817:. A review of CAT research evidence published in 2014 reported that although there were five randomised controlled trials published, research evidence into the approach was dominated by small-scale, practice-based studies. These tended to be with complex and severe clinical groups; 44% of studies reviewed involved personality disorder. A review of CAT looking back over the 30 years to its beginnings contains a meta-analysis of 11 outcome studies of CAT. The overall number of patients treated in the studies was 324 and the average
752:
36:
580:
727:. The ZPD implies that new tasks set for the patient (for example, tolerating anxiety about social situations) should extend what they do beyond their current capabilities, but only by a small and achievable amount. Scaffolding involves the therapist providing support for the patient's efforts to change, but varying this level of support as the patient's needs change.
700:
slow, exploratory nature of traditional analytic therapy meant that these were not always addressed early and assertively, with the result that therapy, while effective, took a long time to produce results. In a 1979 paper, he proposed a shorter, more active form of therapy which integrated elements from
784:
phase, where patient and therapist identify and practice "exits" from the procedural diagram established in the previous phase. For example, a problematic procedure might move a patient from feeling angry to taking an overdose. An exit might involve expressing the anger in some way as an alternative
759:
The model emphasises collaborative work with the client, and focuses on the understanding of the patterns of maladaptive behaviours. The aim of the therapy is to enable the client to recognise these patterns, understand their origins, and subsequently to learn alternative strategies in order to cope
699:
Ryle, a general practitioner and analytically trained psychotherapist, was undertaking research into psychotherapy practice using repertory grids in the 1970s. He found that the themes eventually addressed in analytic work were in fact present in transcripts from the very first sessions. However the
788:
At the end of the therapy, patient and therapist each write "goodbye letters" which they exchange, summarising what has been achieved in the therapy and what remains to be done. After the end of the agreed number of weekly sessions, planned follow-up sessions take place to monitor and support the
646:
The CAT practitioner aims to work with the patient to identify procedural sequences; chains of events, thoughts, emotions and motivations that explain how a target problem (for example self-harm) is established and maintained. In addition to the procedural sequence model, a second distinguishing
744:
768:
phase) the therapist collects all the relevant information, asking the patient about present day problems and also earlier life experiences. At that point the therapist writes a reformulation letter to the client. This letter summarises the therapist's understanding of the client's problems.
841:. A different trial suggested that CAT for adult patients with personality disorders also showed improvements in symptoms and interpersonal functioning, as against controls who deteriorated on these measures. CAT has also been shown to improve patients' management of
655:
the patient. RRs may be set up in early life and then be replayed in later life; for example someone who as a child felt neglected by parents perceived as abandoning might be vulnerable to feelings of abandonment in later life (or indeed neglect themselves).
1421:
Ougrin, D.; Zundel, T.; Ng, A.; Banarsee, R.; Bottle, A.; Taylor, E. (2011). "Trial of therapeutic assessment in London: randomised controlled trial of therapeutic assessment versus standard psychosocial assessment in adolescents presenting with self-harm".
734:
from which come techniques such as
Dialogical Sequence Analysis. This is a structured attempt to identify and visually display sequences of behaviour, thinking, and emotions so that the patient becomes more aware of these and can start to modify them.
1618:
763:
The approach is always time-limited, typically taking place over 8–24 weekly sessions (the precise number being agreed at the start of therapy). Sixteen sessions is probably the most common length. In the first quarter of the therapy (the
776:
phase) patient and therapist construct a diagrammatic formulation to illustrate the unhelpful procedures which maintain problems for the patient. The aim of this phase is to enable the patient to recognise when and how problems occur.
769:
Particular attention is given to understanding the connection between childhood patterns of behaviour and their impact on adult life. The letter is agreed between patient and therapist and forms the basis for the rest of the work.
708:) into analytic practice. This would include explicitly formulating the problems experienced by the patient, and sharing this formulation with the patient to engage them in psychotherapy as a co-operative enterprise.
638:
with the aim of providing effective and affordable psychological treatment which could be realistically provided in a resource constrained public health system. It is distinctive due to its intensive use of
2001:
Wildgoose, A.; Clarke, S.; Waller, G. (2001). "Treating personality fragmentation and dissociation in borderline personality disorder: a pilot study of the impact of cognitive analytic therapy".
1931:
Kellett, S.; Bennett, D.; Ryle, T.; Thake, A. (2013). "Cognitive analytic therapy for borderline personality disorder: therapist competence and therapeutic effectiveness in routine practice".
1879:
772:
After the reformulation letter the patient may be asked to complete diaries or rating sheets to record the occurrence of problems and their context. During this period (known as the
1478:
Marriott, M; Kellett, S (2009). "Evaluating a cognitive analytic therapy service: practice-based outcomes and comparisons with person-centred and cognitive behavioural therapies".
845:. An RCT of the use of a CAT-informed assessment for young people who had self-harmed suggested that it was effective in increasing rates of attendance at community follow-up.
789:
changes that have been made. Typically, a 16-session CAT might be followed up by a single session one month after the end of therapy, and a final one three months later.
1896:
Kellett, S.; Totterdell, P. (2013). "Taming the green-eyed monster: temporal responsivity to cognitive behavioural and cognitive analytic therapy for morbid jealousy".
3249:
1294:
Chanen, A; McCutcheon, LK; Germano, D; Nistico, H; Jackson, HJ; McGorry, PM (2009). "The HYPE clinic: an early intervention for borderline personality disorder".
