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scarcely able to believe their eyes. Then little by little one
Illyrian force began to edge closer. Alexander, watching their psychological movement, gave his final prearranged signal. The left wing of the cavalry swung into wedge formation and charged. At the same moment every man of the phalanx beat his spear on his shield yelling out the Macedonia war-cry. Glaucias' forces fled back in wild confusion from the heights to the safety of their city where Cleitus was. The last of the Illyrians from the knoll were flushed out while the Macedonians began to advance across the river.
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362:, not even bothering to post sentries. Alexander returned with a specially picked mobile force, and he sent in his archers and the Agrianians to finish the job during the night. Most of the Illyrians were still asleep, and the Macedonian slaughtered them where they lay. In desperation, Cleitus set fire to Pelion, so it would not fall into Macedonian hands.
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siege equipment. The
Macedonians had no time in starving Cleitus out, and with so small a task force, their chances of taking the strongly guarded city fortress by storm were minimal. Glaucias was on his way to aid Cleitus, and the Macedonians were cut off and short of supplies. This was the first and last bitter taste of failure for Alexander.
336:
states that
Cleitus sacrificed three boys, three girls, and three black rams on an altar just before the Battle of Pelion with Alexander. The Illyrian advance detachments, after some brief skirmishing, retreated within the walls of Pelion. The Macedonians decided to blockade Pelion, bringing up their
349:
advanced, wheeled into column and line, and moved through various intricate formations as though on the parade-ground, all without a word being uttered. The
Illyrian kings had never seen anything like it. From their positions in the surrounding hills, the Illyrians stared down at this weird ritual,
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barely escaped annihilation thanks to quick action by
Alexander and the cavalry. Early next morning, he formed up his entire army in the plain, apparently oblivious to the presence of Cleitus and the newly arrived Glaucias, and gave an exhibition of close-order drill. The bristling spear-line swung
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suddenly revolted. Cleitus fled with
Glaucias to the Taulantii State where he was offered shelter. Cleitus and Glaucias continued to rule, probably as vassal kings under Macedonia. Cleitus did not regroup his forces, so the Illyrians remained on amicable terms with Macedonia for the rest of
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in 359 and who died shortly thereafter at the age of more than ninety, and the son of
Bardylis II; others consider Cleitus directly the son of Bardylis I, since nothing confirms such a generation gap and nothing allows to find out Cleitus's age in the year 335. Unlike Grabos II and
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while
Alexander headed towards Cleitus. Langarus invaded their territory and defeated them. Alexander thus foiled Cleitus' plan of blockading the Macedonian army. Glaucias and his army had not yet reached Cleitus, and Alexander pushed hard to reach the Cleitus' fortress city of
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to be carried through the ford and set up on the further bank. The
Macedonians withdrew a few miles and gave Cleitus and Glaucias three days to regain their confidence. The Illyrian camp lay wide open because of indiscipline; Glaucias dug no trenches and built no
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had been soundly defeated by
Macedonia in 358 BC. Alexander found himself thrown headlong into one of the toughest campaigns of his entire career. Alexander's Danubian expedition had given Cleitus just the chance he was waiting for. Cleitus allied himself with
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1st century BC) recognizes Glaukias as the king of Illyrians after the disappearance of Cleitus. Therefore, Cleitus can be considered king of the Illyrians not particularly because he succeeded Bardylis, but because he led the Illyrians in the 335 BC
297:, king of the Taulantii State, and en route, he persuaded the Autariatae State to attack Alexander as well. Meanwhile, Glaucias' army would march to Cleitus, so the Macedonians would have to face this larger, combined force.
383:. Alexander's superior skill as a general was enough of a deterrent to ensure that the Illyrian States remained passive. The year of Cletius' death is not known, but he was succeeded to the throne by his son
288:, alarming reports began to come from Illyria that the Illyrians had revolted and were poised to invade Macaedonia. The Illyrian revolt had a personal element to it; Cleitus led the revolt, and his father
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were forced to retreat. Alexander came back with more equipment and supplies and skillfully drove Glaucias' army from the surrounding heights, preventing Cleitus from engaging with Glaucias.
