Coba - Knowledge

1677: 435: 493:, visited Coba, intent on seeking the terminus of Sacbe 15. They were unaware that E. Wyllys Andrews IV already reported it ten years prior. In an editor's note following their report Thompson blames himself as editor for failing to detect the repetition of prior work in their contribution, while excusing the young authors for ignorance of a paper published in a foreign journal. But the Coes reported the previously unknown Sacbes 18 and 19 and mapped the large mound at the terminus of Sacbe 17, which they named Pech Mul (they were unlucky again in failing to complete their circuit of its platform, or they might have discovered the sacbe leading out of it, no. 21). 348:

population growth, and with it an increase in its social and political status among Maya city states which would ultimately make Coba one of the biggest and most powerful city states in the northern Yucatán area. Between 201 and 601 AD, Coba must have dominated a vast area, including the north of the state of Quintana Roo and areas in the east of the state of Yucatán. This power resided in its control of large swaths of farmland, control over trading routes, and — critically for a Maya city — control over ample water resources. Among the trading routes, Coba probably controlled ports like

62: 408:. After 1000 AD, Coba lost much of its political weight among city states, although it maintained some symbolic and religious importance. This allowed it to maintain or recover some status, which is evidenced by the new buildings dating to the time 1200-1500 AD, now built in the typical Eastern coastal style. However, power centers and trading routes had moved to the coast, forcing cities like Coba into a secondary status, although somewhat more successful than its more ephemeral enemy Chichén Itzá. Coba was abandoned at the time the Spanish conquered the peninsula around 1550. 90: 574: 513:

proper, under the auspices of the Regional Center of the Southeast of INAH was able to begin its operations. During the three-year existence of the project, portions of the site were cleared and structures excavated and consolidated, (the Castillo and the Pinturas Group by Peniche; the Iglesia by Benavides and Jaime Garduño; El Cono by Benavides and Fernando Robles); the sacbes were investigated by Folan and by Benavides, who added 26 to the list of 19 previously known; the ceramics from test pits and trenches were studied by Robles; and Jaime Garduño surveyed two

968: 97: 69: 2636: 936: 954: 2951: 2488: 451:, the notable exception was Juan Peón Contreras (also used the nom de plume Contreras Elizalde) who was then director of the Museum of Yucatán. He made the arduous journey in September 1882, and is now remembered for the four naive pen-and-ink sketches that he made at the ruins (prints made from them exist in the Peabody Museum and in the collection of Raúl Pavón Abreu in Campeche). 254: 45: 634:

Sacbe - Cobá was an urban hub of many settlements that were joined by roads called sacbes. These roads range in width from 2 to 10 meters. The longest is almost 100km, and connects Cobá to the site of Yaxuná to the west. Such construction is believed to be more difficult than that invested into stone

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Cobá lies in the tropics, subject to alternating wet and dry seasons which, on average, differ somewhat from those in the rest of the northern peninsula, where the rainy season generally runs from June through October and the dry season from November through May. At Cobá, rain can occur in almost any

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Archaeological evidence indicates that Cobá was first settled between 50 BC and 100 AD. At that time, there was a town with buildings of wood and palm fronds and flat platforms. The only archaeological evidence of the time are fragments of pottery. After 100 AD, the area around Coba evidenced strong

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Sakbe'ob (Maya plural of sacbe), or sacbes, are very common at Coba. They are raised pathways lined with stones on each side and filled with smaller stones and lined with sand, shell, and/or paster on top. These paths were the connecting points to most areas of Coba. Although the Maya used wheels in

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areas on the site which were because of who was living and working where and what their trade was. Almost all of the commerce was controlled by wealthy merchants. These merchants used cacao beans for currency. Today's economy is based on the rising popularity of tourism to the archaeological site.

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as well as the many sacbeob that sprout from this cultural center. Typical items of trade of the Maya of this area were: salt, fish, squash, yams, corn, honey, beans, turkey, vegetables, chocolate drinks and raw materials such as limestone, marble, and jade. There was specialization in different

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began some archeological excavations in 1972 directed by Carlos Navarrete, and consolidated a couple of buildings. Expectations of new discoveries were borne out when El Cono (Structure D-6) and Grupo Las Pinturas came to light, among other features. In the same year, much of Grupo Coba was cleared

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Coba Stelae - These monuments give insight into various aspects of the formal life of Cobá, including dress, ritual processes, and the roles and power of both men and women in the city's ceremonial and political activities. Women are the figures of authority in many of the scenes depicted on the

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Coba was estimated to have had some 50,000 inhabitants (and possibly significantly more) at its peak of civilization, and the built up area extends over some 80 km. The site was occupied by a sizable agricultural population by the first century. The bulk of Coba's major construction seems to

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Fettweiss-Vienot, Martine. 1980 "Las Pinturas Murales de Cobá: Periodo Postclásico." Boletin de la Escuela de Ciencias Antropológicas de la Universidad de Yucatán, vol. 7, no. 40, pp. 2–50. 1988 Coba et Xelha: Peintiures murales Mayas. Memoires de l’Institut d’Ethnologie, vol. 27. Musée de