1966:
Ryle, A.; Golynkina, K. (2000). "Effectiveness of time-limited cognitive analytic therapy of borderline personality disorder: factors associated with outcome".
2246:
2291:
810:
2301:
3254:
1574:
Brockman, B.; Poynton, A.; Ryle, A.; Watson, J. P. (1987). "Effectiveness of time-limited therapy carried out by trainees: Comparison of two methods".
1701:"Dysexecutive Problems and Interpersonal Relating Following Frontal Brain Injury: Reformulation and Compensation in Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT)"
1876:
3244:
1378:
Fosbury, J; Bosley, C; Ryle, A; Sonksen, P; Judd, S (1997). "A trial of cognitive analytic therapy in poorly controlled type 1 diabetes patients".
3259:
3305:
643:, its integration of cognitive and analytic practice and its collaborative nature, involving the patient very actively in their treatment.
610:
2105:
Clarke, S.; Pearson, C. (2000). "Personal constructs of male survivors of childhood sexual abuse receiving cognitive analytic therapy".
2259:
2239:
1239:
1114:(vol. 1, pp. 39–285) (R. Rieber & A. Carton, Eds; N. Minick, Trans.). New York: Plenum. (Original works published in 1934, 1960).
2070:
Clarke, S.; Llewelyn, S. (1994). "Personal constructs of survivors of childhood sexual abuse receiving cognitive analytic therapy".
3295:
1774:
Kellett, S (2007). "A time series evaluation of the treatment of histrionic personality disorder with cognitive analytic therapy".
320:
1835:
Adamopoulou, A (2006). An evaluation of cognitive analytic therapy for psychological problem in patients with multiple sclerosis.
2445:
3264:
1809:
Tzouramanis, P.; et al. (2010). "Evaluation of cognitive-analytic therapy (CAT) outcome in patients with panic disorder".
547:
1699:
Yeates, Giles; Hamill, Michelle; Sutton, Laura; Psaila, Kate; Gracey, Fergus; Mohamed, Shemin; O’Dell, Juliette (2008-01-01).
2232:
2030:"Treatment of paranoid personality disorder with cognitive analytic therapy: a mixed methods single case experimental design"
681:
2549:
2382:
2141:
3310:
3269:
2497:
1018:
2554:
2527:
2522:
2392:
2357:
2271:
1849:
Hamill, M.; Mahony, K. (2011). "'The long goodbye': cognitive analytic therapy with carers of people with dementia".
1522:
Bennett, D (1994). "Readiness to change—the impact of reformulation: a case example of cognitive analytic therapy".
2650:
2330:
603:
527:
3274:
3218:
1255:"Psychological therapies for adults with anorexia nervosa: Randomised controlled trial of out-patient treatments"
927:
899:
838:
814:
2774:
1045:(January 1979). "The focus in brief interpretive psychotherapy: dilemmas, traps and snags as target problems".
894:
522:
350:
2895:
2764:
2487:
932:
858:
747:
An example of two different reciprocal roles which might be identified during the reformulation phase of CAT.
552:
119:
825:
0.66–1.00). This is a large effect and suggests that CAT is efficacious in treating mental health problems.
692:
method, and Kelly's approach to therapy "offered a model of nonauthoritarian practice" that psychotherapist
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2836:
2723:
2544:
2534:
2352:
2316:
2255:
720:
669:
562:
475:
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Comparative studies have suggested CAT to be at least as effective as other forms of brief psychotherapy,
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2574:
2469:
2438:
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862:
802:
677:
596:
3300:
2845:
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66:
2029:
2900:
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1151:
724:
685:
665:
517:
508:
430:
250:
131:
2769:
2584:
2507:
141:
109:
1226:
Treasure, J; Ward, A (1997). "Cognitive analytical therapy in the treatment of
Anorexia nervosa".
813:(NICE). However NICE has recommended that there should be further research of CAT, for example in
809:
of RCTs to have been conducted, and therefore is not yet explicitly recommended by name by the UK
2878:
2660:
2599:
2367:
2362:
1010:
854:
635:
542:
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211:
176:
161:
156:
146:
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55:
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This study has also been incorporated into the NICE guidance for dementia: NICE (January 2011),
1123:
Leiman, M. (2004). Dialogical sequence analysis. In: H. J. M. Hermans & G. Dimaggio (eds.),
837:. It has also been shown to produce significant improvements in adolescents with a diagnosis of
3208:
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2311:
557:
490:
380:
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245:
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196:
126:
114:
80:
2910:
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2713:
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2335:
2281:
1619:"Dissociative psychosis: an atypical presentation and response to cognitive-analytic therapy"
877:
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450:
315:
280:
255:
151:
50:
45:
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868:
Case series and single case studies have also been published describing the use of CAT in:
705:
640:
435:
360:
270:
105:
90:
647:
feature of CAT is the use of reciprocal roles (RRs). These identify problems as occurring
8:
2920:
2831:
2708:
2579:
2200:
Cognitive
Analytic Therapy and Borderline Personality Disorder: The Model and the Method.
