118:
362:, Wales was at the forefront of the development of new technologies for the mining industry. These innovations included the use of water power for winding gear, the provision of mine ventilation, the use of steam engines for both winding and pumping and the use of underground tramways and canals for transport. Welsh mine-owners pioneered the use of horse-drawn and later steam railways to transport coal to the docks. The switch from wood to coal for fuel during the Industrial Revolution was heavily influenced by Welsh innovations.
30:
1588:
2499:
19:
196:
grew. The decay of this vegetation as it died formed peat, which was slowly buried under other sediments. The peat was slowly consolidated and converted by the pressure of overlying layers into seams of coal. Although thinner than the original peat layers, some of the coal deposits in South Wales are
381:
for the export of coal and iron from south Wales. By 1840, the network of canals and railways enabled 4.5 million tons of coal to be mined and transported. Of this, about half was used by the steel industry, about 750,000 tons went for export, and the rest was put to other industrial and domestic
369:
was a large landowner in south Wales and developed the coal and iron industries in
Glamorganshire in the 19th century. Agriculture ceased to be the main source of employment in the county as mining and other industries came to the fore, and he transformed his South Wales estates into a major
370:
industrial enterprise. He commissioned surveys in 1817 and again in 1823 to 1824 which showed huge reserves of coal under his land. He sold some outlying parts of his estate in order to purchase other potentially more productive areas, and claimed rights to minerals under certain
346:
By the 17th century, coal was being dug from shallow deposits for local use, and by the beginning of the 18th century a trade in coal was developing along the coast from such areas as
Pembrokeshire, Llanelli and Swansea Bay. As surface deposits were exhausted by
309:
were reported to be making profits from trading coal during the 14th and 15th centuries. By 1593, coal was being exported from ports on the Dee
Estuary. The trade developed swiftly, and by 1616 the principal collieries were at
187:
times. At that time warm seas invaded much of southern and northeastern Wales, and coral reefs flourished and were laid down as limestone deposits. In South Wales particularly, extensive swamps developed where tree-sized
82:
was at its peak in 1913 and was one of the largest coalfields in the world. It remained the largest coalfield in
Britain until 1925. The supply of coal dwindled, and pits closed in spite of a
1444:
277:
Coal is the most abundant fossil fuel in the Earth's crust and has a long history of being exploited. Archaeological evidence shows that it was burned in funeral pyres in Wales during the
1307:
1302:
426:
1294:
912:
1269:
2363:
1525:
1289:
929:
298:
2260:
991:
355:, with more coal being extracted from short galleries. Soon, horizontal shafts were being dug into the hillsides and barrows manoeuvred along wooden tracks.
797:
1314:
1262:
865:
1802:
1104:
1474:
924:
897:
1274:
1417:
1188:
1094:
907:
1412:
1362:
319:
1817:
986:
919:
763:
693:
597:
2243:
949:
323:
1030:
366:
1257:
807:
734:
525:
70:. The industry had reached large proportions by the end of that century, and then further expanded to supply steam-coal for the
1624:
1481:
775:
2148:
939:
434:
2358:
1899:
1469:
1210:
285:. Originally the coal would have come from outcropping coal seams, and from lumps of sea coal gathered from the foreshore.
836:
768:
1926:
1018:
944:
934:
870:
739:
83:
2044:
1424:
1050:
996:
959:
632:
1743:
1738:
1568:
1357:
1281:
954:
686:
2049:
1506:
1501:
1114:
785:
713:
648:
2265:
2285:
1688:
1237:
359:
117:
51:
2523:
2470:
1723:
1718:
1668:
1338:
1099:
1001:
821:
93:
The South Wales
Coalfield was not the only coal mining area of the country. There was a sizeable industry in
2378:
2398:
2368:
2024:
1936:
1350:
40:
2428:
2290:
2128:
1974:
1834:
1591:
1545:
1321:
1035:
892:
853:
679:
2034:
1617:
1249:
1137:
1040:
826:
574:
2445:
2124:
2078:
1969:
1894:
1663:
1372:
1244:
1205:
1164:
1013:
887:
624:
551:
172:
2270:
2233:
2143:
2104:
1829:
1807:
1792:
1713:
1683:
1464:
1390:
1333:
976:
964:
877:
848:
746:
338:, though a few were becoming large enough to have accumulations of water and ventilation problems.
