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norms have varying influences on eating behaviors, self-perception, and anorexia in their respective cultures. For example, despite the fact that "fat phobia", or a fear of fat, is a key diagnostic criteria of anorexia by the DSM-5, anorexic patients in Asia rarely display this trait, as deep-rooted cultural values in Asian cultures praise larger bodies. Fat phobia appears to be intricately linked to
Western culture, encompassing how various cultural perceptions impact anorexia in various ways. It calls on the need for greater, diverse cultural consideration when looking at the diagnosis and experience of anorexia. For instance, in a cross-sectional study done on British South Asian adolescent English adolescent anorexia patients, it was found that both patients' symptom profiles differed. South Asians were less likely to exhibit fat-phobia as a symptom versus their English counterparts, instead exhibiting loss of appetite. However, both kinds of patients had distorted body images, implying the possibility of disordered eating and highlighting the need for cultural sensitivity when diagnosing anorexia.
1105:. Although the prevalence rates vary greatly, between 37% and 100%, there appears to be a link between traumatic events and eating disorder diagnosis. Approximately 72% of individuals with anorexia report experiencing a traumatic event prior to the onset of eating disorder symptoms, with binge-purge subtype reporting the highest rates. There are many traumatic events that have been identified as possible risk factors for the development of anorexia, the first of which was childhood sexual abuse. However, other traumatic events, such as physical and emotional abuse have also been found to be risk factors. Interpersonal, as opposed to non-interpersonal trauma, has been seen as the most common type of traumatic event, which can encompass sexual, physical, and emotional abuse. Individuals who experience repeated trauma, like those who experience trauma perpetrated by a caregiver or loved one, have increased symptom severity of anorexia and a greater prevalence of comorbid psychiatric diagnoses.
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sensitivity and interoceptive awareness can lead anorexia patients to adapt distorted interpretations of weight gain that are cued by physical sensations related to digestion (e.g., fullness). Combined, these interoceptive and emotional elements could together trigger maladaptive and negatively reinforced behavioral responses that assist in the maintenance of anorexia. In addition to metacognition, people with anorexia also have difficulty with social cognition including interpreting others' emotions, and demonstrating empathy. Abnormal interoceptive awareness and interoceptive sensitivity shown through all of these examples have been observed so frequently in anorexia that they have become key characteristics of the illness.
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screen for celiac disease with eating disorder symptoms especially with gastrointestinal symptoms, weight loss, or growth failure.(...) Celiac disease patients may present with gastrointestinal symptoms such as diarrhea, steatorrhea, weight loss, vomiting, abdominal pain, anorexia, constipation, bloating, and distension due to malabsorption. Extraintestinal presentations include anemia, osteoporosis, dermatitis herpetiformis, short stature, delayed puberty, fatigue, aphthous stomatitis, elevated transaminases, neurologic problems, or dental enamel hypoplasia.(...) it has become clear that symptomatic and diagnosed celiac disease is the tip of the iceberg; the remaining 90% or more of children are asymptomatic and undiagnosed.
2239:. This is also a time when most older individuals experience a rise in conflict with family members, such as limitations on driving or limitations on personal freedom, which increases the likelihood of an issue with anorexia. There can be physical issues in the elderly that leads to anorexia of aging, including a decline in chewing ability, a decline in taste and smell, and a decrease in appetite. Psychological reasons for the elderly to develop anorexia can include depression and bereavement, and even an indirect attempt at suicide. There are also common comorbid psychiatric conditions with aging anorexics, including major depression, anxiety disorder, obsessive compulsive disorder, bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and
1734:, an evidence-based manualized model, showed full recovery at rates up to 90%. The Maudsley model of family therapy is problem focused, and the treatment targets re-establishing regular eating, weight restoration, and the reduction of illness behaviors like purging. The Maudsley model is split into three phases, with phase one focusing on the parents implementing weight restoration in the child; phase two transitioning control over food back to the individual at an age-appropriate level; and phase three focusing on other issues related to typical adolescent development (e.g., social and other psychological developments), and helps parents learn how to interact with their child. Although this model is recommended by the
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1667:(OSFED) is often difficult for non-specialist clinicians. A main factor differentiating binge-purge anorexia from bulimia is the gap in physical weight. Patients with bulimia nervosa are ordinarily at a healthy weight, or slightly overweight. Patients with binge-purge anorexia are commonly underweight. Moreover, patients with the binge-purging subtype may be significantly underweight and typically do not binge-eat large amounts of food. In contrast, those with bulimia nervosa tend to binge large amounts of food. It is not unusual for patients with an eating disorder to "move through" various diagnoses as their behavior and beliefs change over time.
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intrusive and obsessive thoughts, and the symptom of anorexia that has been most closely linked to a PTSD diagnosis is increased obsessive thoughts pertaining to food. Similarly, impulsivity is linked to the purge and binge-purge subtypes of anorexia, trauma, and PTSD. Emotional trauma (e.g., invalidation, chaotic family environment in childhood) may lead to difficulty with emotions, particularly the identification of and how physical sensations contribute to the emotional response. Trauma and traumatic events can disturb an individual's sense of self and affect their ability to thrive, especially within their bodies.
1927:, and the suicide risk is 56 times higher. Half of women with AN achieve a full recovery, while an additional 20–30% may partially recover. Not all people with anorexia recover completely: about 20% develop anorexia nervosa as a chronic disorder. If anorexia nervosa is not treated, serious complications such as heart conditions and kidney failure can arise and eventually lead to death. The average number of years from onset to remission of AN is seven for women and three for men. After ten to fifteen years, 70% of people no longer meet the diagnostic criteria, but many still continue to have eating-related problems.
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women and athletic, V-shaped muscular men. Media sources such as magazines, television shows, and social media can contribute to body dissatisfaction and disordered eating across the globe, by emphasizing
Western ideals of slimness. A 2002 review found that, of the magazines most popular among people aged 18 to 24 years, those read by men, unlike those read by women, were more likely to feature ads and articles on shape than on diet. Body dissatisfaction and internalization of body ideals are risk factors for anorexia nervosa that threaten the health of both male and female populations.
1945:. Complications specific to adolescents and children with anorexia nervosa can include the following: Growth retardation may occur, as height gain may slow and can stop completely with severe weight loss or chronic malnutrition. In such cases, provided that growth potential is preserved, height increase can resume and reach full potential after normal intake is resumed. Height potential is normally preserved if the duration and severity of illness are not significant or if the illness is accompanied by delayed bone age (especially prior to a bone age of approximately 15 years), as
1933:(inability to identify and describe one's own emotions) influences treatment outcome. Recovery is also viewed on a spectrum rather than black and white. According to the Morgan-Russell criteria, individuals can have a good, intermediate, or poor outcome. Even when a person is classified as having a "good" outcome, weight only has to be within 15% of average, and normal menstruation must be present in females. The good outcome also excludes psychological health. Recovery for people with anorexia nervosa is undeniably positive, but recovery does not mean a return to normal.
2119:, can cause anomalies in the electrical activity of the heart, and result in life-threatening arrhythmias. Hypokalemia most commonly results in patients with anorexia when restricting is accompanied by purging (induced vomiting or laxative use). Hypotension (low blood pressure) is common, and symptoms include fatigue and weakness. Orthostatic hypotension, a marked decrease in blood pressure when standing from a supine position, may also occur. Symptoms include lightheadedness upon standing, weakness, and cognitive impairment, and may result in
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of their foods. Some authors suggest that medical professionals should evaluate the presence of an unrecognized celiac disease in all people with eating disorder, especially if they present any gastrointestinal symptom (such as decreased appetite, abdominal pain, bloating, distension, vomiting, diarrhea or constipation), weight loss, or growth failure; and also routinely ask celiac patients about weight or body shape concerns, dieting or vomiting for weight control, to evaluate the possible presence of eating disorders, especially in women.
1811:. RFS is most likely to happen in severely or extremely underweight anorexics, as well as when medical comorbidities, such as infection or cardiac failure, are present. In these circumstances, it is recommended to start refeeding more slowly but to build up rapidly as long as RFS does not occur. Recommendations on energy requirements in the most medically compromised patients vary, from 5–10 kcal/kg/day to 1900 kcal/day. This risk-averse approach can lead to underfeeding, which results in poorer outcomes for short- and long-term recovery.
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1791:, or extreme hunger. With adequate refeeding and the full restoration of both fat mass and fat-free mass, hunger eventually becomes normalized. However, the restoration of fat-free mass typically takes longer than that of body fat, leading to "fat overshoot" or "overshoot weight," wherein the patient's body fat levels are greater than pre-starvation levels. The timeline of the complete normalization of hunger varies considerably from individual to individual, from a few months to multiple years.
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1866:. Additionally, access to timely treatment can be hindered by systemic challenges within the medical system. Some individuals have reported experiencing delays in treatment, particularly when transitioning from adolescence to adulthood. It has been noted that once patients reach the age of 17, they may encounter obstacles in receiving continued care, with treatment resuming only after they turn 18. This delay can exacerbate the severity of the disorder.
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ESRRA activity is associated with risks of anorexia nervosa. In some tissues, the ESRRA gene alters the ability of estrogen and estrogen receptors to interact with DNA and change the function of cells. Since estrogen has potent effects upon appetite and feeding, any genetic abnormality in the estrogen signaling pathway could contribute to the symptoms of anorexia and explain why anorexia typically appears in young women just after the onset of puberty.
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2048:. Delayed stomach emptying, or gastroparesis, often develops following food restriction and weight loss; the most common symptom is bloating with gas and abdominal distension, and often occurs after eating. Other symptoms of gastroparesis include early satiety, fullness, nausea, and vomiting. The symptoms may inhibit efforts at eating and recovery, but can be managed by limiting high-fiber foods, using liquid nutritional supplements, or using
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anorexia have much higher contact with cultural sources that promote weight loss. This trend can also be observed for people who partake in certain sports, such as jockeys and wrestlers. There is a higher incidence and prevalence of anorexia nervosa in sports with an emphasis on aesthetics, where low body fat is advantageous, and sports in which one has to make weight for competition. Family
1185:(also called 5-HT) may play a role in anorexia. While acutely ill, metabolic changes may produce a number of biological findings in people with anorexia that are not necessarily causative of the anorexic behavior. For example, abnormal hormonal responses to challenges with serotonergic agents have been observed during acute illness, but not recovery. Nevertheless, increased
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fullness may be detected prematurely in highly sensitive individuals, which can result in decreased calorie consumption and generate anxiety surrounding food intake in anorexia patients. People with anorexia also report difficulty identifying and describing their emotional feelings and the inability to distinguish emotions from bodily sensations in general, called
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bodies due to trauma may use food as a means of control because the choice to eat is an unmatched expression of control. By exerting control over food, individuals can choose when to eat and how much to eat. Individuals, particularly children experiencing abuse, may feel a loss of control over their life, circumstances, and their own bodies. Particularly
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anorexia observed in the 20th and 21st centuries is due to an actual increase in its frequency or simply due to improved diagnostic capabilities. In 2013, it directly resulted in about 600 deaths globally, up from 400 deaths in 1990. Eating disorders also increase a person's risk of death from a wide range of other causes, including
1727:(CFT), in which the parents and child are seen together by the same therapist, and separated family therapy (SFT) in which the parents and child attend therapy separately with different therapists. Proponents of family therapy for adolescents with AN assert that it is important to include parents in the adolescent's treatment.
2266:. Some studies report that malnutrition is prevalent in nursing homes, with up to 58% of residents suffering from it, which can lead to the difficulty of identifying anorexia. One of the challenges with assisted living facilities is that they often serve bland, monotonous food, which lessens residents' desire to eat.
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and losing large amounts of weight, which may promote the development of eating disorders among them. While women use diet pills, which is an indicator of unhealthy behavior and an eating disorder, men use steroids, which contextualizes the beauty ideals for genders. In a
Canadian study, 4% of boys in grade nine used
1221:, independent of the state of illness. While these findings may be confounded by comorbid psychiatric disorders, taken as a whole they indicate serotonin in anorexia. These alterations in serotonin have been linked to traits characteristic of anorexia such as obsessiveness, anxiety, and appetite dysregulation.
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the globe has begun to shift perceptions and standards of beauty in diverse cultures, contributing to a rise in the incidence of anorexia in places they were once rare in. Anorexia, once primarily associated with
Western culture, seems more than ever to be linked to the cultures of modernity and globalization.
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workers would inflexibly follow process to avoid responsibility. Healthcare workers attempted to reach balance by gradually giving patients back control avoiding feeling sole responsibility for outcomes, being mindful of their emotional state, and trying to view eating disorders as external from patients.
401:. A person with anorexia nervosa may exhibit a number of signs and symptoms, the type and severity of which may vary and be present but not readily apparent. Though anorexia is typically recognized by the physical manifestations of the illness, it is a mental disorder that can be present at any weight.
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In non-Westernized countries, including those in Africa (excluding South Africa), eating disorders are less frequently reported and studied compared to
Western countries, with available data mostly limited to case reports and isolated studies rather than prevalence investigations. Theories to explain
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Rates of relapse after treatment range 30–72% over a period of 2–26 months, with a rate of approximately 50% in 12 months after weight restoration. Relapse occurs in approximately a third of people in hospital, and is greatest in the first six to eighteen months after release from an institution. BMI
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for individuals with AN is challenging as they may value being thin and may seek to maintain control and resist change. Initially, developing a desire to change is fundamental. Despite no evidence for better treatment in adults patients, research stated that family based therapy is the primary choice
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Anorexia nervosa has been increasingly diagnosed since 1950; the increase has been linked to vulnerability and internalization of body ideals. People in professions where there is a particular social pressure to be thin (such as models and dancers) were more likely to develop anorexia, and those with
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who are not conscious about the importance of strictly following their diet, choose to consume their trigger foods to promote weight loss. On the other hand, individuals with good dietary management may develop anxiety, food aversion and eating disorders because of concerns around cross contamination
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has been found. The role that gastrointestinal symptoms play in the development of eating disorders seems rather complex. Some authors report that unresolved symptoms prior to gastrointestinal disease diagnosis may create a food aversion in these persons, causing alterations to their eating patterns.
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Aside from weight gain and outer appearance, people with anorexia also report abnormal bodily functions such as indistinct feelings of fullness. This provides an example of miscommunication between internal signals of the body and the brain. Due to impaired interoceptive sensitivity, powerful cues of
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Anorexia is estimated to occur in 0.9% to 4.3% of women and 0.2% to 0.3% of men in
Western countries at some point in their life. About 0.4% of young females are affected in a given year and it is estimated to occur three to ten times less commonly in males. Rates in most of the developing world are
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may be related to excessive cognitive control of eating related behaviors. Similarly, altered somatosensory integration and introspection may relate to abnormal body image. A review of functional neuroimaging studies reported reduced activations in "bottom up" limbic region and increased activations
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Anorexia nervosa is more likely to occur in a person's pubertal years. Some explanatory hypotheses for the rising prevalence of eating disorders in adolescence are "increase of adipose tissue in girls, hormonal changes of puberty, societal expectations of increased independence and autonomy that are
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The mutations of two particular genes, the estrogen-related receptor alpha (ESRRA) gene and histone deacetylase 4 (HDAC4) gene, have been linked to anorexia. While the ESRRA mutation decreases its transcriptional activity, the HDAC4 mutation increases ESRRA's transcription repression. This decreased
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Other psychological issues may factor into anorexia nervosa. Some pre-existing disorders can increase a person's likelihood to develop an eating disorder. Additionally, Anorexia
Nervosa can contribute to the development of certain conditions. The presence of psychiatric comorbidity has been shown to
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It is estimated to occur in 0.3% to 4.3% of women and 0.2% to 1% of men in
Western countries at some point in their life. About 0.4% of young women are affected in a given year and it is estimated to occur ten times more commonly among women than men. It is unclear whether the increased incidence of
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There are also several medical conditions that can result from anorexia in the elderly. An increased risk of illness and death can be a result of anorexia. There is also a decline in muscle and bone mass as a result of a reduction in protein intake during anorexia. Another result of anorexia in the
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Male and female athletes are often overlooked as anorexic. Research emphasizes the importance to take athletes' diet, weight and symptoms into account when diagnosing anorexia, instead of just looking at weight and BMI. For athletes, ritualized activities such as weigh-ins place emphasis on gaining
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of not being in control of outcomes which they may protect against by focusing on individual tasks, avoiding identifying with patients (for example by making their eating behavior very different and not sharing personal information with patients), and blaming patients for their distress. Healthcare
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Healthcare workers involved in the treatment of anorexia reported frustration and anger to setbacks in treatment and noncompliance and were afraid of patients dying. Some healthcare workers felt that they did not understand the treatment and that medical doctors were making decisions. They may feel
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Patients involved in treatment sometimes felt that treatment focused on biological aspects of body weight and eating behaviour change rather than their perceptions or emotional state. Patients felt that a therapists trust in them shown by being treated as a complete person with their own capacities
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can play a role in the perpetuation of anorexia including negative expressed emotion in overprotective families where blame is frequently experienced among its members. In the face of constant pressure to be thin, often perpetuated by teasing and bullying, feelings of low self-esteem and self-worth
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Interoceptive awareness and emotion are deeply intertwined, and could mutually impact each other in abnormalities. Anorexia patients also exhibit emotional regulation difficulties that ignite emotionally-cued eating behaviors, such as restricting food or excessive exercising. Impaired interoceptive
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feeding is unclear. Such an intervention may be highly distressing for both anorexia patients and healthcare staff when administered against the patient's will under restraint. Some people with anorexia will have a single episode and recover while others may have recurring episodes over years. Many
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This eating disorder that affects older adults has two types – early onset and late onset. Early onset refers to a recurrence of anorexia in late life in an individual who experienced the disease during their youth. Late onset describes instances where the eating disorder begins for the first time
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Restricting type: the individual uses restricting food intake, fasting, diet pills, or exercise as a means for losing weight; they may exercise excessively to keep off weight or prevent weight gain, and some individuals eat only enough to stay alive. In the restrictive type, there are no recurrent
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Notably, although these cultural distinctions persist, modernization and globalization slowly homogenize these attitudes. Anorexia is increasingly tied to the pressures of a global culture that celebrates
Western ideals of thinness. The spread of Western media, fashion, and lifestyle ideals across
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diagnosis ranges from 4% to 52% in non-clinical samples to 10% to 47% in clinical samples. A complicated symptom profile develops when trauma and anorexia meld; the bodily experience of the individual is changed and intrusive thoughts and sensations may be experienced. Traumatic events can lead to
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that indicates the functional and non-organic nature of the disorder, but this adjective is also often omitted when the context is clear. Despite the literal translation of anorexia, the feeling of hunger in anorexia nervosa is frequently present and the pathological control of this instinct is a
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Moreover, some individuals, particularly men, who exhibit symptoms of anorexia may not meet the BMI criteria outlined in the DSM-IV due to higher muscle weight and lower fat content. Consequently, a subclinical diagnosis, such as Eating
Disorder Not Otherwise Specified (ED-NOS) in DSM-IV or Other
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While anorexia became more commonly diagnosed during the 20th century it is unclear if this was due to an increase in its frequency or simply better diagnosis. Most studies show that since at least 1970 the incidence of AN in adult women is fairly constant, while there is some indication that the
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While anorexia nervosa is commonly associated with women, it can also affect men. However, the diagnosis and awareness of eating disorders and associated health risks in men are frequently underrepresented. A survey conducted among a randomly selected sample of individuals aged 18–35 reveals that
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Cultural attitudes towards body image, beauty, and health also significantly impact the incidence of anorexia nervosa. There is a stark contrast between Western societies that idolize slimness and certain Eastern traditions that worship gods depicted with larger bodies, and these varying cultural
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Persistent exposure to media that present thin ideal may constitute a risk factor for body dissatisfaction and anorexia nervosa. Cultures that equate thinness with beauty often have higher rates of anorexia nervosa. The cultural ideal for body shape for men versus women continues to favor slender
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When trauma is perpetrated on an individual, it can lead to feelings of not being safe within their own body. Both physical and sexual abuse can lead to an individual seeing their body as belonging to an "other" and not to the "self". Individuals who feel as though they have no control over their
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Another online aspect contributing to higher rates of eating disorders such as anorexia nervosa are websites and communities on social media that stress the importance of attainment of body ideals extol. These communities promote anorexia nervosa through the use of religious metaphors, lifestyle
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to flush food out of their system after eating or engage in self-induced vomiting. Anorexia purging is a subtype of anorexia, wherein the person severely restricts most of the time but has recurring episodes of binge eating. After bingeing they engage in purging behaviors. This is different from
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Several case reports brought attention to the association of anorexia nervosa and celiac disease.(...) Some patients present with the eating disorder prior to diagnosis of celiac disease and others developed anorexia nervosa after the diagnosis of celiac disease. Healthcare professionals should
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remains the same size. Studies have shown rates of mitral valve prolapse of around 20 percent in those with anorexia nervosa, while the rate in the general population is estimated at 2–4 percent. It has been suggested that there is an association between mitral valve prolapse and sudden cardiac
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is a marker of the severity of the disease, and while it is reversible with treatment and refeeding, it is possible that it may cause permanent, microscopic changes to the heart muscle that increase the risk of sudden cardiac death. Individuals with anorexia nervosa may experience chest pain or
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in the central nervous system which prevents ovulation. Anorexia nervosa can also result in pubertal delay or arrest. Both height gain and pubertal development are dependent on the release of growth hormone and gonadotropins (LH and FSH) from the pituitary gland. Suppression of gonadotropins in
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may partially counteract the effects of undernutrition on height by allowing for a longer duration of growth compared to controls. Appropriate early treatment can preserve height potential, and may even help to increase it in some post-anorexic subjects, due to factors such as long-term reduced
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Historically, practitioners have slowly increased calories at a measured pace from a starting point of around 1,200 kcal/day. However, as understanding of the process of weight restoration has improved, an approach that favors a higher starting point and a more rapid rate of increase has become
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more often affected than fraternal twins. Cultural factors also appear to play a role, with societies that value thinness having higher rates of the disease. Additionally, it occurs more commonly among those involved in activities that value thinness, such as high-level athletics, modeling, and
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and clinical settings, this symptom is called "body image disturbance". Individuals with anorexia nervosa also often deny that they have a problem with low weight. They may weigh themselves frequently, eat small amounts, and only eat certain foods. Some exercise excessively, force themselves to
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During the weekends in particular, some of the men found it difficult to stop eating. Their daily intake commonly ranged between 8,000 and 10,000 calories. After about 5 months of refeeding, the majority of the men reported some normalization of their eating patterns, but for some the extreme
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An increasing trend of anorexia among the elderly, termed "Anorexia of Aging," is observed, characterized by behaviors similar to those seen in typical anorexia nervosa but often accompanied by excessive laxative use. Most geriatric anorexia patients limit their food intake to dairy or grains,
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in which the person loses a significant amount of weight and is at risk for serious medical complications despite having a higher body-mass index, is much higher, at 5–12%. Additionally, a UCSF study showed severity of illness is independent of current BMI, and "patients with large, rapid, or
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or measures of body fat and leptin levels at discharge were the strongest predictors of relapse, as well as signs of eating psychopathology at discharge. Duration of illness, age, severity, the proportion of AN binge-purge subtype, and presence of comorbidities are also contributing factors.
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Many assessments are available to diagnose anorexia in the aging community. These assessments include the Simplified Nutritional Assessment Questionnaire (SNAQ) and Functional Assessment of Anorexia/Cachexia Therapy (FAACT). Specific to the geriatric populace, the interRAI system identifies
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without their consent. AN has a high mortality and patients admitted in a severely ill state to medical units are at particularly high risk. Diagnosis can be challenging, risk assessment may not be performed accurately, consent and the need for compulsion may not be assessed appropriately,
1347:) criterion was removed. Amenorrhea was removed for several reasons: it does not apply to males, it is not applicable for females before or after the age of menstruation or taking birth control pills, and some women who meet the other criteria for AN still report some menstrual activity.
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Media portrayal of idealized and unrealistic bodies contribute to AN prevalence. In magazines and movies and even on billboards most of the actors/models are digitally altered in multiple ways. People then strive to look like these "perfect" models who, in reality, are flawed themselves.
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5613:"The role of "mixed" orexigenic and anorexigenic signals and autoantibodies reacting with appetite-regulating neuropeptides and peptides of the adipose tissue-gut-brain axis: relevance to food intake and nutritional status in patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa"
1709:. Although restoring the person's weight is the primary task at hand, optimal treatment also includes and monitors behavioral change in the individual as well. There is some evidence that hospitalization might adversely affect long term outcome, but sometimes is necessary.
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The treatment for anorexia of aging is undifferentiated as anorexia for any other age group. Some of the treatment options include outpatient and inpatient facilities, antidepressant medication and behavioral therapy such as meal observation and discussing eating habits.