822:
751:
365:
355:
340:
305:
300:
285:
265:
260:
136:
75:
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2863:
2754:
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1728:
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3003:
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2087:
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1983:
1948:
1913:
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806:
701:
584:
385:
310:
216:
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85:
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1603:
1407:
1323:
711:
Subsequently, CAT has been influenced by ideas from the work of Soviet psychologist
3198:
3168:
3038:
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2819:
2799:
2625:
2377:
2320:
2276:
2156:
2114:
2079:
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2010:
1975:
1940:
1905:
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1712:
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1630:
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1054:
1002:
975:
834:
798:
390:
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330:
325:
206:
181:
1339:"Cognitive analytic therapy for personality disorder: randomised controlled trial"
630:) is a form of psychological therapy initially developed in the United Kingdom by
3213:
3143:
3128:
3083:
2933:
2888:
2645:
2589:
2397:
2142:"Group cognitive analytic therapy for female survivors of childhood sexual abuse"
1883:
1700:
1152:"Cognitive analytic therapy: A review of the outcome evidence base for treatment"
1089:
716:
186:
3183:
3178:
3153:
3138:
3113:
3103:
3098:
2968:
2938:
2873:
2492:
2407:
904:
689:
673:
1677:
1634:
1355:
1338:
1212:
755:
A procedural diagram which might be drawn during the recognition phase of CAT.
3289:
3203:
3088:
3068:
3053:
3043:
3008:
2978:
2824:
2733:
2630:
2620:
2454:
1787:
1724:
1642:
1491:
1391:
495:
455:
375:
370:
2118:
2014:
1979:
1746:
Cowmeadow, P (1994). "Deliberate self-harm and cognitive analytic therapy".
1435:
1028:
3228:
3173:
3148:
3108:
3093:
3058:
3018:
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2983:
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2905:
2640:
2168:
2126:
2056:
1987:
1952:
1917:
1822:
1795:
1664:
Pollock, P; Belshaw, T (1998). "Cognitive analytic therapy for offenders".
1543:"A repeat audit of the Cognitive Analytic Therapy Clinic at Guy's Hospital"
1499:
1443:
1364:
1315:
1280:
1178:
1042:
998:
712:
693:
631:
480:
171:
2091:
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1399:
1271:
1254:
3158:
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3063:
3028:
2943:
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2615:
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1066:
1058:
818:
395:
100:
1559:
1542:
1240:
10.1002/(SICI)1099-0879(199703)4:1<62::AID-CPP114>3.0.CO;2-Y
980:
963:
3118:
3033:
2928:
1170:
1137:
295:
191:
27:
2160:
797:
CAT has been the subject of a number of research studies published in
3078:
3013:
2998:
2728:
2048:
889:
731:
634:. This time-limited therapy was developed in the context of the UK's
445:
1944:
833:
CAT has been shown to lead to subjective improvement in people with
664:
As the name implies, cognitive analytic therapy (CAT) evolved as an
35:
2804:
2477:
1253:
Dare, C.; Eisler, I.; Russell, G.; Treasure, J.; Dodge, L. (2001).
922:
916:
842:
743:
470:
465:
425:
1877:
Psychotherapy
Service Provision for Carers of People with Dementia
1009:. Oxford series in clinical psychology (2nd ed.). New York:
805:(RCTs) and other kinds of study. The approach is too new for any
2423:
2207:
Introducing
Cognitive Analytic Therapy: Principles and Practice.
2193:
Cognitive
Analytic Therapy: Developments in Theory and Practice.
1110:
Vygotsky, L. S. (1987). Thinking and speech. In L. S. Vygotsky,
1293:
828:
1898:
1776:
1480:
1159:
485:
2186:
Cognitive Analytic Therapy: Active Participation in Change
1573:
1541:
Dunn, M.; Golynkina, K.; Ryle, A.; Watson, J. P. (1997).
1252:
1138:
Borderline personality disorder: Treatment and management
3250:
Association for Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback
2219:
1698:
1377:
1191:
2254:
1930:
1540:
1420:
780:
In the second half of the therapy work moves into the
2292:
Cognitive behavioral analysis system of psychotherapy
2000:
1617:
Graham, Candida; Thavasotby, Rijan (September 1995).
811:
National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence
2302:
Community reinforcement approach and family training
848:
1192:Ryle, A; Kellett, S; Hepple, J; Calvert, R (2014).
3255:Association for Behavioral and Cognitive Therapies
2139:
1895:
1748:International Journal of Short-Term Psychotherapy
1524:International Journal of Short-Term Psychotherapy
1336:
1094:International Journal of Short-Term Psychotherapy
3287:
3245:Association for the Advancement of Psychotherapy
1616:
3260:Association for Behavior Analysis International
1477:
1090:"The development of cognitive analytic therapy"
2069:
1663:
1149:
676:therapies. CAT was also influenced in part by
2439:
2240:
2104:
1965:
604:
2027:
1848:
1225:
1808:
2446:
2432:
2247:
2233:
2220:Association for Cognitive Analytic Therapy
2140:Calvert, R.; Kellet, S.; Hagan, T (2015).
993:
991:
829:Evidence from randomised controlled trials
719:. From Vygotsky come concepts such as the
611:
597:
1745:
1558:
1354:
1270:
1127:(pp. 255–270). London: Brunner-Routledge.
1001:(2005). "Cognitive analytic therapy". In
979:
1466:A casebook in time-limited psychotherapy
957:
955:
953:
750:
742:
1773:
1623:Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine
1521:
1337:Clarke, S; Thomas, P; James, K (2013).