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where he mentioned hearing reports of the site in 1842 from the cura (priest or vicar in Spanish) of Chemax, but it was so distant from any known modern road or village that he decided the difficulty in trying to get there was too daunting and returned to his principal target of exploring Tulum

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In 1975 a branch road from the asphalted highway being built from Tulum to Nuevo X-Can reached Coba (the road engineers heeded objections by archaeologists and abandoned their original plan of incorporating Sacbe 3 in the roadbed). A project camp was built in 1973, and in 1974 the Project Coba

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went for a two-day inspection of the site in March. Two months later Thompson was again at Coba, forming with Jean Charlot the third CIW expedition. On this trip their guide, Carmen Chai, showed them the "Macanxoc Group", a discovery that led to the departure of a fourth expedition, since

269:, Mexico. The geographical coordinates of Coba Group (main entrance for tourist area of the archaeological site) are North 19° 29.6’ and West 87° 43.7’. The archaeological zone is reached by a two-kilometer branch from the asphalt road connecting Tulum with Nuevo Xcán (a community of 403:

altered the political spectrum in the Yucatán peninsula and began eroding the dominance of Coba. Beginning around 900 or 1000 AD, Coba must have begun a lengthy power struggle with Chichén Itzá, with the latter dominating at the end as it gained control of key cities such as

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Nohoch Mul Pyramid - A 42 meters tall (137 feet) pyramid that boasts a remarkable view of the Yucatán and non-public areas of Coba including both lagoons; Macanxoc Lagoon to the east and Cobá Lagoon to the southwest. However, climbing Nohoch Mul is no longer allowed as of

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Maas Colli, Hilaria. 1977. "Informe sobre el trabajo de campo realizado en Cobá, Quintana Roo: La organización social y la vida cotidiana de dicho población." Boletin de la Escuela de Ciencias Antropológicas de la Universidad de Yucatán, año 4, nos. 22, 23,

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Pollock, Harry E. D. 1929. "Report of Mr. Harry E. D. Pollock on the Coba Expedition," Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book 28, pp. 328, 329. Washington, D.C. 1930. Field notebook "Coba no. 1." Peabody Museum Archives, Harvard

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Macanxoc Group - Past the Conjunto de Pinturas is the Macanxoc Group that is found following one of the sacbes. This area has 8 stelae and numerous altars. The vast number of stelae show that this area was of spiritual significance to later

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At the start of the 1980s another road to Coba was opened up and paved, and a regular bus service begun. Coba became a tourist destination shortly thereafter, with many visitors flocking to the site on day trips from Cancún and the

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Maler, Teobert. 1932. Impressiones de viaje a las ruinas de Coba y Chichen Itza. Editorial Jose Rosado, Marida. 1944. "Coba y Chichen: Relación de Teobert Maler," (G. Kutscher, ed.) Estudios y Ensayos, años 6, nos. 1,2.

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Peniche Rivero, Piedad and William J. Folan 1978 "Coba, Quintana Roo, Mexico: Reporte sobre una Metrópoli Maya del Noreste." Boletin de la Escuela de Ciencias Antropológicas de la Universidad de Yucatán, año 5, no. 30,

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Folan, William J; Stuart, George. 1977. "El Proyecto Cartográfico Arqueológico de Cobá, Quintana Roo. Informes Interinos 1, 2, 3." Boletin de la Escuela Antropológica de la Universidad de Yucatán, vol. 4, no. 22, 23,

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was brought to the site by some local Maya hunters in February 1926. Gann published the first first-hand description of the ruins later the same year. Dr. Gann gave a short description to the archeologists of the

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architecture, like a platform in the Paintings group that was explored in 1999, which would attest of the existence of contacts with the central Mexican cultures and its powerful city of the early Classic epoch.

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Whitmore, Thomas J., Mark Brenner, et al. 1996. "Holocene Climatic and Human Influences on Lakes of the Yucatan Peninsula: An Interdisciplinary Paleolimnological Approach." The Holocene, vol. 6, no. 3,

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Thompson, J. Eric S., Harry E. D. Pollock, and Jean Charlot. 1932. A Preliminary Study of the Ruins of Cobá, Quintana Roo, Mexico. Carnegie Institution of Washington, Publication 424. Washington, D.C.

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There are also three hotels, one campsite and seven restaurants scattered throughout the site and there is a small pueblo near the ruins, with some restaurants and small shops selling local crafts.

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Coe, William; Coe Michael D. 1949. "Some New Discoveries at Cobá." Carnegie Institution of Washington, Notes on Middle American Archaeology and Ethnology, vol. 4, no. 93. Cambridge, Massachusetts.

