547:
501:) deposited in the tissue matrix. Edema forms more easily in dependent areas in the elderly (sitting in chairs at home or on aeroplanes) and this is not well understood. Estrogens alter body weight in part through changes in tissue water content. There may be a variety of poorly understood situations in which transfer of water from tissue matrix to lymphatics is impaired because of changes in the hydrophilicity of the tissue or failure of the 'wicking' function of terminal lymphatic capillaries.
559:
579:
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veins in the lower legs towards the upper body; however, as it is not as efficient as an unimpaired circulatory system, swelling (edema) is visible, particularly in the ankles and lower leg. The chronic increased fluid in the lymphatic system and capillary hyperpermeability causes an inflammatory response which leads to tissue fibrosis of both veins and lymphatic system, opening of arteriovenous shunts, all of which then worsens the condition in a vicious cycle.
1233:
320:
643:) or fall in plasma protein level. Most forms of nephrotic syndrome are due to biochemical and structural changes in the basement membrane of capillaries in the kidney glomeruli, and these changes occur, if to a lesser degree, in the vessels of most other tissues of the body. Thus the resulting increase in permeability that leads to protein in the urine can explain the edema if all other vessels are more permeable as well.
53:
536:). It is most commonly due to a failure of the pumping action of muscles due to immobility, most strikingly in conditions such as multiple sclerosis, or paraplegia. It has been suggested that the edema that occurs in some people following use of aspirin-like cyclo-oxygenase inhibitors such as ibuprofen or indomethacin may be due to inhibition of lymph heart action.
400:(“dependent” edema of legs) is extracellular fluid accumulation in the lower extremities caused by the effects of gravity, and occurs when fluid pools in the lower parts of the body, including the feet, legs, or hands. This often occurs in immobile patients, such as paraplegics or quadriplegics, pregnant women, or in otherwise healthy people due to
1011:
Changes in the variables in
Starling's equation can contribute to the formation of edemas either by an increase in hydrostatic pressure within the blood vessel, a decrease in the oncotic pressure within the blood vessel or an increase in vessel wall permeability. The latter has two effects. It allows
998:
of the higher level of protein in the plasma tends to draw water back into the blood vessels from the tissue. Starling's equation states that the rate of leakage of fluid is determined by the difference between the two forces and also by the permeability of the vessel wall to water, which determines
780:
In venous insufficiency, venous stasis results in abnormally high venous pressure (venous hypertension) and greater permeability of blood capillaries (capillary hyperpermeability), to drain the blood through the lymphatic system. The lymphatic system slowly removes excess fluid and proteins from the
504:
Myoedema is localized mounding of muscle tissue due to percussive pressure, such as flicking the relaxed muscle with the forefinger and thumb. It produces a mound, visible, firm and non-tender at the point of tactile stimulus approximately 1-2 seconds after stimulus, subsiding back to normal after
404:
or maintaining a standing or seated posture for an extended period of time. It can occur due to diminished venous return of blood to the heart due to congestive heart failure or pulmonary hypertension. It can also occur in patients with increased hydrostatic venous pressure or decreased oncotic
646:
As well as the previously mentioned conditions, edemas often occur during the late stages of pregnancy in some women. This is more common with those of a history of pulmonary problems or poor circulation also being intensified if arthritis is already present in that particular woman. Women who
422:
occurs when the pressure in blood vessels in the lung is raised because of obstruction to the removal of blood via the pulmonary veins. This is usually due to failure of the left ventricle of the heart. It can also occur in altitude sickness or on inhalation of toxic chemicals. Pulmonary edema
1007:
wall that allows water to pass more freely than protein. (The protein is said to be reflected and the efficiency of reflection is given by a reflection constant of up to 1.) If the gaps between the cells of the vessel wall open up then permeability to water is increased first, but as the gaps
497:. In myxedema (and a variety of other rarer conditions) edema is caused by an increased tendency of the tissue to hold water within its extracellular space. In myxedema, this is due to an increase in hydrophilic carbohydrate-rich molecules (perhaps mostly
777:). The venous pressure in the legs changes dramatically while standing compared to lying down. How much pressure there is depends on the person's height, in the average adult person, it is 8 mm Hg while lying down and 100 mm Hg while standing.
411:
is extracellular fluid accumulation in the brain. It can occur in toxic or abnormal metabolic states and conditions such as systemic lupus or reduced oxygen at high altitudes. It causes drowsiness or loss of consciousness, leading to
647:
already have arthritic problems most often have to seek medical help for pain caused from over-reactive swelling. Edemas that occur during pregnancy are usually found in the lower part of the leg, usually from the calf down.
1272:
Treatment may also involve positioning the affected body parts to improve drainage. For example, swelling in feet or ankles may be reduced by having the person lie down in bed or sit with the feet propped up on cushions.
2501:
2486:
994:. Hydrostatic pressure within blood vessels tends to cause water to filter out into the tissue. This leads to a difference in protein concentration between blood plasma and tissue. As a result, the colloidal or
236:, a type of swelling. Most commonly, the legs or arms are affected. Symptoms may include skin that feels tight, the area feeling heavy, and joint stiffness. Other symptoms depend on the underlying cause.
1177:
pitting edema, as shown in the illustration, is the more common type, resulting from water retention. It can be caused by systemic diseases, pregnancy in some women, either directly or as a result of
2590:
453:(puffy eyes) . The periorbital tissues are most noticeably swollen immediately after waking, perhaps as a result of the gravitational redistribution of fluid in the horizontal position.