2223:
2423:
2255:
2250:
2228:
2054:
1916:
1904:
1884:
1824:
1812:
1518:
1395:
1176:
1008:
981:
831:
468:
184:
160:
98:
2528:
1984:
1797:
1678:
1407:
882:
476:
209:
2433:
2348:
2280:
2238:
2200:
2168:
1989:
1765:
1610:
1513:
1197:
1109:
1058:
971:
729:
201:
136:
94:
79:
420:
2475:
2214:
2019:
1563:
1132:
1068:
205:
1733:
382:
use. By 1854, coal production had nearly doubled, and 2.5 million tons was being exported
8:
2458:
2310:
2275:
1931:
1728:
802:
122:
450:
2453:
2320:
2185:
2177:
2109:
2064:
1879:
1753:
1693:
1326:
1152:
780:
702:
391:
249:
78:
set the world price for steam-coal and
Cardiff became a major coal-exporting port. The
36:
2388:
2383:
2340:
2039:
1946:
1921:
1866:
1848:
1673:
1573:
1345:
1159:
1124:
843:
628:
531:
430:
164:
156:
2408:
2403:
2158:
2091:
2059:
2007:
1889:
1874:
1857:
1787:
1782:
1698:
1655:
1645:
1454:
1400:
1367:
1089:
860:
569:
327:
233:
217:
102:
598:"The growth and development of settlement and population in Flintshire, 1801–1851"
2353:
2302:
1909:
1459:
1142:
815:
144:
130:
497:
2393:
2190:
2153:
2138:
2133:
1775:
1770:
1708:
1436:
1075:
1063:
790:
751:
189:
168:
22:
2517:
2463:
2195:
2119:
1540:
1532:
1227:
756:
378:
365:
The land under which coal could be found was generally in private ownership.
348:
282:
176:
140:
75:
63:
29:
2503:
2480:
2210:
1951:
1232:
1080:
213:
2418:
902:
371:
225:
67:
55:
2114:
1703:
1171:
278:
257:
87:
33:
2315:
2099:
1979:
1961:
1023:
671:
653:
237:
221:
71:
352:
335:
315:
261:
152:
106:
1602:
1222:
1217:
427:
Royal
Commission on the Ancient and Historical Monuments of Wales
311:
241:
180:
148:
18:
558:, 1:625,000 scale geological map (5th edn), BGS, Keyworth, Notts
1941:
377:
Lord Bute was one of the main forces behind the development of
306:
302:
245:
229:
1633:
451:"Coal: Aberpergwm colliery gets OK to mine 40 million tonnes"
294:
253:
59:
1449:
331:
193:
530:, Coalmining History Research Centre, 1953, archived from
66:
of the iron and copper industries that were expanding in
212:
to the south. The
Flintshire Coalfield extends from the
183:
in the east. The rocks in this area were laid down in
498:"Environmental Change and Mineral Formation in Wales"
62:
expanded in the 18th century to provide fuel for the
74:that were beginning to trade around the world. The
418:
422:Collieries of Wales: Engineering and Architecture
2515:
567:
236:. The Denbighshire Coalfield extends from near
25:, the last deep mine in Wales, closed in 2008.
1618:
687:
1530:
473:Geological Maps of Selected British Regions
1625:
1611:
694:
680:
602:Flintshire Historical Society Publications
490:
367:John Crichton-Stuart, 2nd Marquess of Bute
256:in the south, a small part extending into
293:In north Wales, the Flintshire manors of
90:Colliery is the last deep mine in Wales.
