Publius Clodius Pulcher

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Palatine house restored. Before a pontifical hearing, Clodius and Cicero spoke, with Clodius arguing that removing the shrine to liberty would offend the gods. Cicero argued successfully that Clodius' law to take his house, in failing to explicitly authorise dedication, was null and void. After Cicero's victory before the pontiffs, Clodius first attempted to convince the public that the decree was actually in his favour before attempting to filibuster a senatorial debate on Cicero's house. When the senatorial resolution was vetoed by Serranus after passing almost unanimously, the overwhelming senatorial response convinced Serranus to withdraw his veto. Unsuccessful lawfully, Clodius responded by mobilising his mobs to disrupt construction work on the site as well as harass Cicero, Milo, and others in the streets. Clodius' defeats were, however, largely momentary. He retained the support of eminent men such as

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preventing Cicero's return. An event on 11 August 58 BC also saw one of Clodius' slaves confess to having been ordered to assassinate Pompey. Although it is not clear whether this attempt was real, Pompey, who was paranoid of attempts on his life, then shut himself in his villa. Clodius responded by having his gangs menace the villa for the rest of the year. The opposition to Clodius, led by Pompey and Cicero's friends with their leaders either shut in at home or shut out abroad, yet continued to gain ground through the year. Eight of the ten tribunes in October brought a bill to recall Cicero together – it was again vetoed – and eventually the opposition decided to wait Clodius out since his term ended in December.

1083:, saw multiple politicians assemble mobs to arm themselves. Pompey, supporting Cicero, canvassed for support across Italy and procured through Spinther a senatorial decree that citizens should to assemble in Rome to vote for Cicero's recall. By the summer, with much of Italy supporting Cicero's recall, Clodius' last remaining tools to oppose the recall were food riots. When the senate voted on lifting Cicero's exile in July, the measure passed 416–1 with Clodius the lone dissenter. Against such overwhelming support, Clodius' allies in the tribunate became unwilling to veto the bill as it proceeded in the senate or the senate's later decree that anyone who blocked the bill would be declared public enemies. 978: 1192:, and Pompey. When Pompey spoke on 7 February, the trial descended into disorder with Clodius' crowd chanting lewd slogans along with the claim that Crassus should be appointed to go to Alexandria instead of Pompey. The whole trial was then adjourned after the demonstrations became violent. The senate, in a meeting in the coming days, blamed Milo and Pompey for the disorder, which led Pompey to abandon the plan to commandeer the Egyptian expedition. Spinther, in Cilicia and warned by Cicero that consequences would be severe if he failed in restoring Ptolemy (as was his still-valid directive from August 57), chose inaction. The senate also decreed legislation should be enacted against 1483: 929:, a Caesarian ally in 59 BC and legate recently returned from Gaul. Making his intercession evident, Clodius summoned a mob which entirely disrupted the prosecutorial proceedings, overturned the praetor's benches, and smashed the jury's voting urns. This first instance of popular violence and the role of the colleges in organising may have been a surprise to Clodius – there is little evidence that Clodius intended his collegial law to produce urban mobs at his beck and call – but he quickly came to capitalise on this new tactic. In February, Clodius put forward two further bills. The first would assign to the current consuls, Piso and Gabinius, to the provinces of 1577:, had himself adopted by a plebeian to stand for the tribunate, succeeding in 47 BC, and that year proposed the complete abolition of debts while raising statues of Clodius to great acclaim. However, the use of political violence in Roman politics was not novel: Clodius was not the first nor the last to assemble mobs to disrupt or support political initiatives. The grain dole which Clodius had legislated during his tribunate survived the fall of the republic and persisted through the Roman empire. Imperial self-representation as builders of public monuments as well as benefactors for freedmen and the urban plebs, "perpetuat some aspect of political style". 633:(who had been consul in 76 BC), failed 400–15, Clodius and his allies took to the streets. Amid orations connecting the senate's tribunal to Cicero's illegal execution of citizens just a few months earlier during the Catilinarian conspiracy, those supporting the bill eventually accepted selection by lot. Two motions dividing the matters in the senate – first whether a tribunal should be established and second whether it should have its jury appointed by the praetor – were brought. The first motion passed; the second was defeated; and a new bill, brought by tribune Fufius with the jury selected by lot, then passed in the assembly. 1442:, where he was to install a priest. Both men travelled with armed entourages, but Clodius' entourage was smaller: some 26 men to Milo's 300. After the two groups passed in silence, a fight broke out between Clodius and one of the last men in Milo's entourage, leading to Clodius being hit in the shoulder with a javelin. In the resulting fight, Clodius' men were defeated. Clodius was carried to roadside inn, but when Milo heard that Clodius had been wounded, Milo ordered his lieutenant Marcus Saufeius to kill Clodius: Clodius was dragged out of the inn and stabbed to death. The body was discovered by a senator also travelling on the 957:. Cicero saw this as a ploy to remove Cato from the city and cause him to accept Clodius' adoption and tribunician laws, the traditional judgement among classicists. However, other classicists have instead seen the assignment as Clodius negotiating a deal or compromising with Cato and allies – signalling that Clodius had no ill-will against senators who had supported Cicero in 63 BC – therefore isolating Cicero. With Cicero rejecting a lifeline from Caesar, who offered to appoint him as one of his legates and thereby give him immunity from prosecution, Cicero withdrew from the city into exile; Clodius immediately passed a 922:– an ally. In Dio's version, Ninnius threatened a veto against all of Clodius' bills; given the impossibility of sustaining a veto against the kind of strong popular support expected for a grain bill, it is more likely Ninnius threatened only Clodius' collegial bill on the grounds that it overturned the considered decision of the senate in 64 BC. However, Clodius reached a deal with Cicero, agreeing not to pursue his feud if Cicero would call Ninnius off. This deal, reached with the support of the senatorial elite, allowed Clodius to push through his four laws on 4 January 58 BC. 991:, tetrarch of Galatia, who Pompey had appointed high priest at Pessinus; removing Deiotarus from the priest, Clodius instead elevated Brogitarus – Deiotarus' son-in-law and ruler of a separate Galatian kingdom – while also declaring Brogitarus a Roman ally. This intervention did not reshape Roman policy in the east, which would have been unacceptable for such a junior magistrate to do. But the senate was happy to see Pompey's decisions unsettled; nor was a veto forthcoming from a tribune would be unable to find support to deny constituents their own popular sovereignty. 1358: 868:. Bibulus continuously announced that he was watching the skies and then sent messages in absentia to other magistrates reporting unfavourable omens. Such unfavourable auspices if properly reported would have stopped the holding of an assembly; because such assemblies were held anyway, Bibulus and his supporters purported such results were invalid. The validity of these obstruction tactics, however, is mostly rejected by scholars, who emphasise not only that the senate at the time dismissed these claims in multiple different debates but also that the 558: 438: 717:, Caesar and Pompey immediately arranged a session of the comitia curiata to approve Clodius' adoption and emancipation by one Publius Fonteius (a twenty-year-old man who was younger than Clodius). After this political stunt from Caesar and Pompey, Cicero, suitably intimidated, withdrew to his Italian villa. With religious objections nullified by Caesar and Pompey, who were respectively pontifex maximus and augur, Clodius became plebeian and shortly thereafter stood for the plebeian tribunate. 1181:, helped interpret this omen. The priests announced an oracle which warned against supporting or opposing the king of Egypt while also prohibiting the king's restoration "with a crowd". The allies of Pompey and Spinther denounced the oracle as a fraud; the senators generally, however, accepted it since it precluded both men from military glory. The debate was eventually called off without settlement after a series of complex parliamentary manoeuvres from mid-January through to early February. 1023:, he clearly approved of his attack on consular authority; this was unacceptable to the political class: "too severe a threat to public order"; "a step too far". Ninnius consecrated Clodius' property in retaliation and on the first day of June brought a bill to recall Cicero from exile that was supported unanimously in the senate but promptly vetoed. Through other men, a movement grew over the next year to lift Cicero's exile, of which Pompey eventually took the head. 812:) which included both professional associations as well as religious organisations. A few of these organisations – "it is no longer reasonable to conclude that all but a few... were made illegal" – were banned in 64 BC by a senatorial decree. These colleges were revived by Clodius' law and, by enrolment in a centralised recording of the whole city's colleges, sanctioned by the state. Reviving the colleges also allowed men like Clodius and his associate 524:, in commentaries on Cicero, dismissed the accusation; more recent historians have largely concurred. Catiline's acquittal is sufficiently explained by bribery and deference by the jury to his many consular allies. Around the same time, Clodius also threatened Lucullus with prosecution. Lucullus responded by divorcing his wife Clodia with humiliating public allegations that she engaged in incest with Clodius. The prosecution was shortly thereafter dropped. 689:; the senate, showing its anger at Piso and Clodius, revoked Piso's assignment. Clodius eventually was assigned to a quaestorian post in Sicily under its propraetor, Gaius Vergilius Balbus, and he returned to Rome by June 60 BC after a short tour of duty. After the affair Clodius started plans to become a plebeian so to stand for the plebeian tribunate (patricians were ineligible). He attempted to effect the transfer through three serial schemes. 1164:(also consul-elect in 57 BC), and Cicero attempted to have the senate direct the praetor to appoint the jury instead, Clodius' gangs disrupted the meeting. Metellus Nepos also directed as consul that no praetor could constitute a jury without the quaestors, a bar at least until 31 December. Eventually, into the new year with the political threat of Pompey looming, the senate approved elections that returned Clodius as aedile in 56 BC. 4927: 730:. When neither appointment was forthcoming, Clodius broke with his erstwhile benefactors. Seizing on their unpopularity due to their violent political tactics, Clodius declared his opposition to Caesar. Caesar attempted to rescind the adoption to prevent Clodius' tribunician election but this carried no weight; senators, even including Cicero, were pleased to see Clodius – along with Clodius' friends 1365: 1393: 1379: 4016: 3913:, pp. 139–40 (Bibulus' unsuccessful attempt to invalidate Caesar's legislation in the senate on religious grounds), 142 (Bibulus' withdrawal and continuous announcement of adverse omens), 150–51 (Bibulus' successful framing of Caesar's consulship as a violation of republican collegial norms), 184 ("obnuntiation had to be performed in person, not by edict"). 246:, he was embroiled early in his political career in a religious scandal which saw him develop a rivalry with the orator Cicero and become a plebeian in order to be eligible for the plebeian tribunate. He successfully stood as tribune of the plebs for 58 BC and passed six laws to restore Rome's collegia (private guilds and fraternities), expand the 3415: 4025:, pp. 134 (noting that tribunes in 64 BC successfully conspired to obstruct the census such that they could not be expelled), 135 (warning that interpreting Clodius' censorial law as an insurance policy against the censors "imports parti pris assumptions about Clodius' plans from the start of his tribunician career"). 5402: 1428:; the evidence given in Cicero's speech itself is highly tendentious and should not be taken as a truthful accounting of events. The events as presented by Asconius are broadly as follows. While travelling back from Aricia, Clodius and Milo encountered each other some 13 miles (21 km) south of Rome on the 5383: 4650:

Bibulus' proposal was defeated. Hortensius' proposal was vetoed. Delayed into February, Gaius Cato proposed recalling Spinther; Lucius Caninius Gallus proposed sending Pompey; Clodius' supporters then proposed sending Crassus. Marcellinus, as consul, put all tribunician proposals on hold by declaring

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The colleges reestablished in Clodius' first law may have played a role in distributing this grain, since it enrolled people eligible to receive this grain into various districts in Rome. Regardless, the free food guaranteed by the law won Clodius enduring support among the urban poor. Its burdens on

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There are a number of theories relating to Clodius' name: especially how it was spelt "Clodius" rather than "Claudius". His use of "Clodius" predates his plebeian adoption. Nor did the o-form denote plebeian or patrician status, since Clodius' patrician sisters also used the o-form in correspondence.

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Pompey immediately moved legislation to create a tribunal to try public violence under expedited procedures and to move against electoral corruption. When order was restored, Milo was indicted by Clodius' nephews, the sons of his elder brother Gaius. With the senate precluding the argument that Milo

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had told Cato that Clodius had related to Favonius that Milo would shortly be dead. A negative version of this narrative also emerged, for example, from Metellus Scipio, who declared in the senate about a month after Clodius' death that Milo had planned the murder. Such narratives were compounded by

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was customary when all magistrates abdicated without replacement. Their appointment too was vetoed, on Pompey's initiative, as Milo's victory was clearly foreseeable. Clodius' campaign for the praetorship continued into the new year, as did the campaigns of the other candidates. Part of his campaign

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The year closed with Gaius Cato, supported by Clodius, sustaining a months-long veto on the consular elections (and thus also elections for all the junior magistracies) as part of a ploy to secure the consulship of 55 BC for Pompey and Crassus. The protection of Clodius' gangs was necessary for

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regime assassinated, Roman support for him remained firm. The senate decreed in September 57 that the consul Spinther, who was shortly be proconsul of Cilicia and Cyprus, should restore Ptolemy; Spinther, supported publicly by Pompey and earnestly by Cicero, left in November to take up his province.

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amid a huge influx of Ciceronean supporters from across Italy. Pompey's victory in recalling Cicero was made more complete when the senate, at Cicero's motion, gave Pompey a command to bring food to Rome to stop the riots. Clodius and Cicero again opposed each other over Cicero's attempt to have his

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The success of Clodius' four laws provided him huge political support. This support, especially with his inadvertent discovery of mob power at the prosecution of Vatinius, made it possible for him to continue as an independent political agent. Setting himself against Pompey, Clodius moved to advance

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of Galatia and certain Byzantine exiles to restore their statuses in their home countries; bills restoring these men would be passed through the year. More money was also to be raised from the Ptolemaic kingdom in Cyprus, which Clodius ordered seized and annexed. He initially had annexation assigned

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Clodius' reputation in the later ancient and modern sources is predominantly negative due to the survival of and reliance on Ciceronean invective from around 56 BC. Treatments in modern times have at various times called him "a petty gangster", "an irresponsible demagogue", and "a demagogue of

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triggered a surge in interest rates as they borrowed to hand out bribes. Distancing himself from his brother who was at the same time helping prosecuting candidate Scaurus for corruption, Clodius defended Scaurus, which saw him speak in Scaurus' defence alongside his enemy Cicero. All four consular

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evidently were not, on 10 February 56 BC. The same day, a prosecution was started by one Marcus Tullius against Clodius' enemy Publius Sestius, which Cicero and others attributed to Clodius; whether that is the case is doubted. Cicero, joined by Pompey and Crassus, spoke in defence of Sestius,

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Elections for the aedilate of 56 BC were late, occurring on 20 January that year. Clodius, due to his popularity, was elected first. While many expected Clodius to repeat his largesse from his tribunician term, his financial resources seemed to have been largely exhausted, with his term seeing

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tried to float a prosecution in the senate but it was filibustered; Titus Milo responded by indicting Clodius and announcing that he would delay elections by obnuntiation until Clodius was prosecuted. The consul Metellus Nepos attempted to hold elections on 19 November, supported by Clodius' gangs,

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on 24 May 60 BC, a poorly understood religious rite before the comitia calata. Clodius evidently believed that this rite was sufficient to render him a plebeian; Metellus Celer, the consul, disagreed strenuously and that consular opinion was ratified by the senate after a debate in early June,

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and in a trial atmosphere menaced by a mob, Milo was found guilty by 38–13 votes in the jury – some sources describe Cicero, Milo's advocate, being unable to speak in the commotion – and went into exile. Milo's lieutenant Saufeius, the man who committed the actual murder, was acquitted by one vote

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Clodius now stood in the praetorian elections for 52 BC; letters from Cicero indicate his success was a foregone conclusion. His campaign – very uncommonly for a republican politician – included a pledge to redistribute freedmen from the four urban tribes into the 31 rural tribes, which would

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the fruits of Clodius' tribunate. Clodius was then involved in a series of trials against Gaius Cato and Marcus Nonius Sufenas, previous Clodian allies during their tribunates. While the sources are unclear as to whether Clodius participated in their defences, the three trials ended in acquittals.