2230:
769:
and is the most common type of edema (approx. 90%). It is a combination venous/lymphatic disorder that originates in defective "leaky" veins that allows the blood to back flow (
2583:
2576:
405:
venous pressure, due to obstruction of lymphatic or venous vessels draining the lower extremity. Certain drugs (for example, amlodipine) can cause pedal edema.
986:
changes in the water-retaining properties of the tissues themselves. Raised hydrostatic pressure often reflects retention of water and sodium by the kidneys.
271:. It may also occur in immobile patients (stroke, spinal cord injury, aging), or with temporary immobility such as prolonged sitting or standing, and during
2959:
639:
is widely cited for the edema of nephrotic syndrome, most physicians note that the edema may occur before there is any significant protein in the urine (
612:
Causes of edema that are generalized to the whole body can cause edema in multiple organs and peripherally. For example, severe heart failure can cause
558:
1936:
1456:
2331:
2268:
1346:
1012:
water to flow more freely and it reduces the colloidal or oncotic pressure difference by allowing protein to leave the vessel more easily.
813:. It usually clears up after delivery of the baby, and is mostly not a cause for concern, though it should always be reported to a doctor.
1429:
2347:
1402:
2952:
914:
1173:. Pitting edema is when, after pressure is applied to a small area, the indentation persists after the release of the pressure.
1063:). This permeability is modulated by numerous biochemical chain reactions and can therefore be unbalenced by many influences.
2213:
2074:
2004:
1966:
1920:
1889:
1412:
922:
546:
678:) the pressure changes can cause very severe water retention. In this condition water retention is mostly visible in the
3117:
2945:
1274:
393:, for instance. Certain organs develop edema through tissue specific mechanisms. Examples of edema in specific organs:
2124:
367:
1734:
1710:
349:
2420:"Intermittent Pneumatic Compression Enhances Formation of Edema Tissue Fluid Channels in Lymphedema of Lower Limbs"
918:
2826:
345:
2568:
2020:
Farage MA, Neill S, MacLean AB (2009). "Physiological changes associated with the menstrual cycle: a review".
1196:
Non-pitting edema is observed when the indentation does not persist. It is associated with such conditions as
578:
932:
770:
766:
735:
240:
152:
1944:
1762:
1580:
Wiggli B, Imhof E, Meier CA, Laifer G (2013). "Water, water, everywhere. Acute parvovirus B19 infection".
2888:
1464:
1215:, an acute form of childhood protein-energy malnutrition characterized by edema, irritability, anorexia,
1078:
999:
the rate of flow for a given force imbalance. Most water leakage occurs in capillaries or post capillary
653:
is a condition in a baby characterized by an accumulation of fluid in at least two body compartments.
1912:
279:. The condition is more concerning if it starts suddenly, or pain or shortness of breath is present.
3107:
2516:
894:
and so on, are all potential causes of water retention. Even very small exercises such as rotating
675:
330:
294:
may be useful for edema of the legs. Older people are more commonly affected. The word is from the
2863:
698:; otherwise, the water retention may cause breathing problems and additional stress on the heart.
2893:
1004:
334:
22:
816:
Lack of exercise is another common cause of water retention in the legs. Exercise helps the leg
3112:
2811:
2615:
2064:
1008:
increase in size permeability to protein also increases with a fall in reflection coefficient.
341:
2556:
1994:
1906:
1881:
1875:
2692:
2325:
2262:
1216:
1067:
1056:
1791:"Phlebolymphedema-a common underdiagnosed and undertreated problem in the wound care clinic"
2838:
956:
598:
260:
172:
1623:
Palmer BF, Alpern RJ (1997). "Pathogenesis of edema formation in the nephrotic syndrome".
1093:, which are directed by intracellular signal chains, in particular in connection with the
8:
2921:
2801:
2751:
2607:
2505:
1052:
2284:"Molecular mechanism of edema formation in nephrotic syndrome: therapeutic implications"
1376:
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2344:
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2283:
2181:
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2045:
1823:
1790:
1687:
1654:
1605:
1562:
1537:
Renkin EM (1994). "Cellular aspects of transvascular exchange: a 40-year perspective".
1514:
1479:
731:
602:
482:
477:
123:
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1593:
446:, or after surgery. Affected people may perceive coloured haloes around bright lights.
2878:
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991:
940:
757:(scarring) of the liver is a common cause of edema in the legs and abdominal cavity.
506:
494:
450:
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183:
107:
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1992:
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1055:(interstitial fluid) in edemas is to a substantial degree caused by an increased
650:
613:
469:
419:
252:
248:
217:
164:
160:
2394:
1313:
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When possible, treatment involves resolving the underlying cause. Many cases of
282:
Treatment depends on the underlying cause. If the underlying mechanism involves
3018:
2911:
2903:
2883:
2848:
2843:
2598:
2399:. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). 30 December 2016
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256:
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26:
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2495:
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2208:(5th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 124.
1550:
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is congested, then the fluid will remain in the tissues, causing swellings in
3101:
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1814:
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926:
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themselves can become swollen, painful and distorted – a condition known as
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3000:
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671:
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can be used to pressurize tissue in a limb, forcing fluids—both blood and
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2990:
2985:
2821:
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2649:
2635:
2630:
2551:
1880:(9th ed.). Philadelphia: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p.
1212:
1020:
906:
829:
738:. This type of water retention is usually visible in the form of swollen
667:
640:
525:
2231:"Vascular Permeability: Regulation Pathways and Role in Kidney Diseases"
2157:"Vascular permeability to plasma, plasma proteins, and cells: an update"
3084:
3059:
3035:
3030:
2806:
2778:
2603:
2354:. Erin Boyd, reviewed by Diane Holland, Nutrition in Emergencies Unit,
1197:
1190:
891:
855:
513:
498:
473:
268:
264:
176:
116:
112:
2478:
2418:
Zaleska M, Olszewski WL, Cakala M, Cwikla J, Budlewski T (June 2015).