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The Illyrians, realizing the trap, rallied and counter-attacked. Alexander's cavalry and light-armed troops held them off from the knoll long enough for his siege
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247:, the designation "king of the Illyrians" never appears next to Cleitus in Arrian. In his military operations, Cleitus seems to treat
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567:
Fox, Robin Lane (2011). "Philip of Macedon:accession, ambitions, and self-presentation". In Robin J. Fox; Robin Lane Fox (eds.).
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Cleitus was one of the three Illyrian kings who attempted to gain lost territory and thwart Macedonian power in a revolt. During
469:, 1971, page 50, "...his way to Pelium, a town which had been occupied by Cleitus as the most defensible in the district..."
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The Macedonian Empire: The Era of Warfare Under Philip II and Alexander the Great, 359-323 B.C. by James R. Ashley, 2004,
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under the cover of night. Cleitus managed to escape and likely kept his throne ruling in, probably as a vassal under the
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arrived on the scene first and blockaded Cleitus within the city walls. Glaucias came to Cleitus' aid, and the
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After a three-day truce, Alexander found the Taulantii camp unguarded and defeated the
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around 300–295 BC, although it is unlikely that he ruled that long.
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Cabanes, Pierre (2002) . Dinko Čutura; Bruna Kuntić-Makvić (eds.).
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186:. The Illyrian realm of Cleitus had been a dependent territory of
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166:. Cleitus was ruler of southern Illyrians, probably centered in
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Iliri od Bardileja do Gencia (IV. – II. stoljeće prije Krista)
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This article is about the Illyrian ruler. For other uses, see
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The Illyrians from Bardylis to Gentius (4th – 2nd century BC)
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The campaigns of Alexander by Arrian, Aubrey De SĂ©lincourt,
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552:] (in Croatian). Translated by Vesna Lisičić. Svitava.
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Alexander of Macedon, 356–323 B.C.: a historical biography
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194:'s suppression of an Illyrian revolt in 349 BC, while the
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The Illyrians to the Albanians -Neritan Ceka- 2005 pg. 84
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Cleitus was the mastermind behind the well structured
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The Genius of Alexander the Great by N. G. L. Hammond
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and waited for Glaucias' troops to arrive. However,
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Alexander the Great: man and god by Ian Worthington
143:. Cleitus had captured and garrisoned the city of
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618:. Oxford, United Kingdom: Blackwell Publishing.
206:Cleitus was attested as the son of Bardylis by
340:A foraging party under the Macedonian general
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324:before Glaucias did. Alexander drove through
127:. Cleitus entered into an agreement with the
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108:356 – 335 BC) was an
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591:The Illyrians: history and culture
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277:Alliances for the Illyrian revolt
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1809:Central Bosnian cultural group
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2076:Erigon Valley
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2015:
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1819:Daunian stele
1817:
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1506:Hija e Korbit
1504:
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1416:Lower Neretva
1414:
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1234:
1232:
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1225:
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1212:
1209:
1207:
1206:Valentinian I
1204:
1202:
1199:
1197:
1194:
1192:
1189:
1187:
1184:
1182:
1179:
1177:
1174:
1172:
1169:
1167:
1166:Pleuratus III
1164:
1162:
1159:
1157:
1154:
1152:
1149:
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837:
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723:
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711:
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698:
696:
693:
691:
688:
686:
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682:
680:
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659:
654:
652:
647:
645:
640:
639:
636:
627:
625:0-631-19807-5
621:
617:
616:
615:The Illyrians
611:
607:
603:
597:
593:
592:
586:
582:
576:
572:
571:
565:
561:
559:953-98832-0-2
555:
551:
547:
542:
541:
527:, p. 131
526:
520:
511:
502:
493:
484:
475:
468:
467:0-14-044253-7
464:
458:
451:
447:
441:
434:
429:
427:
425:
418:, p. 48.