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2064:, though the precise cause is unknown. Cardiac complications include structural and functional changes to the heart. Some of these cardiovascular changes are mild and are reversible with treatment, while others may be life-threatening. Cardiac complications can include
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In the late 19th century anorexia nervosa became widely accepted by the medical profession as a recognized condition. Awareness of the condition was largely limited to the medical profession until the latter part of the 20th century, when German-American psychoanalyst
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have also been reported in acutely ill patients. However, these alterations seem to be associated with acute malnutrition and largely reversible with weight restoration, at least in nonchronic cases in younger people. In contrast, some studies have reported increased
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Treatment of anorexia involves restoring the patient back to a healthy weight, treating their underlying psychological problems, and addressing underlying maladaptive behaviors. While medications do not help with weight gain, they may be used to help with associated
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or near-fainting. Orthostasis in anorexia nervosa indicates worsening cardiac function and may indicate a need for hospitalization. Hypotension and orthostasis generally resolve upon recovery to a normal weight. The weight loss in anorexia nervosa also causes
1607:: A BUN to creatinine ratio is used to predict various conditions. A high BUN/creatinine ratio can occur in severe hydration, acute kidney failure, congestive heart failure, and intestinal bleeding. A low BUN/creatinine ratio can indicate a low protein diet,
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Some individuals may also have a decrease in cardiac contractility. Cardiac complications can be life-threatening, but the heart muscle generally improves with weight gain, and the heart normalizes in size over weeks to months, with recovery. Atrophy of the
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descriptions, "thinspiration" or "fitspiration" (inspirational photo galleries and quotes that aim to serve as motivators for attainment of body ideals). Pro-anorexia websites reinforce internalization of body ideals and the importance of their attainment.
1974:, the downstream hormone that should be released in response to GH are low; this indicates a state of "resistance" to GH due to chronic starvation. IGF-1 is necessary for bone formation, and decreased levels in anorexia nervosa contribute to a loss of
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Diet is the most essential factor to work on in people with anorexia nervosa, and must be tailored to each person's needs. Food variety is important when establishing meal plans as well as foods that are higher in energy density, especially in
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Neuroimaging studies investigating the functional connectivity between brain regions have observed a number of alterations in networks related to cognitive control, introspection, and sensory function. Alterations in networks related to the
324:. In extreme cases, patients with anorexia nervosa who continually refuse significant dietary intake and weight restoration interventions, and are declared to lack capacity to make decisions by a psychiatrist, may be fed by force under
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Gárriz M, Andrés-Perpiñá S, Plana MT, Flamarique I, Romero S, Julià L, et al. (March 2021). "Personality disorder traits, obsessive ideation and perfectionism 20 years after adolescent-onset anorexia nervosa: a recovered study".
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Artoni P, Chierici ML, Arnone F, Cigarini C, De Bernardis E, Galeazzi GM, et al. (March 2021). "Body perception treatment, a possible way to treat body image disturbance in eating disorders: a case-control efficacy study".
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detrimental conditions in assisted living facilities and nursing homes. Even a simple screening for nutritional insufficiencies such as low levels of important vitamins, can help to identify someone who has anorexia of aging.
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and continuing into the medieval period. The medieval practice of self-starvation by women, including some young women, in the name of religious piety and purity also concerns anorexia nervosa; it is sometimes referred to as
1986:. Anorexia nervosa can also result in reduction of peak bone mass. Buildup of bone is greatest during adolescence, and if onset of anorexia nervosa occurs during this time and stalls puberty, low bone mass may be permanent.
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Family-based treatment (FBT) has been shown to be more successful than individual therapy for adolescents with AN. Various forms of family-based treatment have been proven to work in the treatment of adolescent AN including
1019:: people with gastrointestinal disorders may be more at risk of developing disorders of eating practices than the general population, principally restrictive eating disturbances. An association of anorexia nervosa with
1742:(CBT) is useful in adolescents and adults with anorexia nervosa. One of the most known psychotherapy in the field is CBT-E, an enhanced cognitive-behavior therapy specifically focus to eating disorder psychopathology.
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Pharmaceuticals have limited benefit for anorexia itself. There is a lack of good information from which to make recommendations concerning the effectiveness of antidepressants in treating anorexia. Administration of
1129:, in the case of anorexia, may also lead to reduction in the body as a sexual object, making starvation a solution. Restriction may also be a means by which the pain an individual is experiencing can be communicated.
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The signs and symptoms that go along with anorexia of aging are similar to what is observed in adolescent anorexia, including sudden weight loss, unexplained hair loss or dental problems, and a desire to eat alone.
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Kaye WH, Gwirtsman HE, Obarzanek E, George T, Jimerson DC, Ebert MH (October 1986). "Caloric intake necessary for weight maintenance in anorexia nervosa: nonbulimics require greater caloric intake than bulimics".
6497:
Halmi KA, Sunday SR, Strober M, Kaplan A, Woodside DB, Fichter M, et al. (November 2000). "Perfectionism in anorexia nervosa: variation by clinical subtype, obsessionality, and pathological eating behavior".
1750:(CRT) is also used in treating anorexia nervosa. Schema-Focused Therapy (a form of CBT) was developed by Dr. Jeffrey Young and is effective in helping patients identify origins and triggers for disordered eating.
1676:
females are more inclined to report behaviors such as fasting, body checking, and body avoidance, whereas males are more prone to report overeating. 0.3% of men may experience anorexia nervosa in their life time.
1097:
personality traits which may facilitate sticking to a restricted diet. It has been suggested that patients with anorexia are rigid in their thought patterns, and place a high level of importance upon being thin.
12128:
12109:
1870:
powerless to improve a patient's situation and deskilled as a result. Healthcare workers involved in monitoring patients consumption of food felt watched themselves. Healthcare workers often feel a degree of
744:
and regulation of emotions. Aside from noticeable physiological dysfunction, interoceptive deficits also prompt individuals with anorexia to concentrate on distorted perceptions of multiple elements of their
12482:
6533:
Anderluh MB, Tchanturia K, Rabe-Hesketh S, Treasure J (February 2003). "Childhood obsessive-compulsive personality traits in adult women with eating disorders: defining a broader eating disorder phenotype".
1065:. This has given further rise to the hypothesis that anorexia nervosa and other restrictive eating disorders may be an evolutionarily advantageous adaptive response to a perceived famine in the environment.
5666:
4326:"The association of anxiety disorders and obsessive compulsive personality disorder with anorexia nervosa: evidence from a family study with discussion of nosological and neurodevelopmental implications"
11511:"The interRAI Acute Care instrument incorporated in an eHealth system for standardized and web-based geriatric assessment: strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats in the acute hospital setting"
7103:"Expressed emotion in eating disorders assessed via self-report: an examination of factors associated with expressed emotion in carers of people with anorexia nervosa in comparison to control families"
3798:
2892:"Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
11442:"The Simplified Nutritional Appetite Questionnaire (SNAQ) as a Screening Tool for Risk of Malnutrition: Optimal Cutoff, Factor Structure, and Validation in Healthy Community-Dwelling Older Adults"
7785:"A systematic review of resting-state functional-MRI studies in anorexia nervosa: Evidence for functional connectivity impairment in cognitive control and visuospatial and body-signal integration"
5130:
Rask-Andersen M, Olszewski PK, Levine AS, Schiöth HB (March 2010). "Molecular mechanisms underlying anorexia nervosa: focus on human gene association studies and systems controlling food intake".
11920:
2835:"Global, regional, and national incidence, prevalence, and years lived with disability for 310 diseases and injuries, 1990–2015: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015"
1057:, for example, showed that normal controls will exhibit many of the same behavioral patterns associated with AN when subjected to starvation. Similarly, scientific experiments conducted using
3268:"Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990–2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013"
8426:
Montagnese C, Scalfi L, Signorini A, De Filippo E, Pasanisi F, Contaldo F (December 2007). "Cholinesterase and other serum liver enzymes in underweight outpatients with eating disorders".
1941:
Anorexia nervosa can have serious implications if its duration and severity are significant and if onset occurs before the completion of growth, pubertal maturation, or the attainment of
335:
Anorexia often develops during adolescence or young adulthood. The causes of anorexia are varied and may differ from individual to individual. There is emerging evidence that there is a
9622:
1989:
Hepatic steatosis, or fatty infiltration of the liver, can also occur, and is an indicator of malnutrition in children. Neurological disorders that may occur as complications include
4502:"Are obsessive-compulsive personality traits associated with a poor outcome in anorexia nervosa? A systematic review of randomized controlled trials and naturalistic outcome studies"
3905:
Bora E, Köse S (August 2016). "Meta-analysis of theory of mind in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa: A specific İmpairment of cognitive perspective taking in anorexia nervosa?".
2406:
8232:
1260:
Structural neuroimaging studies have found global reductions in both gray matter and white matter, as well as increased cerebrospinal fluid volumes. Regional decreases in the left
5860:
Leffler DA, Dennis M, Edwards George JB, Jamma S, Magge S, Cook EF, et al. (May 2009). "A simple validated gluten-free diet adherence survey for adults with celiac disease".
5363:
Tanida T (January 2022). "Molecular dynamics of estrogen-related receptors and their regulatory proteins: roles in transcriptional control for endocrine and metabolic signaling".
7697:
Kaye WH, Frank GK, Bailer UF, Henry SE, Meltzer CC, Price JC, et al. (May 2005). "Serotonin alterations in anorexia and bulimia nervosa: new insights from imaging studies".
2288:
Two images of an anorexic woman published in 1900 in "Nouvelle Iconographie de la Salpêtrière". The case was titled "Un cas d'anorexie hysterique" (A case of hysteric anorexia).
2363:
in 1978. Despite major advances in neuroscience, Bruch's theories tend to dominate popular thinking. A further important event was the death of the popular singer and drummer
1061:
have suggested that other mammals exhibit these same behaviors, especially compulsive movement, when caloric restriction is induced, likely mediated by various changes in the
2343:'s personal physicians. Gull published a seminal paper providing a number of detailed case descriptions of patients with anorexia nervosa. In the same year, French physician
1954:
levels compared to premorbid levels. In some cases, especially where onset is before puberty, complications such as stunted growth and pubertal delay are usually reversible.
12724:
9517:
overconsumption persisted. More than 8 months after renourishment began, most men had returned to normal eating patterns; however, a few were still eating abnormal amounts.
1957:
Anorexia nervosa causes alterations in the female reproductive system; significant weight loss, as well as psychological stress and intense exercise, typically results in a
4365:
Brand-Gothelf A, Leor S, Apter A, Fennig S (October 2014). "The impact of comorbid depressive and anxiety disorders on severity of anorexia nervosa in adolescent girls".
10479:
Norris ML, Harrison ME, Isserlin L, Robinson A, Feder S, Sampson M (March 2016). "Gastrointestinal complications associated with anorexia nervosa: A systematic review".
5780:
Sainsbury K, Mullan B, Sharpe L (August 2013). "Reduced quality of life in coeliac disease is more strongly associated with depression than gastrointestinal symptoms".
1656:
A variety of medical and psychological conditions have been misdiagnosed as anorexia nervosa; in some cases the correct diagnosis was not made for more than ten years.
9231:
8355:
Lee H, Oh JY, Sung YA, Chung H, Cho WY (October 2009). "The prevalence and risk factors for glucose intolerance in young Korean women with polycystic ovary syndrome".
12467:
8105:
6589:
Flett GL, Newby J, Hewitt PL, Persaud C (September 2011). "Perfectionistic automatic thoughts, trait perfectionism, and bulimic automatic thoughts in young women".
1803:(RFS), which occurs when a malnourished person is refed too quickly for their body to be able to adapt. Two of the most common indicators that RFS is occurring are
2168:
unclear. Often it begins during the teen years or young adulthood. Medical students are a high risk group, with an overall estimated prevalence of 10.4% globally.
1597:: urea nitrogen is the byproduct of protein metabolism first formed in the liver then removed from the body by the kidneys. The BUN test is primarily used to test
11892:
10306:
Devlin MJ, Walsh BT, Katz JL, Roose SP, Linkie DM, Wright L, et al. (April 1989). "Hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal function in anorexia nervosa and bulimia".
5705:
3109:
7193:
9896:
9197:
2235:
The stimulus for anorexia in elderly patients is typically a loss of control over their lives, which can be brought on by many events, including moving into an
2132:, a reduction in the ability to sustain exercise, a diminished ability to increase blood pressure in response to exercise, and a subjective feeling of fatigue.
1297:
A diagnostic assessment includes the person's current circumstances, biographical history, current symptoms, and family history. The assessment also includes a
1089:, and is part of the differential diagnosis. Other psychological causes of anorexia include low self-esteem, feeling like there is lack of control, depression,
75:"Miss A—" depicted in 1866 and in 1870 after treatment. Her condition was one of the earliest case studies of anorexia, published in medical research papers of
10790:
Jahrami H, Sater M, Abdulla A, Faris MA, AlAnsari A (June 2019). "Eating disorders risk among medical students: a global systematic review and meta-analysis".
1702:
4576:
However, prospective studies are still scarce and the results from current literature regarding causal connections between AN and personality are unavailable.
3809:
864:. Twin studies have shown a heritability rate of 28–58%. First-degree relatives of those with anorexia have roughly 12 times the risk of developing anorexia.
11130:"The relationship between eating disorder not otherwise specified (EDNOS) and officially recognized eating disorders: meta-analysis and implications for DSM"
1311:
11051:
Thiel A, Gottfried H, Hesse FW (October 1993). "Subclinical eating disorders in male athletes. A study of the low weight category in rowers and wrestlers".
9530:
6475:
12646:
12477:
5582:
Davis JF, Choi DL, Benoit SC (2011). "24. Orexigenic Hypothalamic Peptides Behavior and Feeding – 24.5 Orexin". In Preedy VR, Watson RR, Martin CR (eds.).
4890:
9301:"An Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis of Schema Modes in a Single Case of Anorexia Nervosa: Part 1- Background, Method, and Child and Parent Modes"
4977:
1450:: a variety of tests performed on the urine used in the diagnosis of medical disorders, to test for substance abuse, and as an indicator of overall health
12397:
9561:
Hypophosphatemia is considered the hallmark of refeeding syndrome, although other imbalances may occur as well, including hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia.
2833:
Vos T, Allen C, Arora M, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Brown A, et al. (GBD 2015 Disease and Injury Incidence and Prevalence Collaborators) (October 2016).
11694:
King NA, Burley VJ, Blundell JE (October 1994). "Exercise-induced suppression of appetite: effects on food intake and implications for energy balance".
9357:
3266:
Murray CJ, Barber RM, Foreman KJ, Ozgoren AA, Abd-Allah F, Abera SF, et al. (GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (January 2015).
1024:
Other authors report that greater symptoms throughout their diagnosis led to greater risk. It has been documented that some people with celiac disease,
2217:
Specified Feeding or Eating Disorder/Unspecified Feeding or Eating Disorder in DSM-5, is often made instead though there is no significant difference.
9174:
2145:; these can be a result of mitral valve prolapse. Mitral valve prolapse occurs because the size of the heart muscle decreases while the tissue of the
12717:
11712:
Subjective feelings of hunger were significantly suppressed during and after intense exercise sessions (P 0.01), but the suppression was short-lived.
571:
Preoccupation with food, recipes, or cooking; may cook elaborate dinners for others, but not eat the food themselves or consume a very small portion.
10101:
4461:"The relation among perfectionism, obsessive-compulsive personality disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorder in individuals with eating disorders"
844:
There is evidence for biological, psychological, developmental, and sociocultural risk factors, but the exact cause of eating disorders is unknown.
10600:
Johnson GL, Humphries LL, Shirley PB, Mazzoleni A, Noonan JA (August 1986). "Mitral valve prolapse in patients with anorexia nervosa and bulimia".
10443:
5825:
Tang TN, Toner BB, Stuckless N, Dion KL, Kaplan AS, Ali A (August 1998). "Features of eating disorders in patients with irritable bowel syndrome".
1494:: Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) used to assess the body's ability to metabolize glucose. Can be useful in detecting various disorders such as
1405:
Medical tests to check for signs of physical deterioration in anorexia nervosa may be performed by a general physician or psychiatrist, including:
7740:
Kaye WH, Bailer UF, Frank GK, Wagner A, Henry SE (September 2005). "Brain imaging of serotonin after recovery from anorexia and bulimia nervosa".
3775:
749:. This exists in both people with anorexia and in healthy individuals due to impairment in interoceptive sensitivity and interoceptive awareness.
4148:
Badoud D, Tsakiris M (June 2017). "From the body's viscera to the body's image: Is there a link between interoception and body image concerns?".
2737:
8883:
2470:
4907:
Huke V, Turk J, Saeidi S, Kent A, Morgan JF (September 2013). "Autism spectrum disorders in eating disorder populations: a systematic review".
2890:
Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, Barber RM, Bhutta ZA, Carter A, et al. (GBD 2015 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators) (October 2016).
6938:
Francisco R (2018), "Studies on Body Image, Eating, and Weight in Models, Dancers, and Aesthetic Athletes", in Cuzzolaro M, Fassino S (eds.),
1641:: tests used to assess thyroid functioning by checking levels of thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), and triiodothyronine (T3).
12653:
12636:
12447:
3039:"Nursing assistants' experiences of administering manual restraint for compulsory nasogastric feeding of young persons with anorexia nervosa"
1363:
in terms of the individual's weight. An individual with binge-eating/purging type anorexia is usually significantly underweight. People with
9264:
Tchanturia K, Lounes N, Holttum S (November 2014). "Cognitive remediation in anorexia nervosa and related conditions: a systematic review".
2323:(ὄρεξις, "appetite"), translating literally to "a loss of appetite". In and of itself, this term does not have a harmful connotation, e.g.,
1635:(EEG): measures the electrical activity of the brain. It can be used to detect abnormalities such as those associated with pituitary tumors.
12710:
1845:
may be missed or poorly treated and the behavioural and family problems in AN may be missed or poorly managed. Guidelines published by the
9729:
Meftah AM, Deckler E, Citrome L, Kantrowitz JT (January 2020). "New discoveries for an old drug: a review of recent olanzapine research".
6288:
Wonderlich SA, Brewerton TD, Jocic Z, Dansky BS, Abbott DW (August 1997). "Relationship of childhood sexual abuse and eating disorders".
5539:
Favaro A, Tenconi E, Santonastaso P (January 2006). "Perinatal factors and the risk of developing anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa".
389:
8662:
8531:
8325:
8295:
8273:
3182:"Eating Disorders: Core Interventions in the Treatment and Management of Anorexia Nervosa, Bulimia Nervosa and Related Eating Disorders"
2193:
these lower rates of eating disorders, lower reporting, and lower research rates in these countries include the attention to effects of
12402:
10238:
6993:
6989:
3531:
1664:
1651:
1218:
9045:
Russell GF, Szmukler GI, Dare C, Eisler I (December 1987). "An evaluation of family therapy in anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa".
7084:
7471:
Harrison K (2001). "Ourselves, Our Bodies: Thin-Ideal Media, Self-Discrepancies, and Eating Disorder Symptomatology in Adolescents".
777:
8461:
Narayanan V, Gaudiani JL, Harris RH, Mehler PS (May 2010). "Liver function test abnormalities in anorexia nervosa—cause or effect".
4606:
4589:
1775:
increasingly common. In either approach, the end goal is typically in the range of 3,000 to 3,500 kcal/day. Patients who experience
1738:, critics claim that it has the potential to create power struggles in an intimate relationship and may disrupt equal partnerships.
12938:
5105:
Hildebrandt T, Downey A (4 July 2013). "The Neurobiology of Eating Disorders". In Charney D, Sklar P, Buxbaum J, Nestler E (eds.).
805:
6336:
5895:
Garcia J, Kimeldorf DJ, Koelling RA (July 1955). "Conditioned aversion to saccharin resulting from exposure to gamma radiation".
4285:"Impaired social cognition processes in Asperger syndrome and anorexia nervosa. In search for endophenotypes of social cognition"
920:, may contribute to the development or maintenance of anorexia nervosa, though clinical research in this area is in its infancy.
435:
Signs and symptoms may be classified in various categories including: physical, cognitive, affective, behavioral and perceptual:
295:. The DSM-5 describes this perceptual symptom as "disturbance in the way in which one's body weight or shape is experienced". In
10527:
Sachs KV, Harnke B, Mehler PS, Krantz MJ (March 2016). "Cardiovascular complications of anorexia nervosa: A systematic review".
11606:
Espi Forcen F (April 2013). "Anorexia mirabilis: the practice of fasting by Saint Catherine of Siena in the late Middle Ages".
11004:"National athletic trainers' association position statement: preventing, detecting, and managing disordered eating in athletes"
6569:
1301:, which is an assessment of the person's current mood and thought content, focusing on views on weight and patterns of eating.
2327:
simply means that hunger is naturally suppressed during and after sufficiently intense exercise sessions. It is the adjective
13068:
12407:
11867:
11105:
10850:
10565:
Goldberg SJ, Comerci GD, Feldman L (January 1988). "Cardiac output and regional myocardial contraction in anorexia nervosa".
10453:
10084:
9550:
9351:
9241:
9207:
8986:
8959:
8747:
8242:
7884:
7378:
7028:
7003:
6965:
6448:
6419:
6392:
6367:
6146:
5595:
5114:
5071:
4841:
4679:
4650:
4039:
3840:
3583:
3541:
2706:
2679:
2610:
1383:(BMI) is used by the DSM-5 as an indicator of the level of severity of anorexia nervosa. The DSM-5 states these as follows:
12253:
7953:"Structural Neuroimaging of Anorexia Nervosa: Future Directions in the Quest for Mechanisms Underlying Dynamic Alterations"
7902:"Anorexia nervosa is linked to reduced brain structure in reward and somatosensory regions: a meta-analysis of VBM studies"
2401:
8561:
Sheridan AM, Bonventre JV (July 2000). "Cell biology and molecular mechanisms of injury in ischemic acute renal failure".
3950:
2150:
death, but it has not been proven to be causative, either in patients with anorexia nervosa or in the general population.
420:, a drop in the level of potassium in the blood, is a sign of anorexia nervosa. A significant drop in potassium can cause
12733:
12457:
12143:
9698:
Claudino AM, Hay P, Lima MS, Bacaltchuk J, Schmidt U, Treasure J (January 2006). "Antidepressants for anorexia nervosa".
7428:
Norris ML, Boydell KM, Pinhas L, Katzman DK (September 2006). "Ana and the Internet: a review of pro-anorexia websites".
5267:"Genome-wide association study identifies eight risk loci and implicates metabo-psychiatric origins for anorexia nervosa"
2045:
1824:
has been shown to result in a modest but statistically significant increase in body weight of anorexia nervosa patients.
1735:
11884:
11095:
8627:
Pepin J, Shields C (February 2012). "Advances in diagnosis and management of hypokalemic and hyperkalemic emergencies".
4256:
Boswell JF, Anderson LM, Anderson DA (June 2015). "Integration of Interoceptive Exposure in Eating Disorder Treatment".
852:
12442:
12417:
9463:"Poststarvation hyperphagia and body fat overshooting in humans: a role for feedback signals from lean and fat tissues"
3116:
10228:"Core interventions in the treatment and management of anorexia nervosa, bulimia nervosa and related eating disorders"
7185:
784:
between personality disorders and eating disorders has yet to be fully established. Other comorbid conditions include
13095:
12980:
12926:
9900:
7388:
6887:
6792:
Malecki J, Rhodes P, Ussher J (August 2018). "Childhood trauma and anorexia nervosa: from body image to embodiment".
1743:
1563:: A series of tests used to assess liver function some of the tests are also used in the assessment of malnutrition,
1359:
Binge-eating/purging type: patients with anorexia could show binge eating and purging behavior. It is different from
1094:
993:
Neuroendocrine dysregulation: altered signaling of peptides that facilitate communication between the gut, brain and
928:
663:
Food rituals, such as cutting food into tiny pieces, refusing to eat around others, and hiding or discarding of food.
9991:
8097:
812:(BDD). Depression and anxiety are the most common comorbidities, and depression is associated with a worse outcome.
13058:
12432:
12412:
7328:"Sociocultural Appearance Standards and Risk Factors for Eating Disorders in Adolescents and Women of Various Ages"
6467:
3141:
Hay P (July 2013). "A systematic review of evidence for psychological treatments in eating disorders: 2005–2012".
1315:(DSM 5). There is no specific BMI cut-off that defines low weight required for the diagnosis of anorexia nervosa.
12827:
12641:
12437:
12286:
9556:
4861:
2037:
1054:
1037:
particularly difficult for anorexic adolescents to meet; increased influence of the peer group and its values."
962:
complications: prenatal and perinatal complications may factor into the development of anorexia nervosa, such as
793:
686:
Excessive exercise, including micro-exercising, for example making small persistent movements of fingers or toes.
7875:
Kaye WH, Wagner A, Fudge JL, Paulus M (2011). "Neurocircuitry of Eating Disorders". In Adan RA, Kaye WH (eds.).
1883:
1237:
in response to food, and reduced correlation between self reported liking of a sugary drink and activity in the
740:
involves the conscious and unconscious sense of the internal state of the body, and it has an important role in
12842:
12543:
12513:
12472:
11347:
Lapid MI, Prom MC, Burton MC, McAlpine DE, Sutor B, Rummans TA (June 2010). "Eating disorders in the elderly".
5054:
Thornton LM, Mazzeo SE, Bulik CM (2011). "The heritability of eating disorders: methods and current findings".