2246:
2766:
1993:
Lee-Ellen C. Copstead-Kirkhorn, Jacquelyn L. Banasik (25 June 2014).
1477:
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can be overwhelmed, and if there is simply too much fluid, or if the
851:
847:
844:
837:
798:
790:
754:
739:
695:
679:
516:, abnormal removal of interstitial fluid is caused by failure of the
457:
443:
276:
1318:. Institute for Quality and Efficiency in Health Care (IQWiG). 2016.
520:. This may be due to obstruction from, for example, pressure from a
319:
3013:
2725:
2697:
2670:
1404:
Stedman's
Medical Terminology: Steps to Success in Medical Language
1205:
1201:
1082:
1070:
990:
Generation of interstitial fluid is regulated by the forces of the
936:
910:
887:
625:
490:
461:
435:
287:
2228:
1795:
The
Journal of the American College of Certified Wound Specialists
3074:
3054:
1244:
1090:
1086:
1074:
1040:
821:
711:
617:
428:
385:
An edema will occur in specific organs as part of inflammations,
46:
Oedema, œdema, fluid retention, water retention, dropsy, hydropsy
1908:
Lymphedema
Management: The Comprehensive Guide for Practitioners
1232:
1019:
acts like an "overflow" and can return much excess fluid to the
765:
Phlebetic lymphedema (or phlebolymphedema) is seen in untreated
601:
occurs in cardiac failure. A fall in osmotic pressure occurs in
2680:
2675:
2490:
2355:
1262:
1238:
Vein obstruction causes facial edema while lying down to sleep.
1094:
1000:
883:
867:
802:
521:
465:
2281:
85:
52:
1971:
1278:
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833:
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743:
719:
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691:
687:
683:
298:
2417:
1986:
1478:
Vignesh G, Balachandran K, Kamalanathan S, Hamide A (2013).
505:
5-10 seconds. It is a sign in hypothyroid myopathy, such as
2741:
875:
859:
840:
817:
806:
91:
2069:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. pp. 1075, 1107.
532:, or infiltration of the lymphatics by infection (such as
899:
76:
2066:
1655:"Diuretic Therapy in Heart Failure – Current Approaches"
674:. But if the heart begins to fail (a condition known as
1579:
1480:"Myoedema: A clinical pointer to hypothyroid myopathy"
951:
Six factors can contribute to the formation of edema:
434:
Edema may also be found in the cornea of the eye with
2142:
Medical
Physiology: A Cellular and Molecular Approach
2089:
1763:"The causes of edema in chronic venous insufficiency"
1250:
After being upright all day, the swelling disappears.
2468:
1377:"Edema: Causes, Symptoms, Diagnosis & Treatment"
909:
are prone to causing water retention. These include
801:. The problem is partly caused by the weight of the
82:
1066:Involved in these processes are, among others, the
843:, the pressure can force too much fluid out of the
88:
79:
2019:
1760:
972:increased blood vessel wall permeability (such as
773:), slowing the return of the blood to the heart (
670:should help to keep a normal pressure within the
3099:
2119:(7th ed.). Elsevier Saunders. p. 122.
2114:
2062:
1457:"Western poison-oak: Toxicodendron diversilobum"
1219:, and an enlarged liver with fatty infiltrates.
969:increased tissue colloidal or oncotic pressure;
472:), and skin contact with certain plants such as
854:may break, leaving small blood marks under the
730:, for instance in the case of diseases such as
1484:Indian Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism
714:are no longer able to filter fluid out of the
2967:
2953:
2584:
2345:Nutrition in Emergencies > Measuring œdema
2139:
1848:"Lower-Extremity Edema During Late Pregnancy"
882:to fulfil its "overflow" function. Long-haul
836:travels too slowly and starts to pool in the
493:, which is caused by increased deposition of
427:may occur when fluid also accumulates in the
21:"Dropsy" redirects here. For other uses, see
2330:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2275:
2267:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2222:
2013:
1622:
2229:Cai A, Chatziantoniou C, Calmont A (2021).
1999:. Elsevier Health Sciences. pp. 660–.
1652:
1616:
1573:
706:Another cause of severe water retention is
348:. Unsourced material may be challenged and
128:Skin which feels tight, area may feel heavy
2960:
2946:
2591:
2577:
2090:Scallan J, Huxley VH, Korthuis RJ (2010).
2056:
1873:
1530:
568:of the right finger exhibits edema due to
51:
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1513:
1495:
1341:
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1333:
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694:. This condition is usually treated with
368:Learn how and when to remove this message
232:, is the build-up of fluid in the body's
1371:
1369:
1367:
1308:
1306:
1304:
1302:
1300:
1298:
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1294:
632:infection may cause generalized edemas.
2282:Doucet A, Favre G, Deschênes G (2007).
1967:"Beta-Blockers for High Blood Pressure"
1400:
624:. Such severe systemic edema is called
3100:
2154:
1904:
1845:
1788:
1536:
1322:
979:obstruction of fluid clearance in the
16:Accumulation of excess fluid in tissue
2941:
2572:
2361:
2203:
2096:. Morgan & Claypool Life Sciences
1877:Introductory Medical-Surgical Nursing
1784:
1782:
1761:Publishing L, Guiboles (2009-11-24).