988:
3288:
3265:European Association for Psychotherapy
2149:British Journal of Clinical Psychology
1087:
961:
659:
3306:Constructivism (psychological school)
2427:
2228:
2107:British Journal of Medical Psychology
2072:British Journal of Medical Psychology
2037:Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy
2003:British Journal of Medical Psychology
1968:British Journal of Medical Psychology
1933:Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy
1228:Clinical Psychology and Psychotherapy
1007:Handbook of psychotherapy integration
950:
2188:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
1125:The dialogical self in psychotherapy
1041:
997:
2550:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
2383:Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy
704:practice (such as goal setting and
13:
3270:Society for Psychotherapy Research
2498:Transference focused psychotherapy
2209:Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
2202:Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
2195:Chichester: John Wiley & Sons.
2178:
2084:10.1111/j.2044-8341.1994.tb01796.x
1308:10.1097/01.pra.0000351876.51098.f0
1194:"Cognitive analytic therapy at 30"
1088:Leiman, Mikael (April–July 1994).
730:Bakhtin provided concepts such as
14:
3322:
2555:Rational emotive behavior therapy
2528:Functional analytic psychotherapy
2523:Acceptance and commitment therapy
2453:
2393:Rational emotive behavior therapy
2358:Functional analytic psychotherapy
2272:Acceptance and commitment therapy
2213:
1839:, vol. 12, supplement 1, p. S106.
1464:Mann, J & Goldman, R (1982).
1201:Advances in Psychiatric Treatment
968:Advances in Psychiatric Treatment
849:Evidence from other methodologies
821:across all studies was 0.83 (95%
2331:Exposure and response prevention
1910:10.1111/j.2044-8341.2011.02045.x
1863:10.1111/j.1752-0118.2011.01243.x
1851:British Journal of Psychotherapy
1424:Archives of Disease in Childhood
792:
578:
34:
3296:Borderline personality disorder
3275:World Council for Psychotherapy
2133:
2098:
2063:
2028:Kellett, S.; Hardy, G. (2013).
2021:
1994:
1959:
1924:
1889:
1869:
1842:
1829:
1802:
1767:
1758:
1739:
1692:
1657:
1610:
1567:
1534:
1515:
1506:
1471:
1458:
1414:
1371:
1330:
1296:Journal of Psychiatric Practice
1287:
1246:
1219:
1150:Calvert, R; Kellett, S (2014).
1005:; Goldfried, Marvin R. (eds.).
928:Borderline personality disorder
900:Histrionic personality disorder
839:borderline personality disorder
815:borderline personality disorder
2205:Ryle, A & Kerr, I (2002).
1717:10.1080/15294145.2008.10773571
1666:Journal of Forensic Psychiatry
1185:
1143:
1130:
1117:
1104:
1081:
1035:
895:Dissociative identity disorder
738:
1:
2488:Mentalization-based treatment
1576:British Journal of Psychiatry
1343:British Journal of Psychiatry
1259:British Journal of Psychiatry
1047:British Journal of Psychiatry
933:Paranoid personality disorder
859:cognitive behavioural therapy
321:Industrial and organizational
16:Form of psychological therapy
2545:Dialectical behavior therapy
2535:Cognitive behavioral therapy
2353:Dialectical behavior therapy
2256:Cognitive behavioral therapy
964:"Cognitive–analytic therapy"
803:randomised controlled trials
785:to self-injuring behaviour.
721:zone of proximal development
476:Human factors and ergonomics
7:
2575:Emotionally focused therapy
2326:Direct therapeutic exposure
962:Denman, Chess (July 2001).
915:With carers of people with
863:interpersonal psychotherapy
10:
3327:
2846:Systematic desensitization
2775:Practitioner–scholar model
2518:Clinical behavior analysis
2346:Systematic desensitization
2341:Prolonged exposure therapy
2307:Compassion-focused therapy
2287:Cognitive analytic therapy
1140:, NICE guidelines , p. 30.
909:Psychological problems in
882:The treatment of offenders
624:Cognitive analytic therapy
3311:Integrative psychotherapy
3237:
2961:
2919:
2856:
2790:
2783:
2742:
2701:
2669:
2608:
2565:
2506:
2468:
2461:
2267:
1678:10.1080/09585189808405378
1635:10.1017/S0790966700014555
1356:10.1192/bjp.bp.112.108670
1213:10.1192/apt.bp.113.011817
686:personal construct theory
251:Applied behavior analysis
2857:Other individual therapy
1788:10.1348/147608306X161421
1492:10.1348/147608308X336100
1468:. New York: McGraw Hill.
1392:10.2337/diacare.20.6.959
944:
715:and Russian philosopher
2879:Cognitive restructuring
2600:Person-centered therapy
2368:Inference-based therapy
2363:Habit reversal training
2119:10.1348/000711200160408
2015:10.1348/000711201160795
1980:10.1348/000711200160426
1436:10.1136/adc.2010.188755
1011:Oxford University Press
636:National Health Service
441:Behavioral neuroscience
96:Behavioral neuroscience
2810:Contingency management
2689:Transtheoretical model
2679:Eclectic psychotherapy
2656:Transactional analysis
2312:Contingency management
878:Dissociative psychosis
855:person-centred therapy
799:peer-reviewed journals
756:
748:
684:. Kelly had developed
491:Psychology of religion
431:Behavioral engineering
115:Cognitive neuroscience
81:Affective neuroscience
2760:Common factors theory
2724:Residential treatment
2373:Metacognitive therapy
2282:Behavioral activation
1588:10.1192/bjp.151.5.602
1272:10.1192/bjp.178.3.216
1136:NICE (January 2009).