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gave speeches blaming the deconsecration of Clodius' shrine to Libertas (Cicero's house) for divine displeasure. Cicero responded by blaming Clodius instead. In a political pause, Cicero with the support of Milo and one of the tribunes, removed and possibly destroyed the tablets recording Clodius'

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required both censors to agree to remove someone from the senate and give cause with opportunity for a hearing. This limited the possibility that censors strip tribunes of their seats in the senate as a weapon against them. Moreover, due to the lenient census in 61 BC, there were likely fears

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Clodius put his mobs on Cicero and disrupted his rallies with violence, arousing concern among the senators at large. Clodius defanged this backlash, however, by reassigning the annexation of Cyprus and restoration of Byzantine exiles to Marcus Porcius Cato – who in 63 BC was one of the most

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were repealed. The law instead targeted the narrow question of whether Bibulus' announcement of unfavourable omens in absentia would be permissible, answering that question negatively. The possible precedent of permitting a magistrate to shut down the government through edicts issued from bed was

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in the aftermath of the trial, skilfully avoiding offending Clodius and ridding himself of the matter. Scholars are divided as to whether Clodius was involved in an affair with Pompeia: W Jeffrey Tatum rejects it as an unnecessary elaboration while John W Rich believes Caesar's divorce indicates

625:. They argued that the law, by appointing jurors via the urban praetor rather than by lot, violated due process and constituted an illegal senatorial usurpation of the jurors' roles. Piso, as the formal proposer, opposed his own law in speeches and by shenanigans: with a mob led by Clodius' ally 1220:

amid food riots, which continued to embarrass Pompey's handling of the grain supply. But the reconciliation between the Claudii and the triumvirs included a marriage between Pompey's son and Appius' daughter (Clodius' niece): tact was quickly changed to reflect this new relationship. Attacks on

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that gave them provincial commands, favours from the triumvirs followed. A senatorially-sponsored embassy to the east for Clodius was funded, with Cicero's objections sidelined by a quid pro quo, allowing Clodius to visit the eastern provinces and clients. One of the suspected destinations was

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Later in the year, Clodius also signalled his support for Cato's faction in its continuing fight against Caesar's legislation, arguing publicly that Caesar's laws in 59 were religiously invalid. It is likely he did so in an attempt to induce members of Cato and Bibulus' group to support him in

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in 58 BC for a massive expansion of the Roman grain dole as well as Cicero's exile from the city. Leader of one of the political mobs in the 50s, his political tactics – combining connections throughout the oligarchy with mass support from the poor plebs – made him a central player in the

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arrayed in an alliance against Clodius – and the main advocate for the defence was Curio's father who had been consul in 76 BC. While the trial is not well documented, Clodius is alleged to have obstructed interrogation of his slaves by selling them to his brother or moving them to Gaul.

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was deposed in 57 BC. He personally pled at Rome for intervention to restore him to the Egyptian throne. An official friend of Rome and massively in debt to many senators, Roman political and economic interests aligned to support such an expedition. Even after Ptolemy tried to have some

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but Clodius' allies in office – Metellus Nepos as consul, Appius Claudius Pulcher as praetor, and one of the tribunes (Sextus Atilius Serranus or Quintus Numerius Rufus) – made it impossible for Clodius to be tried by reserving all days in the calendar for other business. Clodius' tactical

509:, but was unsuccessful. Exploiting his familial connections to put himself in military positions, his military career was broadly unsuccessful. However, this proved of little consequence politically as Romans usually believed that aristocrats were inherently competent at military affairs. 4188: 1259:

in 53. Whether Clodius actually sought the praetorship of 53 is unclear and debated, though many scholars side with Badian's belief that a delay actually occurred. The ongoing censorship, which included many hearings for junior senators the censors wanted removed, cemented among the

665:; this testimony under oath became the root of the enmity between Clodius and Cicero. Worried about violence against the jurors, the senate decreed their protection. However, after the jurors voted 31 to 25 to acquit, the decision was immediately condemned as a product of bribery. 4092: 4216: 3459: 1226:

legislation. This, however, was a step too far: in a meeting of the senate shortly after Cato's return from Cyprus, few were willing to accept (especially the influential beneficiary Cato), Cicero's position that Clodius' adoption and thus entire tribunate were invalid.

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in early 55 and drive, with the help of soldiers on leave from Caesar, their enemies from the consular canvass. While it is not clear whether Clodius participated in the violence that year needed to win Pompey and Crassus their desired electoral outcomes as well as the

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who was proconsul of Transalpine Gaul in 64 BC. Nothing concrete is known of Clodius' activities there. When the two returned to Rome in 63 BC, Clodius was involved in Murena's campaign for the consulship and likely helped distribute bribes to voters in the

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has instead focused on Clodius as an independent agent attempting to play off different groupings in the late republic for personal gain. This independent agent interpretation has been praised as "incisive and penetrating", especially amid the general abandonment of

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which saw the praetor's retinue defeated. After the clash, which resulted in at least one fatality, Pompey and Clodius broke politically. Pleased by Pompey's embarrassment, the senate did nothing. Pompey's response to Clodius relied on his ally in the consulship,

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Byzantium or the court of Brogitarus, who were expected to pay generously for Clodius' services in 58. Enjoying hospitality befitting a senatorial embassy and replenishing his monetary reserves in the east, Clodius was likely absent from Rome for the rest of 55.

1539:. A mob stormed his house demanding immediate elections while Milo's chances were poor, but were refused. As Rome deteriorated into a total breakdown of law and order, the interreges were unable to hold elections; the senate met on 1 February and passed the 1040:

On 10 December 58 BC, Clodius returned to being a private citizen. Pompey's allies in the tribunate promptly proposed a bill to recall Cicero; eventually, all but two of the tribunes would support the bill. In January 57 BC, the two new consuls –

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Amid further activities in the courts, Clodius won support from defendants and – according to Valerius Maximus – defended one of his prosecutors during the Bona Dea affair; these actions showed a sound mind suitable for court presidency, i.e. a praetor.

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would now be free for citizens at Rome. The responsibility of getting this grain to Rome was largely delegated to provincial magistrates and the expense of it imposed a heavy burden on state finances, expanding on the already expensive provisions of

5411:, pp. 325–26, noting "one would think reading Cicero that Clodius was the first... to use violence for political ends clearly this is nonsense" and citing Sulpicius' tribunate in 88 BC as well as Clodius' defeat by Milo's more organised forces. 3335: 1280:(an enemy thereof) as the only nominees for the consulship of 53 in exchange for the two candidates procuring fabricated legal documents to grant the two consuls lucrative proconsular postings. When the plot became public, competing candidates 1132:

The next month, however, saw renewed wrangling over who would lead the Roman response, with Pompey's name floated, probably at his covert insistence. Pompey's enemies in the senate therefore found new use for Clodius' anti-Pompeian agitation.

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The first was the passage of legislation in the centuriate assembly which would reassign him to the plebs. Two of his political allies brought legislation in 60 BC to that effect on his behalf: Gaius Herrenius, then plebeian tribune, and

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On the first day of his term as tribune, 10 December 59 BC, he announced four major pieces of legislation. Their extent and breadth indicated they had been workshopped for some time, probably starting in July 59 BC. They were the

5002: 5319: 1457:– claimed that Clodius had planned to ambush Milo and that the fight was lawful self-defence. This narrative was the main one spread by Milo's defenders in the aftermath of Clodius' death and forms the core of Cicero's legal defence in 981:

Clodius at various times supported or opposed Pompey (pictured above). His activities late in his tribunate, however, generated sufficient backlash to place Pompey on firm political ground; Pompey struck back politically the next year,

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who declared it sacrilegious; the senate, following religious law, then dutifully set up a tribunal. To that end, the senate advised the consuls to pass a law to establish a special tribunal to prosecute Clodius for the crime of

3136: 318:– in the ad hoc factionalism of the late republic. The older view that Clodius acted as an agent of magnates, such as Caesar or Pompey, is now rejected by scholars; he is now seen as an opportunistic and independent politician. 4838: 1547:

brought a compromise, seeking Pompey to be elected as sole consul so to exclude Milo from any chance at victory. With Pompey and late-Clodius' tribunes holding off their vetoes, Pompey was elected by the comitia under interrex

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in the new year, January 58 BC. As a whole, the legislation produced for Clodius a broadly popular base of support while also securing the support of many senators, especially the numerous but not-individually-influential

906:, – that censors might want to trim the senatorial rolls. This legislation, although exaggerated by Cicero into the claim that Clodius abolished the censors, was broadly popular among the numerous but individually-unimportant 4232: 847:

the treasury, however, were huge: the senate decreed a special minting of coins just to pay for that year's expenses. Clodius also found it possible to raise more money from the provinces, passing a law taking payment from

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Clodius' enemies, seeing that he would almost certainly win election as aedile and therefore imminently become immune from prosecution, sought to prosecute and convict him quickly for public violence. The consul-designate

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On 4 August 57 BC, Clodius attempted to disrupt a public meeting where Quintus Cicero, brought by Pompey, was to speak in favour of lifting his brother's exile. Unsuccessful, the bill passed later that day before the

614:, was here extended to include Clodius' sacrilege in a loose analogy with an assault on the Vestal's chastity. To signal its importance, the senate also shut down public business until the people ratified the tribunal. 579:. Up to this point, Clodius' career was largely conventional. Prior, however, to his taking office, he was involved in a scandal where some time in December 62 BC he infiltrated the female-only secret rites of the 882:

seen by all, Bibulus' supporters included, as unacceptable: the senate rejected this position in 59 BC, did so again at a debate on Caesar's legislation early in 58, and the people too rejected it by passing this

1561:(26–25) later that year. Cloelius, whose idea it was to cremate Clodius in the curia, was prosecuted and convicted 46–5; the tribunes who helped were also convicted after their terms ended on 10 December 52 BC. 4056: 3028: 1470:

the feeling among many that Milo was justified not by self-defence from a Clodian trap but also that Clodius' death was simply in the interest of the republic. A pamphlet to that effect was penned by, among others,

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that year. Clodius' support for Murena and his connection with Quintus Marcius Rex – who was assigned a command in Italy to suppress Catiline's revolt – indicates that he was likely an opponent of the conspirators.

4197:, pp. 316, noting " gives only the feeblest of excuses for Cato's compliance... these are lame arguments... the Ciceronean version... obscures, and is designed to obscure, the complexity of the actual events". 4686: 3010:, pp. 42–43, noting that the charges of incestual relations, although common in invective against Clodius, are broadly not believed by modern scholars nor were they likely believed by Clodius' contemporaries. 2764:, pp. 34–36, noting an unknown mother and believing no verdict can be given between the two major constructions of Shackleton Bailey and Hillard, which posit either a remarriage or an adoption, respectively; 1176:

The early months of 56 were again consumed by the question of the Egyptian command. Early in the same year a religious sign came when lightning hit the statue of Jupiter on the Alban mount. Clodius, as one of the

1516:. Milo, who had fled the city for his safety, returned on news of this excess a few days later; the destruction of this senatorial symbol reversed the public mood; he therefore continued his consular campaign. 4940:

as tribune in 66 similarly had brought such legislation, ancestral Claudians – censors Appius Claudius Caecus (312–8 BC) and Gaius Claudius Pulcher (169 BC) – had also supported redistributing the freedmen.

3431:, 2.1.5, relating Clodius' jibe against Cicero where, when the two were escorting a friend to the forum, Clodius poked Cicero over his relative poverty and inability to pay for gladiatorial games in Sicily. 2688:, p. 123. "The commonly accepted view that the form /Clodius/ was adopted as part of a political stance seems likely to be true, though it is worth nothing that no ancient source makes any such claim". 4799:, p. 227, noting "on balance, then, it seem best to accept Badian's explanation... that in 54 Clodius was beginning to position himself for the praetorian elections to be held in 53 for the year 52"; 1328:

was rumoured to have volunteered to assassinate Clodius to restore order. The chaos of the street fighting, along with a persistent tribunician veto on elections from one of Pompey's tribunician allies

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Milo, if successful in his consular canvass, would have been able to interfere in Clodius' election as praetor; even if elected, Milo's consular imperium would have limited Clodius' freedom of action.

1272:, only for them to be thrown into a serious corruption scandal that cut across all existing loyalties. Appius (a friend of the triumvirs) joined with Domitius (an enemy thereof) to support candidates 3452:

Under Shackleton-Bailey's reconstruction, Celer was Clodius' half-brother; under Hilliard's reconstruction, Celer was Clodius' cousin descended from Clodius' uncle who was adopted into the Metelli.

1108: 4164: 1453:

The story of Clodius' death was almost immediately muddled by partisan invective. Days after the destruction of the curia in Clodius' funeral, Milo and his allies – including his tribunician ally

3287: 2372: 175: 4101:, pp. 140–42, noting "it goes too far... to assume that Clodius' restoration of was inspired by a calculated design to transform them into his private army... was not that perspicacious". 1061:– occupied the forum to prevent a veto from being raised. Clodius' gangs, strengthened by gladiators borrowed from his brother, then drove the tribunes from the forum by force; Cicero's brother 705:

Clodius initially opposed the strategy of having himself adopted by a plebeian and then immediately liberated from his adoptive father. But the next year, 59 BC, during the consulship of

1209:

being elected consul in 55 also against Caesar, Clodius' elder brother went north to treat with the Gallic proconsul, eventually producing a reconciliation between the Clodii Pulchri and the

1006:, was taken by Clodius from the house of one of the praetors and put on a ship to Armenia. Driven back by a storm, a bloody clash between Clodius and the praetor's retinues occurred on the 949:; the senate soon decreed such dress as well. The consuls, however, ignored the decree, prohibited equestrian allies of Cicero from addressing the senate, and supported the bill in public. 5295: 4324: 3145:, pp. 85–86, suggesting curiosity as a possibility, noting there is no evidence of any affair between Clodius and Caesar's wife, and referencing the possibility it was simply a lark. 1569:

In the aftermath of Clodius' death, his political legacy and tactics, which combined aristocratic connections with mass support from the poorer urban plebs, influenced later politicians.

1543:, instructing the interrex and Pompey (no normal magistrates in office) to levy and bring soldiers into the city to restore order. After 12 interreges failed to hold elections, Cato and 405:

in 77 BC, he died, leaving three sons. The youngest of these sons was Publius Clodius; his two elder brothers were Appius and Gaius. He also had three sisters all named Clodia: the

330:

There is no ancient evidence of the common supposition that Clodius spelt his name with "o" instead of "au" to ingratiate himself with the urban plebs. W Jeffrey Tatum, in the 1999 book

3475: 697:, then consul. However, both bills stalled under vetos from the other plebeian tribunes, likely on political or religious grounds. On his return to the city, Clodius then underwent a 629:, Piso and his supporters seized the voting stalls and then handed out only negative ballots. After a motion in the senate to repeal the decree to establish the tribunal, brought by 3351: 1333:), made it impossible to hold elections in 53: the two consuls, entering into office seven months late, abdicated on the last day of their terms without replacement. Appointment of 877:

Clodius' augural law is not well-developed in the ancient sources. It is, however, generally agreed that Clodius' law did not rise to Cicero's exaggerations, which claimed that the

746:

At the tribunician elections of summer 59 BC (for terms from December 59 to 58), Clodius was easily successful. Between the election and the start of his term in December, the

2598:. "The old view that in politics Clodius operated as the instrument of others was exploded over thirty years ago... the modern consensus that Clodius was always his own man". See 1230:

Gaius Cato, who was repeatedly menaced for the outrageous obstructionism. Amid these extreme political tactics, Pompey and Crassus were able by violence to secure the election of

738:– draw up against Caesar. Clodius also started to move against his bête noire Cicero, but Pompey, who still maintained good relations with Clodius, interceded on Cicero's behalf. 4128: 4065:, pp. 136–37, noting also that the augural and censorial bills would have been popular in the senate and therefore Ninnius would have made no friends by exercising his veto. 1152:

promulgated a bill to transfer Spinther's command to Pompey. This placed Clodius' political usefulness back to the fore, especially when Clodius had a friend among the tribunes,

5335: 3760: 672:

has been suggested as bankrolling Clodius' bribes, many scholars believe there is insufficient evidence to prove or disprove his involvement. Julius Caesar divorced his wife

758:, a longtime friend of Pompey. Clodius responded by changing tact again and, in support of Caesar and Pompey, vetoed Bibulus' customary speech when leaving the consulship. 5251: 2617: 1297:

were elected months into the consular term and found themselves with the unenviable task for arranging elections in this disturbed political environment for 52 BC.

1145:

so that Milo could not report obnuntiation in person; after Milo caught the consul sneaking on back streets and reported his bad omens, elections were again called off.