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Cortes De Brasdefer, Fernando G. 1981. "Hallazgos recientes en Coba, Quintana Roo." Boletin de la Escuela de Ciencias Aniropológicas de la Universidad de Yucatán, vol. 9, no. 50, pp. 52–59.

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Villa Rohas, Alfonso. 1934. "The Yaxuna-Coba Causeway." Carnegie institution of Washington, Contributions to American Anthropology and History, Publication 436, vol. 2, no. 9. Washington, D.C.

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Front view of the pyramid structure known as "La Iglesia" in the Group B, or Cobá Group, complex. Stela 11 is in the foreground at the base of the pyramid's steps, under the thatched roofing.

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Millet Camara, Luis. 1988 . "Una expedición olvidada a Cobá, Quintana Roo." Boletin de la Escuela de Ciencias Antropológicas de la Universidad de Yucatán, vol. 15, no. 90, pp. 3–8.

322:). However, Coba remained an important site in the Post-Classic era and new temples were built and old ones kept in repair until at least the 14th century, possibly as late as the 2926:

Robles Castellanos, Jose Fernando. 1980. La secuencia cerámica de la región de Cobá, Quintana Roo. Colección Cientifica, Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico, D.F.

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Navarrete, Carlos, Maria Joe Con, and Alejandro Martinez Muriel. 1979. Observaciones arqueológicas en Cobá, Quintana Roo. Universidad Nacional Autónoma de Mexico, Mexico, D.F.

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stelae. The hieroglyphic inscriptions contain additional information about the city's sociopolitical organization as well as dates and accounts of major historical events.

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Lundell, Cyrus. 1938. "1938 Botanical Expedition to Yucatan and Quintana Roo, Mexico," Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book 37, pp. 143–147. Washington, D.C.

471:, he spoke of the large mounds he had sighted, but not visited for lack of time, lying to the northeast of the main group. It was to examine these that Alfred Kidder and 1210:

1997. Corpus of Maya hieroglyphic inscriptions, / Peabody Museum of Archaeology and Ethnology, Harvard University ; Vol. 8, P. 1. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Univ. Pr.

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artifacts such as toys, anthropologists note that without indigenous animals suitable for draft, they did not implement the wheel for transportation of goods or people.

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wanted Thompson to show him the new stelae. Eric Thompson made a number of return visits to the site through 1932, the same year he published a detailed description.

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paid Coba a short visit in 1893 and took at least one photograph, but did not publish at the time and the site remained unknown to the archeological community.

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The site remained little visited due to its remoteness until the first modern road was opened up to Coba in the early 1970s. As a major resort was planned for

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Garduño Argueta, Jaime. 1979. "Introducción al patrón de asentamiento del Sitio de Cobá, Quintana Roo." Escuela Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico.

375:. To maintain its influence, Coba established military alliances and arranged marriages among their elites. It is quite noteworthy that Coba shows traces of 1676: 623:

Conjunto de Pinturas - The focus of this area is the Pyramid of the Painted Lintel where visitors can see from afar actual paintings on the top temple.

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have been made in the middle and late Classic period, about 500 to 900 AD, with most of the dated hieroglyphic inscriptions from the 7th century (see

310:, the tallest of which, Ixmoja, is some 42 metres (138 ft) in height. Ixmoja is among the tallest pyramids on the Yucatán peninsula, exceeded by 288:. A series of elevated stone and plaster roads radiate from the central site to various smaller sites near and far. These are known by the Maya term 2858:

Brainerd, G. W. 1958. The Archaeological Ceramics of Yucatán. Anthropological Records, vol. 19. University of California, Berkeley and Los Angeles.

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civilization. The adjacent modern village bearing the same name, reported a population of 1,278 inhabitants in the 2010 Mexican federal census.

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Considered a tropical savanna climate typically with a pronounced dry season. The Köppen Climate Classification subtype for this climate is

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Benavides Castillo, Antonio. 1981. "Los Caminos de Cobá y sus implicaciones sociales." Instituto Nacional de Antropologia e Historia, Mexico

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Coba Group - This is a series of structures close to the entrance that include the Iglesia and one of two ball courts located in this site.

2530: 1326: 967: 242:. The site is the nexus of the largest network of stone causeways of the ancient Maya world, and it contains many engraved and sculpted 3000: 594:

The archaeological site of Coba received 702,749 visitors in 2017. One of Coba's main attractions is the Ancient Pyramid which, unlike

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time of the year, but there is a short dry period in February and March, and a concentration of rain from September through November.

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Morley, Sylvanus Griswold. 1926. "Archaeology," Carnegie Institution of Washington, Year Book 25, pp. 259–286. Washington, D.C.

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Andrews, E. Wyllys, IV. 1938. "Some New Material from Cobá", Quintana Roo, Mexico." Ethnos, vol. 3, nos. 1,2, pp. 33-46. Stockholm.

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In the past, the people of Coba had traded extensively with other Mayan communities, particularly the ones further south along the

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Amateur explorer (and successful writer of popular books wherein he described his adventures and discoveries among Maya ruins) Dr.