754:
746:
585:Psychology portal
3189:Lorna Smith Benjamin
3024:Harry Stack Sullivan
2949:Sensitivity training
2750:Clinical formulation
2413:Self-control therapy
1547:Psychiatric Bulletin
1059:10.1192/bjp.134.1.46
1013:. pp. 196–217.
706:Socratic questioning
668:based on ideas from
2921:Group psychotherapy
2832:Counterconditioning
2709:Brief psychotherapy
2580:Existential therapy
1705:Neuropsychoanalysis
1560:10.1192/pb.21.3.165
981:10.1192/apt.7.4.243
823:confidence interval
666:integrative therapy
660:Sources and origins
436:Behavioral genetics
351:Occupational health
91:Behavioral genetics
22:Part of a series on
3049:Milton H. Erickson
2884:Emotion regulation
2864:Autogenic training
2755:Clinical pluralism
2684:Multimodal therapy
2483:Analytical therapy
2403:Relapse prevention
2388:Multimodal therapy
1882:2015-05-22 at the
1837:Multiple Sclerosis
1171:10.1111/papt.12020
939:child sexual abuse
911:multiple sclerosis
807:systematic reviews
757:
749:
553:Schools of thought
391:Sport and exercise
237:Applied psychology
3301:Cognitive therapy
3283:
3282:
3209:William R. Miller
3194:Marsha M. Linehan
3164:Jean Baker Miller
3124:Salvador Minuchin
3004:Ludwig Binswanger
2957:
2956:
2792:Behaviour therapy
2719:Online counseling
2697:
2696:
2636:Narrative therapy
2540:Cognitive therapy
2421:
2420:
2297:Cognitive therapy
2161:10.1111/bjc.12085
1003:Norcross, John C.
702:cognitive therapy
696:found appealing.
621:
620:
518:Counseling topics
461:Consumer behavior
202:Psycholinguistics
86:Affective science
3318:
3199:Vittorio Guidano
3169:Otto F. Kernberg
3039:Donald Winnicott
2896:Free association
2841:Exposure therapy
2820:Stimulus control
2800:Aversion therapy
2788:
2787:
2651:Systemic therapy
2626:Feminist therapy
2478:Adlerian therapy
2466:
2465:
2448:
2441:
2434:
2425:
2424:
2378:Method of levels
2321:Exposure therapy
2277:Behavior therapy
2249:
2242:
2235:
2226:
2225:
2198:Ryle, A (1997).
2191:Ryle, A (1995).
2173:
2172:
2146:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2102:
2096:
2095:
2067:
2061:
2060:
2049:10.1002/cpp.1845
2034:
2025:
2019:
2018:
1998:
1992:
1991:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1928:
1922:
1921:
1893:
1887:
1873:
1867:
1866:
1846:
1840:
1833:
1827:
1826:
1806:
1800:
1799:
1771:
1765:
1762:
1756:
1755:
1743:
1737:
1736:
1696:
1690:
1689:
1661:
1655:
1654:
1614:
1608:
1607:
1571:
1565:
1564:
1562:
1538:
1532:
1531:
1519:
1513:
1510:
1504:
1503:
1475:
1469:
1462:
1456:
1455:
1418:
1412:
1411:
1375:
1369:
1368:
1358:
1334:
1328:
1327:
1291:
1285:
1284:
1274:
1250:
1244:
1243:
1223:
1217:
1216:
1198:
1189:
1183:
1182:
1156:
1147:
1141:
1134:
1128:
1121:
1115:
1108:
1102:
1101:
1085:
1079:
1078:
1039:
1033:
1032:
995:
986:
985:
983:
959:
835:anorexia nervosa
801:. These include
613:
606:
599:
583:
582:
581:
548:Research methods
207:Psychophysiology
67:Basic psychology
38:
19:
18:
3326:
3325:
3321:
3320:
3319:
3317:
3316:
3315:
3286:
3285:
3284:
3279:
3233:
3214:Steven C. Hayes
3144:Paul Watzlawick
3129:Paul Watzlawick
3084:Virginia Axline
2994:Sándor Ferenczi
2953:
2934:Couples therapy
2915:
2889:Affect labeling
2852:
2837:Desensitization
2779:
2765:Discontinuation
2738:
2693:
2665:
2646:Reality therapy
2604:
2590:Gestalt therapy
2561:
2509:
2502:
2457:
2452:
2422:
2417:
2398:Reality therapy
2317:Desensitization
2263:
2253:
2216:
2184:Ryle, A (1990)
2181:
2179:Further reading
2176:
2144:
2138:
2134:
2103:
2099:
2068:
2064:
2032:
2026:
2022:
1999:
1995:
1964:
1960:
1945:10.1002/cpp.796
1929:
1925:
1894:
1890:
1884:Wayback Machine
1874:
1870:
1847:
1843:
1834:
1830:
1807:
1803:
1772:
1768:
1763:
1759:
1754:(2–3): 135–150.
1744:
1740:
1697:
1693:
1662:
1658:
1615:
1611:
1572:
1568:
1539:
1535:
1520:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1486:(Pt 1): 57–72.