505:; Clodius, after his release, reassumed command under Pompey though formally attached to Marcius. He also served in a mission to support the Roman client king of Syria, 919: 3037:, p. 56, also dismissing Ciceronean claims of Clodius' many crimes in the province as invective inconsistent with Cicero's praise of Clodius' supervisor Murena. 987:

his support from the senators suspicious of the general. Setting his target on Pompey's eastern settlements, Clodius promulgated a bill to upset Pompey's favour to

4245:, pp. 193–94, noting also that Caesar objected to the ex post facto operation of Clodius' bill and hypothesising that Caesar wanted to make Cicero a client. 3568:, pp. 104–5. It is likely there were no such age, pontifical approval, or domestic religious requirements. Nor did Bibulus' edicts apply in absentia or the 941:

and retroactively punish any magistrate who had killed a citizen without trial, along with senators who so advised a magistrate, with exile. The latter law, the

334:, also notes that Roman politicians did not benefit from reducing social distance between themselves and the plebs: rather, the plebs valued champions who were 1053:– exercised a veto in the senate which continued through January. When the bill to lift Cicero's exile came to a vote on 23 January 57 BC, two tribunes – 277:, he and his family reconciled with them to form a political alliance. A few years later in 52 BC, amid renewed political violence and a campaign for the 3598: 1049:– announced in the senate that they supported or acceded to Cicero's return. Seeing the senate again support Cicero, one of Clodius allies in the tribunate – 3658:. Clodius has been proposed as an instigator, a proposition for which there is no evidence beyond the circumstantial estrangement between Pompey and Cicero. 4080: 685:

The Bona Dea affair damaged Clodius' political aspirations. He expected to accompany the consul Piso on the latter's proconsular governorship of Syria as

1074: 5392:, pp. 241–42, also noting Cicero's exclamation in fury to his friend Atticus: "That my own son-in-law should propose this or debt cancellation!". 5235: 852:

to the existing province of Cilicia: whoever would be appointed to that open proconsulship would find themselves with an extremely profitable remit.

813: 2660: 1512:. There, with the senate's furniture and records, they cremated the body. The fire spread to the rest of the building, destroying it and the nearby 830:

Clodius also used the opportunity to greatly expand the grain dole. Instead of importing corn and selling it at a subsidised rate, as introduced by

3579: 751: 591:. His motives for this are unclear and muddled by invective. The sacrilege was initially ignored. Around six months passed before a meeting of the 3484:, p. 99–101, also rejecting the story at Dio, 37.51.1–2, that Clodius attempted by law to make patricians eligible to the plebeian tribunate. 1301:

give them far more political power. A more poorly documented proposal, possibly to regulate the informal manumission of slaves, was also brought.

5304:, p. 166, noting that further charges were bought under the Pompeian electoral corruption law and Crassus' law against illegal associations. 4651:

public holidays; Gaius Cato threatened to veto the elections. Eventually, Isauricus' proposal received senatorial approval, but was then vetoed.

1046: 735: 426: 3916: 3064: 1589:, "an irrational anarchist", – or a revolutionary enemy of Cicero and the senatorial republic. Scholarship since 1966, with the publication of 726:

which appointed Caesar to his Gallic command in April; he also anticipated appointment either to Caesar's land commission or to an embassy to

489:. Per Plutarch, he likely acted on personal motives, rather than as part of a Pompeian plot. The next year, he transferred to serve under the 5642: 3617: 784: 4908: 3209: 6546:

Nippel, Wilfried (2000). "Publius Clodius Pulcher – "der Achill der Straße"". In Hölkeskamp, Karl-Joachim; Stein-Hölkeskamp, Elke (eds.).

5768: 516:. While Clodius' bête noire Cicero later claimed that Clodius cooperated with Catiline to make an incompetent prosecution (a crime called 327:

Moreover, Clodius' uncle may have used the o-form of the name in the 90s BC, as did his elder brother Gaius as documented in Cicero.

886:. However, the bill was specifically framed to sidestep the validity of Bibulus' obnuntiations in 59: it would only apply prospectively. 302:, furthered his political objectives. These violent tactics, however, were not his only sources of influence: his family connections and 1304:

For personal and political reasons, Clodius was part of the Pompeian effort to deny Titus Annius Milo, a candidate for 52 and friend of

5045: 1751: 1570: 1501: 1269: 1206: 668:

If bribes were paid, the monies were provided by Clodius, who Cicero later claimed had almost bankrupted himself in paying them. While

437: 1792: 1528: 1069:, had the gladiators arrested and procured confessions, but Serranus had them freed; Milo and Clodius from this point became rivals. 421:. The identity of Clodius' mother is disputed, as is the precise relationship between the sons of father Appius and the two Metelli ( 142: 4200: 2610:, p. 98, "It should no longer be necessary to refute the older notion that Clodius acted as agent or tool of the triumvirate"; 1357: 1221:

Cicero, however, did not end. After a series of prodigies forced the senate to consult haruspices, Clodius with his authority as a

1189: 835: 481:

places him possibly as a legate under Lucullus in 68 BC. During that year, he encouraged soldiers to mutiny when wintering at

6656: 6283: 5984: 2185: 1838: 1281: 1161: 1289:

candidates were indicted for bribery and elections were delayed until July 53 BC. With none of the candidates withdrawing,

4936:, pp. 236–37, noting the idea was not novel: Sulpicius and Cinna had passed such laws before they were annulled by Sulla, 4640: 3472:(the disastrous tribune of 88 BC) to office, that may have engendered a belief that such transitions were divinely disfavoured. 2359: 2154: 1746: 1727: 1722: 1313: 1141:

but Milo's gangs won the battle and elections were postponed. The next day, Metellus Nepos attempted to sneak past Milo to the

731: 626: 501:, the king of Cyprus, he was ransomed from the pirates or otherwise released as a gesture of good will shortly before Pompey's 453: 390: 351: 169: 156: 3864: 3245:, p. 304, noting moreover "there is no need to imagine that Clodius held strong ideological views on this pickly issue ". 6626: 6574: 6555: 6536: 6498: 6479: 6383: 6364: 6329: 6135: 6075: 5873: 5786: 5745: 5201: 5164: 2957: 2948: 2143: 1406: 1202: 1137: 650: 630: 618: 532: 462: 5216:

Brutus also opposed the idea of Pompey being appointed dictator, a proposal floated in the chaos following Clodius' death.

3345: 5148: 5105: 3297: 2781:

named Fabia for sexual relations with Catiline in 73 BC. It is not clear, however, whether the passage in Plutarch (

1042: 502: 497:, who was also Clodius' brother-in-law. In command of the fleet as a prefect, he was defeated and captured. Appealing to 375: 1316:. Clodius and Milo immediately came to fighting in the streets with their mobs: Clodius attempted to ambush Milo on the 346: 298:

His politics were advanced largely by his cultivation of urban mobs in Rome which, by exercising violent control of the

2350: 1764: 1446:, Sextus Teidius, who had it sent to Rome; arriving at Rome around 4:30 pm, the body was brought before Clodius' widow 1153: 1116: 494: 418: 299: 208: 657:, who swore that Clodius was not present in Rome during the rites. Cicero contradicted this alibi, which according to 544:

may have defended Clodius' role in Murena's campaign and there is no evidence at all that Clodius was involved in the

5931: 5826: 5805: 5718: 3364:, p. 190, "Tatum feels that Crassus may safely be dismissed... I agree" (quotation marks and citations omitted). 1201:

which secured his acquittal. The attacks by Cicero on Caesar, however, triggered a new re-balancing: with the consul

1160:

resigned without replacement on 4 December; because they appointed the jury, there could no trial. When Marcellinus,

4142: 2387: 1050: 864:

withdrew to his house, probably in May, to obstruct Caesar's legislation by announcing observation of unfavourable

694: 410: 188: 1508:

in the forum lambasting Milo for the murder. The mob, at Sextus Cloelius' initiative, took Clodius' body into the

1100:; the ongoing political battle over the Egyptian command would again bring Clodius into political respectability. 1072:

The political class unified against the Clodius' violent tactics on 23 January. Milo prosecuted Clodius under the

750:

saw an estrangement between Pompey and Cicero; the later consular elections also saw the election of two consuls:

5755: 5468: 371: 17: 1115:

came to Rome to lobby for his restoration to the Egyptian throne. Clodius joined an anti-Pompeian alliance with

6661: 6621: 1294: 1285: 1003: 637: 486: 95: 3880: 2796: 1273: 3905:, pp. 129 ("it has long been recognised that... the bad omen... must be announced in person"), 131–32; 897:

long had powers to remove someone from the senate by omitting that name from the list of senators. Clodius'

6430: 918:

At the beginning of the year, Cicero announced his opposition and found in one of the tribunes that year –

1519:

The same day, with Pompey and late-Clodius' tribunes away burning the senate house, the senate met on the

1482: 977: 925:

The extent of popular support behind Clodius first became visible when Clodius interceded in the trial of

258:

to expel senators from the senate, and exile Cicero for the unlawful execution of conspirators during the

6646: 4610: 4089:, p. 378, "There was no opposition on 1 January, and three days later the four bills were made law". 1574: 645:

Character witnesses, including Lucullus, attacked Clodius' character. Julius Caesar's mother and sister (

250:(making it free rather than subsidised while also using those collegia as means for distribution), annex 5740:. Oxford World Classics (Reissued with corrections ed.). Oxford University Press. pp. 162–82. 5332:

three things: the death of Clodius, the burning of the curia, and the attack on interrex Lepidus' house.

2546: 1783: 930: 646: 402: 146: 6324:. Studies in the history of Greece and Rome (Paperback ed.). University of North Carolina Press. 3928: 3076: 3925:, p. 125, citing a series of implausible claims from Cicero about what Clodius' augural law did. 3549: 2383: 1769: 1544: 1540: 1419: 1309: 861: 710: 181: 6631: 4992:, p. 234, noting that Pompey had opposed Milo's electoral efforts since 54 BC and citing 4644: 3218:, pp. 75–79, noting that this blatant vote stuffing may have been of the consul Piso's design. 2855: 1290: 1277: 801: 673: 531:

for 64 BC. Whether military tribune or not, he served that year on the staff of then-praetor

254:

to pay for the dole, clarify augural law on religious obstruction, make it more difficult for the

6641: 3469: 1599: 1549: 965:

the orator, confiscated his house on the Palatine hill to be turned into a shrine to the goddess

874:

required that unfavourable omens be reported in person to the presiding official to have effect.

720:

In the aftermath of the adoption, Clodius supported Caesar and Pompey. He spoke in favour of the

669: 545: 442: 259: 5595:

Tatum, W Jeffrey (1991). "The marriage of Pompey's son to the daughter of Ap Claudius Pulcher".

1015:. But here, Clodius' gangs overreached when they fell on the consul's retinue and destroyed his 354:, Clodius' father, minted in 111 or 110 BC. It depicts a helmeted Roma on the obverse with 6437: 4889:

proceedings against Scaurus" and that Clodius criticised his brother during his defence speech.

4040: 2941:

Imperatores victi: military defeat and aristocratic competition in the middle and late Republic

1497: 1330: 1308:, victory in the consular elections. Clodius supported the other two candidates: Pompey's ally 1149: 1062: 934: 622: 506: 383: 6356: 6086: 5778: 902:

among junior members of the senate – especially those who never held senior magistracies, the

6616: 6611: 6277: 5978: 2785:, 19.3) occurred in 73 BC or in 61 BC. Catiline was likely not himself prosecuted. 474: 6415: 2516: 1736: 1471: 1454: 1236: 995: 355: 287:

outside Rome, where Clodius was killed. His body, brought back to Rome, was brought to the

1065:, attending to support his brother, narrowly escaped the fighting alive. Another tribune, 8: 1188:: a popular trial before the assembled people. Milo was defended in the trial by Cicero, 1123: 1112: 727: 706: 1079:

superiority in the streets was then lost when further violence against another tribune,

713:, an opportunity arose. After a forensic speech by Cicero which included attacks on the 6651: 6308: 6265: 6236: 6186: 6149: 6054: 6017: 5966: 5908: 4810: 4630: 4225:, p. 306, noting "Clodius... had the sense to limit his attacks to ... the senate 3681: 3557: 3276: 3179: 3178:

required to act and attributing the tribunal to a clique, possibly led by Lucullus and

1210: 1097: 1088: 870: 557: 537: 458: 235: 6403: 517: 6570: 6551: 6532: 6494: 6475: 6379: 6360: 6335: 6325: 6300: 6257: 6228: 6207: 6178: 6153: 6141: 6131: 6106: 6071: 6046: 6009: 5958: 5927: 5900: 5869: 5832: 5822: 5821:. Cambridge Ancient History. Vol. 9 (2nd ed.). Cambridge University Press. 5801: 5782: 5741: 5724: 5714: 5207: 5197: 3673: 3268: 2944: 2835: 2007: 1556:

killed Clodius to save the republic by passing a resolution condemning the murder as

1066: 1054: 1020: 962: 714: 654: 521: 512:

On Clodius' return to Rome, in 65 BC, he started an unsuccessful prosecution of

498: 274: 270: 6567:

Popular leadership and collective behavior in the late Roman republic (ca. 80-50 BC)

945:, was clearly targeted at Cicero. Cicero and his ally Ninnius responded by adopting 6352: 6170: 6123: 6098: 6038: 6001: 5950: 5892: 5774: 5604: 4696: 2913:, p. 190, noting that Dio fails to report Clodius' alleged capture by pirates. 1462: 1305: 926: 840: 658: 641: 584: 528: 311: 230:– 18 January 52 BC) was a Roman politician and demagogue. A noted opponent of 105: 1184:

Clodius, as aedile, also prosecuted Milo in February for public violence before a

6636: 5921: 5816: 4954:

Loposzko, T (1978–79). "Gesetzentwürfe betreffs der Sklaven im Jahre 53 v.u.Z.".

4885:, pp. 231, 233, noting Appius "cooperated with the Sardinians in encouraing 4634: 1586: 1513: 1466: 1080: 6174: 6102: 5608: 4826: 1019:. With Clodius formally consecrating Gabinius' property to the plebeian goddess 953:

forceful supporters of executing the Catilinarian conspirators – with the title

4937: 3348:

that the reason the jurors requested guards was to protect their illicit gains.

3307: 1773: 1509: 1142: 1058: 1012: 831: 816:

to serve as financial patrons and cultivate connections with the urban masses.

805: 755: 747: 422: 406: 292: 6005: 4229:

was not under fire... seemed content to let the people have their scapegoat".

4148: 3964: 269:

in 56 BC, he feuded with and attempted to prosecute his political enemy,

6605: 6304: 6261: 6232: 6211: 6199: 6182: 6110: 6050: 6013: 5962: 5904: 5211: 4658: 3677: 3272: 2778: 1520: 1156:. The issue of trying Clodius was forcibly dropped around the same time: the 1093: 994:

Clodius also kidnapped a princely hostage that Pompey had taken to Rome. The

662: 611: 588: 565:, the goddess whose rites in the pontifex maximus' house Clodius infiltrated 273:, who controlled a rival set of urban mobs. Starting the year an opponent of 266: 115: 6161:

Ramsey, John T (2016). "How and why was Pompey Made sole consul in 52 BC?".

5728: 3319: 5527: 4892: 3555:

The comitia curiata was summoned without observing a waiting period in the

1581:

the wildest kind". Modern historiography largely viewed him as an agent of

1320:

forcing Milo to flee; Milo repulsed a violent Clodian attempt to seize the

894: 825: 592: 576: 520:), there is little contemporary evidence thereof. The more unbiased source 367: 255: 251: 243: 6591: 6518:(in German). Vol. IV, 1. Stuttgart: Butcher. cols. 82–88 – via 6291:

Rundell, W M F (1979). "Cicero and Clodius: the question of credibility".

6127: 5836: 3543:, contra Caesar or some other pontiff alone, did not approve the adoption; 4699:' claim that the prosecution, which praised Milo to blacken Sestius, was 3073:, p. 59. "There is nothing to connect Clodius with the conspiracy". 2973: 1590: 1325: 999: 789: 722: 288: 6531:. Collection d'études anciennes (in French). Paris: Les belles lettres. 6190: 5355: 3685: 3564:

These arguments were evidently unconvincing to Cicero's contemporaries.

653:) testified to Clodius' presence. Curio produced a resident of the town 306:

made him a valuable ally to many parties – including, at various times,

6519: 6448: 6312: 6269: 6240: 6058: 5970: 5912: 3536:

Fonteius was younger than Clodius and could not be his adoptive father;

3280: 1491: 1438:

on around 1:30 pm on 18 January 52 BC. Milo was travelling toward

1424: 1334: 1231: 1128: 946: 848: 596: 247: 6021: 5883:

Gruen, Erich S (1966). "P Clodius: instrument or independent agent?".

4284: 2887: 3120: 1430: 1217: 988: 490: 398: 283: 6042: 5954: 5896: 3552:' religious edicts were in effect and shut down public business; and 2573: 1486:

The curia Hostilia was destroyed by fire in Clodius' ad hoc funeral.

469:

Clodius first concretely enters the historical record serving under

5844:

Wiseman, T P (1994a). "The senate and the populares, 69–60 BC". In

3664:

Seager, Robin (1965). "Clodius, Pompeius and the exile of Cicero".

