506: 9503: 9502: 9497: 9494: 9493: 9488: 9485: 9484: 9479: 9476: 9475: 9474:Obama Zombies 9470: 9467: 9466: 9461: 9458: 9457: 9452: 9449: 9448: 9443: 9440: 9439: 9434: 9431: 9430: 9425: 9422: 9421: 9416: 9413: 9412: 9407: 9404: 9403: 9398: 9395: 9394: 9389: 9386: 9385: 9380: 9377: 9376: 9371: 9368: 9367: 9362: 9359: 9355: 9354: 9352: 9350: 9346: 9339: 9335: 9332: 9328: 9325: 9321: 9318: 9314: 9311: 9307: 9304: 9300: 9297: 9296: 9291: 9288: 9284: 9281: 9277: 9272: 9268: 9265: 9261: 9260: 9258: 9254: 9251: 9247: 9244: 9240: 9237: 9233: 9230: 9226: 9221: 9217: 9216: 9214: 9210: 9207: 9203: 9202: 9200: 9194: 9190: 9183: 9178: 9176: 9171: 9169: 9164: 9163: 9160: 9156: 9144: 9140: 9136: 9132: 9128: 9124: 9120: 9116: 9112: 9108: 9104: 9100: 9096: 9092: 9088: 9084: 9080: 9076: 9072: 9068: 9064: 9060: 9056: 9052: 9048: 9044: 9043: 9041: 9039: 9035: 9022: 9018: 9015: 9011: 9008: 9004: 9001: 8997: 8994: 8990: 8989: 8987: 8986:2012 campaign 8983: 8978: 8974: 8971: 8967: 8964: 8960: 8957: 8953: 8948: 8944: 8943: 8941: 8937: 8934: 8933:staff members 8930: 8925: 8921: 8920: 8918: 8914: 8913: 8911: 8910:2008 campaign 8907: 8906: 8904: 8900: 8893: 8889: 8888: 8886: 8882: 8873: 8869: 8868: 8864: 8859: 8855: 8852: 8848: 8845: 8841: 8840: 8838: 8834: 8833: 8831: 8827: 8824: 8822: 8818: 8811: 8809: 8804: 8801: 8799: 8794: 8791: 8789: 8784: 8781: 8779: 8774: 8773: 8771: 8769: 8765: 8758: 8754: 8751: 8747: 8744: 8740: 8734: 8730: 8726: 8722: 8718: 8714: 8710: 8706: 8705: 8703: 8699: 8696: 8692: 8689: 8685: 8682: 8678: 8677: 8675: 8669: 8665: 8657: 8653: 8649: 8645: 8641: 8637: 8636: 8633: 8629: 8622: 8617: 8615: 8610: 8608: 8603: 8602: 8599: 8586: 8585: 8580: 8577: 8576: 8571: 8570: 8567: 8560: 8556: 8553: 8549: 8546: 8542: 8539: 8535: 8532: 8528: 8523: 8519: 8516: 8512: 8509: 8505: 8502: 8498: 8495: 8491: 8488: 8484: 8483: 8481: 8477: 8474: 8470: 8467: 8463: 8458: 8454: 8453: 8451: 8447: 8444: 8440: 8437: 8433: 8430: 8426: 8421: 8417: 8414: 8410: 8409: 8407: 8403: 8400: 8396: 8393: 8389: 8386: 8382: 8379: 8375: 8372: 8368: 8363: 8359: 8356: 8352: 8351: 8349: 8345: 8342: 8338: 8337: 8335: 8333: 8329: 8322: 8318: 8315: 8311: 8308: 8304: 8301: 8297: 8294: 8290: 8287: 8283: 8278: 8274: 8273: 8271: 8267: 8264: 8260: 8257: 8253: 8250: 8246: 8243: 8239: 8236: 8232: 8229: 8225: 8222: 8218: 8215: 8211: 8208: 8204: 8201: 8197: 8194: 8190: 8187: 8183: 8178: 8174: 8173: 8171: 8167: 8162: 8158: 8157: 8155: 8151: 8146: 8142: 8139: 8135: 8132: 8128: 8127: 8125: 8121: 8118: 8114: 8111: 8107: 8104: 8100: 8097: 8093: 8088: 8084: 8083: 8081: 8077: 8074: 8070: 8067: 8063: 8062: 8060: 8058: 8054: 8047: 8043: 8040: 8036: 8031: 8027: 8024: 8020: 8019: 8017: 8013: 8010: 8006: 8001: 7997: 7994: 7990: 