4946:
2308:
in 1689. Case descriptions fitting anorexic illnesses continued throughout the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries.
2284:
1962:
1846:
1574:
1109:
7142:
Yager J (April 2020). "Managing Patients With Severe and Enduring Anorexia Nervosa: When Is Enough, Enough?".
6270:
2944:
Treasure J, Zipfel S, Micali N, Wade T, Stice E, Claudino A, et al. (November 2015). "Anorexia nervosa".
12538:
12487:
12422:
9823:"Mortality rates in patients with anorexia nervosa and other eating disorders. A meta-analysis of 36 studies"
2336:
1747:
1684:
There is no conclusive evidence that any particular treatment for anorexia nervosa works better than others.
773:
11641:
Harris JC (November 2014). "Anorexia nervosa and anorexia mirabilis: Miss K. R--and St Catherine Of Siena".
11253:
3606:
Poyastro Pinheiro A, Thornton LM, Plotonicov KH, Tozzi F, Klump KL, Berrettini WH, et al. (July 2007).
1625:(EKG or ECG): measures electrical activity of the heart. It can be used to detect various disorders such as
1209:
has been reported to be lower in patients with anorexia in a number of cortical regions, evidenced by lower
1125:, can make individuals feel that the body is not a safe place and an object over which another has control.
13083:
12921:
12781:
9170:
8496:
Walder A, Baumann P (December 2008). "Increased creatinine kinase and rhabdomyolysis in anorexia nervosa".
7411:
6094:
Zandian M, Ioakimidis I, Bergh C, Södersten P (September 2007). "Cause and treatment of anorexia nervosa".
1961:
in women who are past puberty. In patients with anorexia nervosa, there is a reduction of the secretion of
1924:
1739:
1214:
780:(OCPD) are highly comorbid with AN. OCD is linked with more severe symptomatology and worse prognosis. The
361:
226:
2099:
Abnormalities in conduction and repolarization of the heart that can result from anorexia nervosa include
12754:
12086:
4947:"Anorexia nervosa and autism spectrum disorders: guided investigation of social cognitive endophenotypes"
3981:"Nutritional rehabilitation in anorexia nervosa: review of the literature and implications for treatment"
2279:
2052:
to increase emptying of food from the stomach. Gastroparesis generally resolves when weight is regained.
1013:, may contribute to the pathogenesis of anorexia nervosa by disrupting regulation of hunger and satiety.
590:
9921:""Finding my own identity": a qualitative metasynthesis of adult anorexia nervosa treatment experiences"
5496:
Jones C, Pearce B, Barrera I, Mummert A (September 2017). "Fetal programming and eating disorder risk".
1325:
Intense fear of gaining weight or persistent behaviors that interfere with gaining weight. (Criterion B)
816:
disorders occur more commonly among people with eating disorders than in the general population. Zucker
12769:
12452:
10255:
Vyver E, Steinegger C, Katzman DK (2008). "Eating disorders and menstrual dysfunction in adolescents".
3771:
2500:
2305:
1799:
Treatment professionals tend to be conservative with refeeding in anorexic patients due to the risk of
1194:
1190:
1029:
608:
208:
10040:
Bouquegneau A, Dubois BE, Krzesinski JM, Delanaye P (August 2012). "Anorexia nervosa and the kidney".
7019:
Anderson-Fye EP, Becker AE (2004). "Sociocultural Aspects of Eating Disorders". In Thompson KJ (ed.).
2744:
1923:
AN has the highest mortality rate of any psychological disorder. The mortality rate is 11 to 12 times
1849:
recommend that medical and psychiatric experts work together in managing severely ill people with AN.
13153:
12953:
12631:
12528:
12523:
12296:
12291:
9623:"Nutrition support for adults: oral nutrition support, enteral tube feeding and parenteral nutrition"
8887:
6722:
Reyes-Rodríguez ML, Von Holle A, Ulman TF, Thornton LM, Klump KL, Brandt H, et al. (July 2011).
4096:
Khalsa SS, Adolphs R, Cameron OG, Critchley HD, Davenport PW, Feinstein JS, et al. (June 2018).
2784:"Focus on anorexia nervosa: modern psychological treatment and guidelines for the adolescent patient"
2478:
2376:
2172:
2108:
1863:
1511:
1339:), the 2013 revision (DSM5) reflects changes in the criteria for anorexia nervosa. Most notably, the
1242:
1226:
936:
785:
39:
9002:
Blessitt E, Voulgari S, Eisler I (November 2015). "Family therapy for adolescent anorexia nervosa".
5733:
Bern EM, O'Brien RF (August 2013). "Is it an eating disorder, gastrointestinal disorder, or both?".
2391:
2304:
The earliest medical descriptions of anorexic illnesses are generally credited to English physician
2251:
aging population is irreparable damage to kidneys, heart or colon and an imbalance of electrolytes.
1309:
Anorexia nervosa is classified under the Feeding and Eating Disorders in the latest revision of the
13110:
13100:
12847:
12575:
12570:
12462:
12301:
12246:
12154:
11285:
Donini LM, Poggiogalle E, Piredda M, Pinto A, Barbagallo M, Cucinotta D, et al. (2 May 2013).
10640:"BMI at Discharge from Treatment Predicts Relapse in Anorexia Nervosa: A Systematic Scoping Review"
10638:
Frostad S, Rozakou-Soumalia N, Dârvariu Ş, Foruzesh B, Azkia H, Larsen MP, et al. (May 2022).
3181:
2293:
1529:
1298:
1025:
1016:
809:
509:
480:
196:
17:
11509:
Devriendt E, Wellens NI, Flamaing J, Declercq A, Moons P, Boonen S, et al. (September 2013).
1587:(CK) test: measures the circulating blood levels of creatine kinase an enzyme found in the heart (
12931:
12891:
12869:
12663:
10866:
Garber AK, Cheng J, Accurso EC, Adams SH, Buckelew SM, Kapphahn CJ, et al. (December 2019).
9341:
3858:"Detection, evaluation, and treatment of eating disorders the role of the primary care physician"
3483:"Detection, evaluation, and treatment of eating disorders the role of the primary care physician"
2386:
1998:
1731:
1724:
1604:
1322:
Restriction of energy intake relative to requirements leading to a low body weight. (Criterion A)
1318:
The diagnostic criteria for anorexia nervosa (all of which needing to be met for diagnosis) are:
1246:
639:
489:
409:
365:
117:
7542:"Anorexia nervosa in a girl of Chinese origin: Psychological, somatic and transcultural factors"
7502:
2602:
2596:
368:. Sometimes people require admission to a hospital to restore weight. Evidence for benefit from
13088:
13043:
12968:
12837:
12759:
12610:
12346:
12306:
7380:
Crossing the #BIKINIBRIDGE: Exploring the Role of Social Media in Propagating Body Image Trends
2259:
1706:
1638:
1491:
1328:
1281:
volume in currently ill and in recovered patients, although findings are inconsistent. Reduced
893:
869:
712:
345:
281:
191:
180:
110:
12194:
8654:
8539:
8333:
8303:
8265:
6409:
5587:
4833:
4642:
2696:
2292:
The history of anorexia nervosa begins with descriptions of religious fasting dating from the
1577:(GnRH): Tests the pituitary glands' response to GnRh, a hormone produced in the hypothalamus.
1081:; evidence is conflicting, and well-designed research is needed. The fear of food is known as
13132:
13063:
13048:
13011:
12691:
12658:
12533:
12508:
12427:
12281:
10741:
Striegel-Moore RH, Rosselli F, Perrin N, DeBar L, Wilson GT, May A, et al. (July 2009).
10178:"Linear growth in young people with restrictive eating disorders: "Inching" toward consensus"
9083:
le Grange D, Eisler I (January 2009). "Family interventions in adolescent anorexia nervosa".
8976:
8763:
Striegel-Moore RH, Rosselli F, Perrin N, DeBar L, Wilson GT, May A, et al. (July 2009).
6436:
5265:
Watson HJ, Yilmaz Z, Thornton LM, Hübel C, Coleman JR, Gaspar HA, et al. (August 2019).
5005:
Rikani AA, Choudhry Z, Choudhry AM, Ikram H, Asghar MW, Kajal D, et al. (October 2013).
4671:
3084:
2669:
2085:
2002:
1837:
1746:
is a third-wave cognitive-behavioral therapy which has shown promise in the treatment of AN.
1554:
1503:
1286:
1233:
Compared to controls, people who have recovered from anorexia show reduced activation in the
1093:, and loneliness. People with anorexia are, in general, highly perfectionistic and most have
1062:
565:
11194:
Landi F, Calvani R, Tosato M, Martone AM, Ortolani E, Savera G, et al. (January 2016).
10354:"Bioactive insulin-like growth factor (IGF) I and IGF-binding protein-1 in anorexia nervosa"
10352:
Støving RK, Chen JW, Glintborg D, Brixen K, Flyvbjerg A, Hørder K, et al. (June 2007).
10227:
4459:
Halmi KA, Tozzi F, Thornton LM, Crow S, Fichter MM, Kaplan AS, et al. (December 2005).
2005:, has been reported in patients who are extremely malnourished; symptoms include confusion,
13001:
12996:
12886:
12822:
12807:
12791:
12786:
12585:
12580:
12326:
12316:
12276:
11943:"Mapping the evidence for the prevention and treatment of eating disorders in young people"
11298:
10264:
9376:
Garber AK, Sawyer SM, Golden NH, Guarda AS, Katzman DK, Kohn MR, et al. (March 2016).
7541:
7045:
5904:
5505:
3320:"Assessment of anorexia nervosa: an overview of universal issues and contextual challenges"
2093:
2061:
2025:
1958:
1697:
Reducing or eliminating behaviors or thoughts that originally led to the disordered eating.
1632:
1560:
1550:
1409:
1278:
1102:
1078:
979:
797:
539:
8812:
7879:. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. Springer Berlin Heidelberg. pp. 59–80.
5173:
Pjetri E, Schmidt U, Kas MJ, Campbell IC (July 2012). "Epigenetics and eating disorders".
4860:
Berkman ND, Bulik CM, Brownley KA, Lohr KN, Sedway JA, Rooks A, et al. (April 2006).
4283:
Kasperek-Zimowska BJ, Zimowski JG, Biernacka K, Kucharska-Pietura K, Rybakowski F (2014).
770:
affect the severity and type of anorexia nervosa symptoms in both adolescents and adults.
397:
Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by attempts to lose weight by way of
8:
13053:
12881:
12503:
12361:
12341:
12321:
12239:
12132:
10613:
9058:
5406:
Young JK (July 2010). "Anorexia nervosa and estrogen: current status of the hypothesis".
2180:
long-duration of weight loss were more severely ill regardless of their current weight."
2089:
1570:
1186:
982:, and neonatal heart abnormalities. Neonatal complications may also have an influence on
865:
506:; can be a tell-tale sign of self-induced vomiting with scratches on the back of the hand
329:
277:
106:
93:
11302:
10268:
10204:
10177:
7643:
7596:
6624:
Garner DM, Bemis KM (June 1982). "A cognitive-behavioral approach to anorexia nervosa".
5908:
5509:
5314:
Cui H, Moore J, Ashimi SS, Mason BL, Drawbridge JN, Han S, et al. (November 2013).
824:
underlying anorexia nervosa and appealed for increased interdisciplinary collaboration.
13016:
12749:
12605:
12336:
12057:
12032:
12014:
11987:
11969:
11942:
11931:
11835:
11818:
11791:
11774:
11750:
11725:
11588:
11537:
11510:
11468:
11441:
11422:
11372:
11321:
11286:
11222:
11195:
11154:
11129:
11076:
11064:
11028:
11003:
10981:
10933:
10916:
10892:
10867:
10815:
10767:
10742:
10718:
10693:
10666:
10639:
10419:
10394:
10331:
10288:
10153:
10128:
10102:"Many Patients with Anorexia Nervosa Get Better, But Complete Recovery Elusive to Most"
10022:
9992:"The lived experience of working with people with eating disorders: A meta-ethnography"
9947:
9920:
9798:
9773:
9754:
9675:
9648:
9599:
9574:
9402:
9377:
9322:
9147:
9122:
9027:
8859:
8842:
8789:
8764:
8710:
8685:
8380:
8208:
8183:
8156:
8129:
8079:
8026:
8001:
7977:
7952:
7928:
7901:
7852:
7825:
7765:
7722:
7679:
7577:
7453:
7405:
7354:
7327:
7268:
7251:
7167:
7076:
6971:
6817:
6748:
6723:
6692:
6667:
6641:
6606:
6199:
6174:
6119:
6024:
5999:
5972:
5947:
5928:
5758:
5697:
5639:
5612:
5564:
5478:
5431:
5388:
5340:
5315:
5291:
5266:
5242:
5217:
5198:
5155:
5082:
5031:
5006:
4877:
4805:
4788:
4723:
4696:
4619:
4567:
4436:
4409:
4390:
4224:
4197:
4173:
4122:
4097:
4073:
4056:
4007:
3980:
3882:
3857:
3748:
3713:
3689:
3654:
3533:
Herb, Nutrient, and Drug Interactions: Clinical Implications and Therapeutic Strategies
3507:
3482:
3458:
3433:
3402:
3377:
3346:
3319:
3292:
3267:
3243:
3218:
3066:
3016:
2969:
2916:
2891:
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2834:
2810:
2783:
2416:
2299:
2120:
2073:
2065:
2033:
1842:
1800:
1564:
1201:
is a metabolic precursor to serotonin) support a role in anorexia. The activity of the
1074:
987:
885:
718:
Intolerance to cold and frequent complaints of being cold; body temperature may lower (
325:
100:
31:
12702:
12137:
11726:"Is anorexia nervosa a subtype of body dysmorphic disorder? Probably not, but read on"
11410:
9839:
9822:
9575:"Refeeding hypophosphatemia in adolescents with anorexia nervosa: a systematic review"
8398:
7304:
5838:
5143:
4301:
4284:
3283:
2907:
2850:
2551:
2344:
1456:: Chem-20 also known as SMA-20 a group of twenty separate chemical tests performed on
12896:
12812:
12681:
12677:
12565:
12331:
12165:
12062:
12019:
11974:
11863:
11840:
11796:
11755:
11703:
11658:
11654:
11623:
11580:
11542:
11473:
11414:
11364:
11326:
11227:
11159:
11101:
11068:
11033:
11002:
Bonci CM, Bonci LJ, Granger LR, Johnson CL, Malina RM, Milne LW, et al. (2008).
10973:
10938:
10897:
10846:
10807:
10772:
10723:
10671:
10617:
10582:
10578:
10544:
10496:
10449:
10424:
10375:
10323:
10319:
10280:
10209:
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10080:
10057:
10026:
10014:
9952:
9844:
9803:
9758:
9746:
9711:
9680:
9604:
9546:
9542:
9492:
9484:
9443:
9407:
9347:
9326:
9281:
9237:
9203:
9152:
9100:
9062:
9019:
8982:
8955:
8932:
8864:
8794:
8743:
8715:
8636:
8609:
8578:
8574:
8513:
8478:
8443:
8384:
8372:
8238:
8213:
8161:
8083:
8071:
8031:
7982:
7933:
7880:
7857:
7806:
7757:
7714:
7683:
7671:
7663:
7624:
7616:
7569:
7561:
7522:
7518:
7445:
7384:
7359:
7308:
7273:
7232:
7228:
7171:
7159:
7124:
7068:
7064:
7024:
6999:
6975:
6961:
6920:
6893:
6883:
6858:
6853:
6836:
6821:
6809:
6753:
6697:
6610:
6551:
6515:
6444:
6415:
6388:
6363:
6340:
6305:
6301:
6251:
6243:
6204:
6152:
6142:
6111:
6076:
6068:
6029:
5977:
5920:
5877:
5842:
5807:
5793:
5750:
5689:
5644:
5591:
5556:
5521:
5482:
5470:
5423:
5392:
5380:
5345:
5296:
5247:
5190:
5147:
5110:
5087:
5067:
5036:
4969:
4924:
4882:
4837:
4810:
4769:
4728:
4675:
4646:
4611:
4571:
4559:
4523:
4482:
4441:
4382:
4347:
4306:
4229:
4165:
4127:
4078:
4035:
4012:
3932:
3887:
3873:
3836:
3753:
3735:
3714:"The Central Role of Hypothermia and Hyperactivity in Anorexia Nervosa: A Hypothesis"
3694:
3676:
3635:
3627:
3579:
3575:
3537:
3512:
3498:
3463:
3407:
3351:
3297:
3248:
3188:
3158:
3070:
3058:
3020:
3008:
2961:
2921:
2872:
2854:
2815:
2702:
2675:
2650:
2631:"Prevalence of eating disorders amongst dancers: a systemic review and meta-analysis"
2606:
2555:
2411:
2206:
1767:, which are easier for the undernourished body to break down. Evidence of a role for
1622:
1525:
1413:
1269:
1210:
971:
801:
628:
620:
503:
364:
or an approach where parents assume responsibility for feeding their child, known as
357:
84:
11592:
11376:
11080:
10985:
10819:
10335:
10292:
9772:
Atti AR, Mastellari T, Valente S, Speciani M, Panariello F, De Ronchi D (May 2021).
9031:
7801:
7784:
7769:
7726:
7581:
7540:
Demarque M, Guzman G, Morrison E, Ahovi J, Moro MR, Blanchet-Collet C (April 2015).
7457:
7080:
6645:
6123:
5932:
5701:
5568:
5419:
5202:
5159:
4623:
4161:
2973:
1701:
In some clinical settings a specific body image intervention is performed to reduce
1108:
In individuals with anorexia, the prevalence rates for those who also qualify for a
711:
of self as overweight, in contradiction to a normal or underweight reality (namely "
12948:
12916:
12550:
12205:
12052:
12044:
12009:
11999:
11964:
11954:
11830:
11786:
11745:
11737:
11650:
11619:
11615:
11572:
11532:
11522:
11463:
11453:
11426:
11406:
11356:
11316:
11306:
11217:
11207:
11149:
11141:
11060:
11023:
11015:
10965:
10928:
10917:"Prevalence of eating disorders: a comparison of Western and non-Western countries"
10887:
10879:
10838:
10799:
10762:
10754:
10713:
10705:
10661:
10651:
10609:
10574:
10536:
10488:
10414:
10406:
10365:
10315:
10272:
10199:
10189:
10148:
10140:
10049:
10006:
9942:
9932:
9875:
9834:
9793:
9785:
9738:
9707:
9703:
9670:
9660:
9594:
9586:
9538:
9474:
9435:
9397:
9389:
9312:
9273:
9142:
9134:
9092:
9054:
9011:
8922:
8854:
8784:
8776:
8705:
8697:
8570:
8505:
8470:
8435:
8364:
8203:
8195:
8151:
8141:
8063:
8021:
8013:
7972:
7968:
7964:
7923:
7913:
7847:
7837:
7796:
7749:
7706:
7655:
7608:
7553:
7514:
7480:
7437:
7349:
7339:
7300:
7263:
7224:
7151:
7114:
7060:
6951:
6943:
6848:
6801:
6743:
6735:
6687:
6679:
6633:
6598:
6543:
6507:
6332:
6323:
Connors ME, Morse W (January 1993). "Sexual abuse and eating disorders: a review".
6297:
6235:
6194:
6186:
6103:
6060:
6019:
6011:
5967:
5959:
5912:
5869:
5834:
5797:
5789:
5762:
5742:
5681:
5634:
5624:
5548:
5513:
5462:
5415:
5372:
5335:
5327:
5286:
5278:
5237:
5229:
5182:
5139:
5077:
5059:
5026:
5018:
4961:
4916:
4872:
4800:
4759:
4718:
4708:
4601:
4551:
4513:
4472:
4431:
4421:
4394:
4374:
4337:
4296:
4282:
4265:
4219:
4209:
4157:
4117:
4109:
4068:
4002:
3992:
3922:
3914:
3877:
3869:
3743:
3725:
3684:
3666:
3619:
3571:
3565:
3502:
3494:
3453:
3445:
3397:
3389:
3341:
3331:
3287:
3279:
3238:
3230:
3150:
3050:
3000:
2953:
2911:
2903:
2862:
2846:
2805:
2795:
2642:
2547:
2006:
1871:
1804:
932:
421:
369:
11814:
Lasègue E (6 September 1873). "On Hysterical Anorexia". Medical Times and Gazette.
10144:
9774:"Compulsory treatments in eating disorders: a systematic review and meta-analysis"
9742:
9378:"A systematic review of approaches to refeeding in patients with anorexia nervosa"
9317:
9300:
7753:
7710:
7503:"Reconsidering the status of anorexia nervosa as a western culture-bound syndrome"
6805:
6190:
6107:
4177:
832:
725:
Altered body schema (i.e. an implicit representation of the body evoked by acting)
381:. About 5% of people with anorexia die from complications over a ten-year period.
12958:
12852:
12832:
12764:
12600:
12560:
12518:
12366:
12356:
12311:
12159:
11311:
9015:
7155:
6947:
6739:
6683:
6511:
5916:
5746:
5435:
5186:
5022:
4378:
2381:
2364:
2236:
2100:
1787:
People who have undergone significant caloric deficits often report experiencing
1776:
1660:
1584:
1417:
1380:
1364:
1360:
1273:
1202:
940:
917:
892:. Consistent associations have been identified for polymorphisms associated with
813:
445:
340:
273:
204:
200:
11440:
Lau S, Pek K, Chew J, Lim JP, Ismail NH, Ding YY, et al. (September 2020).
10868:"Weight Loss and Illness Severity in Adolescents With Atypical Anorexia Nervosa"
10842:
8686:"The neuroendocrine basis of anorexia nervosa and its impact on bone metabolism"
7484:
6239:
6224:"Adapted to flee famine: adding an evolutionary perspective on anorexia nervosa"
5685:
4965:
13078:
13038:
13028:
12595:
12381:
12376:
12219:
11860:
Decoding Anorexia: How Breakthroughs in Science Offer Hope for Eating Disorders
10194:
10053:
9937:
9789:
8109:. June 2016. p. 48 (Table 19, DSM-IV to DSM-5 Anorexia Nervosa Comparison)
6547:
6271:"Adapted to Famine: An Evolutionary Approach to Understanding Eating Behaviors"
5517:
5376:
4555:
4113:
3004:
2367:
in 1983, which prompted widespread ongoing media coverage of eating disorders.
2340:
2198:
2194:
2129:
2116:
2049:
1967:
1951:
1942:
1859:
1612:
1608:
1557:) useful as a test of liver function and to assess the effects of malnutrition.
1546:
1433:
1139:
1122:
1020:
1006:
994:
983:
584:
528:
176:
12483:
Working Commission to Investigate the Use of Psychiatry for Political Purposes
12208:
12122:
12118:
11741:
11360:
11019:
10803:
9096:
8368:
8017:
7842:
6602:
6015:
5873:
5802:
5466:
5450:
5282:
5233:
4198:"Can Interoception Improve the Pragmatic Search for Biomarkers in Psychiatry?"
3730:
3671:
3449:
3234:
1331:
or a lack of recognition about the risks of the low body weight. (Criterion C)
1193:(a metabolite of serotonin), and changes in anorectic behavior in response to
1181:
Evidence from physiological, pharmacological and neuroimaging studies suggest
13147:
13033:
13023:
12615:
12371:
12170:
9880:
9863:
9590:
9488:
8597:
8146:
7918:
7667:
7620:
7565:
7557:
7344:
6247:
6072:
5552:
5316:"Eating disorder predisposition is associated with ESRRA and HDAC4 mutations"
4945:
Zucker NL, Losh M, Bulik CM, LaBar KS, Piven J, Pelphrey KA (November 2007).
4830:
Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy for Body Dysmorphic Disorder: A Treatment Manual
4713:
4426:
4214:
3997:
3739:
3680:
3631:
3219:"Epidemiology of eating disorders: incidence, prevalence and mortality rates"
2858:
2081:
2017:
1760:
1710:
1543:
1537:
1517:
1265:
1234:
1050:
963:
924:
881:
821:
737:
138:
11527:
10276:
9899:(Second ed.). Royal College of Psychiatrists. p. 6. Archived from
9479:
9462:
9439:
6897:
6666:
Tagay S, Schlottbohm E, Reyes-Rodriguez ML, Repic N, Senf W (January 2014).
6223:
6156:
6064:
6048:
5058:. Current Topics in Behavioral Neurosciences. Vol. 6. pp. 141–56.
3607:
1833:
1230:
in "top down" cortical regions which may play a role in restrictive eating.
13127:
13120:
13115:
12859:
12590:
12555:
12066:
12023:
11978:
11759:
11662:
11627:
11584:
11546:
11477:
11368:
11330:
11231:
11163:
11037:
10977:
10942:
10901:
10883:
10811:
10776:
10727:
10675:
10548:
10500:
10428:
10379:
10284:
10213:
10162:
10061:
10018:
9956:
9848:
9807:
9750:
9715:
9684:
9608:
9411:
9285:
9156:
9104:
9023:
8936:
8868:
8798:
8719:
8640:
8613:
8598:"Gluten-sensitive enteropathy (celiac disease): more common than you think"
8582:
8517:
8482:
8447:
8376:
8217:
8165:
8075:
8035:
7986:
7937:
7861:
7810:
7761:
7718:
7675:
7628:
7573:
7449:
7363:
7312:
7291:
Labre MP (April 2002). "Adolescent boys and the muscular male body ideal".