520:
518:
414:
412:
410:
408:
406:
224:in the south. It also extends under the
116:
28:
17:
208:to the north and the nearly contiguous
2516:
701:
618:
1606:
675:
515:
403:
649:"Industry: 19th century coal mining"
112:
351:, shallow pits were dug, and later
13:
1632:
621:Cardiff and the Marquesses of Bute
590:
121:Coal train heading south from the
14:
2540:
866:fossiliferous stratigraphic units
2497:
1739:Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542
1587:
1586:
1569:Sustainability in Merthyr Tydfil
272:
50:played an important role in the
714:Geography of the United Kingdom
641:
281:and cinders have been found in
204:is divided into two parts: the
84:UK-wide strike against closures
612:
561:
545:
469:"South Wales (geological map)"
461:
443:
341:
305:and the Denbighshire manor of
288:
52:Industrial Revolution in Wales
1:
2375:Non-Christian belief systems
1502:Social geography and identity
397:
330:. Most mines were horizontal
105:, and coal was also mined in
1445:General forms of place-names
283:Roman settlements in Britain
7:
1546:Little England beyond Wales
419:Hughes, Stephen R. (1994).
385:
374:through his feudal titles.
10:
2545:
2471:Prince of Wales's feathers
267:
128:
2493:
2444:
2339:
2301:
2209:
2176:
2167:
2090:
2086:
2077:
2015:
2006:
1960:
1865:
1856:
1847:
1761:
1752:
1654:
1641:
1582:
1556:
1494:
1435:
1383:
1196:
1187:
1123:
1049:
722:
709:
625:University of Wales Press
578:. Encyclopædia Britannica
556:Bedrock Geology: UK South
552:British Geological Survey
527:The North Wales Coalfield
173:Caerphilly County Borough
2045:Housing and construction
1465:Welsh Place-Name Society
41:a major accident in 1913
2429:1904–1905 Welsh revival
2424:Welsh Methodist revival
575:Encyclopædia Britannica
161:Bridgend County Borough
1537:(Welsh-speaking areas)
1531:
1105:Habitats of importance
477:Southampton University
216:in the north, through
210:Denbighshire Coalfield
139:extends from parts of
126:
48:coal industry in Wales
43:
26:
2434:Welsh Church Act 1914
2201:British Sign Language
1526:Anglo–Welsh relations
1275:by population in 1971
1110:Marine Character Area
854:Temperate rainforests
619:Davies, John (1981).
568:Ramani, Raja Venkat.
360:Industrial Revolution
202:North Wales Coalfield
147:in the west, through
137:South Wales Coalfield
129:Further information:
120:
80:South Wales Coalfield
76:Cardiff Coal Exchange
32:
21:
2524:Coal mining in Wales
1990:British Armed Forces
1830:Wales–England border
1564:Geography of Cardiff
1475:in the United States
1100:Environmental issues
803:Reservoir management
206:Flintshire Coalfield
197:of great thickness.
2149:Scheduled monuments
2125:Literature in Welsh
2025:Banking and finance
1803:Mountains and hills
1729:Statute of Rhuddlan
898:Mountains and hills
798:Dams and reservoirs
747:Border with England
123:South Wales Valleys
2316:Healthcare service
1937:Secretary of State
1719:Edwardian conquest
1709:Medieval Welsh law
1694:Kingdom of Gwynedd
1507:North–South divide
1482:Standardised Welsh
1470:In other countries
1322:Preserved counties
1270:1844–1974 exclaves
1095:Conservation areas
703:Geography of Wales
457:. 26 January 2022.
392:Coal tips in Wales
250:Rhosllannerchrugog
185:late Carboniferous
127:
44:
37:Universal Colliery
27:
2511:
2510:
2489:
2488:
2335:
2334:
2331:
2330:
2073:
2072:
2002:
2001:
1998:
1997:
1927:Political parties
1843:
1842:
1734:Glyndŵr rebellion
1689:Early Middle Ages
1600:
1599:
1574:Lammas Ecovillage
1490:
1489:
1250:Historic counties
1138:Natural resources
1031:Extinct volcanoes
502:Wales Underground
436:978-1-871184-11-2
240:in the north, to
165:Rhondda Cynon Taf
157:Neath Port Talbot
113:Coal mining areas
2536:
2504:Wales portal
2502:
2501:
2500:
2174:
2173:
2088:
2087:
2084:
2083:
2013:
2012:
1980:Modern Welsh law
1895:Local government
1863:
1862:
1854:
1853:
1759:
1758:
1724:Late Middle Ages
1699:Kingdom of Powys
1684:Anglo-Welsh Wars
1627:
1620:
1613:
1604:
1603:
1590:
1589:
1536:
1286:Local districts
1206:Local government
1194:
1193:
1024:for military-use
696:
689:
682:
673:
672:
667:
666:
664:
662:
657:. 15 August 2008
645:
639:
638:
616:
610:
609:
594:
588:
587:
585:
583:
565:
559:
549:
543:
542:
541:
539:
522:
513:
512:
510:
508:
494:
488:
487:
485:
483:
465:
459:
458:
447:
441:
440:
429:. pp. 8–9.