7987: 7983: 7982: 7980: 7976: 7973: 7969: 7966: 7962: 7959: 7955: 7952: 7948: 7945: 7941: 7937: 7932: 7929: 7925: 7922: 7918: 7915: 7914:Libya bombing 7911: 7908: 7904: 7901: 7897: 7894: 7890: 7885: 7881: 7878: 7874: 7869: 7865: 7864: 7862: 7858: 7855: 7851: 7848: 7844: 7843: 7841: 7837: 7832: 7828: 7825: 7821: 7820: 7818: 7814: 7811: 7807: 7806: 7804: 7802: 7798: 7787: 7783: 7780: 7776: 7773: 7769: 7766: 7762: 7759: 7755: 7752: 7748: 7745: 7741: 7737: 7733: 7729: 7725: 7721: 7720:"Evil empire" 7717: 7716: 7714: 7712: 7708: 7699: 7695: 7692: 7688: 7687: 7685: 7681: 7678: 7674: 7671: 7667: 7664: 7660: 7657: 7653: 7648: 7647:controversies 7644: 7641: 7640:Supreme Court 7637: 7636: 7634: 7630: 7627: 7623: 7620: 7616: 7613: 7609: 7606: 7602: 7598: 7595: 7591: 7590: 7588: 7586: 7582: 7577: 7570: 7565: 7563: 7558: 7556: 7551: 7550: 7547: 7541: 7537: 7536: 7531: 7518: 7517: 7508: 7507: 7504: 7503: 7499: 7497: 7496: 7495:← Gerald Ford 7492: 7491: 7488: 7481: 7478: 7475: 7472: 7469: 7466: 7463: 7460: 7457: 7454: 7451: 7448: 7445: 7442: 7439: 7436: 7433: 7430: 7427: 7424: 7421: 7418: 7415: 7412: 7411: 7409: 7405: 7398: 7397: 7393: 7390: 7389: 7385: 7383: 7380: 7377: 7374: 7370: 7367: 7365: 7362: 7361: 7359: 7358: 7356: 7352: 7345: 7342: 7339: 7336: 7334: 7333: 7328: 7325: 7322: 7321: 7319: 7315: 7309: 7306: 7304: 7301: 7299: 7296: 7294: 7291: 7289: 7286: 7284: 7281: 7279: 7276: 7274: 7271: 7269: 7266: 7264: 7261: 7260: 7258: 7256: 7250: 7243: 7242: 7238: 7235: 7234: 7230: 7227: 7226: 7222: 7219: 7218: 7214: 7211: 7210: 7206: 7202: 7199: 7198: 7196: 7195: 7191: 7188: 7187: 7183: 7180: 7179: 7175: 7172: 7171: 7167: 7166: 7164: 7162: 7158: 7152: 7149: 7147: 7144: 7142: 7139: 7137: 7134: 7130: 7127: 7126: 7125: 7122: 7120: 7117: 7113: 7110: 7109: 7108: 7105: 7103: 7100: 7098: 7097:Carter Center 7095: 7094: 7092: 7090: 7086: 7074: 7071: 7069: 7066: 7064: 7061: 7059: 7056: 7054: 7051: 7050: 7049: 7048:1980 campaign 7046: 7042: 7039: 7037: 7034: 7032: 7029: 7027: 7024: 7022: 7019: 7018: 7017: 7016:1976 campaign 7014: 7013: 7011: 7007: 7001: 6998: 6996: 6993: 6992: 6990: 6988:Gubernatorial 6986: 6983: 6981: 6977: 6969: 6966: 6964: 6961: 6959: 6956: 6954: 6951: 6950: 6949: 6946: 6944: 6941: 6939: 6936: 6934: 6931: 6930: 6928: 6924: 6914: 6911: 6909: 6906: 6902: 6899: 6898: 6897: 6894: 6890: 6887: 6885: 6882: 6881: 6880: 6877: 6875: 6872: 6870: 6867: 6865: 6862: 6860: 6857: 6855: 6852: 6851: 6849: 6847: 6844:Environmental 6841: 6835: 6832: 6830: 6827: 6823: 6820: 6818: 6815: 6813: 6810: 6809: 6808: 6805: 6801: 6798: 6797: 6796: 6793: 6791: 6788: 6786: 6783: 6782: 6780: 6778: 6777:Energy policy 6774: 6768: 6765: 6763: 6760: 6758: 6755: 6753: 6750: 6748: 6745: 6743: 6740: 