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There is significant overlap in the requirements for cloud and cloudlet. At both levels, there is the need for: (a) strong isolation between untrusted user-level computations; (b) mechanisms for authentication, access control, and metering; (c) dynamic resource allocation for user-level computations;
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with cloud-based processing to guide users through complex tasks. This futuristic genre of applications is characterized as “astonishingly transformative” by the report of the 2013 NSF Workshop on Future
Directions in Wireless Networking. These applications use cloud resources in the critical path of
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If a mobile device user moves away from the cloudlet he is currently using, the interactive response will degrade as the logical network distance increases. To address this effect of user mobility, the offloaded services on the first cloudlet need to be transferred to the second cloudlet maintaining
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Since the cloudlet model requires reconfiguration or additional deployment of hardware/software, it is important to provide a systematic way to incentivise the deployment. However, it can face a classic bootstrapping problem. Cloudlets need practical applications to incentivize cloudlet deployment.
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require cloud offload infrastructure to be close to the mobile device to achieve low response time. In the ideal case, it is just one wireless hop away. For example, the offload infrastructure could be located in a cellular base station or it could be LAN-connected to a set of Wi-Fi base stations.
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Different from cloud data centers that are optimized for launching existing VM images in their storage tier, cloudlets need to be much more agile in their provisioning. Their association with mobile devices is highly dynamic, with considerable churn due to user mobility. A user from far away may
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that is located at the edge of the
Internet. The main purpose of the cloudlet is supporting resource-intensive and interactive mobile applications by providing powerful computing resources to mobile devices with lower latency. It is a new architectural element that extends today's
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unexpectedly show up at a cloudlet (e.g., if he just got off an international flight) and try to use it for an application such as a personalized language translator. For that user, the provisioning delay before he is able to use the application impacts usability.
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and, (d) the ability to support a very wide range of user-level computations, with minimal restrictions on their process structure, programming languages or operating systems. At a cloud datacenter, these requirements are met today using the
76:. The front-end mobile application offloads its functionality to the back-end servers for various reasons such as speeding up processing. With the advent of cloud computing, the back-end server is typically hosted at the
141:(VM) abstraction. For the same reasons they are used in cloud computing today, VMs are used as an abstraction for cloudlets. Meanwhile, there are a few but important differentiators between cloud and cloudlet.
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lead to a large separation between a mobile device and its associated datacenter. End-to-end communication then involves many network hops and results in high latencies and low bandwidth.
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Kiryong Ha; Pillai, P.; Lewis, G.; Simanta, S.; Clinch, S.; Davies, N.; Satyanarayanan, M. (2013). "The Impact of Mobile
Multimedia Applications on Data Center Consolidation".
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However, developers cannot heavily rely on cloudlet infrastructure until it is widely deployed. To break this deadlock and bootstrap the cloudlet deployment, researchers at
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end-to-end network quality. This resembles live migration in cloud computing but differs considerably in a sense that the VM handoff happens in Wide Area
Network (WAN).
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real-time user interaction. Consequently, they cannot tolerate end-to-end operation latencies of more than a few tens of milliseconds.
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with remote rendering also require low latencies and high bandwidth. Wearable cognitive assistance systems combine devices such as
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Satyanarayanan, M.; Bahl, P.; Caceres, R.; Davies, N. (2009). "The Case for VM-Based
Cloudlets in Mobile Computing".
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to leverage its open ecosystem. OpenStack++ provides a set of cloudlet-specific APIs as OpenStack extensions.
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as a research project. The concept of cloudlet is also known as follow me cloud, and mobile micro-cloud.
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Pang, Z.; Sun, L.; Wang, Z.; Tian, E.; Yang, S. (2015). "A Survey of
Cloudlet Based Mobile Computing".
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80:. Though the use of a cloud datacenter offers various benefits such as scalability and elasticity, its
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Ha, Kiryong; Pillai, Padmanabhan; Richter, Wolfgang; Abe, Yoshihisa; Satyanarayanan, Mahadev (2013).
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Proceeding of the 11th annual international conference on Mobile systems, applications, and services
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Cloudlets aim to support mobile applications that are both resource-intensive and interactive.
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The individual elements of this offload infrastructure are referred to as cloudlets.
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288:"Follow Me Cloud: Interworking Federated Clouds & Distributed Mobile Networks"
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52:, Ramón Cáceres, and Nigel Davies, and a prototype implementation is developed by
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392:"Final report from the NSF Workshop on Future Directions in Wireless Networking"
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that use head-tracked systems require end-to-end latencies of less than 16 ms.
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360:"Generalizeability of Latency Detection in a Variety of Virtual Environments"
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302:"Emulation-Based Study of Dynamic Service Placement in Mobile Micro-Clouds"
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infrastructure. It represents the middle tier of a 3-tier hierarchy:
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2015 International
Conference on Cloud Computing and Big Data (CCBD)
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in which cloudlets were defined as nodes on the fog architecture.
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By 2015 cloudlet based applications were commercially available.
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2013 IEEE International
Conference on Cloud Engineering (IC2E)
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in the cloud, are further examples in this emerging space.
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Commercial implementations and standardization effort
390:Banerjee, Suman; Wu, Dapeng Oliver (October 2013).
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451:"Dynamic Service Migration in Mobile Edge-Clouds"
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64:Many mobile services split the application into
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407:"Just-in-time provisioning for cyber foraging"
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195:National Institute of Standards and Technology
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468:"Open Source Repository for Elijah-cloudlet"
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274:"Elijah: Cloudlet-based Mobile Computing"
44:. The cloudlet term was first coined by
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529:"The NIST Definition of Fog Computing"
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146:Cloud computing § Service models
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23:is a mobility-enhanced small-scale
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178:proposed OpenStack++ that extends
36:. A cloudlet can be viewed as a
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566:Post-cloud computing architecture
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87:For the reasons of latency, some
121:which perform compute-intensive
82:consolidation and centralization
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197:published draft standards for
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102:Augmented reality applications
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276:. Carnegie Mellon University.
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89:emerging mobile applications
16:Small-scale cloud datacenter
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160:VM handoff across cloudlets
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322:. IEEE. pp. 166–176.
176:Carnegie Mellon University
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72:following the traditional
66:a front-end client program
54:Carnegie Mellon University
413:. ACM. pp. 153–166.
70:a back-end server program
290:. IEEE Network Magazine.
237:IEEE Pervasive Computing
456:. IFIP Networking 2015.
419:10.1145/2462456.2464451
216:Elijah-cloudlet project
211:Mobile cloud computing
42:bring the cloud closer
497:10.1109/CCBD.2015.54
491:. pp. 268–275.
328:10.1109/IC2E.2013.17
249:10.1109/MPRV.2009.82
38:data center in a box
307:. IEEE MILCOM 2015.
74:client-server model
243:(4). IEEE: 14–23.
151:Rapid provisioning
123:speech recognition
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337:978-0-7695-4945-3
46:M. Satyanarayanan
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106:Cloud games
50:Victor Bahl
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144:See also:
119:Google Now
115:Apple Siri
60:Motivation
180:OpenStack
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205:See also
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