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Barrera Rubio, Alfredo. 1976. "EI Parque Natural y Arqueológico de Coba, Quintana Roo." Boletin, Epoca 2, no. 19, pp. 9–14.

500:, it was realized that clearing and restoring some of the large site could make it an important tourist attraction. The Mexican 298:) or white road. Some of these causeways go east, and the longest runs over 100 kilometres (62 mi) westward to the site of 2476: 2852:

Benavides Castillo, Antonio; Robles, Fernando. 1975 "Cobá: Sus sacbeob y Dzib Mul." Boletin, Epoca 2 no. 15, pp. 55–58.

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The names of fourteen leaders, including a woman named Yopaat, who ruled Cobá between AD 500 and 780, were ascertained in

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Folan, William J.; Fletcher, Lorrain; Kintz, Ellen B. 1983. Coba: A Classic Maya Metropolis. Academic Press, New York.

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The following are the important artifacts and structures that can be viewed and experienced within the ruins of Coba:

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instead. For much of the rest of the 19th century the area could not be visited by outsiders due to the

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As of 2005 the resident population of Coba pueblo was 1,167. It grew to 1,278 by the 2010 census.

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Ancient peoples and places, v. 52; Ancient peoples and places (Praeger), v. 52. New York: Praeger

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Stephens, John Lloyd. 1843. Incidents of Travel In Yucatán. 2 vols. Harper and Bros., New York.

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that document ceremonial life and important events of the Late Classic Period (AD 600–900) of

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Bennet, Robert R. 1931 "Cobá by Land and Air" Art and Archaeology, vol. 31, pp. 194–205.

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Gann, Tomas W. F. 1926. Ancient Cities and Modern Tribes. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York.

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Fletcher, Loraine. "Linear Features in Zone One: Description and Classification." In

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Coe, Michael D., and Jay I. Kislak Reference Collection (Library of Congress). 1966.

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of the site, one of 10 km north–south and another of 5 km east–west.

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In 1932 H. B. Roberts opened a number of trenches in Group B to collect

2749: 2709: 2139: 2124: 1998: 1883: 1873: 1783: 1768: 1743: 1733: 1551: 1536: 1526: 1363: 1074:"Calakmul - The Ultimate Guide to the Mayan Ruins - The Ultimate Guide" 997: 2960: 2379: 2299: 2269: 2129: 1798: 1758: 1738: 1718: 2821: 2801: 2719: 2364: 2294: 2229: 2174: 2154: 1878: 1868: 1858: 1788: 1753: 1685: 1601: 537: 514: 368: 356: 281: 2534: 2369: 2314: 2214: 1576: 553: 497: 405: 2791: 2594: 2502: 2279: 2274: 2119: 2114: 2053: 2033: 2003: 1903: 1833: 1708: 1693: 1631: 1581: 1566: 1521: 1156:"Una lideresa maya entre los secretos milenarios revelados en Cobá" 545: 372: 311: 261:

The ruins of Coba lie 47 km (approx. 29 mi) northwest of

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uncovered at Coba are believed to document that Coba had many

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Coba maintained close contacts with the large city states of

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Pre-Columbian Maya site in the northeastern Yucatán peninsula

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on the instructions of Raúl Pavón Abreu; not even its tall

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After 600 AD, the emergence of powerful city states of the

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In 1948 two graduate students in archaeology, William and

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National Institute of Anthropology & History (INAH)

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Maya sites that survived the end of the Classic Period

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New York Times: Lore Among The Ruins. April 27, 2003

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Thompson, Pollock, Charlot, Kislak Collection (1932)

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Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions. 8,1; Coba.

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Guns, Germs, and Steel: The Fates of Human Societies

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for more articles see Category:Maya sites in Mexico