6738: 6735: 6733: 6730: 6728: 6725: 6721: 6718: 6716: 6713: 6711: 6708: 6707: 6706: 6703: 6701: 6698: 6696: 6693: 6691: 6688: 6686: 6683: 6681: 6678: 6676: 6673: 6671: 6668: 6666: 6663: 6661: 6658: 6656: 6653: 6652: 6650: 6646: 6640: 6637: 6635: 6632: 6628: 6625: 6624: 6623: 6620: 6616: 6613: 6612: 6611: 6608: 6606: 6603: 6599: 6596: 6595: 6594: 6591: 6589: 6586: 6585: 6583: 6579: 6573: 6570: 6566: 6563: 6562: 6561: 6558: 6556: 6553: 6551: 6548: 6546: 6543: 6541: 6538: 6536: 6533: 6529: 6528: 6524: 6523: 6522: 6519: 6515: 6512: 6510: 6507: 6505: 6502: 6500: 6497: 6495: 6492: 6490: 6487: 6485: 6482: 6480: 6477: 6475: 6472: 6471: 6470: 6467: 6465: 6462: 6458: 6455: 6454: 6453: 6450: 6448: 6445: 6444: 6442: 6440: 6436: 6430: 6427: 6425: 6422: 6420: 6417: 6415: 6412: 6408: 6407:controversies 6405: 6404: 6403: 6400: 6398: 6395: 6393: 6390: 6386: 6383: 6381: 6378: 6376: 6373: 6371: 6368: 6366: 6363: 6362: 6361: 6358: 6356: 6353: 6351: 6348: 6347: 6345: 6342: 6337: 6333: 6325: 6321: 6317: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6303: 6299: 6298: 6295: 6291: 6284: 6279: 6277: 6272: 6270: 6265: 6264: 6261: 6248: 6247: 6242: 6239: 6238: 6233: 6232: 6229: 6222: 6218: 6215: 6211: 6206: 6202: 6201: 6199: 6195: 6191: 6190: 6185: 6182: 6178: 6173: 6169: 6168: 6166: 6162: 6159: 6155: 6152: 6148: 6145: 6141: 6136: 6132: 6129: 6125: 6122: 6118: 6117: 6115: 6111: 6110: 6108: 6106: 6102: 6095: 6091: 6088: 6084: 6081: 6077: 6074: 6070: 6067: 6063: 6060: 6056: 6053: 6049: 6044: 6040: 6039: 6037: 6033: 6030: 6026: 6021: 6017: 6014: 6010: 6007: 6003: 6000: 5996: 5993: 5989: 5986: 5982: 5979: 5975: 5972: 5968: 5967: 5965: 5961: 5956: 5952: 5949: 5945: 5944: 5942: 5938: 5937: 5935: 5933: 5930:Environmental 5927: 5920: 5916: 5913: 5909: 5906: 5902: 5899: 5895: 5892: 5888: 5885: 5881: 5878: 5874: 5871: 5867: 5864: 5860: 5857: 5853: 5848: 5844: 5843: 5841: 5837: 5832: 5828: 5827: 5825: 5821: 5818: 5814: 5809: 5805: 5802: 5798: 5795: 5791: 5790: 5788: 5784: 5779: 5775: 5772: 5768: 5765: 5761: 5760: 5758: 5754: 5749: 5745: 5742: 5738: 5737: 5735: 5731: 5728: 5724: 5721: 5717: 5714: 5710: 5707: 5703: 5700: 5696: 5695: 5693: 5691: 5687: 5678: 5674: 5673: 5671: 5667: 5664: 5660: 5657: 5653: 5650: 5646: 5643: 5639: 5634: 5630: 5627: 5623: 5622: 5620: 5616: 5613: 5609: 5606: 5602: 5599: 5595: 5592: 5588: 5585: 5581: 5578: 5574: 5571: 5567: 5564: 5560: 5557: 5553: 5548: 5544: 5541: 5537: 5536: 5534: 5530: 5525: 5521: 5520: 5518: 5514: 5511: 5507: 5504: 5500: 5497: 5493: 5492: 5490: 5486: 5479: 5475: 5472: 5468: 5463: 5459: 5456: 5452: 5449: 5445: 5442: 5441:SALT I Treaty 5438: 5435: 5431: 5428: 5424: 5423: 5421: 5417: 5414: 5410: 5405: 5401: 5400: 5398: 5394: 5391: 5387: 5382: 