1756:
1754:
1648:
1646:
1454:
1407:. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1364:
1291:
1281:—to flow out of the compressed area.
1211:Edema caused by malnutrition defines
923:non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs
449:Edema surrounding the eyes is called
309:
2140:Boron WF, Boulpaep EL (2012). "2e".
1455:Hogan CM (2008). Strömberg N (ed.).
1046:
1015:Another set of vessels known as the
346:adding citations to reliable sources
313:
290:may be used. Elevating the legs and
2063:Charlotte Pooler (1 October 2009).
1427:
489:Another cutaneous form of edema is
13:
2144:. Philadelphia: Saunders/Elsevier.
2093:Pathophysiology of Edema Formation
1779:
1751:
1643:
1351:Merck Manuals Professional Edition
1347:"Edema - Cardiovascular Disorders"
1275:Intermittent pneumatic compression
870:action is needed not only to keep
584:Severe edema in the legs and feet.
528:, destruction of lymph vessels by
14:
3129:
2464:
2367:
686:, but water also collects in the
480:, the latter of which are termed
1243:
1231:
919:combined oral contraceptive pill
577:
557:
545:
380:
318:
72:
2827:Florid cutaneous papillomatosis
2411:
2387:
2338:
2206:Essentials of Rubin's Pathology
2197:
2148:
2133:
2108:
2083:
1959:
1937:"Estrogens (Conjugated/Equine)"
1929:
1898:
1867:
1839:
1727:
1703:
1653:Casu G, Merella P (July 2015).
1059:of the smallest blood vessels (
1043:or any other part of the body.
2424:Lymphatic Research and Biology
1471:
1448:
1421:
1394:
1181:, or local conditions such as
1107:
913:, thereby including drugs for
592:
423:produces shortness of breath.
286:, decreased salt intake and a
1:
2161:Current Opinion in Hematology
2115:Kumar, Abbas, Fausto (1999).
1735:"Edema - Symptoms and causes"
1711:"Edema - Symptoms and causes"
1594:10.1016/S0140-6736(12)61894-7
1284:
2173:10.1097/MOH.0b013e3283386638
2034:10.1097/OGX.0b013e3181932a37
1222:
1103:
946:
933:Premenstrual water retention
850:into the tissue spaces. The
767:chronic venous insufficiency
690:, where it causes a chronic
552:Foot two weeks post-surgery.
7:
2117:Pathologic Basis of Disease
1874:Timby BK, Smith NE (2006).
1079:tight junction protein ZO-1
915:hormone replacement therapy
267:, certain medications, and
10:
3134:
3051:Cause of fluid collection
1911:(1st ed.). New York:
1807:10.1016/j.jcws.2010.04.004
1767:Servier - Phlebolymphology
1671:10.15420/ecr.2015.10.01.42
1659:European Cardiology Review
1165:Edema may be described as
878:but also to stimulate the
701:
299:
20:
3118:Lymphatic vessel diseases
3044:
2999:
2976:
2902:
2777:
2734:
2711:
2663:
2614:
2542:
2472:
2396:Causes and signs of edema
2300:10.1007/s00467-007-0521-3
1913:Thieme Medical Publishers
1551:10.3109/10739689409148270
1315:Causes and signs of edema
1265:disease are treated with
1149:
1137:
1133:Mild: Both feet / ankles
1129:
1121:
1116:
1113:
784:
666:The pumping force of the
195:
182:
148:
140:
132:
122:
106:
64:
59:
50:
42:
37:
2889:Wolf's isotopic response
2155:Dvorak HF (April 2010).
1497:10.4103/2230-8210.109672
1401:Creason C (2010-11-04).
1155:bilateral pitting edema,
760:
749:
676:congestive heart failure
661:
656:
460:edema are observed with
1434:A Greek-English Lexicon
1005:semi-permeable membrane
902:can help to reduce it.
890:, immobility caused by
23:dropsy (disambiguation)
1068:transmembrane proteins
635:Although a low plasma
456:Common appearances of
144:Generalized, localized
2436:10.1089/lrb.2014.0010
1217:ulcerating dermatoses
966:within blood vessels;
962:reduced colloidal or
616:, pleural effusions,
220:), and also known as
2894:Munro's microabscess
2854:Koebner's phenomenon
2358:. Retrieved Nov 2012
1846:Heine RP, Swamy GK.
1189:, insect bites, and
1159:legs, arms and face
1157:including both feet,
1145:hands or lower arms
1141:Moderate: Both feet,
957:hydrostatic pressure
874:flowing through the
599:hydrostatic pressure
342:improve this section
306:meaning 'swelling'.
261:deep vein thrombosis
241:venous insufficiency
173:deep vein thrombosis
153:Venous insufficiency
2912:Aldrich-Mees' lines
2608:subcutaneous tissue
2022:Obstet Gynecol Surv
1153:Severe: Generalised
1110:
1053:extracellular fluid
797:are common in late
628:. In rare cases, a
468:bites, bee stings (
239:Causes may include
2978:Volume contraction
2822:Fitzpatrick's sign
2812:Dennie–Morgan fold
2686:Livedo reticularis
2600:Signs and symptoms
2543:External resources
2350:2017-02-18 at the
1947:on 2 December 2007
1905:Zuther JE (2005).
1108:
732:nephrotic syndrome
726:often starts with
603:nephrotic syndrome
483:contact dermatitis
478:western poison oak
310:Signs and symptoms
253:low protein levels
165:low protein levels
3095:
3094:
2935:
2934:
2864:Leser-Trelat sign
2839:Hutchinson's sign
2787:Asboe-Hansen sign
2566:
2565:
2247:10.1159/000514314
2215:978-0-78177-324-9
2076:978-1-60547-781-7
2006:978-0-323-29317-4
1922:978-1-58890-284-9
1891:978-0-78178-032-2
1789:Farrow W (2010).