2715: 2550: 2409: 1800: 1787: 1532: 1524: 1439: 1435: 1157: 966: 865: 686: 580: 570: 562: 513: 470: 414: 198: 85: 62: 6145: 5089: 5029: 3546:

Clodius failed to change his name and adopt Fonteius' family gods;

3148: 2989: 457:

Portrait of Cicero from the 1st century AD, currently in the

5866:

Cato the Younger: life and death at the end of the Roman republic

5651:, p. 40, noting "The wife of Rex was certainly the oldest". 5367: 2871: 1536: 1496:

The next morning, 19 January, two tribunes aligned with Clodius,

1339: 1268:

54 BC saw Clodius' elder brother Appius elected consul with

1256: 969:, and prohibited the senate or people from recalling the orator. 575:

The next year, in 62 BC, Clodius stood successfully for the

303: 278: 6548:

Von Romulus zu Augustus: Grosse Gestalten der römischen Republik

6339: 3468:, pp. 96ff., noting that if the last transitio had brought 5853:

Wiseman, T P (1994b). "Caesar, Pompey, and Rome, 59–50 BC". In

4718: 1582: 1505: 1447: 1016: 607: 482: 379: 315: 307: 231: 132: 6595: 6510: 6347:

Verboven, Koenraad (22 December 2015). "associations, Roman".

5992:

Lintott, A W (1967). "P Clodius Pulcher – "Felix Catilina?"".

5767:

Chilver, Guy Edward Farquhar; Lintott, Andrew (7 March 2016).

5508: 4607:

The senate voted overwhelmingly against use of military force.

1600:

19th century party-political interpretations of Roman politics

1410:

Location of Bovillae relative to Rome on modern relief map of

378:

holding a consulship in 495 BC. The Claudii Pulchri, the

6493:. Biblioteca essenziale Laterza (in Italian). Roma: Laterza. 1411: 1321: 1119:

to obstruct Pompey's attempts to secure the Egyptian command.

394: 6200:"Review of "The patrician tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher"" 5545: 5431: 5429: 3961:, p. 378, "Bibulus' tactics to be outlawed, in effect". 6408:(in Latin). Oxford: Clarendon Press – via HathiTrust. 5762:. Vol. 2. New York: American Philological Association. 3104: 3018: 3016: 2825: 2823: 2648: 1255:

Clodius returned to Rome in 54 BC, possibly seeking a

5441: 3804: 2808: 2805:, pp. 43–44. "Of Clodius' childhood we know nothing". 937:

respectively. The second would reaffirm citizen rights to

338:

noble since that made their causes seem more respectable.

6029:

McDermott, William C (1970). "The sisters of P Clodius".

5681: 5669: 5659: 5657: 5630: 5620: 5618: 5574: 5572: 5557: 5496: 5426: 4478: 2703: 1717:, pp. 39–41. Children which died young are omitted. 5414: 5271: 5136: 5126: 5124: 5077: 4778: 4766: 4754: 4742: 4574: 4562: 4538: 4514: 4502: 4490: 4454: 4420: 4418: 4403: 4391: 4379: 4300: 4248: 4116: 4104: 3013: 2820: 5484: 5458: 5456: 4604:

The senate debated the topic on 13 January 56 BC:

4367: 4272: 4068: 4004: 3852: 3840: 3816: 3780: 3716: 3704: 3692: 1531:: without tribunician veto they immediately elected an 1148:

When the new tribunes came into office on 10 December,

6550:(in German). München: C H Beck. pp. 279–91. 6516:

Realencyclopädie der classischen Altertumswissenschaft

6087:"P Clodius Pulcher and the praetorship that never was" 5654: 5615: 5569: 3511: 3499: 3434: 3403: 3226: 3224: 3185: 3052: 3040: 715:

political alliance between Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus

540:. At the ensuing trial of Murena that year, Cicero in 370:. His branch traced its ancestry to shortly after the 6378:(in German). Vol. 1. Passau: Verlag Karl Stutz. 5307: 5283: 5223: 5121: 5065: 4864: 4730: 4706: 4674: 4586: 4550: 4526: 4466: 4442: 4430: 4415: 4355: 4343: 4312: 2743: 2636: 1418:

The main source for information on Clodius' death is

6529:

Clodiana religio: un procès politique en 61 av. J.-C

5736:

Berry, Dominic (2008) . "Pro Milone, Introduction".