5378: 5377: 5375: 5371: 5366: 5362: 5358: 5353: 5350: 5346: 5343: 5339: 5338: 5336: 5332: 5329: 5325: 5322: 5318: 5317: 5315: 5313: 5309: 5302: 5298: 5295: 5291: 5286: 5285:controversies 5282: 5279: 5278:Supreme Court 5275: 5274: 5272: 5268: 5265: 5261: 5258: 5254: 5251: 5247: 5244: 5240: 5237: 5233: 5230: 5226: 5223: 5219: 5216: 5212: 5209: 5205: 5202: 5198: 5192: 5187: 5186: 5184: 5180: 5177: 5173: 5172: 5170: 5168: 5164: 5159: 5152: 5147: 5145: 5140: 5138: 5133: 5132: 5129: 5123: 5119: 5118: 5113: 5105: 5102: 5101: 5091: 5085: 5074:September 11, 5069: 5065: 5061: 5056: 5055: 5051: 5050: 5047: 5044: 5042: 5039: 5038: 5034: 5033: 5030:at Wikisource 5029: 5024: 5020: 5018: 5017: 5012: 5009: 5006: 5003: 5000: 4997: 4995: 4992: 4988: 4984: 4980: 4977: 4975: 4971: 4967: 4964: 4962: 4958: 4954: 4951: 4950: 4946: 4945: 4933: 4929: 4924: 4919: 4914: 4909: 4905: 4901: 4897: 4893: 4889: 4885: 4878: 4864:on 2021-04-26 4860: 4853: 4846: 4832:on 2019-04-12 4828: 4821: 4814: 4806: 4800: 4792: 4790:9781506383446 4786: 4782: 4775: 4766: 4761: 4757: 4750: 4748: 4739: 4735: 4729: 4722: 4720: 4714: 4707: 4705: 4699: 4691: 4684: 4677: 4670: 4667: 4663: 4660: 4658: 4651: 4644: 4641: 4637: 4632: 4625: 4622: 4618: 4613: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4585: 4578: 4571: 4568: 4564: 4561: 4555: 4544: 4538: 4523: 4519: 4513: 4498: 4494: 4488: 4481: 4477: 4471: 4460: 4456: 4452: 4445: 4438: 4430:June 30, 1948 4427: 4423: 4419: 4412: 4405: 4395: 4391: 4387: 4380: 4373: 4367:43 Stat. 604. 4364: 4357: 4353: 4347: 4339: 4335: 4331: 4327: 4320: 4313: 4309: 4303: 4296: 4293: 4287: 4285: 4283: 4274: 4270: 4264: 4262: 4245: 4238: 4230: 4226: 4219: 4213: 4210: 4206: 4200: 4192: 4188: 4181: 4174: 4169: 4163: 4157: 4154: 4150: 4144: 4136: 4132: 4125: 4118: 4115: 4111: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4086: 4078: 4071: 4063: 4059: 4052: 4044: 4040: 4033: 4026: 4021: 4013: 4009: 4002: 3994: 3990: 3983: 3976: 3973: 3969: 3963: 3955: 3951: 3944: 3936: 3930: 3922: 3916: 3910: 3907: 3903: 3897: 3890: 3886: 3880: 3874: 3870: 3864: 3862: 3854: 3851: 3845: 3838: 3831: 3829: 3827: 3825: 3817: 3813: 3807: 3798: 3796: 3794: 3792: 3783: 3777: 3769: 3763: 3757: 3753: 3747: 3739: 3732: 3725: 3717: 3711: 3703: 3699: 3693: 3686: 3685: 3681: 3675: 3668: 3664: 3660: 3657: 3650: 3642: 3631: 3625: 3618: 3614: 3608: 3601: 3597: 3591: 3584: 3580: 3574: 3567: 3564: 3560: 3554: 3547: 3544: 3540: 3534: 3527: 3524: 3517: 3511: 3507: 3501: 3494: 3488: 3481: 3477: 3472: 3464: 3458: 3451: 3447: 3442: 3435: 3431: 3425: 3418: 3414: 3408: 3401: 3397: 3391: 3383: 3377: 3375: 3373: 3371: 3364: 3360: 3354: 3346: 3340: 3334: 3330: 3326: 3322: 3316: 3308: 3302: 3294: 3288: 3277: 3271: 