1476:
1472:
1463:
1459:
1419:
1415:
1376:
1372:
1335:
1331:
1292:
1288:
1251:
1247:
1224:
1220:
1196:
1190:
1186:
1154:
1148:
1144:
1135:
1131:
1122:
1118:
1112:Collected works
1109:
1105:
1086:
1082:
1040:
1036:
1021:
996:
989:
960:
951:
947:
851:
831:
795:
741:
717:Mikhail Bakhtin
662:
651:people and not
617:
579:
577:
570:
569:
568:
567:
543:Psychotherapies
511:
501:
500:
421:
413:
412:
411:
410:
239:
229:
228:
227:
226:
187:Neuropsychology
69:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3324:
3314:
3313:
3308:
3303:
3298:
3281:
3280:
3278:
3277:
3272:
3267:
3262:
3257:
3252:
3247:
3241:
3239:
3235:
3234:
3232:
3231:
3226:
3221:
3216:
3211:
3206:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3184:Arnold Lazarus
3181:
3179:Irvin D. Yalom
3176:
3171:
3166:
3161:
3156:
3154:Eugene Gendlin
3151:
3146:
3141:
3139:Ogden Lindsley
3136:
3131:
3126:
3121:
3116:
3114:Virginia Satir
3111:
3106:
3104:James Bugental
3101:
3099:Silvano Arieti
3096:
3091:
3086:
3081:
3076:
3071:
3066:
3061:
3056:
3051:
3046:
3041:
3036:
3031:
3026:
3021:
3016:
3011:
3006:
3001:
2996:
2991:
2986:
2981:
2976:
2971:
2969:Philippe Pinel
2965:
2963:
2959:
2958:
2955:
2954:
2952:
2951:
2946:
2941:
2939:Family therapy
2936:
2931:
2925:
2923:
2917:
2916:
2914:
2913:
2908:
2903:
2898:
2893:
2892:
2891:
2881:
2876:
2874:Clean language
2871:
2866:
2860:
2858:
2854:
2853:
2851:
2850:
2849:
2848:
2834:
2829:
2828:
2827:
2822:
2817:
2807:
2802:
2796:
2794:
2785:
2781:
2780:
2778:
2777:
2772:
2767:
2762:
2757:
2752:
2746:
2744:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2734:Support groups
2731:
2726:
2721:
2716:
2711:
2705:
2703:
2699:
2698:
2695:
2694:
2692:
2691:
2686:
2681:
2675:
2673:
2667:
2666:
2664:
2663:
2658:
2653:
2648:
2643:
2638:
2633:
2628:
2623:
2618:
2612:
2610:
2606:
2605:
2603:
2602:
2597:
2592:
2587:
2582:
2577:
2571:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2560:
2559:
2558:
2557:
2552:
2547:
2542:
2532:
2531:
2530:
2525:
2514:
2512:
2508:Cognitive and
2504:
2503:
2501:
2500:
2495:
2493:Psychoanalysis
2490:
2485:
2480:
2474:
2472:
2463:
2459:
2458:
2451:
2450:
2443:
2436:
2428:
2419:
2418:
2416:
2415:
2410:
2408:Schema therapy
2405:
2400:
2395:
2390:
2385:
2380:
2375:
2370:
2365:
2360:
2355:
2350:
2349:
2348:
2343:
2338:
2333:
2328:
2314:
2309:
2304:
2299:
2294:
2289:
2284:
2279:
2274:
2268:
2265:
2264:
2252:
2251:
2244:
2237:
2229:
2223:
2222:
2215:
2214:External links
2212:
2211:
2210:
2203:
2196:
2189:
2180:
2177:
2175:
2174:
2155:(4): 391–413.
2132:
2113:(2): 169–177.
2097:
2078:(3): 273–289.
2062:
2043:(5): 452–464.
2020:
1993:
1974:(2): 197–210.
1958:
1939:(3): 216–225.
1923:
1888:
1868:
1857:(3): 292–304.
1841:
1828:
1817:(4): 287–293.
1801:
1782:(3): 389–405.
1766:
1764:Kellett (2005)
1757:
1738:
1691:
1672:(3): 629–642.
1656:
1629:(3): 109–111.
1609:
1582:(5): 602–610.
1566:
1553:(3): 165–168.
1533:
1514:
1505:
1470:
1457:
1430:(2): 148–153.
1413:
1386:(6): 959–964.
1370:
1349:(2): 129–134.
1329:
1302:(3): 163–172.
1286:
1265:(3): 216–221.
1245:
1218:
1207:(4): 258–268.
1184:
1165:(3): 253–277.
1142:
1129:
1116:
1103:
1080:
1034:
1020:978-0195165791
1019:
987:
974:(4): 243–252.