1625:Kidney Int. Suppl
1467:on July 21, 2009.
1414:978-1-58255-816-5
1171:non-pitting edema
1163:
1162:
1109:Grading of edema
1047:Molecular biology
992:Starling equation
941:breast tenderness
718:and turn it into
507:Hoffmann syndrome
495:connective tissue
451:periorbital edema
425:Pleural effusions
378:
377:
370:
292:support stockings
203:
202:
184:Diagnostic method
136:Sudden or gradual
32:Medical condition
3125:
2962:
2955:
2948:
2939:
2938:
2922:Muehrcke's lines
2802:Braverman's sign
2721:Peripheral edema
2593:
2586:
2579:
2570:
2569:
2470:
2469:
2458:
2457:
2447:
2415:
2409:
2408:
2406:
2404:
2391:
2385:
2384:
2382:
2380:
2365:
2359:
2342:
2336:
2335:
2329:
2321:
2311:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2266:
2258:
2226:
2220:
2219:
2204:Rubin E (2008).
2201:
2195:
2194:
2184:
2152:
2146:
2145:
2137:
2131:
2130:
2112:
2106:
2105:
2103:
2101:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2060:
2054:
2053:
2017:
2011:
2010:
1990:
1984:
1983:
1981:
1979:
1963:
1957:
1956:
1954:
1952:
1943:. Archived from
1941:The Merck Manual
1933:
1927:
1926:
1902:
1896:
1895:
1871:
1865:
1864:
1862:
1860:
1853:The Merck Manual
1843:
1837:
1836:
1826:
1786:
1777:
1776:
1774:
1773:
1758:
1749:
1748:
1746:
1745:
1731:
1725:
1724:
1722:
1721:
1707:
1701:
1700:
1690:
1650:
1641:
1640:
1620:
1614:
1613:
1577:
1571:
1570:
1539:Microcirculation
1534:
1528:
1527:
1517:
1499:
1475:
1469:
1468:
1463:. Archived from
1452:
1446:
1445:
1443:
1441:
1425:
1419:
1418:
1398:
1392:
1391:
1389:
1387:
1373:
1362:
1361:
1359:
1357:
1343:
1320:
1319:
1310:
1247:
1235:
1187:thrombophlebitis
1143:plus lower legs,
1111:
1098:protein kinase C
1029:lymphatic system
1025:lymphatic system
1017:lymphatic system
996:oncotic pressure
981:lymphatic system
964:oncotic pressure
880:lymphatic system
637:oncotic pressure
622:peripheral edema
581:
570:acute paronychia
561:
549:
518:lymphatic system
414:brain herniation
398:Peripheral edema
373:
366:
362:
359:
353:
322:
314:
302:
301:
284:sodium retention
212:), also spelled
210:American English
98:
97:
94:
93:
90:
87:
84:
81:
78:
55:
35:
34:
3133:
3132:
3128:
3127:
3126:
3124:
3123:
3122:
3108:Causes of death
3098:
3097:
3096:
3091:
3040:
3024:pulmonary edema
2995:
2972:
2966:
2936:
2931:
2898:
2869:Nikolsky's sign
2773:
2730:
2707:
2659:
2617:
2616:Disturbances of
2610:
2597:
2567:
2562:
2561:
2538:
2537:
2481:
2467:
2462:
2461:
2416:
2412:
2402:
2400:
2393:
2392:
2388:
2378:
2376:
2370:"Pitting Edema"
2366:
2362:
2352:Wayback Machine
2343:
2339:
2323:
2322:
2294:(12): 1983–90.
2288:Pediatr Nephrol
2280:
2276:
2260:
2259:
2227:
2223:
2216:
2202:
2198:
2153:
2149:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2113:
2109:
2099:
2097:
2088:
2084:
2077:
2061:
2057:
2018:
2014:
2007:
1996:Pathophysiology
1991:
1987:
1977:
1975:
1965:
1964:
1960:
1950:
1948:
1935:
1934:
1930:
1923:
1915:. p. 222.