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7236:
7163:
7128:
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6813:
6757:
6701:
6555:
6519:
6255:
6208:
6115:
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6033:
5981:
5924:
5881:
5811:
5754:
5693:
5648:
5560:
5525:
5474:
5427:
5384:
5349:
5300:
5251:
5194:
5151:
5091:
5040:
4973:
4928:
4886:
4814:
4773:
4732:
4563:
4527:
4486:
4445:
4386:
4351:
4310:
4233:
4169:
4131:
4016:
3936:
3891:
3757:
3698:
3639:
3516:
3467:
3411:
3393:
3355:
3336:
3301:
3252:
3192:
3162:
3062:
3012:
2965:
2925:
2876:
2819:
2654:
2559:
2146:
2142:
2021:
1983:
1975:
1946:
1626:
1578:
1507:
1465:
1441:
1425:
1344:
1282:
1261:
1118:
975:
689:
675:
455:
425:
413:
405:
313:
309:
142:
122:
76:
12048:
11959:
11844:
11800:
11707:
11418:
11072:
10621:
10586:
10327:
9496:
9447:
9066:
8927:
8910:
8067:
7526:
6956:
6862:
6344:
6309:
5963:
5846:
5629:
4615:
4082:
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2538:
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8911:"Impact of hospitalisation on the outcome of adolescent anorexia nervosa"
6877:
6574:
6337:
10.1002/1098-108x(199301)13:1<1::aid-eat2260130102>3.0.co;2-p
5063:
2957:
2356:
2112:
2104:
2069:
1930:
1808:
1788:
1764:
1521:
1457:
1143:
can arise, including the perception that one is not "deserving" of food.
923:
A 2019 study found a genetic relationship with mental disorders, such as
913:
754:
741:
719:
657:
644:
634:
602:
551:
498:
494:
485:
475:
468:
417:
317:
292:
170:
126:
67:
10656:
10410:
9665:
8130:"Constitutional thinness and anorexia nervosa: a possible misdiagnosis?"
3927:
3605:
2800:
2630:
13006:
12876:
12864:
12817:
12774:
12262:
12214:
11491:
11458:
10969:
10709:
10637:
6637:
5948:"Chronic illness and disordered eating: a discussion of the literature"
5611:
Smitka K, Papezova H, Vondra K, Hill M, Hainer V, Nedvidkova J (2013).
4269:
2137:
2016:
The most common gastrointestinal complications of anorexia nervosa are
1979:
1821:
1499:
1447:
1429:
1340:
1250:
1198:
1126:
1046:
939:; and metabolic functioning with a negative correlation with fat mass,
877:
789:
746:
708:
698:: may avoid friends and family and become more withdrawn and secretive.
671:
452:
398:
321:
288:
89:
12101:
11941:
Bailey AP, Parker AG, Colautti LA, Hart LM, Liu P, Hetrick SE (2014).
11576:
11212:
10758:
10540:
10492:
10010:
9393:
9123:"The value of including families in the treatment of anorexia nervosa"
8780:
8701:
8509:
8474:
8439:
8199:
7659:
7612:
7441:
7119:
7102:
6532:
4748:"The co-morbidity of eating disorders and anxiety disorders: a review"
4518:
4501:
4477:
4460:
4342:
4325:
3918:
3623:
3154:
3054:
856:
Genetic correlations of anorexia with psychiatric and metabolic traits
12351:
12200:
11254:"Common Types of Eating Disorders Observed in the Elderly Population"
11145:
9277:
9138:
8098:"DSM-5 Changes: Implications for Child Serious Emotional Disturbance"
6721:
5331:
4920:
4607:
10.1002/(SICI)1520-6394(1998)8:1+<96::AID-DA15>3.0.CO;2-4
3799:"The Overlap Between Eating Disorders and Gastrointestinal Disorders"
3774:. National Association of Anorexia Nervosa and Associated Disorders.
2646:
2347:
similarly published details of a number of cases in a paper entitled
2184:
incidence may have been increasing for girls aged between 14 and 20.
2041:
1616:
1469:
1421:
1336:
1329:
Disturbance in the way a person's weight or body shape is experienced
1182:
959:
861:
837:
781:
679:
667:
517:
462:
429:
332:
after asking their parents or proxies to make the decision for them.
234:
212:
35:
8909:
Gowers SG, Weetman J, Shore A, Hossain F, Elvins R (February 2000).
8538:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 26 January 2012. Archived from
8302:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. 26 January 2012. Archived from
7826:"Functional brain alterations in anorexia nervosa: a scoping review"
7597:"Non-fat-phobic anorexia nervosa in British South Asian adolescents"
6665:
6439:. In Hawkey CJ, Bosch J, Richter JE, Garcia-Tsao G, Chan FK (eds.).
5945:
5449:
Larsen JT, Bulik CM, Thornton LM, Koch SV, Petersen L (April 2021).
4764:
4747:
840:
pathways has been implicated in the cause and mechanism of anorexia.
12975:
10039:
8425:
6274:
5129:
4540:
3979:
Marzola E, Nasser JA, Hashim SA, Shih PA, Kaye WH (November 2013).
2263:
2240:
2029:
1601:
function. A low BUN level may indicate the effects of malnutrition.
1495:
1473:
1254:
1238:
820:(2007) proposed that conditions on the autism spectrum make up the
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534:
336:
305:
296:
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6879:
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4668:
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Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders : DSM-5
1687:
Treatment for anorexia nervosa tries to address three main areas.
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8765:"Gender difference in the prevalence of eating disorder symptoms"
8762:
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5997:
2421:
2407:
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2125:
2077:
1990:
1461:
1090:
998:
889:
521:
448:
for one's age and height (except in cases of "atypical anorexia")
378:
353:
284:, fear of gaining weight, and an overpowering desire to be thin.
184:
130:
12148:
11775:"Anorexia nervosa (apepsia hysterica, anorexia hysterica). 1868"
11508:
10599:
10079:(Sixth ed.). New York: McGraw Hill Education. p. 342.
8742:(Sixth ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Education. p. 341.
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Gaudio S, Wiemerslage L, Brooks SJ, Schiöth HB (December 2016).
6049:"Increase in activity during calorie restriction requires Sirt1"
5859:
3563:
1253:
in the striatum, interpreted as reflecting decreased endogenous
291:
or being seen as such, despite the fact that they are typically
12943:
12113:
8881:
8813:"Male Anorexia: Understanding Eating Disorders in Men and Boys"
8399:"Guide to Common Laboratory Tests for Eating Disorder Patients"
6990:"Sociocultural influences on body image and eating disturbance"
6093:
3570:(5th ed.). American Psychiatric Association. p. 339.
2396:
2176:
2010:
1994:
1598:
1485:
1477:
1453:
1437:
1367:
on the other hand can sometimes be normal-weight or overweight.
1010:
1002:
967:
944:
544:
373:
complications improve or resolve with the regaining of weight.
216:
11492:"Functional Assessment of Anorexia/Cachexia Treatment (FAACT)"
10478:
9728:
8234:
Primary Care, Second Edition: An Interprofessional Perspective
7782:
6462:
6460:
6387:(1st ed.). Clovis, California: Pegus Press. p. 423.
6287:
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5007:"A critique of the literature on etiology of eating disorders"
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whereas an adolescent anorexic has a more general limitation.
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9120:
8460:
8182:
Peat C, Mitchell JE, Hoek HW, Wonderlich SA (November 2009).
7644:"Introduction to a special issue on eating disorders in Asia"
5451:"Prenatal and perinatal factors and risk of eating disorders"
4410:"Compulsivity in anorexia nervosa: a transdiagnostic concept"
4095:
1971:
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people with anorexia nervosa has been documented. Typically,
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873:
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Treating the psychological disorders related to the illness;
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6457:
6046:
5667:"Disordered eating practices in gastrointestinal disorders"
5004:
4636:
1887:
Deaths due to eating disorders per million persons in 2012
1779:
in response to refeeding have higher caloric intake needs.
1768:
1567:, kidney function, bleeding disorders, and Crohn's Disease.
1058:
901:
897:
876:
including genes involved in regulation of eating behavior,
568:
with counting calories and monitoring fat contents of food.
10351:
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8181:
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7427:
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3265:
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11193:
9697:
9085:
Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America
9044:
8908:
8106:
Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration
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Herpertz-Dahlmann B, Bühren K, Remschmidt H (June 2013).
5993:
5991:
5538:
5495:
5264:
3110:"Force-Feeding of Anorexic Patients and the Right to Die"
1594:
1533:
1424:
used to assess the presence of various disorders such as
1257:
due to competitive displacement, has also been observed.
905:
550:
Orange discoloration of the skin, particularly the feet (
11001:
10789:
9989:
9821:
Arcelus J, Mitchell AJ, Wales J, Nielsen S (July 2011).
9375:
9121:
Treasure J, Parker S, Oyeleye O, Harrison A (May 2021).
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6717:
6715:
6713:
6711:
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5610:
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5172:
4859:
2943:
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11346:
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10914:
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10526:
9990:
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9263:
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4827:
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3608:"Patterns of menstrual disturbance in eating disorders"
2743:. American Psychiatric Publishing. 2013. Archived from
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problems with the muscles responsible for eye movements
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Individuals with anorexia nervosa have a fear of being
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4458:
3529:
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regarding the necessity of treatment, and thus may be
722:) in an effort to conserve energy due to malnutrition.
10139:(9). Metabolism: Clinical and Experimental: 943–951.
9646:
7874:
7739:
7186:"Eating Disorders Anorexia Causes | Eating Disorders"
6708:
6000:"Growing up is hard: mental disorders in adolescence"
5779:
3567:
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3438:
Endocrinology and Metabolism Clinics of North America
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but is often overlooked, especially in patients with
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Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
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Early theories of the cause of anorexia linked it to
408:
that results from self-imposed starvation, can cause
12478:
Taiwanese Society of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
12091:
12081:
10915:
Makino M, Tsuboi K, Dennerstein L (September 2004).
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8127:
7696:
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Textbook of Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
5664:
5215:
4944:
4499:
2258:
Anorexia in the elderly should be identified by the
666:
Purging (only in the anorexia purging subtype) with
12398:
American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry
11988:"Prevention of eating disorders in female athletes"
11930:
Why do anorexia patients feel fat? — Anouk Keizer (
11050:
8332:. U.S. National Library of Medicine. Archived from
7823:
7326:Izydorczyk B, Sitnik-Warchulska K (29 March 2018).
7256:
The Canadian Child and Adolescent Psychiatry Review
6791:
6724:"Posttraumatic stress disorder in anorexia nervosa"
6443:(2nd ed.). John Wiley & Sons. p. 69.
5313:
5053:
3216:
3036:
2832:
595:
Difficulty in abstract thinking and problem solving
360:. Different therapy methods may be useful, such as
11986:Coelho GM, Gomes AI, Ribeiro BG, Soares E (2014).
11693:
9919:Conti JE, Joyce C, Hay P, Meade T (October 2020).
9918:
9078:
9076:
7249:
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7018:
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5216:Hübel C, Marzi SJ, Breen G, Bulik CM (June 2019).
5123:
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4500:Crane AM, Roberts ME, Treasure J (November 2007).
2335:The term "anorexia nervosa" was coined in 1873 by
105:Fear of gaining weight, strong desire to be thin,
11128:Thomas JJ, Vartanian LR, Brownell KD (May 2009).
10220:
10176:Downey AE, Richards A, Tanner AB (3 March 2023).
9195:
9116:
9114:
8560:
8049:
8047:
8045:
7594:
6787:
6468:"Factors That May Contribute to Eating Disorders"
5660:
5658:
5104:
4034:. Chichester: John Wiley & Sons. p. 66.
13145:
10633:
10631:
10522:
10520:
10518:
10516:
10514:
10512:
10510:
10474:
10472:
10347:
10345:
9461:Dulloo AG, Jacquet J, Girardier L (March 1997).
9257:
8053:
7217:Journal of Psychiatric and Mental Health Nursing
6785:
6783:
6781:
6779:
6777:
6775:
6773:
6771:
6769:
6767:
6435:Rogers AI, Vanderveldt HS, Deshpande AR (2012).
3855:
3564:American Psychiatric Association (22 May 2013).
3480:
3313:
3311:
3037:Kodua M, Mackenzie JM, Smyth N (December 2020).
2939:
2937:
2935:
2629:Arcelus J, Witcomb GL, Mitchell A (March 2014).
1659:The distinction between binge purging anorexia,
547:: soft, fine hair growing over the face and body
11558:
11556:
11392:
11390:
11388:
11386:
11280:
11278:
11276:
11274:
10560:
10558:
10235:National Collaborating Centre for Mental Health
10126:
9985:
9983:
9981:
9979:
9977:
9975:
9509:
9371:
9369:
9367:
9082:
9073:
8974:
8840:
7423:
7421:
7376:
5732:
5665:Satherley R, Howard R, Higgs S (January 2015).
5581:
4855:
4853:
4745:
4251:
4249:
4247:
4245:
4243:
3974:
3972:
3371:
3369:
3367:
3365:
3317:
3217:Smink FR, van Hoeken D, Hoek HW (August 2012).
2361:The Golden Cage: the Enigma of Anorexia Nervosa
308:to lose weight and control body shapes, and/or
11342:
11340:
11247:
11245:
11243:
11241:
11189:
11187:
11185:
11183:
11181:
11179:
11177:
11175:
11173:
10997:
10995:
10687:
10685:
10392:
10074:
9914:
9912:
9910:
9642:
9640:
9111:
8949:
8737:
8683:
8563:Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension
8354:
8042:
7877:Behavioral Neurobiology of Eating Disorders: 6
7641:
7190:Psychiatric Disorders and Mental Health Issues
6661:
6659:
6657:
6655:
6175:"Neurobiology of anorexia and bulimia nervosa"
5655:
5000:
4998:
4996:
4994:
4992:
4990:
4940:
4938:
4191:
4189:
4187:
4147:
4143:
4141:
3955:National Eating Disorders Collaboration (NEDC)
3830:
3427:
3425:
3423:
3421:
3043:International Journal of Mental Health Nursing
2985:
2983:
2624:
2622:
580:An altered mental representation of one's body
12718:
12448:Independent Psychiatric Association of Russia
12247:
11723:
11674:
11672:
11502:
11439:
11433:
11287:"Anorexia and eating patterns in the elderly"
10859:
10747:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
10628:
10529:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
10507:
10481:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
10469:
10342:
10108:. The Regents of The University of California
10075:Nolen-Hoeksema S (2014). "Eating Disorders".
9999:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
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8498:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
8495:
8463:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
8428:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
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8175:
7824:Fuglset TS, Landrø NI, Reas DL, Rø Ø (2016).
7595:Tareen A, Hodes M, Rangel L (February 2005).
7430:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
7135:
7107:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
7094:
6764:
6325:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
5047:
4665:
4506:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
4465:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
4330:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
4195:
3907:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
3826:
3824:
3822:
3612:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
3308:
3212:
3210:
3208:
3206:
3204:
3202:
3143:The International Journal of Eating Disorders
3032:
3030:
2932:
1771:supplementation during refeeding is unclear.
1591:), brain (CK-BB) and skeletal muscle (CK-MM).
1335:Relative to the previous version of the DSM (
461:Dry hair and skin, hair thinning, as well as
12031:Luca A, Luca M, Calandra C (February 2015).
11876:
11851:
11766:
11634:
11553:
11396:
11383:
11271:
10593:
10555:
10299:
10129:"Skeletal complications of eating disorders"
9972:
9722:
9537:. Elsevier Inc. pp. 633–640 (637–638).
9364:
8733:
8731:
8729:
8626:
8121:
7418:
7252:"Eating disorders and the role of the media"
6837:"Sexual abuse and the problem of embodiment"
6322:
6168:
6166:
5728:
5726:
4850:
4240:
4098:"Interoception and Mental Health: A Roadmap"
3969:
3856:Walsh JM, Wheat ME, Freund K (August 2000).
3481:Walsh JM, Wheat ME, Freund K (August 2000).
3362:
2788:Adolescent Health, Medicine and Therapeutics
2777:
2775:
2773:
2771:
2769:
2767:
2765:
2667:
2533:
2531:
2529:
2527:
2525:
2523:
2521:
2209:. Anorexic men are sometimes referred to as
1730:A four- to five-year follow up study of the
1371:episodes of binge-eating or purging present.
868:have been performed, studying 128 different
304:(in the "anorexia purging" subtype), or use
11605:
11337:
11238:
11170:
10992:
10682:
10445:Walker's Pediatric Gastrointestinal Disease
10248:
9907:
9700:The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews
9653:Psychology Research and Behavior Management
9637:
8677:
7642:Kim YR, Nakai Y, Thomas JJ (January 2021).
7250:Spettigue W, Henderson KA (February 2004).
6828:
6652:
6623:
6281:
6136:
5258:
5056:Behavioral Neurobiology of Eating Disorders
4987:
4935:
4401:
4184:
4138:
3652:
3530:Stargrove MB, Treasure J, McKee DL (2008).
3418:
3176:
3174:
3172:
2980:
2781:
2619:
2591:
2589:
2128:of cardiac muscle. This leads to decreased
1665:Other Specified Feeding or Eating Disorders
12725:
12711:
12403:American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology
12254:
12240:
11669:
11599:
10691:
10257:Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
10127:Donaldson AA, Gordon CM (September 2015).
10033:
9528:
9512:Handbook of Treatment for Eating Disorders
9467:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
9428:The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition
8978:Handbook of Treatment for Eating Disorders
8975:Garner DM, Garfinkel PE (1 January 1997).
8831:
8172:
7944:
5939:
5575:
4688:
4407:
3835:. New York: McGraw Hill. pp. 339–41.
3819:
3655:"Anorexia nervosa – medical complications"
3474:
3199:
3027:
2826:
2587:
2585:
2583:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2575:
2573:
2571:
2569:
2465:
2463:
2461:
2459:
2457:
2111:. Electrolyte abnormalities, particularly
1852:
1652:Differential diagnoses of anorexia nervosa
66:
12056:
12013:
12003:
11968:
11958:
11885:"Anorexia: you don't just grow out of it"
11834:
11790:
11749:
11702:(10). United States government: 715–724.
11536:
11526:
11467:
11457:
11320:
11310:
11221:
11211:
11153:
11027:
10932:
10891:
10766:
10717:
10698:International Journal of Medical Sciences
10665:
10655:
10418:
10369:
10203:
10193:
10152:
10068:
9946:
9936:
9879:
9838:
9797:
9674:
9664:
9598:
9535:Comprehensive Pediatric Hospital Medicine
9478:
9401:
9316:
9146:
8943:
8926:
8858:
8788:
8726:
8709:
8230:
8207:
8155:
8145:
8025:
7976:
7927:
7917:
7851:
7841:
7800:
7648:International Journal of Eating Disorders
7601:International Journal of Eating Disorders
7473:Journal of Social and Clinical Psychology
7353:
7343:
7267:
7144:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
7118:
6955:
6937:
6852:
6747:
6691:
6382:
6362:. Boca Raton, FL: Routledge. p. 65.
6221:
6198:
6163:
6023:
5971:
5801:
5723:
5638:
5628:
5339:
5290:
5241:
5109:(4th ed.). Oxford University Press.
5081:
5030:
4900:
4876:
4804:
4763:
4722:
4712:
4605:
4517:
4476:
4435:
4425:
4367:The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease
4341:
4300:
4258:Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice
4223:
4213:
4121:
4072:
4006:
3996:
3926:
3881:
3747:
3729:
3688:
3670:
3506:
3457:
3401:
3345:
3335:
3291:
3242:
2915:
2883:
2866:
2809:
2799:
2762:
2518:
2455:
2453:
2451:
2449:
2447:
2445:
2443:
2441:
2439:
2437:
2332:source of satisfaction for the patients.
1832:Patients with AN may be deemed to have a
1691:Restoring the person to a healthy weight;
1645:
1040:
778:obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
587:, exacerbated by lower BMI and depression
577:Thoughts of being fat or not thin enough.
12939:Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
11915:
10441:
9861:
9647:Pinna F, Sanna L, Carpiniello B (2015).
7546:Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry
7470:
7021:Handbook of Eating Disorders and Obesity
5862:Clinical Gastroenterology and Hepatology
5584:Handbook of Behavior, Food and Nutrition
4666:Sansone RA, Levitt JL (21 August 2013).
4029:
3904:
3808:. University of Virginia. Archived from
3169:
2698:DSM-5 Handbook of Differential Diagnosis
2674:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 56.
2283:
2055:
1882:
1827:
1581:is often seen in anorexia nervosa cases.
851:
831:
806:attention deficit hyperactivity disorder
388:
12087:Society of Clinical Psychology—Anorexia
11813:
10832:
9298:
9199:Cognitive Behavioural Therapy Explained
8128:Estour B, Galusca B, Germain N (2014).
7214:
6357:
4057:"Eating disorders. A review and update"
4032:Community treatment of eating disorders
3796:
3434:"Endocrine effects of anorexia nervosa"
3375:
3259:
2566:
2060:Anorexia nervosa increases the risk of
1858:was significant. Some patients defined
1049:that disordered eating patterns may be
990:associated with the development of AN.
14:
13146:
11992:Open Access Journal of Sports Medicine
11882:
11857:
11696:European Journal of Clinical Nutrition
11640:
11562:
11093:
10106:University of California San Francisco
9360:from the original on 24 November 2015.
9230:Keltner NL, Steele D (6 August 2014).
8841:Lock JD, Fitzpatrick KK (March 2009).
8595:
7789:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
7496:
7494:
7046:"Eating disorders in the male athlete"
6987:
6875:
6407:
5617:International Journal of Endocrinology
5408:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
5362:
4896:from the original on 22 December 2014.
4587:
4150:Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews
4054:
3849:
3431:
2732:
2730:
2728:
2726:
2724:
2722:
2720:
2718:
2434:
2187:
1925:greater than in the general population
1862:from AN in terms of reclaiming a lost
702:
650:
175:Family history, high-level athletics,
13069:Psychological effects of Internet use
12706:
12637:Neurological conditions and disorders
12408:American Neuropsychiatric Association
12235:
11251:
10099:
9305:Indo-Pacific Journal of Phenomenology
8882:National Institute of Mental Health.
8272:. U.S. National Library of Medicine.
7999:
7290:
7141:
6834:
6472:National Eating Disorders Association
6268:
6141:. Radcliffe Publishing. p. 145.
5405:
5320:The Journal of Clinical Investigation
4869:Evidence Report/Technology Assessment
4746:Swinbourne JM, Touyz SW (July 2007).
4694:
3711:
2694:
2537:
1794:
1375:
614:
558:
520:(from vomiting or starvation-induced
404:Anorexia nervosa, and the associated
384:
11772:
11678:
10955:
10614:10.1001/archinte.1986.00360200083014
9573:O'Connor G, Nicholls D (June 2013).
9514:. Guilford Press. pp. 156–157.
9059:10.1001/archpsyc.1987.01800240021004
8665:from the original on 27 January 2012
7043:
6172:
3862:Journal of General Internal Medicine
3806:Nutrition issues in Gastroenterology
3718:Frontiers in Behavioral Neuroscience
3653:Mehler PS, Brown C (31 March 2015).
3487:Journal of General Internal Medicine
2402:List of people with anorexia nervosa
2319:(ἀν-, prefix denoting negation) and
1970:(GH) levels are high, but levels of
1670:
438:
312:. Medical complications may include
12734:Digital media use and mental health
12458:National Institute of Mental Health
10244:from the original on 27 March 2014.
10042:American Journal of Kidney Diseases
9533:. In Zaoutis LB, Chiang VW (eds.).
9177:from the original on 1 October 2013
8056:The New England Journal of Medicine
7500:
7491:
6992:. In Brownell KD, Walsh BT (eds.).
6794:Health Care for Women International
4983:from the original on 20 April 2010.
3140:
2715:
2046:superior mesenteric artery syndrome
320:, and heart damage, along with the
229:, hospitalisation to restore weight
24:
12443:Hong Kong College of Psychiatrists
12418:Campaign Against Psychiatric Abuse
11911:
11895:from the original on 29 March 2016
11836:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1997.tb00676.x
11819:"On hysterical anorexia (a). 1873"
11792:10.1002/j.1550-8528.1997.tb00677.x
11608:The American Journal of Psychiatry
11065:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1993.tb03454.x
10393:Misra M, Klibanski A (June 2014).
9531:"Malnutrition: Refeeding Syndrome"
6536:The American Journal of Psychiatry
6500:The American Journal of Psychiatry
6004:Deutsches Ärzteblatt International
4806:10.1111/j.1753-4887.2007.tb00318.x
3778:from the original on 13 April 2014
2078:decreased size of the heart muscle
1053:of starvation. The results of the
393:The back of a person with anorexia
25:
13165:
13096:Smartphones and pedestrian safety
12981:Narcissistic personality disorder
12075:
11679:Gull WW (1894). Acland TD (ed.).