948:
946:
943:
942:
941:
935:
930:
925:
919:
913:
907:
905:Panic disorder
902:
897:
892:
886:
883:
880:
875:
850:
847:
830:
827:
794:
791:
740:
737:
690:repertory grid
682:constructivism
661:
658:
619:
618:
616:
615:
608:
601:
593:
590:
589:
588:
587:
572:
571:
566:
565:
560:
555:
550:
545:
540:
535:
530:
525:
520:
514:
513:
512:
507:
506:
503:
502:
499:
498:
493:
488:
483:
478:
473:
468:
463:
458:
453:
448:
443:
438:
433:
428:
422:
419:
418:
415:
414:
409:
408:
403:
398:
393:
388:
383:
378:
373:
368:
363:
358:
353:
348:
343:
338:
333:
328:
323:
318:
313:
308:
303:
298:
293:
288:
283:
278:
273:
268:
263:
258:
253:
248:
242:
241:
240:
235:
234:
231:
230:
225:
224:
219:
214:
209:
204:
199:
194:
189:
184:
179:
174:
169:
164:
159:
154:
149:
144:
139:
134:
132:Cross-cultural
129:
124:
123:
122:
112:
103:
98:
93:
88:
83:
78:
72:
71:
70:
65:
64:
61:
60:
59:
58:
53:
48:
40:
39:
31:
30:
24:
23:
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3323:
3312:
3309:
3307:
3304:
3302:
3299:
3297:
3294:
3293:
3291:
3276:
3273:
3271:
3268:
3266:
3263:
3261:
3258:
3256:
3253:
3251:
3248:
3246:
3243:
3242:
3240:
3236:
3230:
3227:
3225:
3224:Jeffrey Young
3222:
3220:
3219:Michael White
3217:
3215:
3212:
3210:
3207:
3205:
3204:Les Greenberg
3202:
3200:
3197:
3195:
3192:
3190:
3187:
3185:
3182:
3180:
3177:
3175:
3172:
3170:
3167:
3165:
3162:
3160:
3157:
3155:
3152:
3150:
3147:
3145:
3142:
3140:
3137:
3135:
3132:
3130:
3127:
3125:
3122:
3120:
3117:
3115:
3112:
3110:
3107:
3105:
3102:
3100:
3097:
3095:
3092:
3090:
3089:Carl Whitaker
3087:
3085:
3082:
3080:
3077:
3075:
3072:
3070:
3069:Viktor Frankl
3067:
3065:
3062:
3060:
3057:
3055:
3054:Jacques Lacan
3052:
3050:
3047:
3045:
3044:Wilhelm Reich
3042:
3040:
3037:
3035:
3032:
3030:
3027:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3009:Melanie Klein
3007:
3005:
3002:
3000:
2997:
2995:
2992:
2990:
2987:
2985:
2982:
2980:
2979:Sigmund Freud
2977:
2975:
2972:
2970:
2967:
2966:
2964:
2960:
2950:
2947:
2945:
2942:
2940:
2937:
2935:
2932:
2930:
2927:
2926:
2924:
2922:
2918:
2912:
2909:
2907:
2904:
2902:
2899:
2897:
2894:
2890:
2887:
2886:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2861:
2859:
2855:
2847:
2844:
2843:
2842:
2838:
2835:
2833:
2830:
2826:
2825:Token economy
2823:
2821:
2818:
2816:
2813:
2812:
2811:
2808:
2806:
2803:
2801:
2798:
2797:
2795:
2793:
2789:
2786:
2782:
2776:
2773:
2771:
2768:
2766:
2763:
2761:
2758:
2756:
2753:
2751:
2748:
2747:
2745:
2741:
2735:
2732:
2730:
2727:
2725:
2722:
2720:
2717:
2715:
2712:
2710:
2707:
2706:
2704:
2700:
2690:
2687:
2685:
2682:
2680:
2677:
2676:
2674:
2672:
2668:
2662:
2659:
2657:
2654:
2652:
2649:
2647:
2644:
2642:
2639:
2637:
2634:
2632:
2631:Music therapy
2629:
2627:
2624:
2622:
2621:Dance therapy
2619:
2617:
2614:
2613:
2611:
2607:
2601:
2598:
2596:
2593:
2591:
2588:
2586:
2583:
2581:
2578:
2576:
2573:
2572:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2556:
2553:
2551:
2548:
2546:
2543:
2541:
2538:
2537:
2536:
2533:
2529:
2526:
2524:
2521:
2520:
2519:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2505:
2499:
2496:
2494:
2491:
2489:
2486:
2484:
2481:
2479:
2476:
2475:
2473:
2471:
2470:Psychodynamic
2467:
2464:
2460:
2456:
2455:Psychotherapy
2449:
2444:
2442:
2437:
2435:
2430:
2429:
2426:
2414:
2411:
2409:
2406:
2404:
2401:
2399:
2396:
2394:
2391:
2389:
2386:
2384:
2381:
2379:
2376:
2374:
2371:
2369:
2366:
2364:
2361:
2359:
2356:
2354:
2351:
2347:
2344:
2342:
2339:
2337:
2334:
2332:
2329:
2327:
2324:
2323:
2322:
2318:
2315:
2313:
2310:
2308:
2305:
2303:
2300:
2298:
2295:
2293:
2290:
2288:
2285:
2283:
2280:
2278:
2275:
2273:
2270:
2269:
2266:
2261:
2257:
2250:
2245:
2243:
2238:
2236:
2231:
2230:
2227:
2221:
2218:
2217:
2208:
2204:
2201:
2197:
2194:
2190:
2187:
2183:
2182:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2154:
2150:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2124:
2120:
2116:
2112:
2108:
2101:
2093:
2089:
2085:
2081:
2077:
2073:
2066:
2058:
2054:
2050:
2046:
2042:
2038:
2031:
2024:
2016:
2012:
2008:
2004:
1997:
1989:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1962:
1954:
1950:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1934:
1927:
1919:
1915:
1911:
1907:
1903:
1899:
1892:
1885:
1881:
1878:
1872:
1864:
1860:
1856:
1852:
1845:
1838:
1832:
1824:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1805:
1797:
1793:
1789:
1785:
1781:
1777:
1770:
1761:
1753:
1749:
1742:
1734:
1730:
1726:
1722:
1718:
1714:
1710:
1706:
1702:
1695:
1687:
1683:
1679:
1675:
1671:
1667:
1660:
1652:
1648:
1644:
1640:
1636:
1632:
1628:
1624:
1620:
1613:
1605:
1601:
1597:
1593:
1589:
1585:
1581:
1577:
1570:
1561:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1544:
1537:
1529:
1525:
1518:
1509:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1467:
1461:
1453:
1449:
1445:
1441:
1437:
1433:
1429:
1425:
1417:
1409:
1405:
1401:
1397:
1393:
1389:
1385:
1381:
1380:Diabetes Care
1374:
1366:
1362:
1357:
1352:
1348:
1344:
1340:
1333:
1325:
1321:
1317:
1313:
1309:
1305:
1301:
1297:
1290:
1282:
1278:
1273:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1256:
1249:
1241:
1237:
1233:
1229:
1222:
1214:
1210:
1206:
1202:
1195:
1188:
1180:
1176:
1172:
1168:
1164:
1160:
1153:
1146:
1139:
1133:
1126:
1120:
1113:
1107:
1100:(2–3): 67–81.