3264: 3260: 3256: 3252: 3248: 3242: 3235: 3231: 3227: 3223: 3219: 3215: 3211: 3205: 3197: 3194: 3190: 3186: 3182: 3178: 3172: 3165: 3162: 3155: 3149: 3145: 3141: 3135: 3128: 3124: 3118: 3111: 3104: 3096: 3088: 3081: 3074: 3072: 3064: 3060: 3054: 3047: 3040: 3034: 3028: 3021: 3018: 3011: 3003: 3000: 2999:114–94 (text) 2993: 2983: 2975: 2969: 2961: 2955: 2948: 2945: 2938: 2930: 2922: 2916: 2909: 2905: 2900: 2893: 2889: 2886:CWA 502(14), 2883: 2868: 2864: 2857: 2849: 2843: 2835: 2829: 2821: 2815: 2807: 2803: 2796: 2794: 2792: 2790: 2788: 2779: 2773: 2771: 2763: 2758: 2750: 2746: 2739: 2732: 2728: 2722: 2714: 2710: 2704: 2697: 2693: 2687: 2679: 2673: 2665: 2661: 2654: 2647: 2643: 2637: 2623: 2619: 2612: 2598: 2596: 2591: 2584: 2570: 2566: 2560: 2552: 2548: 2543: 2538: 2534: 2530: 2526: 2522: 2518: 2514: 2510: 2503: 2489: 2485: 2479: 2464: 2460: 2454: 2447: 2441: 2434: 2433:Pub.L. 95-217 2428: 2421: 2420:Pub.L. 92-500 2415: 2408: 2402: 2395: 2389: 2373: 2369: 2368:Distillations 2365: 2358: 2356: 2351: 2344: 2337: 2332: 2331: 2322: 2319: 2317: 2314: 2312: 2309: 2307: 2304: 2302: 2299: 2297: 2294: 2292: 2289: 2287: 2284: 2283: 2277: 2273: 2271: 2265: 2258: 2255: 2252: 2251: 2250: 2246: 2233: 2228: 2227: 2223: 2219: 2218: 2214: 2210: 2209: 2205: 2202: 2199: 2196: 2193: 2189: 2186: 2183: 2178: 2174: 2173: 2169: 2166: 2162: 2161: 2157: 2154: 2150: 2149: 2145: 2142: 2138: 2133: 2129: 2128: 2124: 2121: 2117: 2113: 2112: 2108: 2107: 2101: 2098: 2094: 2089: 2082: 2079: 2075: 2072: 2068: 2065: 2062: 2058: 2055: 2054: 2053: 2050: 2048: 2044: 2043:New York City 2040: 2036: 2025: 2022: 2021: 2015: 2013: 2008: 2003: 2001: 1997: 1993: 1992:Supreme Court 1988: 1986: 1982: 1977: 1975: 1971: 1967: 1963: 1959: 1955: 1949: 1934: 1930: 1928: 1918: 1916: 1912: 1911:whistleblower 1902: 1899: 1892:Citizen suits 1884: 1880: 1876: 1873: 1870:and the 1991 1869: 1865: 1860: 1855: 1853: 1843: 1836: 1833: 1830: 1829: 1828: 1826: 1816: 1807: 1805: 1804:Edmund Muskie 1799: 1790: 1787: 1783: 1779: 1775: 1773: 1769: 1765: 1755: 1751: 1748: 1744: 1740: 1736: 1730: 1727: 1723: 1718: 1716: 1712: 1708: 1704: 1703:cooling water 1695: 1686: 1673: 1671: 1667: 1657: 1655: 1651: 1641: 1639: 1635: 1631: 1630:cooling water 1627: 1617: 1609: 1604:organization. 1602: 1598: 1597: 1596: 1588: 1585: 1575: 1571: 1569: 1563: 1561: 1555: 1552: 1543: 1541: 1536: 1528: 1525: 1521: 1518: 1515: 1511: 1510: 1509: 1501: 1499: 1496: 1492: 1488: 1485: 1470: 1468: 1464: 1461: 1457: 1452: 1450: 1442: 1437: 1428: 1426: 1421: 1411: 1403: 1401: 1397: 1387: 1385: 1381: 1377: 1373: 1369: 1365: 1355: 1352: 1348: 1343: 1341: 1335: 1333: 1329: 1325: 1321: 1317: 1314: 1306: 1302: 1300: 1297: 1293: 1289: 1284: 1282: 1274: 1270: 