5453: 4260: 4028: 3992: 3980: 3828: 3792: 3728: 3636: 1461:. Separately, it was also claimed by Clodius' enemy 5328:, p. 183, noting that the senate condemned as 3487: 3391: 3367: 3221: 3197: 3092: 2916: 2789:, Trial 167. The scandal may have been fabricated. 2731: 2691: 1573:, a patrician by birth and Cicero's son-in-law via 441:Fictitious portrait of Catiline, the leader of the 5711:Trials in the late Roman Republic, 149 BC to 50 BC 3749:, p. 117, citing Asc. 6f. C, 75 C; 2768:, p. 77, noting a Caecilia Metella as mother. 1477: 1196:, a form of political organisation which Clodius' 860:In the previous year, Caesar's consular colleague 3300:was a juror and ostentatiously voted to condemn; 1035: 761: 281:, Milo and Clodius encountered each other on the 6603: 6219:Riggsby, Andrew M (2002). "Clodius / Claudius". 4616:Bibulus proposed sending three senators without 4340:, 18, identifying Marcus Papirius as the victim. 3379: 27:Roman politician and street agitator (93–52 BC) 6474:(in German). Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag. 6322:The patrician tribune: Publius Clodius Pulcher 5766: 3174:, pp. 72–74, arguing that the senate was 3158: 3130: 2849: 2814: 2583: 913: 595:in May forced the matter to be brought to the 393:, was consul in 79 BC and a supporter of 6402:Asconius (1907). Clark, Albert Curtis (ed.). 6117: 5818:The last age of the Roman Republic, 146–43 BC 5244:, p. 301, contra Dio 40.49.3 and citing 4647:and Pompey's allies, proposed sending Pompey. 4623:Crassus proposed sending three senators with 4242: 3970: 3957:, pp. 125–33 as "lucid and persuasive"; 3950: 3934: 3910: 3870: 1103: 447:Cicero denounces Catiline in the Roman senate 6564: 5926:. Berkeley: University of California Press. 3259:Balsdon, J P V D (1966). "Fabula Clodiana". 1595:P. Clodius: instrument or independent agent? 617:Clodius had two allies: one of the consuls, 6596:Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic 6070:. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press. 5800:. Vol. 1. Cambridge University Press. 5532:Digital Prosopography of the Roman Republic 4953: 1173:only the customary games and public works. 601: 6509: 6247: 4835:, pp. 230–31, citing Val. Max. 4.2.5. 3655: 3344:, pp. 82–84, also noting a quip from 2938: 1752:Marcus Valerius Messalla Barbatus Appianus 382:from which Clodius hailed, descended from 6293:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 6221:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 6163:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 6028: 5923:The last generation of the Roman republic 5754: 5708: 5648: 5563: 5551: 5514: 5502: 5361: 5196:. Yale University Press. pp. 51–52. 4898: 4820: 4668: 3329: 3301: 3261:Historia: Zeitschrift für Alte Geschichte 3022: 2983: 2897: 2845: 2829: 2786: 2725: 1714: 606:; the crime, which normally covered only 6507: 6349:Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics 6346: 5852: 5843: 5795: 5713:. Toronto: University of Toronto Press. 4652: 4086: 4010: 3958: 3889:, p. 140, citing among others Cic. 3858: 3810: 3750: 3734: 3722: 3607:, pp. 108–9, p. 286 n. 119, citing 3533:, argued that the adoption was illegal: 2995: 2709: 1481: 1216:In the spring of 56, Clodius put on the 1107: 976: 636:The prosecution at the trial was led by 556: 452: 436: 345: 6373: 6357:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1695 6290: 6218: 6084: 5991: 5940: 5863: 5815:Crook, John; et al., eds. (1994). 5779:10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1686 5687: 5675: 5663: 5636: 5624: 5590: 5578: 5490: 5435: 5408: 5217: 5191: 4800: 4373: 4290: 4278: 4222: 4206: 4194: 4170: 4154: 3906: 3886: 3361: 3316:, p. 190, citing Val. Max., 8.5.5. 3313: 3258: 3242: 2910: 2765: 2749: 2685: 2642: 2623: 2603: 1205:opposing Caesar and the possibility of 972: 14: 6604: 6545: 6526: 6469: 6160: 6068:The crowd in Rome in the late republic 6065: 5854: 5845: 5814: 5325: 5277: 5257: 5241: 5095: 5051: 5039: 4973: 4484: 4134: 3663: 3654:The affair is mysterious and elusive. 1747:Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 38 BC) 1728:Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 54 BC) 1723:Appius Claudius Pulcher (consul 79 BC) 1605: 1349: 1314:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Pius Scipio 1250: 843:'s enlarged grain dole in 62 BC. 800:The senate had prohibited a number of 680: 503:pan-Mediterranean anti-pirate campaign 350:Denarius attributed to, among others, 6488: 6445: 6427: 6412: 6405:Orationum Ciceronis quinque enarratio 6319: 5919: 5882: 5760:The magistrates of the Roman republic 5735: 5594: 5528:"P. Clodius (48) Ap. f. Pal. Pulcher" 5478: 5474: 5462: 5447: 5420: 5393: 5389: 5377: 5373: 5341: 5313: 5301: 5289: 5229: 5170: 5154: 5142: 5130: 5111: 5099: 5083: 5071: 5059: 5035: 5016: 5008: 4993: 4989: 4977: 4949: 4933: 4918: 4914: 4902: 4882: 4870: 4855: 4848: 4844: 4832: 4816: 4796: 4784: 4772: 4760: 4748: 4736: 4724: 4712: 4692: 4680: 4664: 4592: 4580: 4568: 4556: 4544: 4532: 4520: 4508: 4496: 4472: 4460: 4448: 4436: 4424: 4409: 4397: 4385: 4361: 4349: 4334: 4330: 4318: 4306: 4294: 4266: 4254: 4238: 4210: 4158: 4122: 4110: 4098: 4074: 4062: 4046: 4034: 4022: 3998: 3986: 3974: 3954: 3922: 3902: 3846: 3834: 3822: 3798: 3786: 3766: 3746: 3710: 3698: 3659: 3642: 3627: 3623: 3608: 3604: 3589: 3585: 3573: 3565: 3517: 3505: 3493: 3481: 3465: 3453: 3440: 3425: 3421: 3409: 3397: 3373: 3357: 3341: 3325: 3293: 3254: 3230: 3215: 3203: 3191: 3171: 3142: 3126: 3110: 3098: 3082: 3070: 3058: 3046: 3034: 3007: 2979: 2966:, pp. 53–55, 267 n. 131, citing 2963: 2934: 2922: 2893: 2881: 2877: 2861: 2841: 2802: 2790: 2761: 2737: 2721: 2697: 2670: 2666: 2654: 2627: 2611: 2607: 2599: 2579: 2556: 2545: 2543: 2541: 2539: 2537: 2535: 2533: 2531: 2522: 2520: 2511: 2509: 2507: 2505: 2503: 2501: 2499: 2481: 2479: 2477: 2475: 2473: 2467: 2465: 2463: 2461: 2459: 2457: 2455: 2453: 2451: 2433: 2431: 2429: 2427: 2425: 2423: 2421: 2415: 2406: 2404: 2395: 2393: 2382: 2380: 2371: 2369: 2358: 2356: 2347: 2345: 2336: 2268: 2210: 2200: 2195: 2193: 2184: 2182: 2179: 2177: 2175: 2173: 2171: 2169: 2164: 2153: 2151: 2142: 2124: 2106: 2104: 2102: 2096: 2094: 2092: 2090: 2088: 2086: 2084: 2082: 2080: 2078: 2076: 2070: 2068: 2066: 2060: 2038: 2031: 2022: 2020: 2015: 2013: 2002: 2000: 1993: 1991: 1989: 1971: 1933: 1899: 1897: 1895: 1893: 1887: 1885: 1883: 1881: 1859: 1852: 1837: 1821: 1203:Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus 1138:Gnaeus Cornelius Lentulus Marcellinus 1030: 619:Marcus Pupius Piso Frugi Calpurnianus 6565:Vanderbroeck, Paul J J (1987). 6197: 3385: 3154: 3114: 2633:, 1.12.3, 1.13.3, 1.14.1 inter alia. 2595: 621:, and one of the plebeian tribunes, 6592:P. Clodius (48) Ap. f. Pal. Pulcher 6282:: CS1 maint: untitled periodical ( 5983:: CS1 maint: untitled periodical ( 5709:Alexander, Michael Charles (1990). 4637:proposed sending Lentulus Spinther. 4613:proposed not restoring Ptolemy XII. 3662:, p. 112, unfavourably citing 3298:Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther 1708: 1043:Publius Cornelius Lentulus Spinther 295:, causing its destruction by fire. 24: 6462: 6394: 6120:Julius Caesar and the Roman people 2943:. University of California Press. 677:uncertainty as to her complicity. 552: 366:Clodius was born to the patrician 300:places where the republic operated 242:Born to the influential patrician 25: 6673: 6585: 6472:Die Politik des P Clodius Pulcher 5796:Crawford, Michael Hewson (1974). 5701: 943:lex Clodia de capite civis Romani 479:Magistrates of the Roman republic 473:, his brother-in-law, during the 6401: 5756:Broughton, Thomas Robert Shannon 5584: 5520: 5345: 5265: 5245: 5187: 5180: 5174: 5158: 5115: 5055: 5012: 4966: 4943: 4598: 3085:, p. 60, also citing Plut. 2967: 1391: 1377: 1364: 1363: 1356: 1051:Sextus Atilius Serranus Gavianus 1047:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Nepos 889: 795: 695:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer 527:Clodius was possibly elected as 477:. T R S Broughton, in 449:by Cesare Maccari (19th century) 411:Quintus Caecilius Metellus Celer 234:, he was responsible during his 5696: 3896: 3740: 3648: 3523: 3446: 3296:, p. 80, also noting that 3248: 3164: 2928: 2903: 2864:, pp. 47–48, citing Plut. 2771: 1478:Funeral and political aftermath 959:lex Clodia de exsilio Ciceronis 432: 374:, with its ancestral patriarch 358:leading a three-horse chariot ( 205: 195: 185: 6657:Senators of the Roman Republic 6122:. Cambridge University Press. 6118:Morstein-Marx, Robert (2021). 4620:to mediate (excluding Pompey). 4137:, p. 136–37, citing Cic. 3773:, 11, calling the enrolment a 2777:Clodius may have prosecuted a 2589: 1392: 1179:quindecimviri sacris faciundis 1036:Opposition to recalling Cicero 855: 781:lex Clodia de censoria notione 762:Clodius' legislative programme 754:, Caesar's father-in-law, and 638:Lucius Cornelius Lentulus Crus 465:and Cicero during the crisis. 13: 1: 6250:American Journal of Philology 5194:Brutus: the noble conspirator 3588:, p. 286 n. 113, citing 3182:, determined to ruin Clodius. 2567: 1675:Quindecimvir sacris faciundis 1223:quindecimvir sacris faciundis 702:ending this attempt as well. 341: 224: 45: 6627:Ancient Roman murder victims 6431:Epistulae ad Quintum fratrem 5054:, pp. 299, 313, citing 4695:, pp. 206–7, believing 4333:, p. 262 n. 18, citing 3873:, p. 143, citing Plut. 1378: 819: 741: 7: 6248:Rosenstein, Nathan (2001). 6175:10.25162/historia-2016-0017 6103:10.25162/historia-2023-0002 5868:. Oxford University Press. 5773:. Oxford University Press. 5609:10.1524/klio.1991.73.73.122 5260:, p. 302, citing App. 4611:Publius Servilius Isauricus 4173:, p. 159, citing Cic. 4049:, p. 135, citing Cic. 3937:, p. 187, citing Cic. 3877:, 48.5; Vell. Pat., 2.44.5. 3769:, p. 118, noting Cic. 2939:Rosenstein, Nathan (1990). 1654:Military tribune (possibly) 1585:, an anarchic enigma – for 1571:Publius Cornelius Dolabella 1270:Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus 1207:Lucius Domitius Ahenobarbus 1167: 914:Passage and exile of Cicero 777:lex Clodia de obnuntiatione 461:. Clodius likely supported 275:Caesar, Pompey, and Crassus 10: 6678: 6204:Bryn Mawr Classical Review 5011:, pp. 235–36, citing 4952:, pp. 238–39, citing 4847:, pp. 231–32, citing 4209:, pp. 159–60, citing 3159:Chilver & Lintott 2016 3131:Chilver & Lintott 2016 2850:Chilver & Lintott 2016 2815:Chilver & Lintott 2016 2584:Chilver & Lintott 2016 1643:Legate (possibly), Cilicia 1610: 1489: 1104:Egypt and political return 955:pro quaestore pro praetore 823: 610:and sexual relations with 568: 413:; the second daughter wed 397:. Shortly after he became 6527:Moreau, Philippe (1982). 6320:Tatum, W Jeffrey (1999). 6006:10.1017/S0017383500017204 5348:, pp. 41–42C; Plut. 5192:Tempest, Kathryn (2017). 4727:, pp. 207–8, 213–15. 2998:, p. 341, 341 n. 77. 2493: 2491: 2489: 2471: 2469: 2449: 2445: 2439: 2330: 2328: 2326: 2320: 2318: 2316: 2310: 2308: 2306: 2300: 2298: 2296: 2290: 2288: 2286: 2280: 2278: 2276: 2266: 2262: 2260: 2258: 2256: 2254: 2252: 2250: 2248: 2246: 2244: 2242: 2240: 2238: 2236: 2234: 2232: 2230: 2224: 2222: 2220: 2218: 2216: 2162: 2136: 2134: 2132: 2122: 2118: 2112: 2100: 2098: 2074: 2072: 2064: 2062: 2050: 2048: 2046: 2036:born 160s, married c. 143 2029: 1987: 1979: 1977: 1965: 1963: 1961: 1955: 1953: 1951: 1945: 1943: 1941: 1931: 1927: 1925: 1923: 1921: 1919: 1917: 1915: 1913: 1911: 1909: 1891: 1889: 1877: 1871: 1869: 1863: 1850: 1848: 1846: 1835: 1833: 1831: 1814: 1703: 1646:Served under Quintus Rex 1564: 1541:senatus consultum ultimum 1422:' commentary on Cicero's 1420:Quintus Asconius Pedianus 1310:Publius Plautius Hypsaeus 1211:renewed First Triumvirate 1190:Marcus Claudius Marcellus 862:Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus 711:Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus 631:Curio's homonymous father 386:(censor in 312 BC). 291:and then cremated in the 162: 152: 138: 128: 77: 69: 54: 41: 34: 6508:Fröhlich, Franz (1900). 6470:Benner, Herbert (1987). 5864:Drogula, Fred K (2019). 5798:Roman republican coinage 5770:Clodius Pulcher, Publius 5738:Cicero: Defence speeches 4185:, 34.1–2; Dio., 38.30.5. 3572:to the comitia curiata. 3570:lex Caecilia Didia apply 3346:Quintus Lutatius Catulus 1632:Legate (possibly), Syria 1529:Temple of Jupiter Stator 1295:Marcus Valerius Messalla 1291:Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus 1286:Marcus Valerius Messalla 1278:Gnaeus Domitius Calvinus 1245: 1162:Lucius Marcius Philippus 998:, the homonymous son of 920:Lucius Ninnius Quadratus 415:Lucius Licinius Lucullus 372:founding of the republic 6374:Zmeskal, Klaus (2009). 6066:Millar, Fergus (1998). 4641:Lucius Volcacius Tullus 4161:, pp. 121–22, 155. 