1099:
1095:
1091:
1084:
1076:
1072:
1068:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1044:
1043:Ryle, Anthony
1038:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1016:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
999:Ryle, Anthony
994:
992:
982:
977:
973:
969:
965:
958:
956:
954:
949:
940:
937:Survivors of
936:
934:
931:
929:
926:
924:
920:
918:
914:
912:
908:
906:
903:
901:
898:
896:
893:
891:
887:
884:
881:
879:
876:
874:
871:
870:
869:
866:
864:
860:
856:
846:
844:
840:
836:
826:
824:
820:
816:
812:
808:
804:
800:
793:Evidence base
790:
786:
783:
778:
775:
770:
767:
766:Reformulation
761:
753:
745:
736:
733:
728:
726:
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3229:Peter Fonagy
3174:Nathan Azrin
3149:Arthur Janov
3109:Joseph Wolpe
3094:Albert Ellis
3074:George Kelly
3059:Erik Erikson
3019:Karen Horney
2989:Alfred Adler
2984:Pierre Janet
2974:Josef Breuer
2906:Hypnotherapy
2641:Play therapy
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1811:Psychiatrike
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481:Intelligence
212:Quantitative
177:Mathematical
172:Intelligence
162:Experimental
157:Evolutionary
147:Differential
3159:R. D. Laing
3134:Haim Ginott
3064:Carl Rogers
3029:Fritz Perls
2944:Psychodrama
2869:Biofeedback
2671:Integrative
2616:Art therapy
2595:Logotherapy
1512:Bell (1996)
888:Deliberate
819:effect size
774:Recognition
739:In practice
725:scaffolding
523:Disciplines
396:Suicidology
291:Educational
246:Anomalistic
222:Theoretical
197:Personality
127:Comparative
110:Cognitivism
101:Behaviorism
3290:Categories
3119:Aaron Beck
3034:Anna Freud
2929:Co-therapy
2784:Techniques
2714:Counseling
2702:Approaches
2567:Humanistic
2510:behavioral
1886:(website).
873:Depression
723:(ZPD) and
451:Competence
316:Humanistic
296:Ergonomics
281:Counseling
256:Assessment
192:Perception
152:Ecological
28:Psychology
3079:Rollo May
3014:Otto Rank
2999:Carl Jung
2729:Self-help
2009:: 47–55.
1733:143497350
1725:1529-4145
1686:143317743
1643:0790-9667
1053:: 46–54.
890:self-harm
732:dialogism
670:cognitive
446:Cognition
361:Political
271:Community
106:Cognitive
56:Subfields
2911:Modeling
2901:Homework
2805:Chaining
2743:Research
2585:Focusing
2336:Flooding
2169:26017051
2127:10874477
2057:23733739
1988:10874479
1953:22109975
1918:23386555
1880:Archived
1823:21914611
1796:17877864
1651:71030624
1604:28993830
1530:: 83–91.
1500:18759998
1444:21030367
1408:26113327
1365:23222038
1324:17115003
1316:19461389
1281:11230031
1179:24610564
1029:54803644
923:jealousy
917:dementia
843:diabetes
782:Revision
760:better.
688:and the
674:analytic
558:Timeline
471:Feelings
466:Emotions
426:Behavior
420:Concepts
381:Religion
366:Positive
356:Pastoral
341:Military
306:Forensic
301:Feminist
286:Critical
276:Consumer
266:Coaching
261:Clinical
137:Cultural
76:Abnormal
2815:Shaping
2770:History
2462:Schools
2092:7803319
1596:3446303
1452:5637686
1400:9167106
1075:5017697
921:Morbid
649:between
533:Outline
406:Traffic
401:Systems
336:Medical
167:Gestalt
51:History
46:Outline
2962:People
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653:within
563:Topics
386:School
311:Health
217:Social
120:Social
2609:Other
2145:(PDF)
2033:(PDF)
1729:S2CID
1682:S2CID
1647:S2CID
1600:S2CID
1448:S2CID
1404:S2CID
1320:S2CID
1197:(PDF)
1155:(PDF)
1071:S2CID
945:Notes
509:Lists
346:Music
331:Media
326:Legal
182:Moral
2661:List
2260:list
2165:PMID
2123:PMID
2088:PMID
2053:PMID
1984:PMID
1949:PMID
1914:PMID
1819:PMID
1792:PMID
1721:ISSN
1639:ISSN
1592:PMID
1496:PMID
1440:PMID
1396:PMID
1361:PMID
1312:PMID
1277:PMID
1175:PMID
1063:PMID
1025:OCLC
1015:ISBN
857:and
672:and
486:Mind
2157:doi
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2011:doi
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