1261: 1258: 1254: 1243: 1234: 1225: 1222: 1211: 1202: 1199: 1198:water quality 1189: 1187: 1183: 1179: 1169: 1167: 1163: 1159: 1158: 1152: 1149: 1144: 1142: 1138: 1134: 1130: 1126: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1107: 1103: 1099: 1096: 1093: 1089: 1085: 1081: 1077: 1076:manufacturing 1073: 1072: 1071: 1069: 1068:point sources 1062:Point sources 1055: 1046: 1044: 1039: 1037: 1033: 1029: 1025: 1020: 1016: 1012: 1008: 1007: 1002: 998: 994: 990: 986: 980: 978: 968: 965: 956: 954: 944: 941: 936: 927: 924: 919: 904: 902: 898: 894: 890: 886: 881: 880: 876: 872: 868: 864: 859: 857: 853: 849: 845: 840: 838: 834: 830: 826: 825:United States 822: 818: 814: 801: 797: 793: 792: 788: 785: 781: 777: 773: 772: 768: 765: 761: 757: 753: 752: 748: 745: 741: 737: 733: 732: 728: 725: 721: 717: 713: 712: 708: 705: 702: 698: 694: 693: 689: 686: 683: 679: 675: 674: 670: 667: 664: 660: 656: 655: 651: 648: 645: 641: 637: 636: 632: 629: 626: 622: 618: 617: 613: 610: 607: 603: 599: 598: 594: 591: 588: 584: 580: 579: 575: 572: 569: 565: 561: 560: 556: 553: 550: 546: 542: 541: 537: 534: 531: 527: 523: 522: 518: 515: 512: 508: 504: 503: 499: 496: 493: 489: 485: 484: 480: 477: 474: 470: 466: 465: 461: 458: 455: 451: 447: 446: 442: 439: 436: 432: 428: 427: 423: 420: 417: 413: 409: 408: 404: 401: 398: 394: 390: 389: 385: 382: 379: 375: 371: 370: 366: 363: 360: 356: 352: 351: 347: 344: 341: 337: 333: 332: 328: 327: 324: 320: 316: 313: 309: 304: 299: 292: 288: 285: 282: 278: 275: 272: 271:Richard Nixon 269:by President 268: 265: 262: 258: 255:) and by the 254: 250: 246: 243: 240: 237: 234: 230: 227: 225: 221: 218: 215: 211: 207: 206:Edmund Muskie 203: 200: 199: 196: 191: 187: 183: 180: 176: 173: 169: 165: 162: 159: 155: 152: 149: 145: 141: 137: 132: 129: 125: 121: 119: 113: 110: 107: 103: 98: 94: 90: 87: 83: 79: 75: 70: 66: 62: 58: 54: 50: 46: 41: 33: 19: 12388: 12261:Citizen suit 12249:and concepts 12172: 12146: 11944: 11912: 11762: 11754: 11732: 11724: 11716: 11708: 11700: 11692: 11684: 11676: 11668: 11660: 11652: 11644: 11636: 11628: 11619: 11606: 11598: 11590: 11582: 11574: 11566: 11544: 11536: 11514: 11506: 11498: 11490: 11482: 11474: 11466: 11458: 11450: 11442: 11434: 11426: 11404: 11396: 11388: 11380: 11372: 11364: 11356: 11334: 11326: 11318: 11310: 11302: 11294: 11286: 11211: 11204: 11115: 11090: 11047: 11003: 10955: 10947: 10879:endorsements 10847:endorsements 10759: 10705:endorsements 10678:endorsements 10644:announcement 10614: 10606: 10598: 10590: 10582: 10574: 10566: 10558: 10550: 10542: 10534: 10526: 10478:Blaine Trump 10462:(son-in-law) 10442:Robert Trump 10400:Ivanka Trump 10390:(third wife) 10382:Marla Maples 10378:(first wife) 10314:Racial views 