3470:Publius Sulpicius Rufus 1793:Publius Clodius Pulcher 1779:Publius Clodius Pulcher 1763:Clodia Tertia, wife of 1743:Gaius Claudius Pulcher 1732:Claudia, wife of Pompey 1550:Servius Sulpicius Rufus 1434:near Clodius' villa in 1282:Marcus Aemilius Scaurus 1276:(a friend thereof) and 1127:delegates from the new 899:lex de censoria notione 769:lex Clodia de collegiis 670:Marcus Licinius Crassus 546:Catilinarian conspiracy 514:Lucius Sergius Catilina 443:Catilinarian conspiracy 391:Appius Claudius Pulcher 352:Appius Claudius Pulcher 321: 260:Catilinarian conspiracy 221:Publius Clodius Pulcher 157:Appius Claudius Pulcher 36:Publius Clodius Pulcher 5344:, p. 167, citing 5173:, p. 165, citing 5157:, p. 165, citing 5114:, p. 164, citing 4917:, p. 234, citing 3953:, p. 187, citing 3626:, p. 111, citing 2669:, p. 247, citing 2626:, p. 117, citing 1758:Gaius Claudius Pulcher 1635:Served under Lucullus 1502:Quintus Pompeius Rufus 1498:Titus Munatius Plancus 1487: 1331:Titus Munatius Plancus 1150:Lucius Caninius Gallus 1120: 983: 809: 773:lex Clodia frumentaria 752:Lucius Calpurnius Piso 627:Gaius Scribonius Curio 623:Quintus Fufius Calenus 602: 566: 507:Philip II Philoromaeus 466: 463:Lucius Licinius Murena 450: 384:Appius Claudius Caecus 363: 96:XVvir sacris faciundis 6662:Tribunes of the plebs 6622:1st-century BC Romans 6128:10.1017/9781108943260 6085:Morrell, Kit (2023). 5941:Hillard, Tom (2001). 5920:Gruen, Erich (1995). 5593:, p. 76, citing 5364:, Trials 306, 309–12. 4823:, Trials 283, 285–86. 4181:, 60; see also Plut. 3424:, p. 90, citing 3257:, p. 80, citing 2937:, p. 53, citing 1485: 1312:and the blue-blooded 1111: 980: 834:, the ration of five 785:put before the people 560: 533:Lucius Licnius Murena 475:Third Mithridatic War 456: 440: 349: 332:The patrician tribune 239:politics of the era. 58:18 January 52 BC 6489:Fezzi, Luca (2008). 6416:Epistulae ad Atticum 5517:, pp. 180, 184. 5477:, p. x, citing 5248:, p. 33C.10–12. 4976:, p. 300 n. 6; 1839:Ap. Claudius Pulcher 1737:Marcus Junius Brutus 1713:Birth order follows 1657:Served under Murena 1472:Marcus Junius Brutus 1455:Marcus Caelius Rufus 1407:class=notpageimage| 1338:included a visit to 973:Opposition to Pompey 583:in the house of the 380:branch of the family 6569:. J C Gieben. 6436:Letters to brother 6198:Rich, John (2000). 5857:, pp. 368–423. 5450:, p. 120 n. 1. 5352:, 35; Dio, 40.54.2. 4819:, pp. 228–30; 4293:, pp. 191–92; 4157:, pp. 158–60; 3973:, pp. 187–88; 1842:cos. 143, cens. 136 1765:Quintus Marcius Rex 1606:Tables and diagrams 1558:contra rem publicam 1463:Marcus Porcius Cato 1350:Encounter with Milo 1306:Marcus Porcius Cato 1251:Praetorian campaign 1124:Ptolemy XII Auletes 1113:Ptolemy XII Auletes 841:Marcus Porcius Cato 728:Ptolemy XII Auletes 707:Gaius Julius Caesar 699:sacrorum detestatio 681:Transitio ad plebem 495:Quintus Marcius Rex 419:Quintus Marcius Rex 70:Cause of death 6647:Husbands of Fulvia 6511:"Clodius 48" 6421:Letters to Atticus 5848:, pp. 327–67. 5554:, pp. 195–96. 5423:, pp. 244–45. 5330:contra rem pulicam 5268:, p. 34C.5–6. 5177:, pp. 34–35C. 5145:, pp. 164–65. 5086:, pp. 162–63. 4905:, pp. 233–34. 4901:, p. 227–28; 4787:, pp. 224–25. 4775:, pp. 222–23. 4763:, pp. 220–21. 4751:, pp. 215–19. 4667:, pp. 201–2; 4631:Quintus Hortensius 4583:, pp. 198–99. 4571:, pp. 197–98. 4547:, pp. 194–96. 4523:, pp. 192–93. 4511:, pp. 191–92. 4499:, pp. 186–87. 4487:, pp. 154–55. 4463:, pp. 181–84. 4412:, pp. 176–77. 4400:, pp. 174–75. 4309:, pp. 168–69. 4257:, pp. 156–57. 4243:Morstein-Marx 2021 4077:, pp. 137–39. 3977:, pp. 132–33. 3971:Morstein-Marx 2021 3951:Morstein-Marx 2021 3935:Morstein-Marx 2021 3911:Morstein-Marx 2021 3871:Morstein-Marx 2021 3849:, pp. 121–22. 3825:, pp. 119–20. 3813:, pp. 377–78. 3789:, pp. 118–19. 3713:, pp. 114–17. 3701:, pp. 112–13. 3558:lex Caecilia Didia 3360:, pp. 83–84; 3328:, pp. 81–82; 2896:, pp. 50–51; 2880:, pp. 48–49; 2712:, pp. 312–13. 2397:P. Clodius Pulcher 2388:Q. Metelli Celeris 2034:mint IIIvir c. 129 1488: 1154:Gaius Porcius Cato 1121: 1098:Quintus Hortensius 1089:comitia centuriata 1031:Shifting alliances 984: 879:lex Aelia et Fufia 871:lex Aelia et Fufia 783:. They were to be 661:was Clodius' only 640:– joined by other 567: 538:comitia centuriata 467: 459:Capitoline Museums 451: 445:, in the painting 364: 236:plebeian tribunate 6576:978-90-5063-001-6 6557:978-3-406-46697-7 6538:978-2-251-33103-4 6500:978-88-420-8715-1 6491:Il tribuno Clodio 6481:978-3-515-04672-5 6385:978-3-88849-304-1 6366:978-0-19-938113-5 6331:978-0-8078-7206-2 6137:978-1-108-83784-2 6077:978-0-472-10892-3 5875:978-0-19-086902-1 5788:978-0-19-938113-5 5747:978-0-19-953790-7 5678:, pp. 77–78. 5639:, pp. 75–76. 5438:, pp. 301–2. 5280:, pp. 304–5. 5203:978-0-300-18009-1 4388:, p. 170–71. 4125:, p. 154–55. 4113:, p. 153–54. 3777:(levy of slaves). 3775:dilectus servorum 3576:, pp. 106–7. 3520:, pp. 103–8. 3508:, pp. 103–4. 3456:, pp. 34–35. 3443:, pp. 95–99. 3412:, pp. 87–88. 3194:, pp. 74–75. 3061:, pp. 58–59. 3049:, pp. 57–58. 2950:978-0-520-33400-7 2676:, 3.17,2, 4.15.2. 2562: 2561: 1735:Claudia, wife of 1701: 1700: 1346:, south of Rome. 1218:Megalensian games 1075:lex Plautia de vi 1067:Titus Annius Milo 1055:Quintus Fabricius 389:Clodius' father, 271:Titus Annius Milo 218: 217: 124: 123: 49: 92 BC 16:(Redirected from 6669: 6580: 6561: 6542: 6523: 6513: 6504: 6485: 6457: 6442: 6424: 6409: 6389: 6370: 6343: 6316: 6287: 6281: 6273: 6244: 6215: 6194: 6157: 6114: 6081: 6062: 6025: 5988: 5982: 5974: 5949:(1/2): 189–193. 5937: 5916: 5879: 5858: 5849: 5840: 5811: 5792: 5763: 5751: 5732: 5691: 5690:, p. 78–79. 5685: 5679: 5673: 5667: 5661: 5652: 5646: 5640: 5634: 5628: 5622: 5613: 5612: 5588: 5582: 5576: 5567: 5561: 5555: 5549: 5543: 5542: 5540: 5538: 5524: 5518: 5512: 5506: 5500: 5494: 5488: 5482: 5472: 5466: 5460: 5451: 5445: 5439: 5433: 5424: 5418: 5412: 5406: 5400: 5387: 5381: 5371: 5365: 5359: 5353: 5339: 5333: 5323: 5317: 5311: 5305: 5299: 5293: 5287: 5281: 5275: 5269: 5255: 5249: 5239: 5233: 5227: 5221: 5215: 5184: 5178: 5168: 5162: 5152: 5146: 5140: 5134: 5128: 5119: 5109: 5103: 5093: 5087: 5081: 5075: 5069: 5063: 5049: 5043: 5033: 5027: 5006: 5000: 4987: 4981: 4970: 4964: 4963: 4947: 4941: 4931: 4925: 4912: 4906: 4896: 4890: 4880: 4874: 4868: 4862: 4842: 4836: 4830: 4824: 4814: 4808: 4794: 4788: 4782: 4776: 4770: 4764: 4758: 4752: 4746: 4740: 4734: 4728: 4722: 4716: 4710: 4704: 4697:Publius Vatinius 4690: 4684: 4678: 4672: 4662: 4656: 4602: 4596: 4590: 4584: 4578: 4572: 4566: 4560: 4554: 4548: 4542: 4536: 4530: 4524: 4518: 4512: 4506: 4500: 4494: 4488: 4482: 4476: 4470: 4464: 4458: 4452: 4446: 4440: 4434: 4428: 4422: 4413: 4407: 4401: 4395: 4389: 4383: 4377: 4371: 4365: 4359: 4353: 4347: 4341: 4328: 4322: 4316: 4310: 4304: 4298: 4288: 4282: 4276: 4270: 4264: 4258: 4252: 4246: 4236: 4230: 4220: 4214: 4204: 4198: 4192: 4186: 4168: 4162: 4152: 4146: 4132: 4126: 4120: 4114: 4108: 4102: 4096: 4090: 4084: 4078: 4072: 4066: 4060: 4054: 4044: 4038: 4032: 4026: 4020: 4014: 4008: 4002: 3996: 3990: 3984: 3978: 3968: 3962: 3948: 3942: 3932: 3926: 3920: 3914: 3900: 3894: 3884: 3878: 3868: 3862: 3856: 3850: 3844: 3838: 3832: 3826: 3820: 3814: 3808: 3802: 3796: 3790: 3784: 3778: 3764: 3758: 3744: 3738: 3732: 3726: 3720: 3714: 3708: 3702: 3696: 3690: 3689: 3652: 3646: 3640: 3634: 3621: 3615: 3602: 3596: 3583: 3577: 3527: 3521: 3515: 3509: 3503: 3497: 3491: 3485: 3479: 3473: 3463: 3457: 3450: 3444: 3438: 3432: 3419: 3413: 3407: 3401: 3395: 3389: 3383: 3377: 3371: 3365: 3355: 3349: 3339: 3333: 3323: 3317: 3311: 3305: 3291: 3285: 3284: 3252: 3246: 3240: 3234: 3228: 3219: 3213: 3207: 3201: 3195: 3189: 3183: 3168: 3162: 3152: 3146: 3140: 3134: 3124: 3118: 3108: 3102: 3096: 3090: 3080: 3074: 3068: 3062: 3056: 3050: 3044: 3038: 3032: 3026: 3020: 3011: 3005: 2999: 2993: 2987: 2977: 2971: 2961: 2955: 2954: 2932: 2926: 2920: 2914: 2907: 2901: 2891: 2885: 2875: 2869: 2859: 2853: 2839: 2833: 2827: 2818: 2812: 2806: 2800: 2794: 2775: 2769: 2759: 2753: 2747: 2741: 2735: 2729: 2719: 2713: 2707: 2701: 2695: 2689: 2683: 2677: 2664: 2658: 2652: 2646: 2640: 2634: 2621: 2615: 2593: 2587: 2577: 1819: 1818: 1799:Clodia, wife of 1709:Immediate family 1685:Plebeian tribune 1665:Quaestor, Sicily 1615: 1614: 1395: 1394: 1381: 1380: 1367: 1366: 1360: 1342:, a town on the 927:Publius Vatinius 659:Valerius Maximus 642:Cornelii Lentuli 605: 585:pontifex maximus 529:military tribune 417:; the third wed 409:was the wife of 229: 226: 207: 204:Clodia (sister; 197: 194:Clodia (sister; 187: 106:Plebeian tribune 82: 81: 50: 47: 32: 31: 21: 6677: 6676: 6672: 6671: 6670: 6668: 6667: 6666: 6632:Claudii Pulchri 6602: 6601: 6588: 6583: 6577: 6558: 6539: 6501: 6482: 6465: 6463:Further reading 6460: 6397: 6395:Ancient sources 6392: 6386: 6367: 6332: 6275: 6274: 6138: 6078: 6043:10.2307/1087402 5994:Greece and Rome 5976: 5975: 5955:10.2307/1089042 5934: 5897:10.2307/1086053 5876: 5829: 5808: 5789: 5748: 5721: 5704: 5699: 5694: 5686: 5682: 5674: 5670: 5662: 5655: 5647: 5643: 5635: 5631: 5623: 5616: 5589: 5585: 5577: 5570: 5562: 5558: 5550: 5546: 5536: 5534: 5526: 5525: 5521: 5513: 5509: 5501: 5497: 5489: 5485: 5473: 5469: 5461: 5454: 5446: 5442: 5434: 5427: 5419: 5415: 5407: 5403: 5388: 5384: 5376:, p. 168; 5372: 5368: 5360: 5356: 5340: 5336: 5324: 5320: 5312: 5308: 5300: 5296: 5288: 5284: 5276: 5272: 5256: 5252: 5240: 5236: 5228: 5224: 5204: 5190:, p. 41C, 5185: 5181: 5169: 5165: 5153: 5149: 5141: 5137: 5129: 5122: 5110: 5106: 5098:, p. 300; 5094: 5090: 5082: 5078: 5070: 5066: 5058:, p. 31C.9–12; 5050: 5046: 5038:, p. 236; 5034: 5030: 5007: 5003: 4988: 4984: 4971: 4967: 4948: 4944: 4932: 4928: 4913: 4909: 4897: 4893: 4881: 4877: 4869: 4865: 4843: 4839: 4831: 4827: 4815: 4811: 4795: 4791: 4783: 4779: 4771: 4767: 4759: 4755: 4747: 4743: 4735: 4731: 4723: 4719: 4711: 4707: 4691: 4687: 4679: 4675: 4663: 4659: 4645:Lucius Afranius 4643:, supported by 4635:Marcus Lucullus 4603: 4599: 4591: 4587: 4579: 4575: 4567: 4563: 4555: 4551: 4543: 4539: 4531: 4527: 4519: 4515: 4507: 4503: 4495: 4491: 4483: 4479: 4471: 4467: 4459: 4455: 4447: 4443: 4435: 4431: 4423: 4416: 4408: 4404: 4396: 4392: 4384: 4380: 4372: 4368: 4360: 4356: 4348: 4344: 4329: 4325: 4317: 4313: 4305: 4301: 4289: 4285: 4277: 4273: 4265: 4261: 4253: 4249: 4241:, p. 156; 4237: 4233: 4221: 4217: 4205: 4201: 4193: 4189: 4169: 4165: 4153: 4149: 4133: 4129: 4121: 4117: 4109: 4105: 4097: 4093: 4085: 4081: 4073: 4069: 4061: 4057: 4045: 4041: 4033: 4029: 4021: 4017: 4009: 4005: 3997: 3993: 3985: 3981: 3969: 3965: 3949: 3945: 3933: 3929: 3921: 3917: 3909:, p. 140; 3901: 3897: 3885: 3881: 3869: 3865: 3857: 3853: 3845: 3841: 3833: 3829: 3821: 3817: 3809: 3805: 3797: 3793: 3785: 3781: 3765: 3761: 3745: 3741: 3733: 3729: 3721: 3717: 3709: 3705: 3697: 3693: 3656:Rosenstein 2001 3653: 3649: 3641: 3637: 3622: 3618: 3603: 3599: 3584: 3580: 3539:The pontifical 3528: 3524: 3516: 3512: 3504: 3500: 3492: 3488: 3480: 3476: 3464: 3460: 3451: 3447: 3439: 3435: 3420: 3416: 3408: 3404: 3396: 3392: 3384: 3380: 3372: 3368: 3356: 3352: 3340: 3336: 3324: 3320: 3312: 3308: 3292: 3288: 3253: 3249: 3241: 3237: 3229: 3222: 3214: 3210: 3202: 3198: 3190: 3186: 3169: 3165: 3153: 3149: 3141: 3137: 3125: 3121: 3109: 3105: 3097: 3093: 3081: 3077: 3069: 3065: 3057: 3053: 3045: 3041: 3033: 3029: 3021: 3014: 3006: 3002: 2994: 2990: 2978: 2974: 2962: 2958: 2951: 2933: 2929: 2921: 2917: 2908: 2904: 2892: 2888: 2876: 2872: 2860: 2856: 2848:, p. 140; 2840: 2836: 2828: 2821: 2813: 2809: 2801: 2797: 2776: 2772: 2760: 2756: 2748: 2744: 2736: 2732: 2720: 2716: 2708: 2704: 2696: 2692: 2684: 2680: 2665: 2661: 2653: 2649: 2641: 2637: 2622: 2618: 2594: 2590: 2578: 2574: 2570: 2564: 2553: 2549: 2526: 2524: 2515: 2513: 2412: 2408: 2401: 2399: 2390: 2386: 2377: 2375: 2366: 2365:cos. 54, augur, 2364: 2362: 2353: 2349: 2342: 2340: 2338: 2198:(c. 143–c. 105) 2197: 2190: 2188: 2159: 2157: 2148: 2146: 2035: 2033: 2026: 2024: 2017: 2010: 2006: 2004: 1997: 1995: 1856: 1854: 1843: 1841: 1828: 1826: 1817: 1812: 1711: 1706: 1613: 1608: 1587:Theodor Mommsen 1567: 1514:basilica Porcia 1494: 1480: 1467:Marcus Favonius 1465:that a senator 1416: 1415: 1414: 1409: 1403: 1402: 1401: 1400: 1396: 1388: 1387: 1386: 1382: 1374: 1373: 1372: 1368: 1352: 1253: 1248: 1186:iudicium populi 1170: 1106: 1081:Publius Sestius 1038: 1033: 975: 916: 892: 858: 828: 822: 814:Sextus Cloelius 798: 764: 744: 683: 573: 555: 553:Bona Dea affair 435: 344: 324: 227: 214: 65: 59: 48: 37: 28: 23: 22: 18:Clodius Pulcher 15: 12: 11: 5: 6675: 6665: 6664: 6659: 6654: 6649: 6644: 6642:Curule aediles 6639: 6634: 6629: 6624: 6619: 6614: 6600: 6599: 6587: 6586:External links 6584: 6582: 6581: 6575: 6562: 6556: 6543: 6537: 6524: 6505: 6499: 6486: 6480: 6466: 6464: 6461: 6459: 6458: 6443: 6425: 6410: 6398: 6396: 6393: 6391: 6390: 6384: 6371: 6365: 6344: 6330: 6317: 6299:(3): 301–328. 6288: 6256:(4): 592–596. 6245: 6227:(1): 117–123. 6216: 6195: 6169:(3): 298–324. 6158: 6136: 6115: 6082: 6076: 6063: 6026: 6000:(2): 157–169. 5989: 5938: 5932: 5917: 5891:(2): 120–130. 5880: 5874: 5861: 5860: 5859: 5850: 5827: 5812: 5806: 5793: 5787: 5764: 5752: 5746: 5733: 5719: 5705: 5703: 5702:Modern sources 5700: 5698: 5695: 5693: 5692: 5680: 5668: 5653: 5649:McDermott 1970 5641: 5629: 5614: 5603:(73): 122–29. 5583: 5568: 5566:, p. 208. 5564:Broughton 1952 5556: 5552:Broughton 1952 5544: 5519: 5515:Broughton 1952 5507: 5505:, p. 148. 5503:Broughton 1952 5495: 5493:, p. 302. 5483: 5467: 5452: 5440: 5425: 5413: 5401: 5382: 5380:, p. 241. 5366: 5362:Alexander 1990 5354: 5334: 5318: 5316:, p. 241. 5306: 5294: 5292:, p. 165. 5282: 5270: 5264:, 2.22.82–83; 5250: 5234: 5232:, p. 166. 5222: 5202: 5179: 5163: 5161:, p. 54C. 5147: 5135: 5133:, p. 164. 5120: 5118:, p. 34C. 5104: 5102:, p. 152. 5088: 5076: 5074:, p. 239. 5064: 5062:, p. 152. 5044: 5042:, p. 299. 5028: 5022:, 40–43, Cic. 5001: 4982: 4980:, p. 164. 