416:
234:Wirral Peninsula
2544:
2543:
2539:
2538:
2537:
2535:
2534:
2533:
2514:
2513:
2512:
2507:
2498:
2496:
2485:
2440:
2369:Presbyterianism
2327:
2297:
2229:Welsh Americans
2205:
2163:
2069:
2055:Slate quarrying
1994:
1970:Counsel General
1956:
1839:
1808:Protected areas
1748:
1714:Norman invasion
1650:
1637:
1631:
1601:
1596:
1578:
1552:
1486:
1431:
1379:
1358:Electoral wards
1334:Principal areas
1282:Poor law unions
1183:
1177:Slate quarrying
1119:
1045:
997:Nature reserves
977:Protected areas
816:Desert of Wales
718:
705:
700:
670:
660:
658:
647:
646:
642:
635:
617:
613:
596:
595:
591:
581:
579:
566:
562:
550:
546:
537:
535:
534:on 4 March 2016
524:
523:
516:
506:
504:
496:
495:
491:
481:
479:
467:
466:
462:
449:
448:
444:
437:
425:. Aberystwyth:
417:
404:
400:
388:
349:opencast mining
344:
291:
275:
270:
145:Carmarthenshire
133:
131:Mining in Wales
115:
103:northeast Wales
12:
11:
5:
2542:
2532:
2531:
2526:
2509:
2508:
2494:
2491:
2490:
2487:
2486:
2484:
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2478:
2473:
2468:
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2325:
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2313:
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2299:
2298:
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2288:
2278:
2273:
2268:
2263:
2258:
2253:
2248:
2247:
2246:
2236:
2231:
2226:
2220:
2218:
2207:
2206:
2204:
2203:
2198:
2193:
2188:
2182:
2180:
2171:
2165:
2164:
2162:
2161:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2141:
2136:
2131:
2122:
2117:
2112:
2107:
2102:
2096:
2094:
2081:
2075:
2074:
2071:
2070:
2068:
2067:
2062:
2057:
2052:
2050:Power stations
2047:
2042:
2037:
2032:
2027:
2022:
2016:
2010:
2004:
2003:
2000:
1999:
1996:
1995:
1993:
1992:
1987:
1982:
1977:
1972:
1966:
1964:
1958:
1957:
1955:
1954:
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1944:
1939:
1934:
1929:
1924:
1919:
1914:
1913:
1912:
1907:
1902:
1892:
1887:
1885:First Minister
1882:
1877:
1871:
1869:
1860:
1851:
1845:
1844:
1841:
1840:
1838:
1837:
1832:
1827:
1822:
1821:
1820:
1815:
1813:National parks
1805:
1800:
1795:
1790:
1785:
1780:
1779:
1778:
1773:
1762:
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1749:
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1726:
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1711:
1706:
1701:
1696:
1691:
1686:
1681:
1676:
1671:
1666:
1660:
1658:
1652:
1651:
1649:
1648:
1646:List of topics
1642:
1639:
1638:
1636: articles
1630:
1629:
1622:
1615:
1607:
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1597:
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1576:
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1549:
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1538:
1528:
1523:
1522:
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1511:
1510:
1509:
1498:
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1491:
1488:
1487:
1485:
1484:
1479:
1478:
1477:
1467:
1462:
1457:
1452:
1447:
1441:
1439:
1433:
1432:
1430:
1429:
1428:
1427:
1422:
1421:
1420:
1410:
1405:
1404:
1403:
1387:
1385:
1381:
1380:
1378:
1377:
1376:
1375:
1365:
1363:Built-up areas
1360:
1355:
1354:
1353:
1343:
1342:
1341:
1331:
1330:
1329:
1319:
1318:
1317:
1312:
1311:
1310:
1305:
1297:
1292:
1284:
1279:
1278:
1277:
1272:
1267:
1266:
1265:
1260:
1247:
1242:
1241:
1240:
1235:
1225:
1220:
1215:
1214:
1213:
1202:
1200:
1191:
1189:Administrative
1185:
1184:
1182:
1181:
1180:
1179:
1174:
1169:
1168:
1167:
1165:re-forestation
1157:
1156:
1155:
1145:
1135:
1129:
1127:
1121:
1120:
1118:
1117:
1112:
1107:
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1092:
1087:
1086:
1085:
1084:
1083:
1073:
1072:
1071:
1055:
1053:
1047:
1046:
1044:
1043:
1038:
1033:
1028:
1027:
1026:
1016:
1011:
1006:
1005:
1004:
999:
994:
989:
984:
982:National parks
974:
969:
968:
967:
962:
957:
952:
947:
942:
937:
932:
927:
922:
917:
916:
915:
905:
895:
890:
885:
880:
875:
874:
873:
868:
858:
857:
856:
851:
841:
840:
839:
832:Extreme points
829:
824:
819:
812:
811:
810:
805:
795:
794:
793:
788:
778:
773:
772:
771:
761:
760:
759:
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744:
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742:
732:
726:
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710:
707:
706:
699:
698:
691:
684:
676:
669:
668:
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633:
611:
589:
560:
544:
514:
489:
460:
442:
435:
401:
399:
396:
395:
394:
387:
384:
343:
340:
290:
287:
274:
271:
269:
266:
169:Merthyr Tydfil
114:
111:
68:southern Wales
64:blast furnaces
23:Tower Colliery
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
2541:
2530:
2529:Coal industry
2527:
2525:
2522:
2521:
2519:
2506:
2505:
2492:
2482:
2479:
2477:
2474:
2472:
2469:
2465:
2464:national flag
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2461:
2460:
2457:
2455:
2452:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2443:
2435:
2432:
2430:
2427:
2425:
2422:
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786:Coastal paths
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634:9780708324639
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570:"Coal mining"
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273:Ancient times
265:
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227:
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218:Connah's Quay
215:
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186:
182:
178:
177:Blaenau Gwent
174:
170:
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141:Pembrokeshire
138:
132:
124:
119:
110:
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89:
85:
81:
77:
73:
72:steam vessels
69:
65:
61:
57:
53:
49:
42:
38:
35:
31:
24:
20:
16:
2495:
2481:Welsh Dragon
2349:Christianity
2169:Demographics
2127: /
2029:
1952:Wales Office
1917:Local rulers
1766:Biodiversity
1669:Bibliography
1198:Subdivisions
1147:
1059:Biodiversity
822:Dune systems
814:
659:. Retrieved
652:
643:
620:
614:
608:. 1971–1972.
605:
601:
592:
580:. Retrieved
573:
563:
555:
547:
536:, retrieved
532:the original
526:
505:. Retrieved
501:
492:
480:. Retrieved
472:
463:
454:
445:
421:
376:
372:common lands
364:
357:
345:
292:
276:
232:area of the
214:Point of Ayr
199:
134:
99:Denbighshire
92:
47:
45:
15:
2476:Royal Badge
2419:Saint David
2359:Catholicism
2354:Anglicanism
2030:Coal mining
2020:Agriculture
1922:Nationalism
1384:Settlements
1373:for economy
1346:Communities
1148:Coal mining
1133:Agriculture
1051:Environment
908:County tops
752:Offa's Dyke
623:. Cardiff:
358:During the
342:South Wales
334:or shallow
320:Leaderbrook
289:North Wales