1123: 974:Panoramic view from the top of the Ixmoja pyramid 2972: 2961:Photo Gallery at the Science Museum of Minnesota 1103:The Oxford Encyclopedia of Mesoamerican Cultures 273:, another municipality of Quintana Roo) on the 2470: 1485: 442:The first mention of Coba in print is due to 429: 1451: 1386:"The 5 Best Coba Restaurants - TripAdvisor" 2477: 2463: 1492: 1478: 1266:"Corpus of Maya Hieroglyphic Inscriptions" 43: 1348: 1105:. : Oxford University Press, 2001. 580: 572: 433: 252: 1121: 14: 2973: 2458: 1473: 302:. The site contains a group of large 1410:"The Best Coba Hotels - TripAdvisor" 992: 990: 280:Coba is located around two lagoons, 3006:Tourist attractions in Quintana Roo 186:Late Preclassic to Late Postclassic 24: 2837: 2766:Arrecifes de Cozumel National Park 465:Carnegie Institution of Washington 257:Map of the Cobá archeological site 25: 3022: 3001:Former populated places in Mexico 2943: 1032: 987: 2949: 2634: 2486: 1675: 966: 952: 934: 927: 320:Mesoamerican Long Count calendar 95: 88: 67: 60: 2882:, 89-101. Academic Press, 1983. 2880:Coba: A Classic Maya Metropolis 1426: 1402: 1378: 1319: 1310: 1301: 1292: 1283: 1258: 1249: 1240: 1231: 1222: 1213: 1201: 1499: 1192: 1148: 1115: 1091: 1066: 1057: 1014: 657:Climate data for Coba, Mexico 13: 1: 1097:Stuart, George E. "Cobá." In 998:"Coba | ancient city, Mexico" 980: 399:culture and the emergence of 2957:travel guide from Wikivoyage 1130:. New York: Norton. p. 650:(Tropical Savanna Climate). 548:. It utilized the ports of 314:at 45 metres (148 ft). 96: 68: 7: 1463:Retrieved on July 14, 2013. 1356:"Estadística de Visitantes" 776:Mean daily minimum °C (°F) 706:Mean daily maximum °C (°F) 333: 10: 3027: 2986:Maya sites in Quintana Roo 2442: 1180:(in Spanish). 21 July 2020 919: 656: 639: 568: 531: 415: 342: 29: 2779: 2758: 2702: 2681: 2650: 2643: 2632: 2510: 2500: 2440: 2397: 2075: 2052: 1684: 1673: 1507: 1289:Robles Castellanos (1980) 1228:Morley (1926) pp. 259-286 1021:2010 census tables: INEGI 845: 775: 705: 700: 697: 694: 691: 688: 685: 682: 679: 676: 673: 670: 667: 664: 661: 577:Nohoch Mul Pyramid, Cobá. 430:Exploration and artifacts 411: 205: 200: 190: 182: 177: 140: 130: 116: 54: 42: 2663:Sistema Nohoch Nah Chich 107:Show map of Quintana Roo 76:Shown within Mesoamerica 1122:Diamond, Jared (1999). 1002:Encyclopædia Britannica 418:Maya rulers § Cobá 79:Show map of Mesoamerica 49:Coba Archeological Area 2555:Felipe Carrillo Puerto 2551:Felipe Carrillo Puerto 1298:Garduño Argueta (1979) 635:buildings and temples. 591: 578: 439: 324:arrival of the Spanish 258: 223: 2545:San Miguel de Cozumel 1517:Actun Tunichil Muknal 1316:Coe and Kislak (1966) 1162:(in European Spanish) 920:Source: Weatherbase 589: 576: 540:coast in what is now 437: 256: 162:20.49000°N 87.73194°W 32:Coba (disambiguation) 2991:Tulum (municipality) 1699:Altar de Sacrificios 1461:. Weatherbase. 2013. 1246:Brainerd (1958) p 10 1026:May 2, 2013, at the 449:Caste War of Yucatán 30:For other uses, see 2996:Maya Classic Period 1414:www.tripadvisor.com 1390:www.tripadvisor.com 1270:Peabody.harvard.edu 1044:Peabody.harvard.edu 473:J. Eric S. Thompson 444:John Lloyd Stephens 277:to Cancún highway. 167:20.49000; -87.73194 158: / 104:Coba (Quintana Roo) 39: 2644:Places of interest 2575:José María Morelos 2571:José María Morelos 1255:Coe and Coe (1949) 960:The Ixmoja pyramid 592: 579: 440: 265:, in the State of 259: 37: 2939:pp. 273–287. 