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V in, it is believed, 1935. These birds came from a strain which had been cultivated by Harold E Pier of
Peakhurst, New South Wales, over the previous seven years. More generally these birds were called Australs, and significantly, Yellowwings and Whitewings. They were, in fact, almost certainly the breed we now know as Clearwings or crosses between the Clearwing and Greywing mutations which we now know as Full-Bodied Greywings.
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markings and a body colour of about half the normal intensity, whereas some of the
Australian 'Greywings' had a body colour of almost normal intensity, together with very pale wing markings. These brighter coloured 'Greywings' were very popular in Australia and were preferred to the more subdued shades of the true Greywing.
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and published in the
Budgerigar Bulletin in June 1937. It was endorsed by Prof F A E Crew in the same issue. In it Mr Browne described the two mutations, Greywing and Clearwing, correctly identified the full body-coloured Greywing as simply a bird bred by crossing a Greywing and
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The 'Greywings' with almost full body colour and light wing markings were known throughout
Australia as Jades in the green series and Royals in the blue series. The latter name originated from a pair of 'Greywing' Cobalts (of the type with intense body colour) which were presented to HM King George
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of all the feathers which appear green (or blue in the white series), and in the cortex or outer cells of the barbs of all the feathers which appear black. The
Clearwing mutation causes a large reduction in the number of pigment granules in the cortex, but only a very small reduction in the number
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The correct identification and classification of the two quite distinct
Greywing and Clearwing mutations was clearly understood by some Australian breeders by 1936, and probably considerably earlier, but the first article to appear in Britain which clearly set out the genetic behaviour of the two
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In the 1920s the
Greywing was quite a popular variety, far more common than now. Many studs of Greywings were established in both Great Britain and Australia, but there seemed to be differences between the British Greywings and those being bred in Australia. The British variety had soft grey
56:
The
Clearwing Light Green has green body feathers only very slightly paler than the normal or wild-type Light Green with highly contrasting yellow wings. The Clearwing Skyblue is similar but with a blue body and white wings. The body colour is a little brighter in tone than the corresponding
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Because the black markings in the budgerigar are due mainly to melanin pigment in the cortex it is these areas that are most affected by the
Clearwing mutation, while the intensity of the blue colouration, which is dependent on pigmentation in the medulla, is affected very little.
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and eye are unaffected by this mutation. The long tail feathers are much paler than the wild-type, being smokey-grey in the blue series and a pale grey-green in the green series. Clearwings which are split for Dilute are often slightly paler than pure
Clearwings.
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In the mid-1930s there was considerable debate about the nature of these brighter Australian 'Greywings', some maintaining that they were a distinct mutation and others insisting that they were obtained by selective breeding from normal Greywings and/or
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So, with hindsight, we can see that the Clearwing mutation was being bred in Australia at least as early as 1926, but was not generally recognised as a separate mutation until the mid-1930s due to confusion with the well established Greywings.
149:, but on cortical pigmentation. In this respect it is the opposite of the several Clearbody budgerigar mutations, which seem to selectively suppress medullary pigmentation while leaving cortical pigmentation unaffected.
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and the bird is known as a Full-bodied Greywing. Both alleles are partially expressed, giving the bird wings like a Greywing and a body colour like a Clearwing. A more detailed description is given under the
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The wings and mask carry pale grey shadows of the normal markings and spots. In the best show birds these are quite faint, but nevertheless are still clearly visible. The cheek flash,
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24:. It is the underlying mutation of the Clearwing variety, often known as Yellowwings in the green series and Whitewings in the blue series. When combined with the
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Breeders in Britain were unable to contribute much to the Greywing-Clearwing debate, as Clearwings were unknown here until August 1936, when Mr E Walker of
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The Clearwing mutation is one of the few that affect different areas of the body selectively. Like many budgerigar mutations, it is the black
172:) mutations. The Clearwing allele is recessive to the wild-type, dominant to the Dilute allele and co-dominant with the Greywing allele.
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The effect of the Clearwing mutation is fully visible only in a bird which is homozygous for the Clearwing allele with the genotype
543:
117:, and in the same year Mr R J Watts was given a pair by Mr Ernest W Jones, the chairman of the Budgerigar Club of New South Wales.
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The precise origin of the Clearwing mutation is unclear, but Clearwings almost certainly appeared first among
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the phenotype is identical to the wild-type Light Green and the bird is known as a split Clearwing.
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Clearwing together, and gave detailed and exact information regarding their genetic relationship.
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Caylen, Neville (Jun 1934), "Royal Blue Budgerigars presented to His Majesty the King",
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brought over the first Clearwings for Messrs Mott and Marshall, believed to be of
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So the Clearwing mutation exerts a selective effect, not on the wing feathers
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156:, and so is a member of the multiple allelic series which also includes the
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Full Body Greywing, Sky Blue Single Factor Violet, Yellowface Type II Budgie
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Terrill, S E (Jun 1935), "Classification and Nomenclature of Budgerigars",
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When the Clearwing and Greywing alleles are both present the genotype is
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The Clearwing is an autosomal mutation of the dil locus given the symbol
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Daniels, T (10 Oct 1981), "Combining the Dark and Clearwing mutations",
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is one of approximately 30 mutations affecting the colour of
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pigment that is affected. This pigment is present in the
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Thonemann, Jas S (Jun 1935), "New Colours in Australia",
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or is heterozygous with the Dilute allele, with genotype
395:News item (Jun 1937), "Clearwings from Australia",
250:Bland, W P (Mar 1962), "A History of Budgerigars",
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419:(2nd ed.), The Budgerigar Society
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28:mutation the variety is known as the
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138:of pigment granules in the medulla.
443:World Budgerigar Organisation (WBO)
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417:Genetics for Budgerigar Breeders
415:Taylor, T G; Warner, C (1986),
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18:Clearwing budgerigar mutation
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766:Budgerigar colour mutations
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430:(3rd ed.), Cage Birds
428:The Cult of the Budgerigar
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32:. When combined with the
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321:The Budgerigar Bulletin
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133:or inner cells of the
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357:Cage and Aviary Birds
237:Cage and Aviary Birds
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615:Yellowface mutations
544:Sex-linked Clearbody
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30:Full-bodied Greywing
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524:Dominant Clearbody
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22:budgerigars
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484:Budgerigar
408:References
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44:Appearance
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509:Clearwing
486:mutations
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740:Mutation
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504:Cinnamon
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369:citation
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166:Greywing
121:Genetics
75:Greywing
57:normal.
26:Greywing
709:Crested
667:Spangle
657:Opaline
652:Mottled
254:: 25–30
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131:medulla
127:melanin
87:Dilutes
38:Opaline
549:Violet
519:Dilute
363:(2857)
164:) and
158:Dilute
147:per se
111:Sydney
539:Slate
514:Dark
219:Notes
135:barbs
499:Blue
382:help
342:help
62:cere
36:and
16:The
534:Ino
361:110
208:dil
204:dil
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