10567:Journal of Adolescent Health Care
9840:10.1001/archgenpsychiatry.2011.74
8915:The British Journal of Psychiatry
8231:Singleton JK (12 November 2014).
7196:from the original on 7 March 2016
7090:from the original on 4 June 2015.
6478:from the original on 3 March 2016
5827:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
5782:Journal of Psychosomatic Research
5144:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2009.10.007
4590:"Depression and eating disorders"
2552:10.1146/annurev.med.050208.200745
1782:
1744:Acceptance and commitment therapy
1400:
1245:. Increased binding potential of
898:brain derived neurotrophic factor
13059:Mobile phones and driving safety
13017:2021 Facebook company files leak
12686:
12676:
12433:European Psychiatric Association
12413:American Psychiatric Association
11807:
11717:
11687:
11655:10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2013.2765
11484:
11121:
11087:
11044:
10949:
10908:
10826:
10783:
10734:
10644:Journal of Personalized Medicine
10435:
10386:
10169:
10120:
10093:
9963:
9888:
9855:
9814:
9765:
9691:
9615:
9566:
9543:10.1016/B978-032303004-5.50103-4
9522:
9510:Garfinkel PE, Garner DM (1997).
9503:
9454:
9418:
9292:
9266:European Eating Disorders Review
9223:
9196:Whitfield G, Davidson A (2007).
9189:
9163:
9127:European Eating Disorders Review
9038:
8995:
8968:
8902:
8875:
8805:
8756:
8647:
8620:
8589:
8575:10.1097/00041552-200007000-00015
8554:
8524:
8489:
8454:
8419:
8391:
8348:
8318:
8288:
8276:from the original on 25 May 2013
8224:
8090:
7993:
7893:
7868:
7817:
7776:
7733:
7690:
7635:
7588:
7533:
7464:
7370:
7319:
7293:The Journal of Adolescent Health
7284:
7243:
7229:10.1046/j.1351-0126.2001.00443.x
7208:
7178:
7065:10.2165/00007256-200636010-00001
7037:
7012:
6981:
6931:
6913:The Harvard Mental Health Letter
6911:"Eating disorders and culture".
6904:
6869:
6617:
6385:Foods and Nutrition Encyclopedia
6302:10.1097/00004583-199708000-00018
5794:10.1016/j.jpsychores.2013.05.011
5365:Anatomical Science International
4909:European Eating Disorders Review
4862:"Management of eating disorders"
4752:European Eating Disorders Review
3874:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2000.02439.x
3576:10.1176/appi.books.9780890425596
3499:10.1046/j.1525-1497.2000.02439.x
3378:"Skin signs in anorexia nervosa"
2635:European Eating Disorders Review
1936:
1227:dorsal anterior cingulate cortex
1213:of this receptor as measured by
1146:
1068:
954:
732:
656:Food restrictions despite being
625:Ashamed of oneself or one's body
12828:Computer-mediated communication
12687:
12438:Global Initiative on Psychiatry
12287:Child and adolescent psychiatry
12033:"Eating Disorders in Late-life"
9895:MARSIPAN Working Group (2014).
8326:"Comprehensive metabolic panel"
8237:. Springer Publishing Company.
7802:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.09.032
6582:
6562:
6526:
6490:
6428:
6401:
6376:
6351:
6316:
6262:
6215:
6130:
6087:
6040:
5888:
5853:
5818:
5773:
5604:
5532:
5489:
5442:
5420:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.01.015
5399:
5356:
5307:
5209:
5166:
5098:
4821:
4780:
4739:
4659:
4630:
4581:
4534:
4493:
4452:
4358:
4317:
4276:
4162:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2017.03.017
4089:
4061:The Western Journal of Medicine
4048:
4023:
3943:
3898:
3790:
3764:
3705:
3646:
3599:
3557:
3523:
3318:Surgenor LJ, Maguire S (2013).
3134:
3102:
3077:
2946:Nature Reviews. Disease Primers
2201:on the prevalence of anorexia.
2162:
1549:test: a test of liver enzymes (
1132:
1055:Minnesota Starvation Experiment
268:), often referred to simply as
12654:Psychiatric survivors movement
12544:Psychiatric survivors movement
12514:Controversies about psychiatry
12473:Royal College of Psychiatrists
12261:
11829:(5): 492–497. September 1997.
11724:Grant JE, Phillips KA (2004).
11620:10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12111457
11349:International Psychogeriatrics
11053:Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica
9827:Archives of General Psychiatry
9708:10.1002/14651858.CD004365.pub2
9579:Nutrition in Clinical Practice
9047:Archives of General Psychiatry
7969:10.1016/j.biopsych.2017.08.011
7377:Drenten J, Gurrieri L (2018).
6940:Body Image, Eating, and Weight
6626:Cognitive Therapy and Research
5541:Archives of General Psychiatry
5498:Journal of Theoretical Biology
5107:Neurobiology of Mental Illness
4196:Khalsa SS, Lapidus RC (2016).
3085:"Proxy definition and meaning"
2738:"Feeding and eating disorders"
2688:
2661:
2493:
1978:and potentially contribute to
1963:gonadotropin releasing hormone
1847:Royal College of Psychiatrists
1595:Blood urea nitrogen (BUN) test
1575:gonadotropin-releasing hormone
1355:There are two subtypes of AN:
1101:A risk factor for anorexia is
764:
428:, fatigue, muscle damage, and
322:cessation of menstrual periods
239:5% risk of death over 10 years
157:Adolescence to early adulthood
13:
1:
12927:Obsessive–compulsive disorder
12539:Political abuse of psychiatry
12488:World Psychiatric Association
12423:Chinese Society of Psychiatry
11411:10.1016/S0197-4580(88)80004-6
10835:Eating Disorders and the Skin
10602:Archives of Internal Medicine
10145:10.1016/j.metabol.2015.06.007
9743:10.1080/00325481.2019.1701823
9340:Whitnet E, Rolfes SR (2011).
9318:10.1080/20797222.2017.1326728
9004:Current Opinion in Psychiatry
8684:Misra M, Klibanski A (2011).
7754:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.06.019
7711:10.1016/j.physbeh.2005.04.013
7507:Social Science & Medicine
7305:10.1016/S1054-139X(01)00413-X
6806:10.1080/07399332.2018.1492268
6191:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.11.037
6108:10.1016/j.physbeh.2007.05.052
5839:10.1016/s0022-3999(97)00300-0
5735:Current Opinion in Pediatrics
4302:10.12740/PP/OnlineFirst/33485
3284:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2
2908:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31012-1
2851:10.1016/S0140-6736(16)31678-6
2695:First MB (19 November 2013).
2427:
2011:abnormalities in walking gait
1814:
1748:Cognitive remediation therapy
1176:
929:obsessive–compulsive disorder
902:catechol-o-methyl transferase
774:Obsessive-compulsive disorder
598:Rigid and inflexible thinking
574:Admiration of thinner people.
13084:Social aspects of television
12922:Generalized anxiety disorder
12782:Problematic social media use
11730:Harvard Review of Psychiatry
11312:10.1371/journal.pone.0063539
11252:Ekern B (25 February 2016).
11008:Journal of Athletic Training
10579:10.1016/0197-0070(88)90013-7
10399:The Journal of Endocrinology
10320:10.1016/0165-1781(89)90193-5
10100:Leigh S (19 November 2019).
9236:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
9016:10.1097/yco.0000000000000193
7519:10.1016/0277-9536(95)00074-7
7156:10.1097/NMD.0000000000001124
6948:10.1007/978-3-319-90817-5_29
6854:10.1016/0145-2134(92)90010-O
6740:10.1097/PSY.0b013e31822232bb
6684:10.1080/10640266.2014.857517
6512:10.1176/appi.ajp.157.11.1799
6222:Guisinger S (October 2003).
5917:10.1126/science.122.3160.157
5747:10.1097/MOP.0b013e328362d1ad
5187:10.1097/MCO.0b013e3283546fd3
5023:10.5214/ans.0972.7531.200409
4379:10.1097/NMD.0000000000000194
3536:. Elsevier Health Sciences.
3432:Miller KK (September 2013).
3376:Strumia R (September 2009).
2701:. American Psychiatric Pub.
2471:"What are Eating Disorders?"
2024:, but also include elevated
1878:
1740:Cognitive behavioral therapy
1679:
1396:Extreme: BMI of less than 15
1387:Mild: BMI of greater than 17
1292:
362:cognitive behavioral therapy
227:Cognitive behavioral therapy
7:
12755:Internet addiction disorder
11947:Journal of Eating Disorders
10958:Eating and Weight Disorders
10843:10.1007/978-3-642-29136-4_2
10792:Eating and Weight Disorders
10442:Kleinman R (1 April 2008).
10395:"Anorexia nervosa and bone"
9778:Eating and Weight Disorders
8629:Emergency Medicine Practice
8596:Nelsen DA (December 2002).
7830:Journal of Eating Disorders
7485:10.1521/jscp.20.3.289.22303
6414:. OUP Oxford. p. 851.
6360:P & G Pharmacy Handbook
6240:10.1037/0033-295X.110.4.745
5686:10.1016/j.appet.2014.10.006
4966:10.1037/0033-2909.133.6.976
4544:Eating and Weight Disorders
4408:Godier LR, Park RJ (2014).
3659:Journal of Eating Disorders
3324:Journal of Eating Disorders
2993:Eating and Weight Disorders
2668:Parker R, Sharma A (2008).
2370:
2315:is a term of Greek origin:
2280:History of anorexia nervosa
1350:
1163:
860:Anorexia nervosa is highly
467:Feeling cold all the time (
10:
13170:
12843:Human–computer interaction
12770:Problematic smartphone use
12453:Indian Psychiatric Society
11883:Arnold C (29 March 2016).
11773:Gull WW (September 1997).
11097:Hope with Eating Disorders
10692:Hasan TF, Hasan H (2011).
10195:10.3389/fpsyt.2023.1094222
10054:10.1053/j.ajkd.2012.03.019
9938:10.1186/s40359-020-00476-4
9790:10.1007/s40519-020-01031-1
8134:Frontiers in Endocrinology
6548:10.1176/appi.ajp.160.2.242
6411:A Dictionary of Psychology
5518:10.1016/j.jtbi.2017.05.028
5377:10.1007/s12565-021-00634-7
4832:. Guilford Press. p.
4695:Halmi KA (November 2013).
4556:10.1007/s40519-020-00906-7
4114:10.1016/j.bpsc.2017.12.004
4055:Haller E (December 1992).
3712:Smith LL (6 August 2021).
3223:Current Psychiatry Reports
3089:Collins English Dictionary
3005:10.1007/s40519-020-00875-x
2782:Espie J, Eisler I (2015).
2277:
2273:
2220:
2153:
2070:abnormally slow heart beat
1717:
1649:
1195:acute tryptophan depletion
1191:5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid
1030:inflammatory bowel disease
847:
209:inflammatory bowel disease
34:. For the medication, see
29:
12989:
12907:
12800:
12740:
12672:
12624:
12529:Electroconvulsive therapy
12524:Biopsychiatry controversy
12496:
12390:
12297:Cross-cultural psychiatry
12292:Cognitive neuropsychiatry
12269:
12180:
12095:
11742:10.1080/10673220490447236
11361:10.1017/S1041610210000104
11094:Crilly L (2 April 2012).
11020:10.4085/1062-6050-43.1.80
10804:10.1007/s40519-018-0516-z
9097:10.1016/j.chc.2008.07.004
8950:Nolen-Hoeksema S (2014).
8602:American Family Physician
8369:10.1007/s12020-009-9226-7
8018:10.1017/S1092852915000012
7843:10.1186/s40337-016-0118-y
7742:Physiology & Behavior
7699:Physiology & Behavior
6841:Child Abuse & Neglect
6603:10.1007/s10942-011-0135-3
6179:Physiology & Behavior
6096:Physiology & Behavior
6016:10.3238/arztebl.2013.0432
5874:10.1016/j.cgh.2008.12.032
5467:10.1017/S0033291719003945
5283:10.1038/s41588-019-0439-2
5234:10.1038/s41380-018-0254-7
3831:Nolen-Hoeksema S (2013).
3797:Hedrick T (August 2022).
3731:10.3389/fnbeh.2021.700645
3672:10.1186/s40337-015-0040-8
3450:10.1016/j.ecl.2013.05.007
3235:10.1007/s11920-012-0282-y
2711:– via Google Books.
2540:Annual Review of Medicine
2325:exercise-induced anorexia
2173:atypical anorexia nervosa
2109:junctional escape rhythms
2107:, conduction delays, and
1959:cessation of menstruation
1714:for adolescents with AN.
1512:polycystic ovary syndrome
1390:Moderate: BMI of 16–16.99
1243:anterior cingulate cortex
1017:Gastrointestinal diseases
827:
251:
243:
233:
222:
190:
169:
161:
153:
116:
99:
83:
74:
65:
57:
52:
40:Anorexia (disambiguation)
13111:Suicide and the Internet
13101:Social media and suicide
12848:Media naturalness theory
12576:Psychiatric epidemiology
12571:Philosophy of psychiatry
12463:Philadelphia Association
12302:Developmental disability
9969:doi: 10.1192/bjo.2018.78
9881:10.1192/pb.bp.111.036699
9591:10.1177/0884533613476892
9202:. Radcliffe Publishing.
8147:10.3389/fendo.2014.00175
8000:Frank GK (August 2015).
7919:10.1186/1471-244X-13-110
7558:10.1177/1359104513514067
7410:: CS1 maint: location (
7345:10.3389/fpsyg.2018.00429
6835:Young L (January 1992).
6053:Science (New York, N.Y.)
5868:(5): 530–536, 536.e1–2.
5553:10.1001/archpsyc.63.1.82
4714:10.1186/1471-244X-13-292
4427:10.3389/fpsyg.2014.00778
4215:10.3389/fpsyt.2016.00121
3998:10.1186/1471-244X-13-290
2349:De l'Anorexie hystérique
2237:assisted living facility
2018:delayed stomach emptying
1304:
1299:mental state examination
1289:has also been reported.
1026:irritable bowel syndrome
914:Epigenetic modifications
810:body dysmorphic disorder
481:Gastrointestinal disease
197:Body dysmorphic disorder
12932:Social anxiety disorder
12765:Online problem gambling
12642:Psychiatric medications
11528:10.1186/1471-2318-13-90
10277:10.1196/annals.1429.013
10182:Frontiers in Psychiatry
9343:Understanding Nutrition
7332:Frontiers in Psychology
6137:Thambirajah MS (2007).
6065:10.1126/science.1118357
6010:(25): 432–9, quiz 440.
5011:Annals of Neurosciences
4414:Frontiers in Psychology
4202:Frontiers in Psychiatry
2387:Evolutionary psychiatry
1999:Wernicke encephalopathy
1853:Experience of treatment
1753:
1732:Maudsley family therapy
1725:conjoint family therapy
1605:BUN-to-creatinine ratio
1393:Severe: BMI of 15–15.99
910:opioid receptor delta-1
822:cognitive endophenotype
660:or at a healthy weight.
640:Emotional dysregulation
490:orthostatic hypotension
366:Maudsley family therapy
133:, whole-body swelling (
27:Type of eating disorder
13089:Television consumption
13044:Evolution of cognition
12969:Body image disturbance
12910:psychiatric conditions
12838:Engineering psychology
12760:Internet sex addiction
12741:Proposed or recognised
12611:Psychosomatic medicine
12347:Nutritional psychiatry
12307:Descriptive psychiatry
11935:
11134:Psychological Bulletin
10884:10.1542/peds.2019-2339
8655:"Electroencephalogram"
8635:(2): 1–17, quiz 17–8.
7501:Lee S (January 1996).
6728:Psychosomatic Medicine
5455:Psychological Medicine
5132:Brain Research Reviews
4954:Psychological Bulletin
4639:Handbook of Alcoholism
4594:Depression and Anxiety
3394:10.4161/derm.1.5.10193
3337:10.1186/2050-2974-1-29
2505:My.clevelandclinic.org
2345:Ernest-Charles Lasègue
2289:
2260:retirement communities
1920:
1707:body image disturbance
1646:Differential diagnoses
1639:Thyroid function tests
1492:Glucose tolerance test
1480:and tests specific to
1440:which may result from
1079:dysfunctional families
1075:childhood sexual abuse
1041:Anorexia as adaptation
894:agouti-related peptide
857:
841:
713:body image disturbance
422:abnormal heart rhythms
394:
282:body image disturbance
192:Differential diagnosis
181:substance use disorder
111:body image disturbance
38:. For other uses, see
13133:Texting while driving
13064:Promotion of anorexia
13049:Evolutionary mismatch
13012:Criticism of Facebook
12743:diagnostic categories
12534:Insulin shock therapy
12509:Clinical neuroscience
12428:Democratic Psychiatry
12282:Biological psychiatry
12049:10.14336/AD.2014.0124
11960:10.1186/2050-2974-2-5
11929:
11399:Neurobiology of Aging
9731:Postgraduate Medicine
9625:. NICE. 4 August 2017
9529:Maniscalco J (2007).
9480:10.1093/ajcn/65.3.717
9440:10.1093/ajcn/44.4.435
8928:10.1192/bjp.176.2.138
8847:BMJ Clinical Evidence
8068:10.1056/NEJMcp1803175
7957:Biological Psychiatry
6882:. London: Routledge.
6383:Ensminger AH (1983).
6173:Kaye W (April 2008).
5964:10.3945/an.112.003608
5952:Advances in Nutrition
5586:. Springer. pp.
4670:. Routledge. p.
4641:. CRC Press. p.
3382:Dermato-Endocrinology
3187:. 2004. p. 103.
2287:
2171:The lifetime rate of
2130:ability to pump blood
2086:mitral valve prolapse
2056:Cardiac complications
2042:difficulty swallowing
2003:vitamin B1 deficiency
2001:, which results from
1886:
1838:involuntarily treated
1828:Admission to hospital
1805:low phosophate levels
1412:(CBC): a test of the
1063:neuroendocrine system
855:
836:Dysregulation of the
835:
798:personality disorders
728:Altered interoception
392:
13002:Behavioral modernity
12997:Behavioral addiction
12823:Cognitive ergonomics
12808:Digital anthropology
12801:Disciplines involved
12792:Video game addiction
12787:Television addiction
12647:by condition treated
12586:Psychiatric hospital
12581:Psychiatric genetics
12327:Geriatric psychiatry
12317:Emergency psychiatry
12277:Addiction psychiatry
12005:10.2147/OAJSM.S36528
11258:Eating Disorder Hope
10371:10.1210/jc.2006-1926
9559:on 21 January 2024.
6919:(9): 7. March 2004.
6228:Psychological Review
5711:on 24 September 2019
5222:Molecular Psychiatry
5064:10.1007/7854_2010_91
4030:Robinson PH (2006).
2958:10.1038/nrdp.2015.74
2902:(10053): 1459–1544.
2845:(10053): 1545–1602.
2094:pericardial effusion
2062:sudden cardiac death
2026:liver function tests
1809:low potassium levels
1703:body dissatisfaction
1633:Electroencephalogram
1555:pseudocholinesterase
1551:acetylcholinesterase
1410:Complete blood count
1279:orbitofrontal cortex
1095:obsessive compulsive
980:placental infarction
540:Abdominal distension
13054:Fear of missing out
12504:Behavioral medicine
12362:Palliative medicine
12342:Military psychiatry
12322:Forensic psychiatry
11862:. Routledge Press.
11303:2013PLoSO...863539D
10657:10.3390/jpm12050836
10411:10.1530/JOE-14-0039
10308:Psychiatry Research
10269:2008NYASA1135..253V
10077:Abnormal Psychology
9862:Robinson P (2012).
9666:10.2147/PRBM.S52656
9299:Edwards DJ (2017).
9233:Psychiatric Nursing
8952:Abnormal Psychology
8740:Abnormal Psychology
8661:. 26 January 2012.
8406:Maudsleyparents.org
5909:1955Sci...122..157G
5630:10.1155/2013/483145
5510:2017JThBi.428...26J
4600:(Suppl 1): 96–104.
3833:Abnormal Psychology
3815:on 8 February 2024.
3122:on 23 November 2020
2801:10.2147/AHMT.S70300
2188:Underrepresentation
2090:myocardial fibrosis
1950:estrogen-producing
1571:Luteinizing hormone
1561:Liver Function Test
1187:cerebrospinal fluid
866:Association studies
703:Perceptual symptoms
651:Behavioral symptoms
607:Hypercriticism and
94:clinical psychology
12750:Computer addiction
12606:Psychopharmacology
12337:Liaison psychiatry
12181:External resources
11936:
11932:Utrecht University
11565:European Neurology
11459:10.3390/nu12092885
11100:. Hay House, Inc.
10970:10.1007/BF03354445
10710:10.7150/ijms.8.679
9171:"Eating Disorders"
8981:. Guilford Press.
8884:"Eating disorders"
8843:"Anorexia nervosa"
8690:Neuroendocrinology
8532:"BUN – blood test"
6988:Becker AE (2018).
6876:Sartre JP (1989).
6638:10.1007/BF01183887
6570:"Anorexia Nervosa"
6358:Worthen D (2001).
5803:20.500.11937/40065
4588:Casper RC (1998).
4289:Psychiatria Polska
4270:10.1111/cpsp.12103
3951:"Anorexia nervosa"
3772:"Anorexia Nervosa"
2501:"Anorexia Nervosa"
2417:Orthorexia nervosa
2300:anorexia mirabilis
2290:
2074:low blood pressure
2034:acute pancreatitis
1921:
1843:refeeding syndrome
1801:refeeding syndrome
1795:Refeeding syndrome
1565:protein deficiency
1504:Cushing's Syndrome
1376:Levels of severity
1189:concentrations of
988:personality traits
886:personality traits
858:
842:
615:Affective symptoms
559:Cognitive symptoms
474:Rapid, continuous
395:
385:Signs and symptoms
247:2.9 million (2015)
32:Anorexia (symptom)
13141:
13140:
12813:Digital sociology
12700:
12699:
12632:Counseling topics
12566:Pentylenetetrazol
12332:Immuno-psychiatry
12229:
12228:
12037:Aging and Disease
11927:
11869:978-0-415-89867-6
11858:Arnold C (2012).
11649:(11): 1212–1213.
11577:10.1159/000082033
11213:10.3390/nu8020069
11107:978-1-84850-906-1
10852:978-3-642-29135-7
10837:. pp. 9–15.
10759:10.1002/eat.20625
10541:10.1002/eat.22481
10493:10.1002/eat.22462
10455:978-1-55009-364-3
10086:978-0-07-803538-8
10011:10.1002/eat.23215
9903:on 21 April 2016.
9552:978-0-323-03004-5
9394:10.1002/eat.22482
9353:978-1-133-58752-1
9243:978-0-323-29352-5
9209:978-1-85775-603-6
9053:(12): 1047–1056.
8988:978-1-57230-186-3
8961:978-1-259-06072-4
8781:10.1002/eat.20625
8749:978-0-07-803538-8
8702:10.1159/000323771
8608:(12): 2259–2266.
8510:10.1002/eat.20548
8475:10.1002/eat.20690
8440:10.1002/eat.20432
8244:978-0-8261-7147-4
8200:10.1002/eat.20717
8062:(14): 1343–1351.
7886:978-3-642-15131-6
7660:10.1002/eat.23444
7613:10.1002/eat.20080
7442:10.1002/eat.20305
7120:10.1002/eat.20469
7030:978-0-471-23073-1
7005:978-1-4625-3609-2
6967:978-3-319-90817-5
6506:(11): 1799–1805.
6450:978-1-118-32142-3
6421:978-0-19-105784-7
6408:Colman A (2015).
6394:978-0-941218-05-4
6369:978-1-4822-9648-8
6148:978-1-85775-698-2
5903:(3160): 157–158.
5597:978-0-387-92271-3
5326:(11): 4706–4713.
5116:978-0-19-993495-9
5073:978-3-642-15130-9
4843:978-1-4625-0790-0
4793:Nutrition Reviews
4681:978-1-135-44280-4
4652:978-1-4200-3696-1
4519:10.1002/eat.20419
4478:10.1002/eat.20190
4343:10.1002/eat.20429
4041:978-0-470-01676-3
3919:10.1002/eat.22572
3842:978-0-07-803538-8
3624:10.1002/eat.20388
3585:978-0-89042-555-8
3543:978-0-323-02964-3
3278:(9963): 117–171.
3155:10.1002/eat.22103
3055:10.1111/inm.12758
2708:978-1-58562-462-1
2681:978-0-7234-3461-0
2612:978-0-89042-555-8
2412:Muscle dysmorphia
2207:anabolic steroids
1671:Gender difference
1623:Electrocardiogram
1573:(LH) response to
1526:total cholesterol
1414:white blood cells
1285:integrity in the
1270:lentiform nucleus
1211:binding potential
972:diabetes mellitus
802:anxiety disorders
692:or self-loathing.
629:Anxiety disorders
591:Memory impairment
531:, aches and pains
439:Physical symptoms
348:-inducing event.