417:
412:
408:
398:
395:
394:
388:
386:
382:
377:
373:
363:
361:
356:
351:
348:
343:
338:
335:
331:
327:
323:
318:
314:
308:
298:
296:
291:
287:
284:
269:
267:
258:
254:
250:
246:
242:
237:
236:Perdiccas III
234:who defeated
233:
229:
228:
209:
201:
197:
193:
189:
185:
180:
171:
169:
165:
161:
156:
154:
150:
146:
142:
138:
134:
130:
126:
121:
119:
115:
111:
103:
102:Ancient Greek
99:
91:
88:
84:
80:
78:
74:
71:
68:
64:
61:
58:
54:
47:
43:
38:
33:
19:
2235:Prefectures
2203:Roman period
2120:Batonian War
1892:Boka-Përçeva
1783:
1746:
1669:
1646:
1640:
1623:
1556:
1544:
1527:
1463:
1378:
1361:
1176:Scerdilaidas
1161:Pleuratus II
995:
966:Bato Dardani
614:
590:
569:
549:
545:
537:Bibliography
524:
519:
510:
501:
492:
483:
474:
457:
440:
433:Cabanes 2002
411:
385:Bardyllis II
369:
352:
339:
310:
280:
225:
218: 86/89
205:
157:
139:State under
131:State under
122:
97:
96:
2390:Settlements
2259:Epirus Nova
1914:VaÄŤe Situla
1790:Albanopolis
1655:Pola (Pula)
1558:Matohasanaj
1396:Chrysondyon
1322:Antipatreia
1307:Albanopolis
1156:Pleuratus I
1111:Justinian I
986:Caravantius
951:Bardylis II
757:Daesitiates
717:Atintanians
283:Alexander's
153:Macedonians
118:Bardylis II
70:Bardylis II
56:Predecessor
2428:Categories
2327:Illyrology
2245:Provinces
1966:Deipaturos
1918:Tattooing
1879:Soleto Map
1717:Sesarethus
1374:Brundisium
1302:Ad Quintum
1268:Taulantian
1253:Dassaretan
1236:Autariatan
1031:Diocletian
853:Osseriates
796:Dassaretii
742:Bassanitae
737:Baridustae
722:Autariatae
450:0786419180
403:References
317:Autariatae
232:Bardylis I
220: – c.
196:Taulantian
168:Dassaretis
137:Autariatae
2269:Macedonia
2264:Illyricum
2239:Illyricum
2229:Macedonia
2224:Illyricum
2215:Dioceses
2081:Lyncestis
2005:Nymphaion
1872:Peucetian
1867:Messapian
1824:Education
1785:Zgërdhesh
1660:Poslishte
1636:Pituntium
1552:Lychnidus
1428:Delminium
1406:Damastion
1327:Apollonia
1317:Andetrium
1278:Geography
1258:Enchelean
1241:Dardanian
1126:Monounios
1076:Grabos II
1051:Flavianus
941:Baraliris
883:Taulantii
878:Siculotae
873:Sardiatae
821:Iapygians
752:Bylliones
705:Docleatai
665:Illyrians
573:. BRILL.
366:Aftermath
360:palisades
355:catapults
330:Lynkestis
290:Bardyllis
272:Rulership
245:Pleuratus
192:Philip II
174:Biography
160:Illyrians
149:Alexander
129:Taulantii
66:Successor
2413:Category
2403:Timeline
2279:Pannonia
2254:Delmatia
2249:Dardania
2186:Illyrian
2179:Language
2096:Phoenice
2072:Battles
2028:weaponry
2010:Swastika
1983:Medaurus
1951:Religion
1853:Pottery
1779:Vendenis
1764:Ulkinium
1737:Tilurium
1732:Thronion
1642:Pogradec
1625:Persqopi
1609:Palaeste
1491:Eugenium
1486:Epicaria
1481:Enkelana
1449:Doracium
1401:Creonion
1357:Bassania
1352:Bargulum
1231:Labeatan
1227:Ardiaean
1196:Triteuta
1171:Pleurias
1131:Monunius
1116:Longarus
1106:Justin I
1071:Grabos I
1056:Galaurus
971:Bircenna
946:Bardylis
936:Ballaios
931:Aurelian
868:Pirustae
863:Penestae
858:Parthini
801:Enchelei
789:Thuantai
767:Tariotes
762:Dalmatae
732:Balaites
710:Labeatae
695:Amantini
612:(1992).