4965: 4942: 4938:Gaius Manilius 4926: 4907: 4899:Broughton 1952 4891: 4875: 4873:, p. 232. 4863: 4837: 4825: 4821:Alexander 1990 4809: 4789: 4777: 4765: 4753: 4741: 4739:, p. 211. 4729: 4717: 4715:, p. 206. 4705: 4685: 4683:, p. 204. 4673: 4669:Alexander 1990 4657: 4655:, p. 392. 4649: 4648: 4638: 4633:, Cicero, and 4628: 4621: 4614: 4608: 4597: 4595:, p. 200. 4585: 4573: 4561: 4559:, p. 197. 4549: 4537: 4535:, p. 194. 4525: 4513: 4501: 4489: 4477: 4475:, p. 184. 4465: 4453: 4451:, p. 180. 4441: 4439:, p. 179. 4429: 4427:, p. 178. 4414: 4402: 4390: 4378: 4376:, p. 192. 4366: 4364:, p. 171. 4354: 4352:, p. 170. 4342: 4323: 4321:, p. 169. 4311: 4299: 4297:, p. 167. 4283: 4281:, p. 191. 4271: 4259: 4247: 4231: 4215: 4199: 4187: 4163: 4147: 4127: 4115: 4103: 4091: 4079: 4067: 4055: 4039: 4037:, p. 134. 4027: 4015: 4013:, p. 378. 4003: 4001:, p. 133. 3991: 3989:, p. 132. 3979: 3963: 3943: 3927: 3915: 3895: 3879: 3863: 3861:, p. 379. 3851: 3839: 3837:, p. 124. 3827: 3815: 3803: 3801:, p. 119. 3791: 3779: 3759: 3753:, citing Asc. 3739: 3727: 3725:, p. 377. 3715: 3703: 3691: 3672:(3): 519–531. 3647: 3645:, p. 111. 3635: 3616: 3597: 3578: 3563: 3562: 3553: 3547: 3544: 3537: 3522: 3510: 3498: 3486: 3474: 3458: 3445: 3433: 3414: 3402: 3390: 3378: 3366: 3350: 3334: 3330:Alexander 1990 3318: 3306: 3302:Alexander 1990 3286: 3247: 3235: 3220: 3208: 3196: 3184: 3163: 3147: 3135: 3129:, p. 64; 3119: 3113:, p. 61; 3103: 3091: 3075: 3063: 3051: 3039: 3027: 3025:, p. 164. 3023:Broughton 1952 3012: 3000: 2988: 2984:Alexander 1990 2982:, p. 55; 2972: 2956: 2949: 2927: 2915: 2902: 2900:, p. 148. 2898:Broughton 1952 2886: 2870: 2854: 2846:Broughton 1952 2844:, p. 45; 2834: 2832:, p. 140. 2830:Broughton 1952 2819: 2807: 2795: 2787:Alexander 1990 2770: 2754: 2742: 2730: 2728:, p. 545. 2726:Broughton 1952 2724:, p. 32; 2714: 2702: 2700:, p. 248. 2690: 2678: 2659: 2647: 2645:, p. 118. 2635: 2616: 2588: 2582:, p. 33; 2571: 2569: 2566: 2560: 2558: 2557: 2555: 2544: 2542: 2540: 2538: 2536: 2534: 2532: 2530: 2521: 2519: 2510: 2508: 2506: 2504: 2502: 2500: 2497: 2496: 2494: 2492: 2490: 2488: 2486: 2483: 2482: 2480: 2478: 2476: 2474: 2472: 2470: 2468: 2466: 2464: 2462: 2460: 2458: 2456: 2454: 2452: 2450: 2448: 2446: 2444: 2442: 2440: 2438: 2436: 2434: 2432: 2430: 2428: 2426: 2424: 2422: 2419: 2417: 2416: 2414: 2407:Claudia Quinta 2405: 2403: 2394: 2392: 2384:Claudia Quarta 2381: 2379: 2370: 2368: 2357: 2355: 2348:Claudia Tertia 2346: 2344: 2334: 2333: 2331: 2329: 2327: 2325: 2323: 2321: 2319: 2317: 2315: 2313: 2311: 2309: 2307: 2305: 2303: 2301: 2299: 2297: 2295: 2293: 2291: 2289: 2287: 2285: 2283: 2281: 2279: 2277: 2275: 2273: 2270: 2269: 2267: 2265: 2263: 2261: 2259: 2257: 2255: 2253: 2251: 2249: 2247: 2245: 2243: 2241: 2239: 2237: 2235: 2233: 2231: 2229: 2227: 2225: 2223: 2221: 2219: 2217: 2215: 2213: 2211: 2208: 2207: 2205: 2202: 2201: 2199: 2194: 2192: 2189:(c. 141–c. 74) 2183: 2181: 2178: 2176: 2174: 2172: 2170: 2168: 2163: 2161: 2152: 2150: 2140: 2139: 2137: 2135: 2133: 2131: 2129: 2126: 2125: 2123: 2121: 2119: 2117: 2115: 2113: 2111: 2109: 2107: 2105: 2103: 2101: 2099: 2097: 2095: 2093: 2091: 2089: 2087: 2085: 2083: 2081: 2079: 2077: 2075: 2073: 2071: 2069: 2067: 2065: 2063: 2061: 2058: 2057: 2055: 2053: 2051: 2049: 2047: 2045: 2043: 2040: 2039: 2037: 2030: 2028: 2021: 2019: 2018:(c. 159–135/1) 2014: 2012: 2001: 1999: 1992: 1990: 1988: 1986: 1984: 1982: 1980: 1978: 1976: 1974: 1972: 1969: 1968: 1966: 1964: 1962: 1960: 1958: 1956: 1954: 1952: 1950: 1948: 1946: 1944: 1942: 1940: 1938: 1935: 1934: 1932: 1930: 1928: 1926: 1924: 1922: 1920: 1918: 1916: 1914: 1912: 1910: 1908: 1906: 1904: 1902: 1900: 1898: 1896: 1894: 1892: 1890: 1888: 1886: 1884: 1882: 1879: 1878: 1876: 1874: 1872: 1870: 1868: 1866: 1864: 1861: 1860: 1858: 1857:married c. 164 1851: 1849: 1847: 1845: 1836: 1834: 1832: 1830: 1829:married c. 138 1816: 1813: 1811: 1810: 1809: 1808: 1807: 1806: 1797: 1796: 1795: 1790: 1776: 1774:Metellus Celer 1767: 1761: 1760: 1759: 1756: 1755: 1754: 1741: 1740: 1739: 1733: 1719: 1715:McDermott 1970 1710: 1707: 1705: 1702: 1699: 1698: 1696: 1693: 1689: 1688: 1686: 1683: 1679: 1678: 1676: 1673: 1669: 1668: 1666: 1663: 1659: 1658: 1655: 1652: 1648: 1647: 1644: 1641: 1637: 1636: 1633: 1630: 1626: 1625: 1622: 1619: 1612: 1609: 1607: 1604: 1566: 1563: 1552:' presidency. 1537:Marcus Lepidus 1510:curia Hostilia 1479: 1476: 1405: 1404: 1398: 1397: 1390: 1389: 1384: 1383: 1376: 1375: 1370: 1369: 1362: 1361: 1355: 1354: 1353: 1351: 1348: 1252: 1249: 1247: 1244: 1169: 1166: 1143:campus Martius 1105: 1102: 1059:Marcus Cispius 1037: 1034: 1032: 1029: 1013:Aulus Gabinius 974: 971: 947:mourning dress 915: 912: 891: 888: 857: 854: 832:Gaius Gracchus 821: 818: 797: 794: 763: 760: 756:Aulus Gabinius 748:Vettius affair 743: 740: 736:Metellus Nepos 682: 679: 612:Vestal Virgins 554: 551: 434: 431: 343: 340: 323: 320: 216: 215: 213: 212: 202: 192: 179: 173: 166: 164: 160: 159: 154: 150: 149: 140: 136: 135: 130: 126: 125: 122: 121: 118: 112: 111: 108: 102: 101: 98: 92: 91: 88: 79: 75: 74: 71: 67: 66: 60: 56: 52: 51: 43: 39: 38: 35: 26: 9: 6: 4: 3: 2: 6674: 6663: 6660: 6658: 6655: 6653: 6650: 6648: 6645: 6643: 6640: 6638: 6635: 6633: 6630: 6628: 6625: 6623: 6620: 6618: 6615: 6613: 6610: 6609: 6607: 6597: 6593: 6590: 6589: 6578: 6572: 6568: 6563: 6559: 6553: 6549: 6544: 6540: 6534: 6530: 6525: 6521: 6517: 6512: 6506: 6502: 6496: 6492: 6487: 6483: 6477: 6473: 6468: 6467: 6455: 6451: 6450: 6444: 6440: 6439: 6433: 6432: 6426: 6422: 6418: 6417: 6411: 6407: 6406: 6400: 6399: 6387: 6381: 6377: 6372: 6368: 6362: 6358: 6354: 6350: 6345: 6341: 6337: 6333: 6327: 6323: 6318: 6314: 6310: 6306: 6302: 6298: 6294: 6289: 6285: 6279: 6271: 6267: 6263: 6259: 6255: 6251: 6246: 6242: 6238: 6234: 6230: 6226: 6222: 6217: 6213: 6209: 6205: 6201: 6196: 6192: 6188: 6184: 6180: 6176: 6172: 6168: 6164: 6159: 6155: 6151: 6147: 6143: 6139: 6133: 6129: 6125: 6121: 6116: 6112: 6108: 6104: 6100: 6096: 6092: 6088: 6083: 6079: 6073: 6069: 6064: 6060: 6056: 6052: 6048: 6044: 6040: 6036: 6032: 6027: 6023: 6019: 6015: 6011: 6007: 6003: 5999: 5995: 5990: 5986: 5980: 5972: 5968: 5964: 5960: 5956: 5952: 5948: 5944: 5939: 5935: 5933:0-520-02238-6 5929: 5925: 5924: 5918: 5914: 5910: 5906: 5902: 5898: 5894: 5890: 5886: 5881: 5877: 5871: 5867: 5862: 5856: 5851: 5847: 5842: 5841: 5838: 5834: 5830: 5828:0-521-85073-8 5824: 5820: 5819: 5813: 5809: 5807:0-521-07492-4 5803: 5799: 5794: 5790: 5784: 5780: 5776: 5772: 5771: 5765: 5761: 5757: 5753: 5749: 5743: 5739: 5734: 5730: 5726: 5722: 5720:0-8020-5787-X 5716: 5712: 5707: 5706: 5689: 5684: 5677: 5672: 5666:, p. 75. 5665: 5660: 5658: 5650: 5645: 5638: 5633: 5627:, p. 77. 5626: 5621: 5619: 5610: 5606: 5602: 5598: 5592: 5587: 5581:, p. 76. 5580: 5575: 5573: 5565: 5560: 5553: 5548: 5533: 5529: 5523: 5516: 5511: 5504: 5499: 5492: 5487: 5480: 5476: 5471: 5465:, p. ix. 5464: 5459: 5457: 5449: 5444: 5437: 5432: 5430: 5422: 5417: 5410: 5405: 5398: 5397: 5391: 5386: 5379: 5375: 5370: 5363: 5358: 5351: 5347: 5343: 5338: 5331: 5327: 5322: 5315: 5310: 5303: 5298: 5291: 5286: 5279: 5274: 5267: 5263: 5259: 5254: 5247: 5243: 5238: 5231: 5226: 5220:, p. 50. 5219: 5213: 5209: 5205: 5199: 5195: 5189: 5183: 5176: 5172: 5167: 5160: 5156: 5151: 5144: 5139: 5132: 5127: 5125: 5117: 5113: 5108: 5101: 5097: 5092: 5085: 5080: 5073: 5068: 5061: 5057: 5053: 5048: 5041: 5037: 5032: 5025: 5021: 5020: 5014: 5010: 5005: 4998: 4997: 4991: 4986: 4979: 4975: 4969: 4961: 4957: 4951: 4946: 4939: 4935: 4930: 4923: 4922: 4916: 4911: 4904: 4900: 4895: 4888: 4884: 4879: 4872: 4867: 4860: 4859: 4853: 4852: 4846: 4841: 4834: 4829: 4822: 4818: 4813: 4806: 4802: 4798: 4793: 4786: 4781: 4774: 4769: 4762: 4757: 4750: 4745: 4738: 4733: 4726: 4721: 4714: 4709: 4702: 4701:praevaricatio 4698: 4694: 4689: 4682: 4677: 4670: 4666: 4661: 4654: 4653:Wiseman 1994b 4646: 4642: 4639: 4636: 4632: 4629: 4626: 4622: 4619: 4615: 4612: 4609: 4606: 4605: 4601: 4594: 4589: 4582: 4577: 4570: 4565: 4558: 4553: 4546: 4541: 4534: 4529: 4522: 4517: 4510: 4505: 4498: 4493: 4486: 4481: 4474: 4469: 4462: 4457: 4450: 4445: 4438: 4433: 4426: 4421: 4419: 4411: 4406: 4399: 4394: 4387: 4382: 4375: 4370: 4363: 4358: 4351: 4346: 4339: 4338: 4332: 4327: 4320: 4315: 4308: 4303: 4296: 4292: 4287: 4280: 4275: 4269:, p. 99. 4268: 4263: 4256: 4251: 4244: 4240: 4235: 4228: 4224: 4219: 4213:, pp. 155–56. 4212: 4208: 4203: 4196: 4191: 4184: 4180: 4176: 4172: 4167: 4160: 4156: 4151: 4144: 4140: 4136: 4131: 4124: 4119: 4112: 4107: 4100: 4095: 4088: 4087:Wiseman 1994b 4083: 4076: 4071: 4064: 4059: 4052: 4048: 4043: 4036: 4031: 4024: 4019: 4012: 4011:Wiseman 1994b 4007: 4000: 3995: 3988: 3983: 3976: 3972: 3967: 3960: 3959:Wiseman 1994b 3956: 3952: 3947: 3940: 3936: 3931: 3924: 3919: 3912: 3908: 3904: 3899: 3892: 3888: 3883: 3876: 3872: 3867: 3860: 3859:Wiseman 1994b 3855: 3848: 3843: 3836: 3831: 3824: 3819: 3812: 3811:Wiseman 1994b 3807: 3800: 3795: 3788: 3783: 3776: 3772: 3768: 3763: 3756: 3752: 3751:Verboven 2015 3748: 3743: 3736: 3735:Verboven 2015 3731: 3724: 3723:Wiseman 1994b 3719: 3712: 3707: 3700: 3695: 3687: 3683: 3679: 3675: 3671: 3667: 3661: 3657: 3651: 3644: 3639: 3632: 3631: 3625: 3620: 3613: 3612: 3606: 3601: 3594: 3593: 3587: 3582: 3575: 3571: 3567: 3560: 3559: 3554: 3551: 3548: 3545: 3542: 3538: 3535: 3534: 3532: 3526: 3519: 3514: 3507: 3502: 3496:, p. 99. 3495: 3490: 3483: 3478: 3471: 3467: 3462: 3455: 3449: 3442: 3437: 3430: 3429: 3423: 3418: 3411: 3406: 3400:, p. 87. 3399: 3394: 3387: 3382: 3376:, p. 68. 3375: 3370: 3363: 3359: 3354: 3347: 3343: 3338: 3331: 3327: 3322: 3315: 3310: 3303: 3299: 3295: 3290: 3282: 3278: 3274: 3270: 3266: 3262: 3256: 3251: 3244: 3239: 3233:, p. 79. 3232: 3227: 3225: 3217: 3212: 3206:, p. 76. 3205: 3200: 3193: 3188: 3181: 3177: 3173: 3167: 3160: 3156: 3151: 3144: 3139: 3132: 3128: 3123: 3116: 3112: 3107: 3101:, p. 64. 3100: 3095: 3088: 3084: 3079: 3072: 3067: 3060: 3055: 3048: 3043: 3036: 3031: 3024: 3019: 3017: 3009: 3004: 2997: 2996:Wiseman 1994a 2992: 2985: 2981: 2976: 2969: 2965: 2960: 2952: 2946: 2942: 2936: 2931: 2925:, p. 52. 2924: 2919: 2912: 2906: 2899: 2895: 2890: 2884:, p. 97. 2883: 2879: 2874: 2867: 2863: 2858: 2851: 2847: 2843: 2838: 2831: 2826: 2824: 2816: 2811: 2804: 2799: 2793:, p. 42. 2792: 2788: 2784: 2780: 2779:Vestal Virgin 2774: 2767: 2763: 2758: 2752:, p. 78. 2751: 2746: 2740:, p. 33. 2739: 2734: 2727: 2723: 2718: 2711: 2710:Crawford 1974 2706: 2699: 2694: 2687: 2682: 2675: 2674: 2668: 2663: 2656: 2651: 2644: 2639: 2632: 2631: 2625: 2620: 2613: 2609: 2605: 2601: 2597: 2592: 2585: 2581: 2576: 2572: 2565: 2559: 2554:(born c. 56) 2552: 2548: 2529: 2518: 2498: 2495: 2487: 2485: 2484: 2447: 2443: 2441: 2437: 2435: 2420: 2418: 2411: 2398: 2391:(born c. 94) 2389: 2385: 2374: 2361: 2354:(born c. 98) 2352: 2343:(born 100–99) 2335: 2332: 2324: 2322: 2314: 2312: 2304: 2302: 2294: 2292: 2284: 2282: 2274: 2272: 2271: 2264: 2228: 2226: 2214: 2212: 2209: 2206: 2204: 2203: 2187: 2167: 2156: 2145: 2141: 2138: 2130: 2128: 2127: 2120: 2116: 2114: 2110: 2108: 2059: 2056: 2054: 2052: 2044: 2042: 2041: 2009: 1985: 1983: 1981: 1975: 1973: 1970: 1967: 1959: 1957: 1949: 1947: 1939: 1937: 1936: 1929: 1907: 1905: 1903: 1901: 1880: 1875: 1873: 1867: 1865: 1862: 1840: 1824: 1820: 1804: 1803: 1802: 1798: 1794: 1791: 1789: 1785: 1782: 1781: 1780: 1777: 1775: 1771: 1768: 1766: 1762: 1757: 1753: 1750: 1749: 1748: 1745: 1744: 1742: 1738: 1734: 1731: 1730: 1729: 1726: 1725: 1724: 1721: 1720: 1718: 1716: 1697: 1695:Curule aedile 1694: 1691: 1690: 1687: 1684: 1681: 1680: 1677: 1674: 1671: 1670: 1667: 1664: 1661: 1660: 1656: 1653: 1650: 1649: 1645: 1642: 1639: 1638: 1634: 1631: 1628: 1627: 1623: 1620: 1617: 1616: 1603: 1601: 1596: 1592: 1588: 1584: 1578: 1576: 1572: 1562: 1559: 1553: 1551: 1546: 1542: 1538: 1534: 1530: 1526: 1522: 1517: 1515: 1511: 1507: 1503: 1499: 1493: 1484: 1475: 1473: 1468: 1464: 1460: 1456: 1451: 1449: 1445: 1441: 1437: 1433: 1432: 1427: 1426: 1421: 1413: 1408: 1359: 1347: 1345: 1341: 1336: 1332: 1327: 1323: 1319: 1315: 1311: 1307: 1302: 1298: 1296: 1292: 1287: 1283: 1279: 1275: 1274:Gaius Memmius 1271: 1266: 1263: 1258: 1243: 1240: 1239: 1233: 1227: 1224: 1219: 1214: 1212: 1208: 1204: 1199: 1195: 1191: 1187: 1182: 1180: 1174: 1165: 1163: 1159: 1155: 1151: 1146: 1144: 1139: 1133: 1130: 1125: 1118: 1114: 1110: 1101: 1099: 1095: 1094:Publius Sulla 1090: 1084: 1082: 1077: 1076: 1070: 1068: 1064: 1060: 1056: 1052: 1048: 1044: 1028: 1024: 1022: 1018: 1014: 1009: 1005: 1001: 997: 992: 990: 979: 970: 968: 964: 960: 956: 950: 948: 944: 940: 936: 932: 928: 923: 921: 911: 909: 905: 900: 896: 895:Roman censors 890:Censorial law 887: 885: 880: 875: 873: 872: 867: 863: 853: 850: 844: 842: 837: 833: 827: 817: 815: 811: 807: 803: 796:Collegial law 793: 791: 786: 782: 778: 774: 770: 759: 757: 753: 749: 739: 737: 733: 729: 725: 724: 718: 716: 712: 708: 703: 700: 696: 690: 688: 678: 675: 671: 666: 664: 660: 656: 652: 648: 643: 639: 634: 632: 628: 624: 620: 615: 613: 609: 604: 598: 594: 590: 589:Julius Caesar 586: 582: 578: 572: 564: 559: 550: 547: 543: 539: 534: 530: 525: 523: 519: 518:praevaricatio 515: 510: 508: 504: 500: 496: 492: 488: 484: 480: 476: 472: 464: 460: 455: 448: 444: 439: 430: 428: 424: 420: 416: 412: 408: 404: 400: 396: 392: 387: 385: 381: 377: 376:Attus Clausus 373: 369: 361: 357: 353: 348: 339: 337: 333: 328: 319: 317: 313: 309: 305: 301: 296: 294: 290: 286: 285: 280: 276: 272: 268: 267:curule aedile 263: 261: 257: 253: 249: 245: 240: 237: 233: 222: 210: 203: 200: 193: 190: 183: 180: 177: 174: 171: 168: 167: 165: 161: 158: 155: 151: 148: 144: 141: 137: 134: 131: 127: 119: 117: 116:Curule aedile 114: 113: 109: 107: 104: 103: 100:60–52 BC 99: 97: 94: 93: 89: 87: 84: 83: 80: 76: 72: 68: 64: 57: 53: 44: 40: 33: 30: 19: 6617:52 BC deaths 6612:93 BC births 6566: 6547: 6528: 6515: 6490: 6471: 6453: 6447: 6435: 6429: 6420: 6414: 6404: 6375: 6348: 6321: 6296: 6292: 6278:cite journal 6253: 6249: 6224: 6220: 6203: 6166: 6162: 6119: 6097:(1): 29–57. 