276:characterized by
259:
258:
107:food restrictions
47:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
13161:
13154:Anorexia nervosa
12964:Anorexia nervosa
12949:Bipolar disorder
12917:Anxiety disorder
12727:
12720:
12713:
12704:
12703:
12690:
12689:
12680:
12551:Imaging genetics
12256:
12249:
12242:
12233:
12232:
12220:Anorexia nervosa
12093:
12092:
12070:
12060:
12027:
12017:
12007:
11982:
11972:
11962:
11928:
11905:
11904:
11902:
11900:
11880:
11874:
11873:
11855:
11849:
11848:
11838:
11823:Obesity Research
11815:
11811:
11805:
11804:
11794:
11779:Obesity Research
11770:
11764:
11763:
11753:
11721:
11715:
11714:
11691:
11685:
11684:
11676:
11667:
11666:
11638:
11632:
11631:
11603:
11597:
11596:
11560:
11551:
11550:
11540:
11530:
11506:
11500:
11499:
11488:
11482:
11481:
11471:
11461:
11437:
11431:
11430:
11394:
11381:
11380:
11344:
11335:
11334:
11324:
11314:
11282:
11269:
11268:
11266:
11264:
11249:
11236:
11235:
11225:
11215:
11191:
11168:
11167:
11157:
11146:10.1037/a0015326
11125:
11119:
11118:
11116:
11114:
11091:
11085:
11084:
11048:
11042:
11041:
11031:
10999:
10990:
10989:
10953:
10947:
10946:
10936:
10912:
10906:
10905:
10895:
10863:
10857:
10856:
10830:
10824:
10823:
10787:
10781:
10780:
10770:
10738:
10732:
10731:
10721:
10689:
10680:
10679:
10669:
10659:
10635:
10626:
10625:
10608:(8): 1525–1529.
10597:
10591:
10590:
10562:
10553:
10552:
10524:
10505:
10504:
10476:
10467:
10466:
10464:
10462:
10439:
10433:
10432:
10422:
10405:(3): R163–R176.
10390:
10384:
10383:
10373:
10364:(6): 2323–2329.
10349:
10340:
10339:
10303:
10297:
10296:
10252:
10246:
10245:
10243:
10232:
10224:
10218:
10217:
10207:
10197:
10173:
10167:
10166:
10156:
10124:
10118:
10117:
10115:
10113:
10097:
10091:
10090:
10072:
10066:
10065:
10037:
10031:
10030:
9996:
9987:
9970:
9967:
9961:
9960:
9950:
9940:
9916:
9905:
9904:
9892:
9886:
9885:
9883:
9868:The Psychiatrist
9859:
9853:
9852:
9842:
9818:
9812:
9811:
9801:
9784:(4): 1037–1048.
9769:
9763:
9762:
9726:
9720:
9719:
9695:
9689:
9688:
9678:
9668:
9644:
9635:
9634:
9632:
9630:
9619:
9613:
9612:
9602:
9570:
9564:
9563:
9555:. Archived from
9526:
9520:
9519:
9507:
9501:
9500:
9482:
9458:
9452:
9451:
9422:
9416:
9415:
9405:
9373:
9362:
9361:
9337:
9331:
9330:
9320:
9296:
9290:
9289:
9278:10.1002/erv.2326
9261:
9255:
9254:
9252:
9250:
9227:
9221:
9220:
9218:
9216:
9193:
9187:
9186:
9184:
9182:
9167:
9161:
9160:
9150:
9139:10.1002/erv.2816
9118:
9109:
9108:
9080:
9071:
9070:
9042:
9036:
9035:
8999:
8993:
8992:
8972:
8966:
8965:
8947:
8941:
8940:
8930:
8906:
8900:
8899:
8897:
8895:
8890:on 23 March 2015
8886:. Archived from
8879:
8873:
8872:
8862:
8838:
8829:
8828:
8826:
8824:
8809:
8803:
8802:
8792:
8760:
8754:
8753:
8735:
8724:
8723:
8713:
8681:
8675:
8674:
8672:
8670:
8651:
8645:
8644:
8624:
8618:
8617:
8593:
8587:
8586:
8558:
8552:
8551:
8549:
8547:
8528:
8522:
8521:
8493:
8487:
8486:
8458:
8452:
8451:
8423:
8417:
8416:
8414:
8412:
8403:
8395:
8389:
8388:
8352:
8346:
8345:
8343:
8341:
8322:
8316:
8315:
8313:
8311:
8292:
8286:
8285:
8283:
8281:
8266:"CBC blood test"
8262:
8256:
8255:
8253:
8251:
8228:
8222:
8221:
8211:
8179:
8170:
8169:
8159:
8149:
8125:
8119:
8118:
8116:
8114:
8102:
8094:
8088:
8087:
8051:
8040:
8039:
8029:
7997:
7991:
7990:
7980:
7948:
7942:
7941:
7931:
7921:
7897:
7891:
7890:
7872:
7866:
7865:
7855:
7845:
7821:
7815:
7814:
7804:
7780:
7774:
7773:
7737:
7731:
7730:
7694:
7688:
7687:
7639:
7633:
7632:
7592:
7586:
7585:
7537:
7531:
7530:
7498:
7489:
7488:
7468:
7462:
7461:
7425:
7416:
7415:
7409:
7401:
7399:
7397:
7374:
7368:
7367:
7357:
7347:
7323:
7317:
7316:
7288:
7282:
7281:
7271:
7247:
7241:
7240:
7212:
7206:
7205:
7203:
7201:
7192:. 13 June 2014.
7182:
7176:
7175:
7139:
7133:
7132:
7122:
7098:
7092:
7091:
7089:
7050:
7041:
7035:
7034:
7016:
7010:
7009:
6985:
6979:
6978:
6959:
6935:
6929:
6928:
6908:
6902:
6901:
6873:
6867:
6866:
6856:
6832:
6826:
6825:
6789:
6762:
6761:
6751:
6719:
6706:
6705:
6695:
6672:Eating Disorders
6663:
6650:
6649:
6621:
6615:
6614:
6586:
6580:
6579:
6566:
6560:
6559:
6530:
6524:
6523:
6494:
6488:
6487:
6485:
6483:
6464:
6455:
6454:
6432:
6426:
6425:
6405:
6399:
6398:
6380:
6374:
6373:
6355:
6349:
6348:
6320:
6314:
6313:
6296:(8): 1107–1115.
6285:
6279:
6278:
6277:on 22 June 2024.
6273:. Archived from
6266:
6260:
6259:
6219:
6213:
6212:
6202:
6170:
6161:
6160:
6134:
6128:
6127:
6102:(1–2): 283–290.
6091:
6085:
6084:
6044:
6038:
6037:
6027:
5995:
5986:
5985:
5975:
5943:
5937:
5936:
5892:
5886:
5885:
5857:
5851:
5850:
5822:
5816:
5815:
5805:
5777:
5771:
5770:
5730:
5721:
5720:
5718:
5716:
5710:
5704:. Archived from
5671:
5662:
5653:
5652:
5642:
5632:
5608:
5602:
5601:
5579:
5573:
5572:
5536:
5530:
5529:
5493:
5487:
5486:
5446:
5440:
5439:
5414:(8): 1195–1200.
5403:
5397:
5396:
5360:
5354:
5353:
5343:
5332:10.1172/JCI71400
5311:
5305:
5304:
5294:
5277:(8): 1207–1214.
5262:
5256:
5255:
5245:
5213:
5207:
5206:
5170:
5164:
5163:
5127:
5121:
5120:
5102:
5096:
5095:
5085:
5051:
5045:
5044:
5034:
5002:
4985:
4984:
4982:
4951:
4942:
4933:
4932:
4921:10.1002/erv.2244
4904:
4898:
4897:
4895:
4880:
4866:
4857:
4848:
4847:
4825:
4819:
4818:
4808:
4784:
4778:
4777:
4767:
4743:
4737:
4736:
4726:
4716:
4692:
4686:
4685:
4663:
4657:
4656:
4634:
4628:
4627:
4609:
4585:
4579:
4578:
4538:
4532:
4531:
4521:
4497:
4491:
4490:
4480:
4456:
4450:
4449:
4439:
4429:
4405:
4399:
4398:
4362:
4356:
4355:
4345:
4321:
4315:
4314:
4304:
4280:
4274:
4273:
4253:
4238:
4237:
4227:
4217:
4193:
4182:
4181:
4145:
4136:
4135:
4125:
4093:
4087:
4086:
4076:
4052:
4046:
4045:
4027:
4021:
4020:
4010:
4000:
3976:
3967:
3966:
3964:
3962:
3957:. 23 August 2017
3947:
3941:
3940:
3930:
3902:
3896:
3895:
3885:
3853:
3847:
3846:
3828:
3817:
3816:
3814:
3803:
3794:
3788:
3787:
3785:
3783:
3768:
3762:
3761:
3751:
3733:
3709:
3703:
3702:
3692:
3674:
3650:
3644:
3643:
3603:
3597:
3596:
3594:
3592:
3561:
3555:
3554:
3552:
3550:
3527:
3521:
3520:
3510:
3478:
3472:
3471:
3461:
3429:
3416:
3415:
3405:
3373:
3360:
3359:
3349:
3339:
3315:
3306:
3305:
3295:
3263:
3257:
3256:
3246:
3214:
3197:
3196:
3186:
3178:
3167:
3166:
3138:
3132:
3131:
3129:
3127:
3121:
3115:. Archived from
3114:
3106:
3100:
3099:
3097:
3095:
3081:
3075:
3074:
3049:(6): 1181–1191.
3034:
3025:
3024:
2987:
2978:
2977:
2941:
2930:
2929:
2919:
2887:
2881:
2880:
2870:
2830:
2824:
2823:
2813:
2803:
2779:
2760:
2759:
2757:
2755:
2749:
2742:
2734:
2713:
2712:
2692:
2686:
2685:
2671:General Medicine
2665:
2659:
2658:
2647:10.1002/erv.2271
2626:
2617:
2616:
2593:
2564:
2563:
2535:
2516:
2515:
2513:
2511:
2497:
2491:
2490:
2488:
2486:
2477:. Archived from
2467:
2337:Sir William Gull
2311:Etymologically,
1916:
1910:
1904:
1898:
1892:
1872:moral dissonance
1460:. Tests include
1264:, left inferior
933:anxiety disorder
882:reward mechanics
683:bulimia nervosa.
370:nasogastric tube
339:component, with
330:nasogastric tube
278:food restriction
262:Anorexia nervosa
129:, heart damage,
70:
53:Anorexia nervosa
50:
49:
21:
13169:
13168:
13164:
13163:
13162:
13160:
13159:
13158:
13144:
13143:
13142:
13137:
12985:
12959:Eating disorder
12909:
12903:
12853:Neuroergonomics
12833:Cyberpsychology
12796:
12742:
12736:
12731:
12701:
12696:
12668:
12664:Psychotherapies
12620:
12601:Psycho-oncology
12561:Neurophysiology
12519:Anti-psychiatry
12492:
12386:
12357:Neuropsychiatry
12312:Eating disorder
12265:
12260:
12230:
12225:
12224:
12176:
12175:
12104:
12078:
12073:
12030:
11985:
11940:
11916:
11914:
11912:Further reading
11909:
11908:
11898:
11896:
11881:
11877:
11870:
11856:
11852:
11817:
11812:
11808:
11771:
11767:
11722:
11718:
11692:
11688:
11677:
11670:
11643:JAMA Psychiatry
11639:
11635:
11604:
11600:
11561:
11554:
11507:
11503:
11490:
11489:
11485:
11438:
11434:
11395:
11384:
11345:
11338:
11283:
11272:
11262:
11260:
11250:
11239:
11192:
11171:
11126:
11122:
11112:
11110:
11108:
11092:
11088:
11049:
11045:
11000:
10993:
10954:
10950:
10913:
10909:
10864:
10860:
10853:
10831:
10827:
10788:
10784:
10739:
10735:
10690:
10683:
10636:
10629:
10598:
10594:
10563:
10556:
10525:
10508:
10477:
10470:
10460:
10458:
10456:
10440:
10436:
10391:
10387:
10350:
10343:
10304:
10300:
10253:
10249:
10241:
10230:
10226:
10225:
10221:
10174:
10170:
10125:
10121:
10111:
10109:
10098:
10094:
10087:
10073:
10069:
10038:
10034:
9994:
9988:
9973:
9968:
9964:
9917:
9908:
9893:
9889:
9860:
9856:
9819:
9815:
9770:
9766:
9727:
9723:
9702:(1): CD004365.
9696:
9692:
9645:
9638:
9628:
9626:
9621:
9620:
9616:
9571:
9567:
9553:
9527:
9523:
9508:
9504:
9459:
9455:
9423:
9419:
9374:
9365:
9354:
9338:
9334:
9297:
9293:
9262:
9258:
9248:
9246:
9244:
9228:
9224:
9214:
9212:
9210:
9194:
9190:
9180:
9178:
9169:
9168:
9164:
9119:
9112:
9081:
9074:
9043:
9039:
9000:
8996:
8989:
8973:
8969:
8962:
8948:
8944:
8907:
8903:
8893:
8891:
8880:
8876:
8839:
8832:
8822:
8820:
8811:
8810:
8806:
8761:
8757:
8750:
8736:
8727:
8682:
8678:
8668:
8666:
8653:
8652:
8648:
8625:
8621:
8594:
8590:
8559:
8555:
8545:
8543:
8542:on 9 April 2010
8530:
8529:
8525:
8494:
8490:
8459:
8455:
8424:
8420:
8410:
8408:
8401:
8397:
8396:
8392:
8353:
8349:
8339:
8337:
8336:on 5 April 2015
8324:
8323:
8319:
8309:
8307:
8306:on 4 April 2010
8294:
8293:
8289:
8279:
8277:
8264:
8263:
8259:
8249:
8247:
8245:
8229:
8225:
8180:
8173:
8126:
8122:
8112:
8110:
8100:
8096:
8095:
8091:
8052:
8043:
7998:
7994:
7949:
7945:
7898:
7894:
7887:
7873:
7869:
7822:
7818:
7781:
7777:
7738:
7734:
7695:
7691:
7640:
7636:
7593:
7589:
7538:
7534:
7499:
7492:
7469:
7465:
7426:
7419:
7403:
7402:
7395:
7393:
7391:
7375:
7371:
7324:
7320:
7289:
7285:
7248:
7244:
7213:
7209:
7199:
7197:
7184:
7183:
7179:
7140:
7136:
7099:
7095:
7087:
7053:Sports Medicine
7048:
7044:Baum A (2006).
7042:
7038:
7031:
7017:
7013:
7006:
6986:
6982:
6968:
6936:
6932:
6910:
6909:
6905:
6890:
6874:
6870:
6833:
6829:
6790:
6765:
6720:
6709:
6664:
6653:
6622:
6618:
6587:
6583:
6568:
6567:
6563:
6531:
6527:
6495:
6491:
6481:
6479:
6466:
6465:
6458:
6451:
6433:
6429:
6422:
6406:
6402:
6395:
6381:
6377:
6370:
6356:
6352:
6321:
6317:
6286:
6282:
6267:
6263:
6220:
6216:
6171:
6164:
6149:
6135:
6131:
6092:
6088:
6045:
6041:
5996:
5989:
5944:
5940:
5893:
5889:
5858:
5854:
5823:
5819:
5778:
5774:
5731:
5724:
5714:
5712:
5708:
5669:
5663:
5656:
5609:
5605:
5598:
5580:
5576:
5537:
5533:
5494:
5490:
5447:
5443:
5404:
5400:
5361:
5357:
5312:
5308:
5271:Nature Genetics
5263:
5259:
5214:
5210:
5171:
5167:
5128:
5124:
5117:
5103:
5099:
5074:
5052:
5048:
5003:
4988:
4980:
4960:(6): 976–1006.
4949:
4943:
4936:
4905:
4901:
4893:
4864:
4858:
4851:
4844:
4826:
4822:
4785:
4781:
4765:10.1002/erv.784
4744:
4740:
4693:
4689:
4682:
4664:
4660:
4653:
4635:
4631:
4586:
4582:
4539:
4535:
4498:
4494:
4457:
4453:
4406:
4402:
4373:(10): 759–762.
4363:
4359:
4336:(S3): S46–S51.
4322:
4318:
4281:
4277:
4254:
4241:
4194:
4185:
4146:
4139:
4094:
4090:
4053:
4049:
4042:
4028:
4024:
3977:
3970:
3960:
3958:
3949:
3948:
3944:
3903:
3899:
3854:
3850:
3843:
3829:
3820:
3812:
3801:
3795:
3791:
3781:
3779:
3770:
3769:
3765:
3710:
3706:
3651:
3647:
3604:
3600:
3590:
3588:
3586:
3562:
3558:
3548:
3546:
3544:
3528:
3524:
3479:
3475:
3430:
3419:
3374:
3363:
3316:
3309:
3264:
3260:
3215:
3200:
3184:
3180:
3179:
3170:
3139:
3135:
3125:
3123:
3119:
3112:
3108:
3107:
3103:
3093:
3091:
3083:
3082:
3078:
3035:
3028:
2988:
2981:
2942:
2933:
2888:
2884:
2831:
2827:
2780:
2763:
2753:
2751:
2747:
2740:
2736:
2735:
2716:
2709:
2693:
2689:
2682:
2666:
2662:
2627:
2620:
2613:
2595:
2594:
2567:
2536:
2519:
2509:
2507:
2499:
2498:
2494:
2484:
2482:
2469:
2468:
2435:
2430:
2382:Eating recovery
2373:
2365:Karen Carpenter
2294:Hellenistic era
2282:
2276:
2223:
2190:
2165:
2156:
2101:QT prolongation
2058:
2044:, and, rarely,
1939:
1919:
1918:
1914:
1912:
1908:
1906:
1902:
1900:
1896:
1894:
1890:
1881:
1855:
1834:lack of insight
1830:
1817:
1797:
1785:
1777:hypermetabolism
1756:
1720:
1682:
1673:
1661:bulimia nervosa
1654:
1648:
1585:Creatine kinase
1418:red blood cells
1403:
1381:Body mass index
1378:
1365:bulimia nervosa
1361:bulimia nervosa
1353:
1307:
1295:
1206:
1179:
1166:
1149:
1135:
1071:
1043:
957:
941:type 2 diabetes
918:DNA methylation
850:
830:
814:Autism spectrum
767:
735:
705:
653:
617:
561:
510:Chronic fatigue
446:body mass index
441:
412:in every major
387:
341:identical twins
274:eating disorder
205:hyperthyroidism
201:bulimia nervosa
48:
43:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
13167:
13157:
13156:
13139:
13138:
13136:
13135:
13130:
13125:
13124:
13123:
13113:
13108:
13103:
13098:
13093:
13092:
13091:
13086:
13081:
13079:Binge-watching
13071:
13066:
13061:
13056:
13051:
13046:
13041:
13039:Digital zombie
13036:
13031:
13029:Cyberpathology
13026:
13021:
13020:
13019:
13009:
13004:
12999:
12993:
12991:
12990:Related topics
12987:
12986:
12984:
12983:
12978:
12973:
12972:
12971:
12966:
12956:
12951:
12946:
12941:
12936:
12935:
12934:
12929:
12924:
12913:
12911:
12905:
12904:
12902:
12901:
12900:
12899:
12894:
12889:
12884:
12874:
12873:
12872:
12862:
12857:
12856:
12855:
12850:
12845:
12840:
12835:
12830:
12825:
12815:
12810:
12804:
12802:
12798:
12797:
12795:
12794:
12789:
12784:
12779:
12778:
12777:
12767:
12762:
12757:
12752:
12746:
12744:
12738:
12737:
12730:
12729:
12722:
12715:
12707:
12698:
12697:
12695:
12694:
12684:
12673:
12670:
12669:
12667:
12666:
12661:
12656:
12651:
12650:
12649:
12639:
12634:
12628:
12626:
12622:
12621:
12619:
12618:
12613:
12608:
12603:
12598:
12596:Psychoanalysis
12593:
12588:
12583:
12578:
12573:
12568:
12563:
12558:
12553:
12548:
12547:
12546:
12541:
12536:
12531:
12526:
12521:
12511:
12506:
12500:
12498:
12497:Related topics
12494:
12493:
12491:
12490:
12485:
12480:
12475:
12470:
12465:
12460:
12455:
12450:
12445:
12440:
12435:
12430:
12425:
12420:
12415:
12410:
12405:
12400:
12394:
12392:
12388:
12387:
12385:
12384:
12382:Telepsychiatry
12379:
12377:Sleep medicine
12374:
12369:
12364:
12359:
12354:
12349:
12344:
12339:
12334:
12329:
12324:
12319:
12314:
12309:
12304:
12299:
12294:
12289:
12284:
12279:
12273:
12271:
12270:Subspecialties
12267:
12266:
12259:
12258:
12251:
12244:
12236:
12227:
12226:
12223:
12222:
12211:
12197:
12185:
12184:
12182:
12178:
12177:
12174:
12173:
12162:
12151:
12140:
12125:
12105:
12100:
12099:
12097:
12096:Classification
12090:
12089:
12084:
12077:
12076:External links
12074:
12072:
12071:
12028:
11983:
11937:
11913:
11910:
11907:
11906:
11875:
11868:
11850:
11806:
11785:(5): 498–502.
11765:
11736:(2): 123–126.
11716:
11686:
11683:. p. 309.
11681:Medical Papers
11668:
11633:
11614:(4): 370–371.
11598:
11571:(4): 191–192.
11552:
11515:BMC Geriatrics
11501:
11483:
11432:
11382:
11355:(4): 523–536.
11336:
11270:
11237:
11169:
11140:(3): 407–433.
11120:
11106:
11086:
11059:(4): 259–265.
11043:
10991:
10964:(4): 183–197.
10948:
10907:
10858:
10851:
10825:
10798:(3): 397–410.
10782:
10753:(5): 471–474.
10733:
10704:(8): 679–703.
10681:
10627:
10592:
10554:
10535:(3): 238–248.
10506:
10487:(3): 216–237.
10468:
10454:
10434:
10385:
10341:
10298:
10263:(1): 253–264.
10247:
10219:
10168:
10119:
10092:
10085:
10067:
10048:(2): 299–307.
10032:
10005:(3): 422–441.
9971:
9962:
9925:BMC Psychology
9906:
9887:
9854:
9833:(7): 724–731.
9813:
9764:
9721:
9690:
9636:
9614:
9585:(3): 358–364.
9565:
9551:
9521:
9502:
9473:(3): 717–723.
9453:
9434:(4): 435–443.
9417:
9388:(3): 293–310.
9363:
9352:
9332:
9291:
9272:(6): 454–462.
9256:
9242:
9222:
9208:
9188:
9162:
9133:(3): 393–401.
9110:
9091:(1): 159–173.
9072:
9037:
9010:(6): 455–460.
8994:
8987:
8967:
8960:
8942:
8921:(2): 138–141.
8901:
8874:
8830:
8804:
8775:(5): 471–474.
8755:
8748:
8725:
8676:
8646:
8619:
8588:
8569:(4): 427–434.
8553:
8523:
8504:(8): 766–767.
8488:
8469:(4): 378–381.
8453:
8434:(8): 746–750.
8418:
8390:
8363:(2): 326–332.
8347:
8317:
8287:
8257:
8243:
8223:
8194:(7): 590–594.
8171:
8120:
8089:
8041:
8012:(4): 391–400.
7992:
7963:(3): 224–234.
7943:
7906:BMC Psychiatry
7892:
7885:
7867:
7816:
7775:
7748:(1–2): 15–17.
7732:
7689:
7634:
7607:(2): 161–165.
7587:
7552:(2): 276–288.
7532:
7490:
7479:(3): 289–323.
7463:
7436:(6): 443–447.
7417:
7389:
7369:
7318:
7299:(4): 233–242.
7283:
7242:
7207:
7177:
7150:(4): 277–282.
7134:
7093:
7036:
7029:
7011:
7004:
6980:
6966:
6957:10400.14/33058
6930:
6903:
6888:
6868:
6827:
6800:(8): 936–951.
6763:
6734:(6): 491–497.
6707:
6651:
6616:
6597:(3): 192–206.
6581:
6561:
6542:(2): 242–247.
6525:
6489:
6456:
6449:
6427:
6420:
6400:
6393:
6375:
6368:
6350:
6315:
6280:
6261:
6234:(4): 745–761.
6214:
6185:(1): 121–135.
6162:
6147:
6129:
6086:
6059:(5754): 1641.
6039:
5987:
5958:(3): 277–286.
5938:
5887:
5852:
5833:(2): 171–178.
5817:
5788:(2): 135–141.
5772:
5741:(4): 463–470.
5722:
5654:
5603:
5596:
5574:
5531:
5488:
5461:(5): 870–880.
5441:
5398:
5355:
5306:
5257:
5228:(6): 901–915.
5208:
5181:(4): 330–335.
5165:
5138:(2): 147–164.
5122:
5115:
5097:
5072:
5046:
5017:(4): 157–161.
4986:
4934:
4915:(5): 345–351.
4899:
4871:(135): 1–166.