391:See also
342:Philotas
313:Langarus
295:Glaucias
257:Diodorus
253:Taulanti
249:Glaukias
241:Pleurias
200:Glaukias
141:Pleurias
135:and the
133:Glaucias
114:Bardylis
110:Illyrian
90:Bardylis
60:Bardylis
2309:Sirmium
2154:Sieges
2140:Liburna
2024:Warfare
1988:Perëndi
1956:Andinus
1927:Sicanje
1857:Daunian
1829:Fibulae
1814:Coinage
1801:Culture
1769:Ulpiana
1754:Tsangon
1748:Triport
1722:Setovia
1665:Promona
1614:Parthus
1579:Nikadin
1574:Nareste
1546:Lofkënd
1523:Kodrion
1454:Dresnik
1411:Daorson
1369:Bouthoe
1337:Arnissa
1312:Amantia
1246:Kingdom
1186:Tacitus
1136:Mytilos
1081:Gratian
1061:Gentius
848:Narensi
836:Peuceti
831:Messapi
816:Iapodes
811:Grabaei
784:Galabri
779:Dardani
700:Ardiaei
690:Amantes
376:Boeotia
347:phalanx
326:Paeonia
188:Macedon
98:Cleitus
77:Dynasty
40:Cleitus
2376:Tribes
2371:People
2168:Oricum
2163:Medion
2145:Sibyna
2135:Lembus
2130:Helmet
2091:Pharos
1998:Tomorr
1993:Prende
1961:Bindus
1888:Tombs
1862:Desilo
1849:Pileus
1774:Uscana
1759:Ugento
1702:Salvia
1697:Salona
1687:Romajë
1682:Rhizon
1677:Ragusa
1671:Rabije
1648:Castle
1619:Pelion
1604:Oricum
1584:Nikaia
1564:Meteon
1535:Lissus
1529:Kratul
1496:Gertus
1475:Durrës
1444:Doclea
1439:Dimale
1433:Desilo
1391:Chinna
1386:Byllis
1380:Bushat
1332:Arduba
1201:Valens
1181:Sirras
1151:Plator
1146:Pinnes
1101:Jovian
1096:Jerome
1041:Epulon
1016:Cynane
976:Caeria
926:Audata
921:Astius
899:People
843:Mazaei
774:Daorsi
747:Breuci
685:Albani
677:Tribes
622:
598:
577:
556:
465:
448:
381:Persia
372:Thebes
334:Arrian
322:Pelion
208:Arrian
145:Pelion
86:Father
2363:Lists
2320:Other
2219:Dacia
2086:Paxos
1692:Runik
1631:Petra
1594:Oneum
1539:Lezhë
1518:Kinna
1512:Zadar
1465:Dukat
1459:Duboc
1363:Berat
1347:Aulon
1191:Teuta
1046:Etuta
1021:Dando
991:Celer
981:Caius
906:Agron
888:Abroi
826:Dauni
806:Eneti
727:Azali
548:[
224:) in
45:Reign
2158:Issa
2150:Sica
2026:and
1971:Zojz
1599:Oria
1588:Klos
620:ISBN
596:ISBN
575:ISBN
554:ISBN
463:ISBN
446:ISBN
374:and
328:and
1788:(?
261:fl.
212:fl.
2430::
1978:En
423:^
268:.
243:-
215:c.
170:.
120:.
106:c.
49:c.
1792:)
1651:)
1645:(
1590:)
1586:(
1541:)
1537:(
1514:)
1477:)
1473:(
1285:)
1281:(
1229:-
657:e
650:t
643:v
628:.
604:.
583:.
562:.
529:.
259:(
210:(
100:(
34:.
20:)
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
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