2834: 2833: 2830: 2829: 2673:Sistema Sac Actun 2668:Sistema Ox Bel Ha 2452: 2451: 2445:Pre-Columbian era 2390: 1899:Motul de San José 1532:Barton Creek Cave 1459:"Weatherbase.com" 1141:978-0-393-31755-8 1063:Folan et al. 1983 924: 923: 604:COVID-19 pandemic 587: 467:(CIW) project at 359:and the south of 234:, located in the 232:Yucatán Peninsula 213: 212: 195:Maya civilization 135:Yucatán Peninsula 16:(Redirected from 3018: 2953: 2875:l’Homrne, Paris. 2771:Banco Chinchorro 2658:Sistema Dos Ojos 2648: 2647: 2638: 2615:Playa del Carmen 2491: 2490: 2479: 2472: 2465: 2456: 2455: 2382: 1934:Punta de Chimino 1704:Arroyo de Piedra 1679: 1494: 1487: 1480: 1471: 1470: 1464: 1462: 1455: 1449: 1448: 1446: 1444: 1430: 1424: 1423: 1421: 1420: 1406: 1400: 1399: 1397: 1396: 1382: 1376: 1375: 1373: 1371: 1362:. Archived from 1352: 1346: 1345: 1343: 1342: 1333:. Archived from 1331:About.com Travel 1323: 1317: 1314: 1308: 1305: 1299: 1296: 1290: 1287: 1281: 1280: 1278: 1276: 1262: 1256: 1253: 1247: 1244: 1238: 1235: 1229: 1226: 1220: 1217: 1211: 1205: 1199: 1196: 1190: 1189: 1187: 1185: 1171: 1169: 1167: 1152: 1146: 1145: 1129: 1119: 1113: 1095: 1089: 1088: 1086: 1084: 1070: 1064: 1061: 1055: 1054: 1052: 1050: 1036: 1030: 1018: 1012: 1011: 1009: 1008: 994: 970: 956: 938: 654: 653: 600:Kukulkan Pyramid 588: 226:) is an ancient 173: 172: 170: 169: 168: 163: 159: 156: 155: 154: 151: 108: 99: 98: 92: 80: 71: 70: 64: 47: 40: 36: 21: 3026: 3025: 3021: 3020: 3019: 3017: 3016: 3015: 2971: 2970: 2946: 2919:pp. 48–78. 2889:pp. 14–81. 2840: 2838:Further reading 2835: 2826: 2775: 2754: 2698: 2677: 2639: 2630: 2591:Othón P. Blanco 2581:Lázaro Cárdenas 2506: 2496: 2485: 2483: 2453: 2448: 2447: 2436: 2393: 2071: 2048: 1680: 1671: 1503: 1498: 1468: 1467: 1457: 1456: 1452: 1442: 1440: 1438:Weatherbase.com 1432: 1431: 1427: 1418: 1416: 1408: 1407: 1403: 1394: 1392: 1384: 1383: 1379: 1369: 1367: 1354: 1353: 1349: 1340: 1338: 1325: 1324: 1320: 1315: 1311: 1306: 1302: 1297: 1293: 1288: 1284: 1274: 1272: 1264: 1263: 1259: 1254: 1250: 1245: 1241: 1236: 1232: 1227: 1223: 1218: 1214: 1206: 1202: 1198:Stephens (1843) 1197: 1193: 1183: 1181: 1172: 1165: 1163: 1154: 1153: 1149: 1142: 1120: 1116: 1096: 1092: 1082: 1080: 1078:Mayanruins.info 1072: 1071: 1067: 1062: 1058: 1048: 1046: 1038: 1037: 1033: 1028:Wayback Machine 1019: 1015: 1006: 1004: 996: 995: 988: 983: 976: 975: 971: 962: 961: 957: 948: 947: 939: 930: 925: 914: 909: 904: 899: 894: 889: 884: 879: 874: 869: 864: 859: 854: 840: 835: 830: 825: 820: 815: 810: 805: 800: 795: 790: 785: 780: 770: 765: 760: 755: 750: 745: 740: 735: 730: 725: 720: 715: 710: 642: 581: 571: 534: 478:Sylvanus Morley 432: 420: 414: 386:women as rulers 345: 336: 304:temple pyramids 271:Lázaro Cárdenas 166: 164: 160: 157: 152: 149: 147: 145: 144: 112: 111: 110: 109: 106: 105: 102: 101: 100: 83: 82: 81: 78: 77: 74: 73: 72: 50: 35: 28: 23: 22: 15: 12: 11: 5: 3024: 3014: 3013: 3008: 3003: 2998: 2993: 2988: 2983: 2969: 2968: 2963: 2958: 2945: 2944:External links 2942: 2941: 2940: 2936: 2933: 2930: 2927: 2924: 2920: 2916: 2913: 2910: 2907: 2903: 2902:pp. 2–13. 