4849:
4842:
4820:
4799:(9): 404–411.
4779:
4758:(4): 253–274.
4738:
4701:BMC Psychiatry
4687:
4680:
4658:
4651:
4629:
4580:
4550:(2): 667–677.
4533:
4512:(7): 581–588.
4492:
4471:(4): 371–374.
4451:
4400:
4357:
4316:
4295:(3): 533–542.
4275:
4264:(2): 194–210.
4239:
4183:
4137:
4108:(6): 501–513.
4088:
4067:(6): 658–662.
4047:
4040:
4022:
3985:BMC Psychiatry
3968:
3942:
3913:(8): 739–740.
3897:
3868:(8): 577–590.
3848:
3841:
3818:
3789:
3763:
3704:
3645:
3618:(5): 424–434.
3598:
3584:
3556:
3542:
3522:
3493:(8): 577–590.
3473:
3444:(3): 515–528.
3417:
3388:(5): 268–270.
3361:
3307:
3258:
3229:(4): 406–414.
3198:
3168:
3149:(5): 462–469.
3133:
3101:
3076:
3026:
2999:(2): 499–514.
2979:
2931:
2882:
2825:
2761:
2714:
2707:
2687:
2680:
2660:
2618:
2611:
2565:
2546:(1): 425–435.
2517:
2492:
2481:on 23 May 2015
2432:
2431:
2429:
2426:
2425:
2424:
2419:
2414:
2409:
2404:
2399:
2394:
2389:
2384:
2379:
2372:
2369:
2341:Queen Victoria
2306:Richard Morton
2278:Main article:
2275:
2272:
2222:
2219:
2199:culture change
2195:westernisation
2189:
2186:
2164:
2161:
2155:
2152:
2117:hypomagnesemia
2057:
2054:
2050:metoclopramide
1968:growth hormone
1952:adipose tissue
1943:peak bone mass
1938:
1935:
1913:
1907:
1901:
1895:
1889:
1888:
1880:
1877:
1854:
1851:
1829:
1826:
1816:
1813:
1796:
1793:
1784:
1783:Extreme hunger
1781:
1755:
1752:
1719:
1716:
1699:
1698:
1695:
1692:
1681:
1678:
1672:
1669:
1650:Main article:
1647:
1644:
1643:
1642:
1636:
1630:
1620:
1613:rhabdomyolysis
1609:celiac disease
1602:
1592:
1582:
1568:
1558:
1547:cholinesterase
1541:
1515:
1489:
1451:
1445:
1434:thrombocytosis
1402:
1401:Investigations
1399:
1398:
1397:
1394:
1391:
1388:
1377:
1374:
1373:
1372:
1368:
1352:
1349:
1333:
1332:
1326:
1323:
1306:
1303:
1294:
1291:
1249:radiolabelled
1204:
1178:
1175:
1165:
1162:
1148:
1145:
1140:group dynamics
1134:
1131:
1123:physical abuse
1070:
1067:
1042:
1039:
1021:celiac disease
1007:neuropeptide Y
995:adipose tissue
984:harm avoidance
956:
953:
872:related to 43
849:
846:
829:
826:
766:
763:
734:
731:
730:
729:
726:
723:
716:
704:
701:
700:
699:
693:
687:
684:
664:
661:
652:
649:
648:
647:
642:
637:
631:
626:
623:
616:
613:
612:
611:
605:
599:
596:
593:
588:
585:theory of mind
581:
578:
575:
572:
569:
560:
557:
556:
555:
548:
542:
537:
532:
529:muscle tension
527:Having severe
525:
515:
512:
507:
504:Russell's Sign
501:
492:
483:
478:
472:
465:
459:
449:
440:
437:
386:
383:
257:
256:
253:
249:
248:
245:
241:
240:
237:
231:
230:
224:
220:
219:
194:
188:
187:
173:
167:
166:
163:
159:
158:
155:
151:
150:
120:
114:
113:
103:
97:
96:
87:
81:
80:
72:
71:
63:
62:
59:
55:
54:
46:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
13166:
13155:
13152:
13151:
13149:
13134:
13131:
13129:
13126:
13122:
13119:
13118:
13117:
13114:
13112:
13109:
13107:
13104:
13102:
13099:
13097:
13094:
13090:
13087:
13085:
13082:
13080:
13077:
13076:
13075:
13072:
13070:
13067:
13065:
13062:
13060:
13057:
13055:
13052:
13050:
13047:
13045:
13042:
13040:
13037:
13035:
13034:Digital detox
13032:
13030:
13027:
13025:
13024:Cyberbullying
13022:
13018:
13015:
13014:
13013:
13010:
13008:
13005:
13003:
13000:
12998:
12995:
12994:
12992:
12988:
12982:
12979:
12977:
12974:
12970:
12967:
12965:
12962:
12961:
12960:
12957:
12955:
12952:
12950:
12947:
12945:
12942:
12940:
12937:
12933:
12930:
12928:
12925:
12923:
12920:
12919:
12918:
12915:
12914:
12912:
12906:
12898:
12895:
12893:
12890:
12888:
12885:
12883:
12880:
12879:
12878:
12875:
12871:
12868:
12867:
12866:
12863:
12861:
12858:
12854:
12851:
12849:
12846:
12844:
12841:
12839:
12836:
12834:
12831:
12829:
12826:
12824:
12821:
12820:
12819:
12816:
12814:
12811:
12809:
12806:
12805:
12803:
12799:
12793:
12790:
12788:
12785:
12783:
12780:
12776:
12773:
12772:
12771:
12768:
12766:
12763:
12761:
12758:
12756:
12753:
12751:
12748:
12747:
12745:
12739:
12735:
12728:
12723:
12721:
12716:
12714:
12709:
12708:
12705:
12693:
12685:
12683:
12679:
12675:
12674:
12671:
12665:
12662:
12660:
12659:Psychiatrists
12657:
12655:
12652:
12648:
12645:
12644:
12643:
12640:
12638:
12635:
12633:
12630:
12629:
12627:
12623:
12617:
12616:Psychosurgery
12614:
12612:
12609:
12607:
12604:
12602:
12599:
12597:
12594:
12592:
12589:
12587:
12584:
12582:
12579:
12577:
12574:
12572:
12569:
12567:
12564:
12562:
12559:
12557:
12554:
12552:
12549:
12545:
12542:
12540:
12537:
12535:
12532:
12530:
12527:
12525:
12522:
12520:
12517:
12516:
12515:
12512:
12510:
12507:
12505:
12502:
12501:
12499:
12495:
12489:
12486:
12484:
12481:
12479:
12476:
12474:
12471:
12469:
12466:
12464:
12461:
12459:
12456:
12454:
12451:
12449:
12446:
12444:
12441:
12439:
12436:
12434:
12431:
12429:
12426:
12424:
12421:
12419:
12416:
12414:
12411:
12409:
12406:
12404:
12401:
12399:
12396:
12395:
12393:
12391:Organizations
12389:
12383:
12380:
12378:
12375:
12373:
12372:Psychotherapy
12370:
12368:
12367:Pain medicine
12365:
12363:
12360:
12358:
12355:
12353:
12350:
12348:
12345:
12343:
12340:
12338:
12335:
12333:
12330:
12328:
12325:
12323:
12320:
12318:
12315:
12313:
12310:
12308:
12305:
12303:
12300:
12298:
12295:
12293:
12290:
12288:
12285:
12283:
12280:
12278:
12275:
12274:
12272:
12268:
12264:
12257:
12252:
12250:
12245:
12243:
12238:
12237:
12234:
12221:
12217:
12216:
12212:
12210:
12207:
12203:
12202:
12198:
12196:
12192:
12191:
12187:
12186:
12183:
12179:
12172:
12168:
12167:
12163:
12161:
12157:
12156:
12152:
12150:
12146:
12145:
12141:
12139:
12135:
12134:
12130:
12126:
12124:
12120:
12116:
12115:
12111:
12107:
12106:
12103:
12098:
12094:
12088:
12085:
12083:
12080:
12079:
12068:
12064:
12059:
12054:
12050:
12046:
12042:
12038:
12034:
12029:
12025:
12021:
12016:
12011:
12006:
12001:
11997:
11993:
11989:
11984:
11980:
11976:
11971:
11966:
11961:
11956:
11952:
11948:
11944:
11939:
11938:
11933:
11894:
11890:
11886:
11879:
11871:
11865:
11861:
11854:
11846:
11842:
11837:
11832:
11828:
11824:
11820:
11810:
11802:
11798:
11793:
11788:
11784:
11780:
11776:
11769:
11761:
11757:
11752:
11747:
11743:
11739:
11735:
11731:
11727:
11720:
11713:
11709:
11705:
11701:
11697:
11690:
11682:
11675:
11673:
11664:
11660:
11656:
11652:
11648:
11644:
11637:
11629:
11625:
11621:
11617:
11613:
11609:
11602:
11594:
11590:
11586:
11582:
11578:
11574:
11570:
11566:
11559:
11557:
11548:
11544:
11539:
11534:
11529:
11524:
11520:
11516:
11512:
11505:
11497:
11493:
11487:
11479:
11475:
11470:
11465:
11460:
11455:
11451:
11447:
11443:
11436:
11428:
11424:
11420:
11416:
11412:
11408:
11404:
11400:
11393:
11391:
11389:
11387:
11378:
11374:
11370:
11366:
11362:
11358:
11354:
11350:
11343:
11341:
11332:
11328:
11323:
11318:
11313:
11308:
11304:
11300:
11297:(5): e63539.
11296:
11292:
11288:
11281:
11279:
11277:
11275:
11259:
11255:
11248:
11246:
11244:
11242:
11233:
11229:
11224:
11219:
11214:
11209:
11205:
11201:
11197:
11190:
11188:
11186:
11184:
11182:
11180:
11178:
11176:
11174:
11165:
11161:
11156:
11151:
11147:
11143:
11139:
11135:
11131:
11124:
11109:
11103:
11099:
11098:
11090:
11082:
11078:
11074:
11070:
11066:
11062:
11058:
11054:
11047:
11039:
11035:
11030:
11025:
11021:
11017:
11014:(1): 80–108.
11013:
11009:
11005:
10998:
10996:
10987:
10983:
10979:
10975:
10971:
10967:
10963:
10959:
10952:
10944:
10940:
10935:
10930:
10926:
10922:
10918:
10911:
10903:
10899:
10894:
10889:
10885:
10881:
10877:
10873:
10869:
10862:
10854:
10848:
10844:
10840:
10836:
10829:
10821:
10817:
10813:
10809:
10805:
10801:
10797:
10793:
10786:
10778:
10774:
10769:
10764:
10760:
10756:
10752:
10748:
10744:
10737:
10729:
10725:
10720:
10715:
10711:
10707:
10703:
10699:
10695:
10688:
10686:
10677:
10673:
10668:
10663:
10658:
10653:
10649:
10645:
10641:
10634:
10632:
10623:
10619:
10615:
10611:
10607:
10603:
10596:
10588:
10584:
10580:
10576:
10572:
10568:
10561:
10559:
10550:
10546:
10542:
10538:
10534:
10530:
10523:
10521:
10519:
10517:
10515:
10513:
10511:
10502:
10498:
10494:
10490:
10486:
10482:
10475:
10473:
10457:
10451:
10447:
10446:
10438:
10430:
10426:
10421:
10416:
10412:
10408:
10404:
10400:
10396:
10389:
10381:
10377:
10372:
10367:
10363:
10359:
10355:
10348:
10346:
10337:
10333:
10329:
10325:
10321:
10317:
10313:
10309:
10302:
10294:
10290:
10286:
10282:
10278:
10274:
10270:
10266:
10262:
10258:
10251:
10240:
10236:
10229:
10223:
10215:
10211:
10206:
10201:
10196:
10191:
10187:
10183:
10179:
10172:
10164:
10160:
10155:
10150:
10146:
10142:
10138:
10134:
10130:
10123:
10107:
10103:
10096:
10088:
10082:
10078:
10071:
10063:
10059:
10055:
10051:
10047:
10043:
10036:
10028:
10024:
10020:
10016:
10012:
10008:
10004:
10000:
9993:
9986:
9984:
9982:
9980:
9978:
9976:
9966:
9958:
9954:
9949:
9944:
9939:
9934:
9930:
9926:
9922:
9915:
9913:
9911:
9902:
9898:
9891:
9882:
9877:
9874:(3): 109–13.
9873:
9869:
9865:
9858:
9850:
9846:
9841:
9836:
9832:
9828:
9824:
9817:
9809:
9805:
9800:
9795:
9791:
9787:
9783:
9779:
9775:
9768:
9760:
9756:
9752:
9748:
9744:
9740:
9736:
9732:
9725:
9717:
9713:
9709:
9705:
9701:
9694:
9686:
9682:
9677:
9672:
9667:
9662:
9658:
9654:
9650:
9643:
9641:
9624:
9618:
9610:
9606:
9601:
9596:
9592:
9588:
9584:
9580:
9576:
9569:
9562:
9558:
9554:
9548:
9544:
9540:
9536:
9532:
9525:
9518:
9513:
9506:
9498:
9494:
9490:
9486:
9481:
9476:
9472:
9468:
9464:
9457:
9449:
9445:
9441:
9437:
9433:
9429:
9421:
9413:
9409:
9404:
9399:
9395:
9391:
9387:
9383:
9379:
9372:
9370:
9368:
9359:
9355:
9349:
9345:
9344:
9336:
9328:
9324:
9319:
9314:
9310:
9306:
9302:
9295:
9287:
9283:
9279:
9275:
9271:
9267:
9260:
9245:
9239:
9235:
9234:
9226:
9211:
9205:
9201:
9200:
9192:
9176:
9172:
9166:
9158:
9154:
9149:
9144:
9140:
9136:
9132:
9128:
9124:
9117:
9115:
9106:
9102:
9098:
9094:
9090:
9086:
9079:
9077:
9068:
9064:
9060:
9056:
9052:
9048:
9041:
9033:
9029:
9025:
9021:
9017:
9013:
9009:
9005:
8998:
8990:
8984:
8980:
8979:
8971:
8963:
8957:
8953:
8946:
8938:
8934:
8929:
8924:
8920:
8916:
8912:
8905:
8889:
8885:
8878:
8870:
8866:
8861:
8856:
8852:
8848:
8844:
8837:
8835:
8819:. 20 May 2022
8818:
8817:Psych Central
8814:
8808:
8800:
8796:
8791:
8786:
8782:
8778:
8774:
8770:
8766:
8759:
8751:
8745:
8741:
8734:
8732:
8730:
8721:
8717:
8712:
8707:
8703:
8699:
8695:
8691:
8687:
8680:
8664:
8660:
8656:
8650:
8642:
8638:
8634:
8630:
8623:
8615:
8611:
8607:
8603:
8599:
8592:
8584:
8580:
8576:
8572:
8568:
8564:
8557:
8541:
8537:
8533:
8527:
8519:
8515:
8511:
8507:
8503:
8499:
8492:
8484:
8480:
8476:
8472:
8468:
8464:
8457:
8449:
8445:
8441:
8437:
8433:
8429:
8422:
8407:
8400:
8394:
8386:
8382:
8378:
8374:
8370:
8366:
8362:
8358:
8351:
8335:
8331:
8327:
8321:
8305:
8301:
8297:
8291:
8275:
8271:
8267:
8261:
8246:
8240:
8236:
8235:
8227:
8219:
8215:
8210:
8205:
8201:
8197:
8193:
8189:
8185:
8178:
8176:
8167:
8163:
8158:
8153:
8148:
8143:
8139:
8135:
8131:
8124:
8108:
8107:
8099:
8093:
8085:
8081:
8077:
8073:
8069:
8065:
8061:
8057:
8050:
8048:
8046:
8037:
8033:
8028:
8023:
8019:
8015:
8011:
8007:
8006:CNS Spectrums
8003:
7996:
7988:
7984:
7979:
7974:
7970:
7966:
7962:
7958:
7954:
7947:
7939:
7935:
7930:
7925:
7920:
7915:
7911:
7907:
7903:
7896:
7888:
7882:
7878:
7871:
7863:
7859:
7854:
7849:
7844:
7839:
7835:
7831:
7827:
7820:
7812:
7808:
7803:
7798:
7794:
7790:
7786:
7779:
7771:
7767:
7763:
7759:
7755:
7751:
7747:
7743:
7736:
7728:
7724:
7720:
7716:
7712:
7708:
7704:
7700:
7693:
7685:
7681:
7677:
7673:
7669:
7665:
7661:
7657:
7653:
7649:
7645:
7638:
7630:
7626:
7622:
7618:
7614:
7610:
7606:
7602:
7598:
7591:
7583:
7579:
7575:
7571:
7567:
7563:
7559:
7555:
7551:
7547:
7543:
7536:
7528:
7524:
7520:
7516:
7512:
7508:
7504:
7497:
7495:
7486:
7482:
7478:
7474:
7467:
7459:
7455:
7451:
7447:
7443:
7439:
7435:
7431:
7424:
7422:
7413:
7407:
7392:
7390:9781138052550
7386:
7382:
7381:
7373:
7365:
7361:
7356:
7351:
7346:
7341:
7337:
7333:
7329:
7322:
7314:
7310:
7306:
7302:
7298:
7294:
7287:
7279:
7275:
7270:
7265:
7261:
7257:
7253:
7246:
7238:
7234:
7230:
7226:
7222:
7218:
7211:
7195:
7191:
7187:
7181:
7173:
7169:
7165:
7161:
7157:
7153:
7149:
7145:
7138:
7130:
7126:
7121:
7116:
7112:
7108:
7104:
7097:
7086:
7082:
7078:
7074:
7070:
7066:
7062:
7058:
7054:
7047:
7040:
7032:
7026:
7022:
7015:
7007:
7001:
6997:
6996:
6991:
6984:
6977:
6973:
6969:
6963:
6958:
6953:
6949:
6945:
6941:
6934:
6926:
6922:
6918:
6914:
6907:
6899:
6895:
6891:
6889:0-415-04029-9
6885:
6881:
6880:
6872:
6864:
6860:
6855:
6850:
6847:(1): 89–100.
6846:
6842:
6838:
6831:
6823:
6819:
6815:
6811:
6807:
6803:
6799:
6795:
6788:
6786:
6784:
6782:
6780:
6778:
6776:
6774:
6772:
6770:
6768:
6759:
6755:
6750:
6745:
6741:
6737:
6733:
6729:
6725:
6718:
6716:
6714:
6712:
6703:
6699:
6694:
6689:
6685:
6681:
6677:
6673:
6669:
6662:
6660:
6658:
6656:
6647:
6643:
6639:
6635:
6632:(2): 123–50.
6631:
6627:
6620:
6612:
6608:
6604:
6600:
6596:
6592:
6585:
6577:
6576:
6571:
6565:
6557:
6553:
6549:
6545:
6541:
6537:
6529:
6521:
6517:
6513:
6509:
6505:
6501:
6493:
6477:
6473:
6469:
6463:
6461:
6452:
6446:
6442:
6438:
6437:"Weight Loss"
6431:
6423:
6417:
6413:
6412:
6404:
6396:
6390:
6386:
6379:
6371:
6365:
6361:
6354:
6346:
6342:
6338:
6334:
6330:
6326:
6319:
6311:
6307:
6303:
6299:
6295:
6291:
6284:
6276:
6272:
6269:Guisinger S.
6265:
6257:
6253:
6249:
6245:
6241:
6237:
6233:
6229:
6225:
6218:
6210:
6206:
6201:
6196:
6192:
6188:
6184:
6180:
6176:
6169:
6167:
6158:
6154:
6150:
6144:
6140:
6133:
6125:
6121:
6117:
6113:
6109:
6105:
6101:
6097:
6090:
6082:
6078:
6074:
6070:
6066:
6062:
6058:
6054:
6050:
6043:
6035:
6031:
6026:
6021:
6017:
6013:
6009:
6005:
6001:
5994:
5992:
5983:
5979:
5974:
5969:
5965:
5961:
5957:
5953:
5949:
5942:
5934:
5930:
5926:
5922:
5918:
5914:
5910:
5906:
5902:
5898:
5891:
5883:
5879:
5875:
5871:
5867:
5863:
5856:
5848:
5844:
5840:
5836:
5832:
5828:
5821:
5813:
5809:
5804:
5799:
5795:
5791:
5787:
5783:
5776:
5769:
5764:
5760:
5756:
5752:
5748:
5744:
5740:
5736:
5729:
5727:
5707:
5703:
5699:
5695:
5691:
5687:
5683:
5679:
5675:
5668:
5661:
5659:
5650:
5646:
5641:
5636:
5631:
5626:
5622:
5618:
5614:
5607:
5599:
5593:
5589:
5585:
5578:
5570:
5566:
5562:
5558:
5554:
5550:
5546:
5542:
5535:
5527:
5523:
5519:
5515:
5511:
5507:
5503:
5499:
5492:
5484:
5480:
5476:
5472:
5468:
5464:
5460:
5456:
5452:
5445:
5437:
5433:
5429:
5425:
5421:
5417:
5413:
5409:
5402:
5394:
5390:
5386:
5382:
5378:
5374:
5370:
5366:
5359:
5351:
5347:
5342:
5337:
5333:
5329:
5325:
5321:
5317:
5310:
5302:
5298:
5293:
5288:
5284:
5280:
5276:
5272:
5268:
5261:
5253:
5249:
5244:
5239:
5235:
5231:
5227:
5223:
5219:
5212:
5204:
5200:
5196:
5192:
5188:
5184:
5180:
5176:
5169:
5161:
5157:
5153:
5149:
5145:
5141:
5137:
5133:
5126:
5118:
5112:
5108:
5101:
5093:
5089:
5084:
5079:
5075:
5069:
5065:
5061:
5057:
5050:
5042:
5038:
5033:
5028:
5024:
5020:
5016:
5012:
5008:
5001:
4999:
4997:
4995:
4993:
4991:
4979:
4975:
4971:
4967:
4963:
4959:
4955:
4948:
4941:
4939:
4930:
4926:
4922:
4918:
4914:
4910:
4903:
4892:
4888:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4870:
4863:
4856:
4854:
4845:
4839:
4835:
4831:
4824:
4816:
4812:
4807:
4802:
4798:
4794:
4790:
4783:
4775:
4771:
4766:
4761:
4757:
4753:
4749:
4742:
4734:
4730:
4725:
4720:
4715:
4710:
4706:
4702:
4698:
4691:
4683:
4677:
4673:
4669:
4662:
4654:
4648:
4644:
4640:
4633:
4625:
4621:
4617:
4613:
4608:
4603:
4599:
4595:
4591:
4584:
4577:
4573:
4569:
4565:
4561:
4557:
4553:
4549:
4545:
4537:
4529:
4525:
4520:
4515:
4511:
4507:
4503:
4496:
4488:
4484:
4479:
4474:
4470:
4466:
4462:
4455:
4447:
4443:
4438:
4433:
4428:
4423:
4419:
4415:
4411:
4404:
4396:
4392:
4388:
4384:
4380:
4376:
4372:
4368:
4361:
4353:
4349:
4344:
4339:
4335:
4331:
4327:
4320:
4312:
4308:
4303:
4298:
4294:
4290:
4286:
4279:
4271:
4267:
4263:
4259:
4252:
4250:
4248:
4246:
4244:
4235:
4231:
4226:
4221:
4216:
4211:
4207:
4203:
4199:
4192:
4190:
4188:
4179:
4175:
4171:
4167:
4163:
4159:
4155:
4151:
4144:
4142:
4133:
4129:
4124:
4119:
4115:
4111:
4107:
4103:
4099:
4092:
4084:
4080:
4075:
4070:
4066:
4062:
4058:
4051:
4043:
4037:
4033:
4026:
4018:
4014:
4009:
4004:
3999:
3994:
3990:
3986:
3982:
3975:
3973:
3956:
3952:
3946:
3938:
3934:
3929:
3924:
3920:
3916:
3912:
3908:
3901:
3893:
3889:
3884:
3879:
3875:
3871:
3867:
3863:
3859:
3852:
3844:
3838:
3834:
3827:
3825:
3823:
3811:
3807:
3800:
3793:
3777:
3773:
3767:
3759:
3755:
3750:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3732:
3727:
3723:
3719:
3715:
3708:
3700:
3696:
3691:
3686:
3682:
3678:
3673:
3668:
3664:
3660:
3656:
3649:
3641:
3637:
3633:
3629:
3625:
3621:
3617:
3613:
3609:
3602:
3587:
3581:
3577:
3573:
3569:
3568:
3560:
3545:
3539:
3535:
3534:
3526:
3518:
3514:
3509:
3504:
3500:
3496:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3477:
3469:
3465:
3460:
3455:
3451:
3447:
3443:
3439:
3435:
3428:
3426:
3424:
3422:
3413:
3409:
3404:
3399:
3395:
3391:
3387:
3383:
3379:
3372:
3370:
3368:
3366:
3357:
3353:
3348:
3343:
3338:
3333:
3329:
3325:
3321:
3314:
3312:
3303:
3299:
3294:
3289:
3285:
3281:
3277:
3273:
3269:
3262:
3254:
3250:
3245:
3240:
3236:
3232:
3228:
3224:
3220:
3213:
3211:
3209:
3207:
3205:
3203:
3194:
3190:
3183:
3177:
3175:
3173:
3164:
3160:
3156:
3152:
3148:
3144:
3137:
3118:
3111:
3105:
3090:
3086:
3080:
3072:
3068:
3064:
3060:
3056:
3052:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3033:
3031:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3010:
3006:
3002:
2998:
2994:
2986:
2984:
2975:
2971:
2967:
2963:
2959:
2955:
2951:
2947:
2940:
2938:
2936:
2927:
2923:
2918:
2913:
2909:
2905:
2901:
2897:
2893:
2886:
2878:
2874:
2869:
2864:
2860:
2856:
2852:
2848:
2844:
2840:
2836:
2829:
2821:
2817:
2812:
2807:
2802:
2797:
2793:
2789:
2785:
2778:
2776:
2774:
2772:
2770:
2768:
2766:
2750:on 1 May 2015
2746:
2739:
2733:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2725:
2723:
2721:
2719:
2710:
2704:
2700:
2699:
2691:
2683:
2677:
2673:
2672:
2664:
2656:
2652:
2648:
2644:
2641:(2): 92–101.