1903:
1899:
1892:
1872:
1868:
1858:
1856:
1844:
1840:
1787:
1780:
1771:
1769:
1759:
1752:
1743:
1741:
1733:
1732:
1728:
1719:
1717:
1709:
1708:
1704:
1651:
1644:
1621:
1617:
1578:
1574:
1535:
1531:
1476:
1472:
1453:
1449:
1439:
1437:
1426:
1422:
1415:
1399:
1395:
1385:
1383:
1375:
1374:
1365:
1355:
1353:
1345:
1344:
1323:
1312:
1311:
1292:
1287:
1255:
1254:
1253:
1252:
1251:
1248:
1240:
1239:
1236:
1225:
1158:
1156:
1154:
1144:
1142:
1106:
1049:
1023:. But even the
1003:, which have a
949:
787:
763:
752:
704:
664:
659:
651:Hydrops fetalis
614:pulmonary edema
595:
590:
589:
588:
585:
582:
573:
562:
553:
550:
470:wheal and flare
420:Pulmonary edema
383:
374:
363:
357:
354:
339:
323:
312:
249:kidney problems
222:fluid retention
218:British English
161:kidney problems
102:
75:
71:
60:"Pitting" edema
33:
30:
17:
12:
11:
5:
3131:
3121:
3120:
3115:
3110:
3093:
3092:
3090:
3089:
3088:
3087:
3082:
3077:
3072:
3064:
3063:
3062:
3057:
3048:
3046:
3042:
3041:
3039:
3038:
3033:
3028:
3027:
3026:
3021:
3019:cerebral edema
3011:
3005:
3003:
2997:
2996:
2994:
2993:
2988:
2982:
2980:
2974:
2973:
2965:
2964:
2957:
2950:
2942:
2933:
2932:
2930:
2929:
2924:
2919:
2914:
2908:
2906:
2900:
2899:
2897:
2896:
2891:
2886:
2884:Wickham striae
2881:
2879:Russell's sign
2876:
2871:
2866:
2861:
2859:Koplik's spots
2856:
2851:
2846:
2844:Janeway lesion
2841:
2836:
2834:Gottron's sign
2830:
2829:
2824:
2819:
2814:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2797:Borsari's sign
2794:
2792:Auspitz's sign
2789:
2783:
2781:
2775:
2774:
2772:
2771:
2770:
2769:
2759:
2754:
2749:
2744:
2738:
2736:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2728:
2723:
2717:
2715:
2709:
2708:
2706:
2705:
2700:
2695:
2690:
2689:
2688:
2678:
2673:
2667:
2665:
2661:
2660:
2658:
2657:
2652:
2646:
2645:
2640:
2639:
2638:
2628:
2622:
2620:
2618:skin sensation
2612:
2611:
2596:
2595:
2588:
2581:
2573:
2564:
2563:
2560:
2559:
2547:
2546:
2544:
2540:
2539:
2536:
2535:
2524:
2513:
2498:
2482:
2477:
2476:
2474:
2473:Classification
2466:
2465:External links
2463:
2460:
2459:
2430:(2): 146–153.
2410:
2386:
2360:
2337:
2274:
2241:(3): 297–310.
2221:
2214:
2196:
2167:(3): 225–229.
2147:
2132:
2125:
2107:
2082:
2075:
2055:
2012:
2005:
1985:
1958:
1928:
1921:
1897:
1890:
1866:
1838:
1778:
1750:
1726:
1702:
1642:
1615:
1572:
1529:
1470:
1461:GlobalTwitcher
1447:
1420:
1413:
1393:
1363:
1321:
1289:
1288:
1286:
1283:
1249:
1242:
1241:
1237:
1230:
1229:
1228:
1227:
1226:
1224:
1221:
1183:varicose veins
1161:
1160:
1151:
1147:
1146:
1139:
1135:
1134:
1131:
1127:
1126:
1123:
1119:
1118:
1115:
1105:
1102:
1051:The excessive
1048:
1045:
988:
987:
984:
977:
970:
967:
960:
948:
945:
864:varicose veins
786:
783:
762:
759:
751:
748:
724:Kidney disease
708:kidney failure
703:
700:
663:
660:
658:
655:
630:parvovirus B19
594:
591:
587:
586:
583:
576:
574:
566:distal phalanx
563:
556:
554:
551:
544:
541:
540:
539:
538:
537:
510:
502:
487:
454:
447:
440:conjunctivitis
432:
417:
409:Cerebral edema
406:
382:
379:
376:
375:
326:
324:
317:
311:
308:
263:, infections,
257:liver problems
201:
200:
199:Based on cause
197:
193:
192:
186:
180:
179:
169:liver problems
150:
146:
145:
142:
138:
137:
134:
130:
129:
126:
120:
119:
110:
104:
103:
101:
100:
68:
66:
62:
61:
57:
56:
48:
47:
44:
40:
39:
31:
27:edema (plants)
15:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3130:
3119:
3116:
3114:
3113:Medical signs
3111:
3109:
3106:
3105:
3103:
3086:
3083:
3081:
3078:
3076:
3073:
3071:
3068:
3067:
3065:
3061:
3058:
3056:
3053:
3052:
3050:
3049:
3047:
3043:
3037:
3034:
3032:
3029:
3025:
3022:
3020:
3017:
3016:
3015:
3012:
3010:
3007:
3006:
3004:
3002:
2998:
2992:
2989:
2987:
2984:
2983:
2981:
2979:
2975:
2971:
2968:Disorders of
2963:
2958:
2956:
2951:
2949:
2944:
2943:
2940:
2928:
2927:Terry's nails
2925:
2923:
2920:
2918:
2915:
2913:
2910:
2909:
2907:
2905:
2901:
2895:
2892:
2890:
2887:
2885:
2882:
2880:
2877:
2875:
2874:Pastia's sign
2872:
2870:
2867:
2865:
2862:
2860:
2857:
2855:
2852:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2837:
2835:
2832:
2831:
2828:
2825:
2823:
2820:
2818:
2817:Darier's sign
2815:
2813:
2810:
2808:
2805:
2803:
2800:
2798:
2795:
2793:
2790:
2788:
2785:
2784:
2782:
2780:
2776:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2763:
2760:
2758:
2755:
2753:
2750:
2748:
2745:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2733:
2727:
2724:
2722:
2719:
2718:
2716:
2714:
2710:
2704:
2701:
2699:
2696:
2694:
2691:
2687:
2684:
2683:
2682:
2679:
2677:
2674:
2672:
2669:
2668:
2666:
2662:
2656:
2653:
2651:
2648:
2647:
2644:
2643:Hyperesthesia
2641:
2637:
2634:
2633:
2632:
2629:
2627:
2624:
2623:
2621:
2619:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2594:
2589:
2587:
2582:
2580:
2575:
2574:
2571:
2558:
2554:
2553:
2549:
2548:
2545:
2541:
2534:
2530:
2529:
2525:
2523:
2519:
2518:
2514:
2512:
2508:
2507:
2503:
2499:
2497:
2493:
2492:
2488:
2484:
2483:
2480:
2475:
2471:
2455:
2451:
2446:
2441:
2437:
2433:
2429:
2425:
2421:
2414:
2398:
2397:
2390:
2375:
2371:
2364:
2357:
2353:
2349:
2346:
2341:
2333:
2327:
2319:
2315:
2310:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2270:
2264:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2236:
2232:
2225:
2217:
2211:
2207:
2200:
2192:
2188:
2183:
2178:
2174:
2170:
2166:
2162:
2158:
2151:
2143:
2136:
2128:
2126:0-7216-0187-1
2122:
2118:
2111:
2095:
2094:
2086:
2078:
2072:
2068:
2067:
2059:
2051:
2047:
2043:
2039:
2035:
2031:
2027:
2023:
2016:
2008:
2002:
1998:
1997:
1989:
1974:
1973:
1968:
1962:
1946:
1942:
1938:
1932:
1924:
1918:
1914:
1910:
1909:
1901:
1893:
1887:
1883:
1879:
1878:
1870:
1855:
1854:
1849:
1842:
1834:
1830:
1825:
1820:
1816:
1812:
1808:
1804:
1800:
1796:
1792:
1785:
1783:
1768:
1764:
1757:
1755:
1740:
1736:
1730:
1716:
1712:
1706:
1698:
1694:
1689:
1684:
1680:
1676:
1672:
1668:
1664:
1660:
1656:
1649:
1647:
1638:
1634:
1630:
1626:
1619:
1611:
1607:
1603:
1599:
1595:
1591:
1588:(9868): 776.
1587:
1583:
1576:
1568:
1564:
1560:
1556:
1552:
1548:
1545:(3): 157–67.
1544:
1540:
1533:
1525:
1521:
1516:
1511:
1507:
1503:
1498:
1493:
1489:
1485:
1481:
1474:
1466:
1462:
1458:
1451:
1435:
1431:
1424:
1416:
1410:
1406:
1405:
1397:
1382:
1381:Family doctor
1378:
1372:
1370:
1368:
1352:
1348:
1342:
1340:
1338:
1336:
1334:
1332:
1330:
1328:
1326:
1317:
1316:
1309:
1307:
1305:
1303:
1301:
1299:
1297:
1295:
1290:
1282:
1280:
1276:
1270:
1268:
1264:
1260:
1246:
1234:
1220:
1218:
1214:
1209:
1207:
1203:
1199:
1194:
1192:
1188:
1184:
1180:
1179:heart failure
1176:
1172:
1168:
1167:pitting edema
1152:
1148:
1140:
1136:
1132:
1128:
1124:
1120:
1112:
1101:
1099:
1096:
1092:
1088:
1084:
1080:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1064:
1062:
1058:
1054:
1044:
1042:
1038:
1034:
1030:
1026:
1022:
1018:
1013:
1009:
1006:
1002:
997:
993:
985:
982:
978:
975:
971:
968:
965:
961:
958:
954:
953:
952:
944:
943:, is common.
942:
938:
934:
930:
928:
927:beta-blockers
924:
921:, as well as
920:
916:
912:
908:
903:
901:
898:and wiggling
897:
893:
889:
885:
881:
877:
873:
869:
865:
861:
857:
853:
849:
846:
842:
839:
835:
831:
827:
823:
820:work against
819:
814:
812:
808:
805:on the major
804:
800:
796:
792:
782:
778:
776:
775:venous stasis
772:
771:venous reflux
768:
758:
756:
747:
745:
741:
737:
733:
729:
725:
721:
717:
713:
709:
699:
697:
693:
689:
685:
681:
677:
673:
672:blood vessels
669:
654:
652:
648:
644:
642:
638:
633:
631:
627:
623:
619:
615:
610:
608:
607:liver failure
604:
600:
580:
575:
571:
567:
560:
555:
548:
543:
542:
535:
534:elephantiasis
531:
527:
523:
519:
515:
511:
508:
503:
500:
496:
492:
488:
485:
484:
479:
475:
471:
467:
463:
459:
455:
452:
448:
445:
441:
437:
433:
430:
426:
421:
418:
415:
410:
407:
403:
399:
396:
395:
394:
392:
388:
381:Specific area
372:
369:
361:
351:
347:
343:
337:
336:
332:
327:This section
325:
321:
316:
315:
307:
305:
297:
296:Ancient Greek
293:
289:
285:
280:
278:
274:
270:
266:
262:
258:
254:
250:
246:
245:heart failure
242:
237:
235:
231:
227:
223:
219:
215:
211:
207:
198:
194:
191:
190:physical exam
187:
185:
181:
178:
174:
170:
166:
162:
158:
157:heart failure
154:
151:
147:
143:
139:
135:
131:
127:
125:
121:
118:
114:
111:
109:
105:
96:
70:
69:
67:
65:Pronunciation
63:
58:
54:
49:
45:
41:
36:
28:
24:
19:
3080:hydrosalpinx
3008:
3001:Hypervolemia
2970:volume state
2917:Beau's lines
2747:Desquamation
2712:
2655:Hyperalgesia
2626:Hypoesthesia
2602:relating to
2550:
2526:
2515:
2500:
2485:
2427:
2423:
2413:
2401:. Retrieved
2395:
2389:
2377:. Retrieved
2373:
2363:
2340:
2326:cite journal
2291:
2287:
2277:
2263:cite journal
2238:
2234:
2224:
2205:
2199:
2164:
2160:
2150:
2141:
2135:
2116:
2110:
2098:. Retrieved
2092:
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1350:
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1170:
1166:
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1057:permeability
1050:
1014:
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974:inflammation
950:
931:
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753:
728:inflammation
710:, where the
705:
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530:radiotherapy
524:or enlarged
481:
402:hypervolemia
391:pancreatitis
384:
364:
355:
340:Please help
328:
303:
281:
273:menstruation
238:
229:
225:
221:
213:
205:
204:
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3070:hydrothorax
2991:Hypovolemia
2986:Dehydration
2849:Kerr's sign
2757:Diaphoresis
2664:Circulation
2650:Hypoalgesia
2636:Formication
2631:Paresthesia
2552:MedlinePlus
1739:Mayo Clinic
1715:Mayo Clinic
1428:Liddell H.