2899: 2896: 2893: 2890: 2886: 2883: 2876: 2872: 2869: 2866: 2859: 2856: 2853: 2850: 2847: 2844: 2839: 2836: 2832: 2831: 2828: 2827: 2825: 2824: 2819: 2814: 2809: 2804: 2799: 2794: 2789: 2783: 2781: 2777: 2776: 2774: 2773: 2768: 2762: 2760: 2756: 2755: 2753: 2752: 2747: 2742: 2737: 2732: 2727: 2722: 2717: 2712: 2706: 2704: 2700: 2699: 2697: 2696: 2691: 2685: 2683: 2679: 2678: 2676: 2675: 2670: 2665: 2660: 2654: 2652: 2645: 2641: 2640: 2633: 2631: 2629: 2628: 2618: 2608: 2605:Puerto Morelos 2601:Puerto Morelos 2598: 2588: 2578: 2568: 2558: 2548: 2538: 2528: 2517: 2515: 2512:Municipalities 2508: 2507: 2501: 2498: 2497: 2482: 2481: 2474: 2467: 2459: 2450: 2449: 2441: 2438: 2437: 2435: 2434: 2429: 2424: 2419: 2414: 2409: 2403: 2401: 2395: 2394: 2392: 2391: 2377: 2372: 2367: 2362: 2357: 2352: 2347: 2342: 2337: 2332: 2327: 2322: 2317: 2312: 2307: 2302: 2297: 2292: 2287: 2285:Plan de Ayutla 2282: 2277: 2272: 2267: 2262: 2257: 2252: 2247: 2242: 2237: 2232: 2227: 2222: 2217: 2212: 2207: 2202: 2197: 2192: 2187: 2182: 2177: 2172: 2167: 2162: 2157: 2152: 2147: 2142: 2137: 2132: 2127: 2122: 2117: 2112: 2107: 2102: 2097: 2092: 2087: 2081: 2079: 2073: 2072: 2070: 2069: 2064: 2058: 2056: 2050: 2049: 2047: 2046: 2041: 2036: 2031: 2026: 2021: 2016: 2011: 2006: 2001: 1996: 1991: 1986: 1981: 1976: 1971: 1966: 1961: 1956: 1951: 1946: 1941: 1936: 1931: 1929:Piedras Negras 1926: 1921: 1916: 1911: 1906: 1901: 1896: 1891: 1886: 1881: 1876: 1871: 1866: 1861: 1856: 1851: 1846: 1841: 1836: 1831: 1826: 1821: 1816: 1811: 1806: 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the 305: 301: 297: 293: 292: 287: 286:Lake Macanxoc 283: 278: 276: 272: 268: 264: 255: 251: 249: 245: 241: 237: 236:Mexican state 233: 229: 225: 221: 217: 208: 204: 199: 196: 193: 189: 185: 181: 176: 171: 143: 139: 136: 133: 129: 126: 122: 119: 115: 91: 63: 53: 46: 41: 33: 19: 2906:Bonn/Berlin. 2879: 2862: 2807:Riviera Maya 2730:San Gervasio 2714: 2565:Isla Mujeres 2561:Isla Mujeres 2494:Quintana Roo 2384: 2305:San Gervasio 2164: 2145:Chichen Itza 2090:Aguada Fénix 2044:Zapote Bobal 1974:Takalik Abaj 1964:San Clemente 1617:Nim Li Punit 1453: 1441:. 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Retrieved 1001: 850:mm (inches) 646: 643: 611: 608: 596:Chichen Itza 593: 535: 527: 523:Riviera Maya 519: 511: 495: 488: 482: 469:Chichen Itza 457: 441: 421: 401:Chichén Itzá 394: 354: 346: 337: 328: 316: 307: 295: 289: 279: 267:Quintana Roo 260: 248:Mesoamerican 240:Quintana Roo 230:city on the 215: 214: 121:Quintana Roo 2923:University. 2797:Punta Allen 2694:Isla Holbox 2689:Isla Contoy 2611:Solidaridad 2585:Kantunilkín 2412:Casa Blanca 2399:El Salvador 2150:Chunchucmil 2105:Balankanche 2014:Wajxaklajun 1979:Tamarindito 1959:San Bartolo 1889:Mixco Viejo 1844:Kaminaljuyu 1779:El Porvenir 1724:Cerro Quiac 1667:Xunantunich 1642:San Estevan 1597:Lower Dover 1307:2005 census 1219:Gann (1926) 942:One of two 507:ramón trees 491:Michael Coe 460:Thomas Gann 377:Teotihuacan 165: / 141:Coordinates 2981:Maya sites 2975:Categories 2812:Sian Kaʼan 2710:Chacchoben 2703:Maya sites 2443:See also: 2427:San Andrés 2407:Cara Sucia 2320:Tortuguero 2195:Hormiguero 2170:Comalcalco 2140:Chinkultic 2125:Chacchoben 1999:Tres Islas 1884:Machaquila 1874:La Joyanca 1784:El Temblor 1769:El Mirador 1744:Chutixtiox 1734:Chitinamit 1647:Santa Rita 1592:Louisville 1552:Chaa Creek 1537:Cahal Pech 1527:Baking Pot 1501:Maya sites 1443:3 December 1419:2015-10-23 1395:2015-10-23 1341:2015-10-23 1275:3 December 1083:3 December 1049:3 December 1007:2015-10-23 981:References 627:occupants. 