10292:Endorsements 10245: 10241:Media career 10167:Donald Trump 10116: 10105: 10096: 9991: 9981: 9975:Iman Crosson 9966: 9957: 9905: 9895: 9885: 9875: 9865: 9855: 9845: 9835: 9825: 9815: 9805: 9795: 9785: 9775: 9744: 9726: 9717: 9692:My President 9598: 9589: 9580: 9571: 9562: 9553: 9544: 9535: 9526: 9517: 9508: 9499: 9490: 9481: 9472: 9463: 9454: 9445: 9436: 9427: 9418: 9409: 9400: 9391: 9382: 9373: 9364: 9358:Bibliography 9293: 9189:Public image 9145:(family dog) 9137:(family dog) 9073:(stepfather) 9071:Lolo Soetoro 8993:endorsements 8917:endorsements 8902:Presidential 8837:State Senate 8807: 8797: 8787: 8777: 8628:Barack Obama 8582: 8573: 8306: 7533: 7509: 7500: 7493: 7468:Emily Dolvin 7462:Billy Carter 7432:Jason Carter 7394: 7388:Jimmy Carter 7386: 7382:UFO incident 7332:Jimmy Carter 7331: 7308:Grammy Award 7293:Hoover Medal 7239: 7231: 7223: 7215: 7207: 7192: 7184: 7176: 7168: 7009:Presidential 6868: 6670:Carter bonds 6525: 6385:January 1981 6355:Inauguration 6290:Jimmy Carter 6244: 6235: 6187: 6165:Enemies List 5977: 5619:War on drugs 5115: 5072:. Retrieved 5068:the original 5063: 5035:EPA programs 5014: 5001:from the EPA 4895: 4891: 4877: 4866:. Retrieved 4859:the original 4845: 4834:. Retrieved 4827:the original 4813: 4799: 4780: 4774: 4737: 4728: 4717: 4713: 4702: 4698: 4676: 4671: (2006). 4655: 4650: 4645: (2006). 4631: 4626: (2001). 4612: 4604:the original 4593: 4577: 4572: (1985). 4559: 4554: 4537: 4526:. Retrieved 4521: 4512: 4501:. Retrieved 4499:. 2017-03-03 4496: 4487: 4470: 4437: 4404: 4398:June 7, 1924 4372: 4363: 4346: 4329: 4325: 4319: 4302: 4294: 4273:EarthJustice 4272: 4248:. Retrieved 4237: 4228: 4218: 4204: 4199: 4190: 4180: 4167: 4162: 4148: 4143: 4134: 4124: 4109: 4104: 4095: 4085: 4070: 4061: 4051: 4042: 4032: 4020: 4011: 4001: 3992: 3982: 3967: 3962: 3953: 3943: 3929: 3915: 3908: 3896: 3879: 3843: 3806: 3776: 3762: 3746: 3724: 3710: 3704:. EPA. 2016. 3701: 3692: 3682: 3674: 3641: 3624: 3607: 3590: 3573: 3558: 3553: 3538: 3533: 3504:CWA 312(n), 3500: 3487: 3471: 3457: 3441: 3424: 3407: 3394:CWA 305(b), 3390: 3357:CWA 303(b), 3353: 3339: 3315: 3301: 3287: 3270: 3245:CWA 307(b), 3241: 3204: 3188: 3171: 3138:CWA 402(r), 3134: 3121:CWA 301(a), 3117: 3095: 3053: 3027: 2982: 2968: 2954: 2929: 2915: 2907: 2903: 2899: 2882: 2871:. Retrieved 2866: 2856: 2842: 2828: 2814: 2805: 2761: 2757: 2748: 2738: 2721: 2712: 2703: 2691: 2686: 2672: 2663: 2653: 2636: 2625:. Retrieved 2621: 2611: 2600:. Retrieved 2593: 2583: 2572:. Retrieved 2568: 2559: 2519:(1): 45–51. 2516: 2512: 2502: 2491:. Retrieved 2487: 2478: 2467:. Retrieved 2462: 2453: 2446:Pub.L. 100-4 2440: 2427: 2414: 2401: 2388: 2376:. 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