1386:23 December
1213:kwashiorkor
1117:Definition
1061:capillaries
1021:bloodstream
907:medications
852:capillaries
848:capillaries
793:, feet and
682:, feet and
641:proteinuria
593:Generalized
526:lymph nodes
188:Based on a
133:Usual onset
43:Other names
3102:Categories
3085:hyperaemia
3060:transudate
3036:Lymphedema
3031:Angioedema
2807:Crowe sign
2752:Induration
2528:DiseasesDB
1772:2023-09-01
1744:2022-12-23
1720:2022-07-19
1490:(2): 352.
1440:8 December
1356:8 December
1285:References
1198:lymphedema
1191:dermatitis
1175:Peripheral
955:increased
935:, causing
892:disability
886:, lengthy
824:to return
597:A rise in
514:lymphedema
499:hyaluronin
474:poison ivy
416:and death.
387:tendinitis
358:March 2021
269:lymphedema
265:angioedema
177:lymphedema
117:nephrology
113:Cardiology
2767:Neck mass
2703:Blanching
2379:1 January
2368:Booth S.
1815:1876-4983
1679:1758-3756
1631:: S21–7.
1506:2230-8210
1430:"οἴδ-ημα"
1267:diuretics
1223:Treatment
1104:Diagnosis
1083:cadherins
947:Mechanism
911:estrogens
799:pregnancy
755:Cirrhosis
696:diuretics
458:cutaneous
444:keratitis
438:, severe
329:does not
277:pregnancy
196:Treatment
108:Specialty
3066:By site
3014:Anasarca
2726:Anasarca
2698:Petechia
2693:Flushing
2671:Cyanosis
2454:25748341
2348:Archived
2318:17554565
2255:33744890
2191:20375889
2050:22293838
2042:19099613
1978:9 August
1951:9 August
1859:9 August
1833:24527138
1697:30310422
1610:19300719
1602:23472922
1567:28046134
1524:23776921
1206:myxedema
1202:lipedema
1087:catenins
1075:claudins
1071:occludin
1039:, feet,
937:bloating
905:Certain
888:bed-rest
789:Swollen
626:anasarca
491:myxedema
462:mosquito
436:glaucoma
288:diuretic
230:hydropsy
124:Symptoms
3075:ascites
3055:exudate
2522:D004487
2445:4492553
2403:26 July
2309:2064946
2235:Nephron
2182:2878124
2100:11 July
1824:3601853
1688:6159465
1637:9185099
1559:8790586
1515:3683223
1436:. Tufts
1125:Absent
1122:Absent
1091:actinin
1041:abdomen
1001:venules
917:or the
884:flights
828:to the
822:gravity
809:of the
712:kidneys
702:Kidneys
618:ascites
464:bites,
431:cavity.
429:pleural
350:removed
335:sources
2681:Livedo
2676:Pallor
2557:003103
2452:
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2356:UNICEF
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1263:kidney
1204:, and
1114:Grade
1095:enzyme
1037:ankles
896:ankles
868:Muscle
858:. The
811:pelvis
803:uterus
795:ankles
785:Others
744:ankles
684:ankles
522:cancer
466:spider
304:oídēma
300:οἴδημα
234:tissue
226:dropsy
214:oedema
149:Causes
99:
3045:Other
3009:Edema
2904:Nails
2735:Other
2713:Edema
2511:782.3
2496:R60.9
2374:WebMD
2046:S2CID
1972:WebMD
1606:S2CID
1563:S2CID
1279:lymph
1259:heart
1169:, or
876:veins
872:blood
860:veins
841:veins
834:blood
832:. If
830:heart
826:blood
818:veins
807:veins
761:Veins
750:Liver
736:lupus
720:urine
716:blood
692:cough
688:lungs
668:heart
662:Heart
657:Cause
206:Edema
141:Types
38:Edema
2779:Skin
2762:Mass
2742:Rash
2606:and
2604:skin
2533:9148
2517:MeSH
2506:9-CM
2450:PMID
2405:2022
2381:2023
2332:link
2314:PMID
2269:link
2251:PMID
2210:ISBN
2187:PMID
2121:ISBN
2102:2022
2071:ISBN
2038:PMID
2001:ISBN
1980:2017
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1917:ISBN
1886:ISBN
1861:2017
1829:PMID
1811:ISSN
1693:PMID
1675:ISSN
1633:PMID
1598:PMID
1555:PMID
1520:PMID
1502:ISSN
1442:2019
1409:ISBN
1388:2019
1358:2019
1150:+++
1089:and
1033:legs
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925:and
900:toes
856:skin
791:legs
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740:legs
680:legs
620:and
605:and
564:The
333:any
331:cite
228:and
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2440:PMC
2432:doi
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