590:Cobá video 556:, Tankah, 308:Nohoch Mul 275:Valladolid 201:Site notes 153:87°43′55″W 150:20°29′24″N 2863:The Maya. 2822:Yum Balam 2802:Punta Sur 2720:Kohunlich 2505:(capital) 2492:State of 2365:Yaxchilan 2295:Punta Sur 2230:Kohunlich 2190:Ekʼ Balam 2175:Dzibanche 2160:Chunlimón 2155:Chunhuhub 2067:El Puente 1944:Qʼumarkaj 1879:La Muerta 1869:La Corona 1864:La Blanca 1859:La Amelia 1789:El Tintal 1754:Dos Pilas 1686:Guatemala 1602:Lubaantun 1572:KaʼKabish 538:Caribbean 515:transects 369:Dzibanche 357:Guatemala 282:Lake Coba 206:Condition 2792:Mahahual 2595:Chetumal 2503:Chetumal 2417:Cihuatán 2380:Yoʼokop 2280:Palenque 2275:Oxkintok 2135:Chicanná 2120:Calakmul 2115:Bonampak 2054:Honduras 2034:Zacpeten 2004:Uaxactun 1949:Río Azul 1939:Quiriguá 1904:Naachtun 1854:Kʼatepan 1834:Ixtonton 1709:Balberta 1694:Aguateca 1632:Pacbitun 1582:La Milpa 1567:El Pilar 1522:Altun Ha 1370:25 March 1184:July 21, 1166:July 21, 1024:Archived 944:ballgame 846:Average 546:Honduras 373:Calakmul 361:Campeche 334:Sakbe'ob 312:Calakmul 294:(plural 209:In ruins 191:Cultures 117:Location 2750:Yo'okop 2682:Islands 2541:Cozumel 2525:Bacalar 2521:Bacalar 2514:(seats) 2432:Tazumal 2360:Xtampak 2300:Río Bec 2270:Ocomtún 2250:Mayapan 2235:Komchen 2130:Chactún 2100:Balamku 2085:Acanceh 2039:Zaculeu 1994:Topoxte 1984:Tayasal 1924:Pajaral 1919:Naranjo 1894:Montana 1819:Iximche 1799:Guaytán 1794:El Zotz 1774:El Perú 1764:El Chal 1759:El Baúl 1739:Chocolá 1719:Cancuén 1714:Bejucal 1657:Uxbenka 1637:Pusilha 1612:Minanha 1587:Lamanai 1542:Caracol 1160:infobae 640:Climate 569:Tourism 532:Economy 343:History 296:sacbeob 220:Spanish 183:Periods 178:History 123:, 2817:Xcalak 2787:Akumal 2740:Xcaret 2535:Cancún 2370:Yaxuná 2355:Xpuhil 2350:Xlapak 2340:Xcaret 2315:Toniná 2290:Pomona 2245:La Mar 2215:Joljaʼ 2200:Izamal 2077:Mexico 2024:Xultun 2019:Witzna 2009:Ucanal 1969:Seibal 1839:Ixtutz 1809:Holtun 1804:Holmul 1662:Xnaheb 1622:Nohmul 1577:Kʼaxob 1562:Cuello 1547:Cerros 1509:Belize 1138: 1109: 1101:(ed). 1040:"Coba" 910:(1.5) 905:(2.6) 900:(5.4) 895:(7.7) 885:(4.1) 880:(5.5) 875:(4.1) 870:(1.8) 865:(1.6) 860:(1.5) 855:(2.1) 662:Month 560:, and 554:Xel-Há 550:Xcaret 542:Belize 498:Cancún 485:sherds 412:Rulers 406:Yaxuná 382:Stelae 350:Xel Há 300:Yaxuna 244:stelae 131:Region 125:Mexico 2780:Other 2759:Reefs 2745:Xelha 2735:Tulum 2725:Muyil 2651:Caves 2625:Tulum 2621:Tulum 2345:Xelha 2330:Uxmal 2325:Tulum 2310:Sayil 2265:Muyil 2240:Labna 2225:Kiuic 2220:Kabah 2210:Jaina 2205:Izapa 2185:Edzna 2110:Becan 2062:Copán 2029:Yaxha 1989:Tikal 1954:Sacul 1914:Nakum 1909:Nakbe 1849:Kinal 1824:Ixkun 1814:Itzan 1729:Chama 1557:Colha 915:(44) 913:1,100 841:(65) 836:(60) 831:(63) 826:(68) 821:(70) 816:(71) 811:(70) 806:(70) 801:(68) 796:(65) 791:(61) 786:(59) 781:(58) 771:(86) 766:(81) 761:(84) 756:(85) 751:(88) 746:(90) 741:(90) 736:(90) 731:(89) 726:(87) 721:(84) 716:(82) 711:(80) 701:Year 617:2020. 562:Tulum 558:Muyil 371:, or 365:Tikal 363:like 291:sacbe 263:Tulum 2955:Coba 2715:Coba 2375:Yula 2335:Uxul 2255:Maní 2165:Coba 1829:Ixlu 1652:Tipu 1445:2017 1372:2018 1360:INAH 1277:2017 1186:2020 1168:2020 1136:ISBN 1107:ISBN 1085:2017 1051:2017 890:(6) 698:Dec 695:Nov 692:Oct 689:Sep 686:Aug 683:Jul 680:Jun 677:May 674:Apr 671:Mar 668:Feb 665:Jan 544:and 424:2020 397:Puuc 390:Ajaw 284:and 228:Maya 224:Cobá 216:Coba 38:Cobá 18:Cobá 2095:Aké 1132:237 898:140 893:200 888:150 883:100 878:140 873:100 606:). 598:'s 238:of 2977:: 1436:. 1412:. 1388:. 1329:. 1268:. 1176:. 1158:. 1134:. 1076:. 1042:. 1000:. 989:^ 908:38 903:66 868:46 863:41 858:38 853:53 839:18 834:16 829:17 824:20 819:21 814:22 809:21 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