226:Dee Estuary
56:Coal mining
2518:Categories
2311:Healthcare
2271:Scientists
2234:Architects
2129:in English
2115:Eisteddfod
1890:Government
1875:Devolution
1858:Government
1835:Waterfalls
1704:Deheubarth
1674:Prehistory
1514:Demography
1413:Twin towns
1299:1896–1974
1036:Waterfalls
972:Peninsulas
757:Wat's Dyke
398:References
322:, Mostyn,
316:Englefield
279:Bronze Age
258:Shropshire
190:clubmosses
95:Flintshire
88:Aberpergwm
39:, site of
34:Senghenydd
2364:Mormonism
2256:Musicians
2251:Inventors
2186:Languages
2178:Languages
2110:Education
2065:Transport
2035:Companies
1880:Elections
1754:Geography
1679:Roman Era
1425:by county
1327:districts
1290:1848–1894
925:by height
893:Moorlands
849:Broadleaf
827:Estuaries
808:by volume
781:Coastline
740:Blue Flag
654:BBC Wales
353:bell pits
336:bell pits
324:Uphfytton
238:Caergwrle
222:Caergwrle
2415:History
2389:Hinduism
2384:Buddhism
2341:Religion
2286:in Welsh
2040:Forestry
1947:Unionism
1867:Politics
1849:Politics
1744:Colonies
1664:Timeline
1592:Category
1437:Toponymy
1254:by area
1245:Hundreds
1160:Forestry
1125:Land use
1041:Wetlands
940:Marilyns
913:historic
791:heritage
723:Physical
661:10 April
507:13 April
455:BBC News
386:See also
299:Hopedale
262:Oswestry
153:Llanelli
107:Anglesey
2446:Symbols
2409:Sikhism
2404:Druidry
2399:Judaism
2379:Bahá'Ăs
2281:Writers
2266:Royalty
2239:Artists
2159:Theatre
2144:Museums
2105:Castles
2092:Culture
2079:Society
2060:Tourism
2008:Economy
1900:History
1793:Islands
1788:Geology
1783:Climate
1656:History
1519:Cardiff
1401:capital
1368:Regions
1295:1894–95
1228:Marches
1223:Commote
1218:Cantref
1211:history
1090:Climate
1014:Springs
945:Nuttall
935:highest
888:Meadows
878:Islands
861:Geology
844:Forests
769:history
735:Beaches
582:8 April
554:, 2007
538:7 April
482:7 April
312:Bagillt
268:History
260:in the
242:Wrexham
228:to the
181:Torfaen
149:Swansea
2454:Anthem
2321:Boards
2303:Health
2224:Actors
2211:People
2154:Sports
1975:Courts
1942:Senedd
1910:Mayors
1905:Cities
1825:Rivers
1495:Social
1396:Cities
1391:Places
1143:Mining
1081:Apples
1069:Breeds
1009:Rivers
1002:Ramsar
965:rescue
960:ranges
955:passes
930:Hewitt
920:Furths
871:faults
837:centre
764:Canals
631:
433:
307:Brymbo
303:Mostyn
301:, and
264:area.
246:Ruabon
230:Neston
125:, 1992
2459:Flags
2394:Islam
2291:Women
2276:Women
2261:Poets
2244:Women
2191:Welsh
2139:Music
2134:Media
1818:AONBs
1798:Lakes
1776:Flora
1771:Fauna
1634:Wales
1557:Other
1408:Towns
1233:lords
1076:Flora
1064:Fauna
1019:Vales
992:SSSIs
987:AONBs
950:P600s
903:3000s
883:Lakes
776:Caves
332:adits
328:Wepre
295:Ewloe
254:Chirk
194:ferns
60:Wales
2215:list
1455:Llan
1450:Caer
1351:list
1339:list
1315:1973
1263:1891
1258:1831
1172:Gold
1153:tips
730:Bays
663:2016
629:ISBN
584:2016
540:2016
509:2016
484:2016
431:ISBN
326:and
252:and
200:The
192:and
175:and
143:and
135:The
97:and
46:The
2100:Art
1962:Law
1460:Pil
1308:RDs
1303:UDs
1238:law
220:to
179:to
101:in
58:in
2520::
651:.
627:.
606:25
604:.
600:.
572:.
517:^
500:.
475:.
471:.
453:.
405:^
318:,
314:,
297:,
248:,
244:,
171:,
167:,
163:,
159:,
155:,
151:,
109:.
86:.
54:.
2217:)
2213:(
1626:e
1619:t
1612:v
695:e
688:t
681:v
665:.
637:.
586:.
511:.
486:.
439:.
Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. Additional terms may apply.