2640:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2623:
2614:
2608:
2604:
2600:
2599:
2592:
2590:
2588:
2586:
2584:
2582:
2580:
2578:
2576:
2574:
2572:
2570:
2561:
2557:
2553:
2549:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2532:
2530:
2528:
2526:
2524:
2522:
2506:
2502:
2496:
2480:
2476:
2472:
2466:
2464:
2462:
2460:
2458:
2456:
2454:
2452:
2450:
2448:
2446:
2444:
2442:
2440:
2438:
2433:
2423:
2420:
2418:
2415:
2413:
2410:
2408:
2405:
2403:
2400:
2398:
2395:
2393:
2390:
2388:
2385:
2383:
2380:
2378:
2375:
2374:
2368:
2366:
2362:
2358:
2352:
2350:
2346:
2342:
2338:
2333:
2330:
2326:
2322:
2318:
2314:
2309:
2307:
2303:
2301:
2295:
2286:
2281:
2271:
2267:
2265:
2261:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2242:
2238:
2233:
2232:
2230:late in life.
2227:
2218:
2214:
2212:
2208:
2202:
2200:
2196:
2185:
2181:
2178:
2174:
2169:
2160:
2151:
2148:
2144:
2139:
2133:
2131:
2127:
2122:
2118:
2114:
2110:
2106:
2105:QT dispersion
2102:
2097:
2095:
2091:
2087:
2083:
2079:
2075:
2071:
2067:
2063:
2053:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2012:
2008:
2004:
2000:
1996:
1992:
1987:
1985:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1969:
1964:
1960:
1955:
1953:
1948:
1944:
1937:Complications
1934:
1932:
1928:
1926:
1885:
1876:
1873:
1867:
1865:
1861:
1850:
1848:
1844:
1839:
1835:
1825:
1823:
1812:
1810:
1806:
1802:
1792:
1790:
1780:
1778:
1772:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1761:carbohydrates
1751:
1749:
1745:
1741:
1737:
1733:
1728:
1726:
1715:
1712:
1711:Psychotherapy
1708:
1704:
1696:
1693:
1690:
1689:
1688:
1685:
1677:
1668:
1666:
1662:
1657:
1653:
1640:
1637:
1634:
1631:
1628:
1624:
1621:
1619:of the liver.
1618:
1614:
1610:
1606:
1603:
1600:
1596:
1593:
1590:
1586:
1583:
1580:
1576:
1572:
1569:
1566:
1562:
1559:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1545:
1542:
1539:
1538:triglycerides
1535:
1531:
1527:
1523:
1519:
1518:Lipid profile
1516:
1513:
1509:
1505:
1501:
1497:
1493:
1490:
1487:
1483:
1479:
1475:
1471:
1467:
1463:
1459:
1455:
1452:
1449:
1446:
1443:
1439:
1435:
1431:
1427:
1423:
1419:
1415:
1411:
1408:
1407:
1406:
1395:
1392:
1389:
1386:
1385:
1384:
1382:
1369:
1366:
1362:
1358:
1357:
1356:
1348:
1346:
1342:
1338:
1330:
1327:
1324:
1321:
1320:
1319:
1316:
1314:
1313:
1302:
1300:
1290:
1288:
1284:
1280:
1275:
1271:
1267:
1266:parietal lobe
1263:
1258:
1256:
1252:
1248:
1244:
1240:
1236:
1235:reward system
1231:
1228:
1222:
1220:
1216:
1212:
1208:
1200:
1196:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1174:
1170:
1161:
1157:
1153:
1147:Media effects
1144:
1141:
1130:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1114:
1111:
1106:
1104:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1069:Psychological
1066:
1064:
1060:
1056:
1052:
1048:
1045:Studies have
1038:
1034:
1031:
1027:
1022:
1018:
1014:
1012:
1008:
1004:
1000:
996:
991:
989:
986:, one of the
985:
981:
977:
973:
969:
965:
964:preterm birth
961:
955:Environmental
952:
948:
946:
942:
938:
934:
930:
926:
925:schizophrenia
921:
919:
915:
911:
907:
903:
899:
895:
891:
887:
883:
879:
875:
871:
870:polymorphisms
867:
863:
854:
845:
839:
834:
825:
823:
819:
815:
811:
807:
803:
799:
795:
791:
787:
783:
779:
775:
771:
762:
758:
756:
750:
748:
743:
739:
738:Interoception
733:Interoception
727:
724:
721:
717:
714:
710:
707:
706:
697:
694:
691:
688:
685:
681:
677:
673:
669:
665:
662:
659:
655:
654:
646:
643:
641:
638:
636:
632:
630:
627:
624:
622:
619:
618:
610:
609:perfectionism
606:
604:
600:
597:
594:
592:
589:
586:
582:
579:
576:
573:
570:
567:
563:
562:
553:
549:
546:
543:
541:
538:
536:
533:
530:
526:
523:
519:
516:
513:
511:
508:
505:
502:
500:
496:
493:
491:
487:
484:
482:
479:
477:
473:
470:
466:
464:
460:
457:
454:
451:Irregular or
450:
447:
443:
442:
436:
433:
431:
427:
423:
419:
416:in the body.
415:
411:
410:complications
407:
402:
400:
391:
382:
380:
374:
371:
367:
363:
359:
355:
349:
347:
342:
338:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
315:
311:
307:
303:
298:
294:
290:
285:
283:
279:
275:
271:
267:
263:
254:
250:
246:
242:
238:
236:
232:
228:
225:
221:
218:
214:
210:
206:
202:
198:
195:
193:
189:
186:
182:
178:
174:
172:
168:
164:
160:
156:
152:
148:
144:
140:
139:heart failure
136:
132:
128:
124:
121:
119:
118:Complications
115:
112:
108:
104:
102:
98:
95:
91:
88:
86:
82:
78:
73:
69:
64:
60:
56:
51:
45:
41:
37:
33:
19:
13128:Technostress
13121:Technophobia
13116:Technophilia
12963:
12892:Evolutionary
12870:Evolutionary
12860:Neuroscience
12591:Psychiatrist
12556:Neuroimaging
12213:
12199:
12188:
12164:
12153:
12142:
12127:
12108:
12043:(1): 48–55.
12040:
12036:
11995:
11991:
11950:
11946:
11897:. Retrieved
11889:The Guardian
11888:
11878:
11859:
11853:
11826:
11822:
11809:
11782:
11778:
11768:
11733:
11729:
11719:
11711:
11699:
11695:
11689:
11680:
11646:
11642:
11636:
11611:
11607:
11601:
11568:
11564:
11518:
11514:
11504:
11495:
11486:
11449:
11445:
11435:
11402:
11398:
11352:
11348:
11294:
11290:
11261:. Retrieved
11257:
11203:
11199:
11137:
11133:
11123:
11111:. Retrieved
11096:
11089:
11056:
11052:
11046:
11011:
11007:
10961:
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10951:
10924:
10920:
10910:
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10605:
10601:
10595:
10573:(1): 15–21.
10570:
10566:
10532:
10528:
10484:
10480:
10459:. Retrieved
10448:. PMPH-USA.
10444:
10437:
10402:
10398:
10388:
10361:
10357:
10314:(1): 11–24.
10311:
10307:
10301:
10260:
10256:
10250:
10234:
10222:
10185:
10181:
10171:
10136:
10132:
10122:
10110:. Retrieved
10105:
10095:
10076:
10070:
10045:
10041:
10035:
10002:
9998:
9965:
9928:
9924:
9901:the original
9890:
9871:
9867:
9857:
9830:
9826:
9816:
9781:
9777:
9767:
9737:(1): 80–90.
9734:
9730:
9724:
9699:
9693:
9656:
9652:
9627:. Retrieved
9617:
9582:
9578:
9568:
9560:
9557:the original
9534:
9524:
9515:
9511:
9505:
9470:
9466:
9456:
9431:
9427:
9420:
9385:
9381:
9342:
9335:
9308:
9304:
9294:
9269:
9265:
9259:
9247:. Retrieved
9232:
9225:
9213:. Retrieved
9198:
9191:
9181:29 September
9179:. Retrieved
9165:
9130:
9126:
9088:
9084:
9050:
9046:
9040:
9007:
9003:
8997:
8977:
8970:
8951:
8945:
8918:
8914:
8904:
8892:. Retrieved
8888:the original
8877:
8850:
8846:
8821:. Retrieved
8816:
8807:
8772:
8768:
8758:
8739:
8696:(2): 65–73.
8693:
8689:
8679:
8667:. Retrieved
8659:Medline Plus
8658:
8649:
8632:
8628:
8622:
8605:
8601:
8591:
8566:
8562:
8556:
8544:. Retrieved
8540:the original
8535:
8526:
8501:
8497:
8491:
8466:
8462:
8456:
8431:
8427:
8421:
8409:. Retrieved
8405:
8393:
8360:
8356:
8350:
8338:. Retrieved
8334:the original
8329:
8320:
8308:. Retrieved
8304:the original
8299:
8296:"Urinalysis"
8290:
8278:. Retrieved
8269:
8260:
8248:. Retrieved
8233:
8226:
8191:
8187:
8137:
8133:
8123:
8113:17 September
8111:. Retrieved
8104:
8092:
8059:
8055:
8009:
8005:
7995:
7960:
7956:
7946:
7909:
7905:
7895:
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7590:
7549:
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7513:(1): 21–34.
7510:
7506:
7476:
7472:
7466:
7433:
7429:
7394:. Retrieved
7379:
7372:
7335:
7331:
7321:
7296:
7292:
7286:
7262:(1): 16–19.
7259:
7255:
7245:
7223:(1): 65–71.
7220:
7216:
7210:
7198:. Retrieved
7189:
7180:
7147:
7143:
7137:
7113:(1): 37–46.
7110:
7106:
7096:
7056:
7052:
7039:
7020:
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6983:
6939:
6933:
6916:
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6906:
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6678:(1): 33–49.
6675:
6671:
6629:
6625:
6619:
6594:
6590:
6584:
6573:
6564:
6539:
6535:
6528:
6503:
6499:
6492:
6480:. Retrieved
6471:
6440:
6430:
6410:
6403:
6384:
6378:
6359:
6353:
6328:
6324:
6318:
6293:
6289:
6283:
6275:the original
6264:
6231:
6227:
6217:
6182:
6178:
6138:
6132:
6099:
6095:
6089:
6056:
6052:
6042:
6007:
6003:
5955:
5951:
5941:
5900:
5896:
5890:
5865:
5861:
5855:
5830:
5826:
5820:
5785:
5781:
5775:
5766:
5738:
5734:
5713:. Retrieved
5706:the original
5677:
5673:
5620:
5616:
5606:
5583:
5577:
5547:(1): 82–88.
5544:
5540:
5534:
5501:
5497:
5491:
5458:
5454:
5444:
5411:
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5401:
5371:(1): 15–29.
5368:
5364:
5358:
5323:
5319:
5309:
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5270:
5260:
5225:
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5211:
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5174:
5168:
5135:
5131:
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5106:
5100:
5055:
5049:
5014:
5010:
4957:
4953:
4912:
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4902:
4868:
4829:
4823:
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4792:
4782:
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4751:
4741:
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4700:
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4632:
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4583:
4575:
4547:
4543:
4536:
4509:
4505:
4495:
4468:
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4413:
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4360:
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4329:
4319:
4292:
4288:
4278:
4261:
4257:
4205:
4201:
4153:
4149:
4105:
4101:
4091:
4064:
4060:
4050:
4031:
4025:
3988:
3984:
3961:19 September
3959:. Retrieved
3954:
3945:
3928:11343/291969
3910:
3906:
3900:
3865:
3861:
3851:
3832:
3810:the original
3805:
3792:
3780:. Retrieved
3766:
3721:
3717:
3707:
3662:
3658:
3648:
3615:
3611:
3601:
3589:. Retrieved
3566:
3559:
3547:. Retrieved
3532:
3525:
3490:
3486:
3476:
3441:
3437:
3385:
3381:
3327:
3323:
3275:
3271:
3261:
3226:
3222:
3146:
3142:
3136:
3124:. Retrieved
3117:the original
3104:
3092:. Retrieved
3088:
3079:
3046:
3042:
2996:
2992:
2949:
2945:
2899:
2895:
2885:
2842:
2838:
2828:
2791:
2787:
2752:. Retrieved
2745:the original
2697:
2690:
2670:
2663:
2638:
2634:
2597:
2543:
2539:
2508:. Retrieved
2504:
2495:
2483:. Retrieved
2479:the original
2474:
2360:
2353:
2348:
2334:
2328:
2324:
2320:
2316:
2312:
2310:
2298:
2291:
2268:
2257:
2253:
2249:
2245:
2234:
2231:
2228:
2224:
2215:
2210:
2203:
2191:
2182:
2175:, a form of
2170:
2166:
2163:Epidemiology
2157:
2147:mitral valve
2143:palpitations
2138:heart muscle
2134:
2103:, increased
2098:
2082:heart volume
2059:
2022:constipation
2015:
1988:
1984:osteoporosis
1976:bone density
1956:
1947:hypogonadism
1940:
1929:
1922:
1868:
1856:
1831:
1818:
1798:
1786:
1773:
1757:
1729:
1721:
1700:
1686:
1683:
1674:
1658:
1655:
1627:hyperkalemia
1579:Hypogonadism
1508:hypoglycemia
1466:electrolytes
1442:malnutrition
1426:leukocytosis
1404:
1379:
1354:
1334:
1317:
1310:
1308:
1296:
1283:white matter
1262:hypothalamus
1259:
1232:
1223:
1180:
1171:
1167:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1136:
1133:Sociological
1119:sexual abuse
1115:
1107:
1100:
1086:
1082:
1072:
1051:epiphenomena
1047:hypothesized
1044:
1035:
1015:
992:
976:preeclampsia
958:
949:
922:
859:
843:
817:
772:
768:
759:
751:
736:
690:Self harming
676:ipecac syrup
434:
426:constipation
414:organ system
406:malnutrition
403:
396:
375:
350:
334:
314:osteoporosis
286:
269:
265:
261:
260:
171:Risk factors
143:lung failure
123:Osteoporosis
77:William Gull
44:
13074:Screen time
12190:MedlinePlus
11998:: 105–113.
11452:(9): 2885.
11405:(1): 9–16.
10188:: 1094222.
8823:29 February
8536:MedlinePlus
8330:MedlinePlus
8300:MedlinePlus
8270:MedlinePlus
7795:: 578–589.
6575:Mayo Clinic
6331:(1): 1–11.
5680:: 240–250.
4156:: 237–246.
3591:29 February
2357:Hilde Bruch
2113:hypokalemia
2066:arrhythmias
1931:Alexithymia
1789:hyperphagia
1765:dietary fat
1524:(including
1522:cholesterol
1520:: includes
1458:blood serum
1121:, but also
1083:sitiophobia
966:, maternal
765:Comorbidity
755:alexithymia
742:homeostasis
720:hypothermia
658:underweight
645:Alexithymia
635:mood swings
603:self-esteem
552:Carotenosis
514:Infertility
499:tachycardia
495:Bradycardia
486:Hypotension
476:weight loss
469:hypothermia
418:Hypokalemia
318:infertility
293:underweight
154:Usual onset
127:infertility
58:Other names
13007:Body image
12954:Depression
12908:Associated
12877:Psychology
12865:Psychiatry
12818:Ergonomics
12775:Nomophobia
12263:Psychiatry
12215:Patient UK
12166:DiseasesDB
10872:Pediatrics
10650:(5): 836.
10133:Metabolism
9931:(1): 110.
8669:4 February
8546:4 February
8340:4 February
8310:4 February
7654:(1): 3–6.
7059:(1): 1–6.
5954:(Review).
5737:(Review).
5676:(Review).
5623:: 483145.
3991:(1): 290.
2428:References
2377:Body image
2359:published
2080:, reduced
1980:osteopenia
1917: 4–25
1822:olanzapine
1815:Medication
1500:insulinoma
1448:Urinalysis
1430:leukopenia
1341:amenorrhea
1272:and right
1251:raclopride
1199:tryptophan
1177:Mechanisms
1127:Starvation
1087:cibophobia
997:, such as
937:depression
916:, such as
878:motivation
796:and other
794:borderline
790:alcoholism
786:depression
776:(OCD) and
747:body image
709:Perception
672:diet pills
621:Depression
399:starvation
358:depression
289:overweight
255:600 (2015)
90:Psychiatry
12887:Cognitive
12352:Narcology
12201:eMedicine
11816:See also
11496:FACIT.org
11446:Nutrients
11206:(2): 69.
11200:Nutrients
10927:(3): 49.
10921:MedGenMed
10027:209894802
9759:208957067
9489:0002-9165
9327:148977898
8385:207361456
8357:Endocrine
8084:214769639
7684:229325699
7668:0276-3478
7621:0276-3478
7566:1359-1045
7406:cite book
7172:209342890
6976:150323306
6822:205580678
6611:144731404
6248:0033-295X
6073:1095-9203
5504:: 26–33.
5483:210086516
5393:238262414
4572:216649851
3740:1662-5153
3681:2050-2974
3665:(1): 11.
3632:0276-3478
3330:(1): 29.
3126:2 October
3094:2 October
3071:220046454
3021:211728899
2952:: 15074.
2859:0140-6736
2392:Idée fixe
2339:, one of
2211:manorexic
2038:heartburn
1911: 3–4
1905: 2–3
1899: 1–2
1893: 0–1
1879:Prognosis
1680:Treatment
1617:cirrhosis
1488:function.
1470:potassium
1422:platelets
1337:DSM-IV-TR
1293:Diagnosis
1207:receptors
1183:serotonin
960:Obstetric
862:heritable
838:serotonin
782:causality
680:diuretics
668:laxatives
583:Impaired
566:obsession
518:Halitosis
463:hair loss
456:menstrual
430:paralysis
326:restraint
310:binge eat
306:laxatives
244:Frequency
235:Prognosis
223:Treatment
213:dysphagia
177:modelling
85:Specialty
36:Anorectic
13148:Category
12976:Insomnia
12882:Clinical
12206:emerg/34
12067:25657852
12024:24891817
11979:24999427
11953:(1): 5.
11899:29 March
11893:Archived
11760:15204807
11663:25372187
11628:23545792
11593:30482453
11585:15539770
11547:24007312
11478:32967354
11377:38114971
11369:20170590
11331:23658838
11291:PLOS ONE
11232:26828516
11164:19379023
11081:10232724
11038:18335017
10986:41396054
10978:11216126
10943:15520673
10902:31694978
10820:29156560
10812:29785631
10777:19107833
10728:22135615
10676:35629258
10549:26710932
10501:26407541
10429:24898127
10380:17389700
10336:39940665
10293:42042720
10285:18574232
10239:Archived
10237:. 2004.
10214:36937727
10205:10020618
10163:26166318
10062:22609034
10019:31904870
9957:33092638
9849:21727255
9808:33099675
9751:31813311
9716:16437485
9685:25565909
9659:: 1–15.
9609:23459608
9412:26661289
9358:Archived
9311:: 1–13.
9286:25277720
9175:Archived
9157:33351987
9105:19014864
9032:33438815
9024:26382158
8937:10755050
8894:23 March
8869:19445758
8799:19107833
8720:21228564
8663:Archived
8641:22413702
8614:12507163
8583:10926180
8518:18521917
8483:19424979
8448:17610252
8377:19688613
8274:Archived
8218:19598270
8166:25368605
8076:32242359
8036:25902917
7987:28967386
7938:23570420
7862:27933159
7811:27725172
7770:17250708
7762:16102788
7727:25676759
7719:15869768
7676:33340374
7629:15732077
7582:13036347
7574:24363225
7458:29355957
7450:16721839
7396:15 March
7364:29651268
7313:11927235
7278:19030149
7237:11896858
7194:Archived
7164:32221180
7129:17922532
7085:Archived
7081:15296296
7073:16445307
6925:15044128
6898:25319731
6814:30152723
6758:21715295
6702:24365526
6646:10469356
6556:12562569
6520:11058477
6476:Archived
6256:14599241
6209:18164737
6157:84150452
6124:43620773
6116:17585973
6081:16339438
6034:23840288
5982:23674793
5933:30826975
5925:14396377
5882:19268725
5812:23915769
5755:23838835
5702:25805182
5694:25312748
5674:Appetite
5649:24106499
5569:45181444
5561:16389201
5526:28571669
5475:31910913
5428:20138911
5385:34609710
5350:24216484
5301:31308545
5252:30353170
5203:27183934
5195:22617563
5160:37635456
5152:19931559
5092:21243474
5041:25206042
4978:Archived
4974:17967091
4929:23900859
4891:Archived
4887:17628126
4815:17958207
4774:17676696
4733:24199597
4624:36772859
4564:32350776
4528:17607713
4487:16231356
4446:25101036
4387:25265267
4352:17610248
4311:27556112
4234:27504098
4170:28377099
4132:29884281
4017:24200367
3937:27425037
3892:10940151
3782:15 April
3776:Archived
3758:34421554
3699:25834735
3640:17497704
3517:10940151
3468:24011884
3412:20808514
3356:24999408
3302:25530442
3253:22644309
3193:23346610
3163:23658093
3063:32578949
3013:32124409
2974:21580134
2966:27189821
2926:27733281
2877:27733282
2820:25678834
2794:: 9–16.
2655:24277724
2560:19719398
2371:See also
2313:anorexia
2264:dementia
2241:dementia
2121:fainting
2030:diarrhea
1991:seizures
1864:identity
1860:recovery
1496:diabetes
1474:chlorine
1468:such as
1351:Subtypes
1343:(absent
1268:, right
1255:dopamine
1239:striatum
1164:Cultural
696:Solitude
535:Insomnia
297:research
272:, is an
270:anorexia
147:delirium
101:Symptoms
61:Anorexia
18:Anorexia
13106:Spaving
12692:Outline
12209:med/144
12160:D000856
12058:4306473
12015:4026548
11970:4081733
11845:9385627
11801:9385628
11751:1622894
11708:7835326
11538:3766642
11469:7551805
11427:3099767
11419:2898107
11322:3642105
11299:Bibcode
11263:12 June
11223:4772033
11155:2847852
11113:9 April
11073:8256643
11029:2231403
10934:1435625
10893:6889949
10768:2696560
10719:3204438
10667:9144864
10622:3460535
10587:3335466
10461:9 April
10420:4047520
10328:2500676
10265:Bibcode
10154:4546560
10112:23 June
9948:7583290
9799:8062396
9676:4278740
9629:8 March
9600:4108292
9497:9062520
9448:3766430
9403:6193754
9249:9 April
9215:9 April
9148:8246805
9067:3318754
8860:2907776
8790:2696560
8711:3214929
8411:29 June
8250:9 April
8209:2844095
8157:4202249
8140:: 175.
8027:4989857
7978:6053269
7929:3664070
7912:: 110.
7853:5125031
7527:8745105
7355:5885084
7338:: 429.
7269:2533817
7200:1 March
6863:1544032
6749:3132652
6693:3966425
6482:1 March
6345:8477269
6310:9256590
6200:2601682
6025:3705204
5973:3650496
5905:Bibcode
5897:Science
5847:9753389
5763:5417088
5640:3782835
5506:Bibcode
5341:3809805
5292:6779477
5243:6544542
5083:3599773
5032:4117136
4878:4780981
4724:3829659
4707:: 292.
4616:9809221
4437:4101893
4420:: 778.
4395:6023688
4225:4958623
4208:: 121.
4123:6054486
4083:1475950
4074:1022101
4008:3829207
3883:1495575
3749:8377352
3690:4381361
3549:9 April
3508:1495575
3459:3769686
3403:2836432
3347:4081667
3293:4340604
3244:3409365
2917:5388903
2868:5055577
2811:4316908
2754:9 April
2603:338–345
2422:Pro-ana
2329:nervosa
2274:History
2221:Elderly
2154:Relapse
2126:atrophy
1995:tremors
1718:Therapy
1462:protein
1454:Chem-20
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