6094: 6090: 6067: 6037:(1): 39–47. 6034: 6030: 5997: 5993: 5979:cite journal 5946: 5942: 5922: 5888: 5884: 5865: 5855:CAH 9 (1994) 5846:CAH 9 (1994) 5817: 5797: 5769: 5759: 5737: 5710: 5697:Bibliography 5688:Zmeskal 2009 5683: 5676:Zmeskal 2009 5671: 5664:Zmeskal 2009 5644: 5637:Zmeskal 2009 5632: 5625:Zmeskal 2009 5600: 5596: 5591:Zmeskal 2009 5586: 5579:Zmeskal 2009 5559: 5547: 5535:. Retrieved 5531: 5522: 5510: 5498: 5491:Rundell 1979 5486: 5470: 5443: 5436:Rundell 1979 5416: 5409:Rundell 1979 5404: 5395: 5385: 5369: 5357: 5349: 5337: 5329: 5321: 5309: 5297: 5285: 5273: 5261: 5253: 5237: 5225: 5218:Tempest 2017 5193: 5182: 5166: 5150: 5138: 5107: 5091: 5079: 5067: 5047: 5031: 5023: 5018: 5004: 4995: 4985: 4968: 4959: 4955: 4945: 4929: 4920: 4910: 4894: 4886: 4878: 4866: 4857: 4850: 4840: 4828: 4812: 4804: 4801:Morrell 2023 4792: 4780: 4768: 4756: 4744: 4732: 4720: 4708: 4700: 4688: 4676: 4671:, Trial 266. 4660: 4624: 4617: 4600: 4588: 4576: 4564: 4552: 4540: 4528: 4516: 4504: 4492: 4480: 4468: 4456: 4444: 4432: 4405: 4393: 4381: 4374:Hillard 2001 4369: 4357: 4345: 4336: 4326: 4314: 4302: 4291:Hillard 2001 4286: 4279:Hillard 2001 4274: 4262: 4250: 4234: 4226: 4223:Rundell 1979 4218: 4207:Drogula 2019 4202: 4195:Rundell 1979 4190: 4182: 4178: 4174: 4171:Drogula 2019 4166: 4155:Drogula 2019 4150: 4138: 4130: 4118: 4106: 4094: 4082: 4070: 4058: 4050: 4042: 4030: 4018: 4006: 3994: 3982: 3966: 3946: 3938: 3930: 3918: 3907:Drogula 2019 3898: 3890: 3887:Drogula 2019 3882: 3874: 3866: 3854: 3842: 3830: 3818: 3806: 3794: 3782: 3774: 3770: 3762: 3754: 3742: 3730: 3718: 3706: 3694: 3669: 3665: 3650: 3638: 3629: 3619: 3610: 3600: 3591: 3581: 3569: 3556: 3540: 3530: 3525: 3513: 3501: 3489: 3477: 3461: 3448: 3436: 3427: 3417: 3405: 3393: 3381: 3369: 3362:Hillard 2001 3353: 3337: 3332:, Trial 236. 3321: 3314:Hillard 2001 3309: 3304:, Trial 236. 3289: 3267:(1): 65–73. 3264: 3260: 3250: 3243:Rundell 1979 3238: 3211: 3199: 3187: 3175: 3166: 3150: 3138: 3122: 3106: 3094: 3086: 3078: 3066: 3054: 3042: 3030: 3003: 2991: 2986:, Trial 212. 2975: 2959: 2940: 2930: 2918: 2911:Hillard 2001 2905: 2889: 2873: 2865: 2857: 2837: 2810: 2798: 2782: 2773: 2766:Zmeskal 2009 2757: 2750:Zmeskal 2009 2745: 2733: 2717: 2705: 2693: 2686:Riggsby 2002 2681: 2672: 2662: 2650: 2643:Riggsby 2002 2638: 2629: 2624:Riggsby 2002 2619: 2604:Lintott 1967 2591: 2575: 2563: 2527: 2413:(born 92/90) 2396: 2196:Q. Philippus 2186:L. Philippus 2165: 2032:Q. Philippus 2027:born c. 157 2011:born c. 161 1998:born c. 163 1853:(1) Antistia 1844:(c. 186–130) 1822: 1778: 1712: 1594: 1579: 1568: 1557: 1554: 1518: 1495: 1458: 1452: 1443: 1429: 1423: 1417: 1343: 1317: 1303: 1299: 1267: 1261: 1254: 1238:lex Trebonia 1237: 1228: 1222: 1215: 1197: 1193: 1185: 1183: 1178: 1175: 1171: 1147: 1134: 1122: 1085: 1073: 1071: 1039: 1025: 1007: 993: 985: 958: 954: 951: 942: 938: 924: 917: 907: 903: 898: 893: 883: 878: 876: 869: 859: 845: 829: 826:Cura annonae 799: 780: 776: 772: 768: 765: 745: 721: 719: 704: 698: 691: 684: 667: 635: 616: 577:quaestorship 574: 541: 526: 511: 493:of Cilicia, 478: 468: 446: 433:Early career 388: 368:gens Claudia 365: 359: 335: 331: 329: 325: 297: 293:senate house 282: 264: 244:gens Claudia 241: 220: 219: 29: 5326:Millar 1998 5278:Ramsey 2016 5258:Ramsey 2016 5242:Ramsey 2016 5096:Ramsey 2016 5052:Ramsey 2016 5040:Ramsey 2016 5026:2.21, 2.49. 4999:, 3.6(8).6. 4974:Ramsey 2016 4627:to mediate. 4485:Millar 1998 4135:Millar 1998 3529:Cicero, in 2551:C. Caesaris 2376:(96–c. 30s) 2360:Ap. Pulcher 2158:(c. 130–76) 2155:Ap. Pulcher 2147:(c. 136–92) 2016:Ap. Pulcher 1591:Erich Gruen 1523:within the 1326:Mark Antony 1322:voting pens 1257:praetorship 1194:sodalitates 1129:Alexandrine 1000:Tigranes II 982:57 BC. 856:Augural law 723:lex Vatinia 279:praetorship 6606:Categories 6520:Wikisource 6449:Pro Milone 6146:2021024626 5479:Gruen 1966 5475:Tatum 1999 5463:Tatum 1999 5448:Gruen 1966 5421:Tatum 1999 5399:, 11.23.3. 5390:Tatum 1999 5378:Tatum 1999 5374:Berry 2008 5342:Berry 2008 5314:Tatum 1999 5302:Berry 2008 5290:Berry 2008 5230:Berry 2008 5171:Berry 2008 5155:Berry 2008 5143:Berry 2008 5131:Berry 2008 5112:Berry 2008 5100:Gruen 1995 5084:Berry 2008 5072:Tatum 1999 5060:Gruen 1995 5036:Tatum 1999 5015:, p. 48C, 5009:Tatum 1999 4990:Tatum 1999 4978:Berry 2008 4950:Tatum 1999 4934:Tatum 1999 4915:Tatum 1999 4903:Tatum 1999 4887:repetundae 4883:Tatum 1999 4871:Tatum 1999 4854:, 4.17.2, 4845:Tatum 1999 4833:Tatum 1999 4817:Tatum 1999 4797:Tatum 1999 4785:Tatum 1999 4773:Tatum 1999 4761:Tatum 1999 4749:Tatum 1999 4737:Tatum 1999 4725:Tatum 1999 4713:Tatum 1999 4693:Tatum 1999 4681:Tatum 1999 4665:Tatum 1999 4593:Tatum 1999 4581:Tatum 1999 4569:Tatum 1999 4557:Tatum 1999 4545:Tatum 1999 4533:Tatum 1999 4521:Tatum 1999 4509:Tatum 1999 4497:Tatum 1999 4473:Tatum 1999 4461:Tatum 1999 4449:Tatum 1999 4437:Tatum 1999 4425:Tatum 1999 4410:Tatum 1999 4398:Tatum 1999 4386:Tatum 1999 4362:Tatum 1999 4350:Tatum 1999 4331:Berry 2008 4319:Tatum 1999 4307:Tatum 1999 4295:Tatum 1999 4267:Gruen 1995 4255:Tatum 1999 4239:Tatum 1999 4211:Tatum 1999 4159:Tatum 1999 4123:Tatum 1999 4111:Tatum 1999 4099:Tatum 1999 4075:Tatum 1999 4063:Tatum 1999 4047:Tatum 1999 4035:Tatum 1999 4023:Tatum 1999 3999:Tatum 1999 3987:Tatum 1999 3975:Tatum 1999 3955:Tatum 1999 3923:Tatum 1999 3903:Tatum 1999 3847:Tatum 1999 3835:Tatum 1999 3823:Tatum 1999 3799:Tatum 1999 3787:Tatum 1999 3767:Tatum 1999 3747:Tatum 1999 3711:Tatum 1999 3699:Tatum 1999 3660:Tatum 1999 3643:Tatum 1999 3624:Tatum 1999 3605:Tatum 1999 3586:Tatum 1999 3574:Tatum 1999 3566:Tatum 1999 3518:Tatum 1999 3506:Tatum 1999 3494:Tatum 1999 3482:Tatum 1999 3466:Tatum 1999 3454:Tatum 1999 3441:Tatum 1999 3422:Tatum 1999 3410:Tatum 1999 3398:Tatum 1999 3374:Tatum 1999 3358:Tatum 1999 3342:Tatum 1999 3326:Tatum 1999 3294:Tatum 1999 3255:Tatum 1999 3231:Tatum 1999 3216:Tatum 1999 3204:Tatum 1999 3192:Tatum 1999 3180:Hortensius 3172:Tatum 1999 3143:Tatum 1999 3127:Tatum 1999 3111:Tatum 1999 3099:Tatum 1999 3083:Tatum 1999 3071:Tatum 1999 3059:Tatum 1999 3047:Tatum 1999 3035:Tatum 1999 3008:Tatum 1999 2980:Tatum 1999 2964:Tatum 1999 2935:Tatum 1999 2923:Tatum 1999 2894:Tatum 1999 2882:Gruen 1995 2878:Tatum 1999 2862:Tatum 1999 2842:Tatum 1999 2803:Tatum 1999 2791:Gruen 1995 2762:Tatum 1999 2738:Tatum 1999 2722:Tatum 1999 2698:Tatum 1999 2667:Tatum 1999 2657:, App'x 1. 2655:Tatum 1999 2612:Tatum 1999 2608:Gruen 1995 2600:Gruen 1966 2580:Tatum 1999 2568:References 2410:L. Luculli 2400:tr. pl. 58 2373:C. Pulcher 2144:C. Pulcher 1827:(Fonteia?) 1786:, wife of 1772:, wife of 1492:Pro Milone 1490:See also: 1459:Pro Milone 1425:Pro Milone 1335:interreges 1324:; a young 1232:interreges 1117:Gaius Cato 939:provocatio 884:lex Clodia 849:Brogitarus 824:See also: 597:pontifices 569:See also: 561:Statue of 542:Pro Murena 342:Early life 248:grain dole 120:56 BC 110:58 BC 90:61 BC 6652:Populares 6376:Adfinitas 6305:0018-2311 6262:0002-9475 6233:0018-2311 6212:1055-7660 6183:0018-2311 6154:242729962 6111:0018-2311 6051:0031-8299 6014:0017-3835 5963:0031-8299 5905:0031-8299 5212:982651923 4962:: 158–66. 4861:, 3.1.16. 4183:Cat. Min. 3678:0023-8856 3633:, 2.22.2. 3614:, 2.15.2. 3386:Rich 2000 3273:0018-2311 3155:Rich 2000 3115:Rich 2000 2970:, p. 87C. 2783:Cat. Min. 2596:Rich 2000 1855:(Vetorum) 1618:Year (BC) 1504:, held a 1444:via Appia 1431:via Appia 1344:via Appia 1318:via Sacra 1158:quaestors 1008:via Appia 989:Deiotarus 931:Macedonia 820:Grain law 742:Tribunate 655:Interamna 491:proconsul 403:Macedonia 399:proconsul 304:nobilitas 284:via Appia 228: 92 184:(sister; 178:(brother) 172:(brother) 163:Relatives 6454:For Milo 6446:Cicero. 6428:Cicero. 6413:Cicero. 6340:98-37096 6191:45019234 6091:Historia 5758:(1952). 5729:41156621 5537:15 March 4625:imperium 4618:imperium 3686:41523235 3595:, 2.7.3. 3170:But see 2909:But see 2523:Claudia 2517:M. Bruti 2512:Claudia 2367:cens. 50 2351:Q. Regis 2339:maior et 2337:Claudiae 1801:Lucullus 1788:Octavian 1533:interrex 1525:pomerium 1521:Palatine 1440:Lanuvium 1436:Bovillae 1371:Bovillae 1198:collegia 1168:Aedilate 967:Libertas 866:auspices 810:collegia 802:colleges 687:quaestor 603:incestum 581:Bona Dea 571:Bona Dea 563:Bona Dea 522:Asconius 471:Lucullus 199:Lucullus 189:Metellus 139:Children 86:Quaestor 73:Murdered 63:Bovillae 6594:in the 6438:Quintus 6313:4435679 6270:1561827 6241:4436643 6059:1087402 6031:Phoenix 5971:1089042 5943:Phoenix 5913:1086053 5885:Phoenix 5186:Citing 4924:, 88ff. 4227:en bloc 3666:Latomus 3550:Bibulus 3541:college 3531:De Domo 3281:4434911 2547:Claudia 2402:(93–53) 2363:(97–49) 2191:cos. 91 2160:cos. 79 2149:cos. 92 2023:Claudia 2008:Gracchi 2003:Claudia 1994:Claudia 1805:Licinia 1784:Claudia 1611:Offices 1545:Bibulus 1527:at the 1262:pedarii 1063:Quintus 1004:Armenia 908:pedarii 904:pedarii 790:pedarii 674:Pompeia 663:defence 647:Aurelia 499:Ptolemy 487:Armenia 356:Victory 256:censors 147:Claudia 143:Publius 6637:Clodii 6573: 6554: 6535: 6497: 6478: 6456:]. 6441:]. 6423:]. 6382: 6363: 6338: 6328: 6311: 6303: 6268: 6260: 6239: 6231: 6210: 6189: 6181: 6152: 6144: 6134: 6109: 6074: 6057: 6049: 6022:642452 6020: 6012: 5969: 5961: 5930: 5911: 5903: 5872: 5837:121060 5835: 5825: 5804: 5785: 5744: 5727: 5717: 5210: 5200: 4805:passim 4177:, 22; 3684: 3676: 3279: 3271: 3089:8.3–4. 2947: 2868:33–34. 2528:ignoti 2378:pr. 56 2166:Ignota 2025:Tertia 1996:Vestal 1823:ignota 1815:Stemma 1770:Clodia 1704:Family 1621:Office 1583:Caesar 1575:Tullia 1565:Legacy 1506:contio 1448:Fulvia 1399:Aricia 1340:Aricia 1017:fasces 996:prince 963:exiled 961:which 779:, and 608:incest 593:senate 483:Nisbis 407:eldest 316:Pompey 314:, and 308:Caesar 252:Cyprus 232:Cicero 209:Q. Rex 182:Clodia 170:Appius 153:Father 133:Fulvia 129:Spouse 78:Office 6452:[ 6434:[ 6419:[ 6309:JSTOR 6266:JSTOR 6237:JSTOR 6187:JSTOR 6150:S2CID 6055:JSTOR 6018:JSTOR 5967:JSTOR 5909:JSTOR 5394:Cic. 5262:BCiv. 5024:Phil. 5017:Cic. 4994:Cic. 4956:Index 4919:Cic. 4856:Cic. 4849:Cic. 4335:Cic. 4179:Sest. 4053:, 55. 4051:Sest. 3941:, 17. 3893:, 16. 3875:Pomp. 3682:JSTOR 3628:Cic. 3609:Cic. 3590:Cic. 3426:Cic. 3277:JSTOR 3087:Caes. 2671:Cic. 2628:Cic. 2525:minor 2514:maior 2341:minor 2005:minor 1672:60–52 1662:61–60 1624:Note 1412:Lazio 1246:Death 1021:Ceres 935:Syria 836:modii 806:Latin 732:Curio 651:Julia 427:Nepos 423:Celer 395:Sulla 360:triga 289:forum 265:When 176:Gaius 61:Near 6571:ISBN 6552:ISBN 6533:ISBN 6495:ISBN 6476:ISBN 6380:ISBN 6361:ISBN 6336:LCCN 6326:ISBN 6301:ISSN 6284:link 6258:ISSN 6229:ISSN 6208:ISSN 6179:ISSN 6142:LCCN 6132:ISBN 6107:ISSN 6072:ISBN 6047:ISSN 6010:ISSN 5985:link 5959:ISSN 5928:ISBN 5901:ISSN 5870:ISBN 5833:OCLC 5823:ISBN 5802:ISBN 5783:ISBN 5742:ISBN 5725:OCLC 5715:ISBN 5597:Klio 5539:2024 5396:Att. 5350:Cic. 5346:Asc. 5266:Asc. 5246:Asc. 5208:OCLC 5198:ISBN 5188:Asc. 5175:Asc. 5159:Asc. 5116:Asc. 5056:Asc. 5019:Mil. 5013:Asc. 4996:QFr. 4921:Mil. 4858:QFr. 4851:Att. 4337:Mil. 4175:Dom. 4139:Dom. 3939:Vat. 3891:Vat. 3771:Pis. 3757:, 8. 3755:Pis. 3674:ISSN 3630:Att. 3611:Att. 3592:Att. 3428:Att. 3269:ISSN 2968:Asc. 2945:ISBN 2866:Luc. 2673:Att. 2630:Att. 1500:and 1385:Rome 1293:and 1284:and 1096:and 1057:and 1045:and 933:and 734:and 709:and 649:and 425:and 336:more 322:Name 312:Cato 145:and 55:Died 42:Born 6353:doi 6254:122 6171:doi 6124:doi 6099:doi 6039:doi 6002:doi 5951:doi 5893:doi 5775:doi 5605:doi 3176:not 1825:(2) 1593:'s 1002:of 485:in 429:). 401:of 362:). 6608:: 6514:. 6359:. 6351:. 6334:. 6307:. 6297:28 6295:. 6280:}} 6276:{{ 6264:. 6252:. 6235:. 6225:51 6223:. 6206:. 6202:. 6185:. 6177:. 6167:65 6165:. 6148:. 6140:. 6130:. 6105:. 6095:72 6093:. 6089:. 6053:. 6045:. 6035:24 6033:. 6016:. 6008:. 5998:14 5996:. 5981:}} 5977:{{ 5965:. 5957:. 5947:55 5945:. 5907:. 5899:. 5889:20 5887:. 5831:. 5781:. 5723:. 5656:^ 5617:^ 5601:73 5599:. 5571:^ 5530:. 5455:^ 5428:^ 5206:. 5123:^ 4958:. 4803:, 4417:^ 4143:54 4141:, 3680:. 3670:24 3668:. 3275:. 3265:15 3263:. 3223:^ 3157:; 3015:^ 2822:^ 2606:; 2602:; 1692:56 1682:58 1651:64 1640:67 1629:68 1602:. 1535:, 1474:. 1450:. 1213:. 910:. 808:: 792:. 775:, 771:, 587:, 310:, 262:. 225:c. 206:m. 196:m. 186:m. 46:c. 6598:. 6579:. 6560:. 6541:. 6522:. 6503:. 6484:. 6388:. 6369:. 6355:: 6342:. 6315:. 6286:) 6272:. 6243:. 6214:. 6193:. 6173:: 6156:. 6126:: 6113:. 6101:: 6080:. 6061:. 6041:: 6024:. 6004:: 5987:) 5973:. 5953:: 5936:. 5915:. 5895:: 5878:. 5839:. 5810:. 5791:. 5777:: 5750:. 5731:. 5611:. 5607:: 5541:. 5481:. 5214:. 4960:8 4807:. 4703:. 4145:. 3737:. 3688:. 3561:. 3388:. 3283:. 3161:. 3133:. 3117:. 2953:. 2852:. 2817:. 2614:. 2586:. 2180:x 1329:( 804:( 223:( 211:) 201:) 191:) 20:)

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