1041:
most infections is therefore unknown. Colomycin has a recommended intravenous dose of 1 to 2 million units three times daily for patients weighing 60 kg or more with normal renal function. Coly-Mycin has a recommended dose of 2.5 to 5 mg/kg colistin base a day, which is equivalent to 6 to 12 mg/kg colistimethate sodium per day. For a 60 kg man, therefore, the recommended dose for
Colomycin is 240 to 480 mg of colistimethate sodium, yet the recommended dose for Coly-Mycin is 360 to 720 mg of colistimethate sodium. Likewise, the recommended "maximum" dose for each preparation is different (480 mg for Colomycin and 720 mg for Coly-Mycin). Each country has different generic preparations of colistin, and the recommended dose depends on the manufacturer. This complete absence of any regulation or standardisation of dose makes intravenous colistin dosing difficult for the physician.
597:
574:
49:
1493:
670:
712:
InChI=1S/C52H98N16O13/c1-9-29(6)11-10-12-40(71)59-32(13-19-53)47(76)68-42(31(8)70)52(81)64-35(16-22-56)44(73)63-37-18-24-58-51(80)41(30(7)69)67-48(77)36(17-23-57)61-43(72)33(14-20-54)62-49(78)38(25-27(2)3)66-50(79)39(26-28(4)5)65-45(74)34(15-21-55)60-46(37)75/h27-39,41-42,69-70H,9-26,53-57H2,1-8H3,(H,58,80)(H,59,71)(H,60,75)(H,61,72)(H,62,78)(H,63,73)(H,64,81)(H,65,74)(H,66,79)(H,67,77)(H,68,76)/t29?,30-,31-,32+,33+,34+,35+,36+,37+,38+,39-,41+,42+/m1/s1
806:; it is produced by the reaction of colistin with formaldehyde and sodium bisulfite, which leads to the addition of a sulfomethyl group to the primary amines of colistin. Colistimethate sodium is less toxic than colistin when administered parenterally. In aqueous solutions it undergoes hydrolysis to form a complex mixture of partially sulfomethylated derivatives, as well as colistin. Resistance to colistin began to appear as of 2015.
40:
5143:
1489:. The first step is to have a loading domain, 6-methylheptanoic acid, associate with the A and PCP domains. Now with a C, A, and PCP domain that is associated with 2,4-diaminobutryic acid. This continues with each amino acid until the linear peptide chain is completed. The last module will have a thioesterase to complete the cyclization and form the product colistin.
1360:(damage to the nerves), but this may reflect the very high doses given, which are much higher than the doses currently recommended by any manufacturer and for which no adjustment was made for pre-existing renal disease. Neuro- and nephrotoxic effects appear to be transient and subside on discontinuation of therapy or reduction in dose.
1104:. It was found in 2011 in China on a pig farm where colistin is routinely used and became publicly known in November 2015. The presence of this plasmid-borne gene was confirmed starting December 2015 in South-East Asia, several European countries, and the United States. It is found in certain strains of the bacteria
1040:
Because colistin was introduced into clinical practice over 50 years ago, it was never subject to the regulations that modern drugs are subject to, and therefore there is no standardised dosing of colistin and no detailed trials on pharmacology or pharmacokinetics. The optimal dosing of colistin for
1420:
Colistin binds to lipopolysaccharides and phospholipids in the outer cell membrane of Gram-negative bacteria. It competitively displaces divalent cations (Ca and Mg) from the phosphate groups of membrane lipids, which leads to disruption of the outer cell membrane, leakage of intracellular contents
1452:
Colistimethate sodium, a less toxic prodrug, became available for injection in 1959. In the 1980s, polymyxin use was widely discontinued because of nephro- and neurotoxicity. As multi-drug resistant bacteria became more prevalent in the 1990s, colistin started to get a second look as an emergency
1113:
India reported the first detailed colistin-resistance study, which mapped 13 colistin-resistant infections recorded over 18 months. It concluded that pan-drug-resistant infections, particularly those in the bloodstream, have a higher mortality. Multiple other cases were reported from other Indian
1059:
Colistimethate sodium aerosol (Promixin; Colomycin
Injection) is used to treat pulmonary infections, especially in cystic fibrosis. In the UK, the recommended adult dose is 1–2 million units (80–160 mg) nebulised colistimethate twice daily. Nebulized colistin has also been used to decrease
1429:
No clinically useful absorption of colistin occurs in the gastrointestinal tract. For systemic infection, colistin must therefore be given by injection. Colistimethate is eliminated by the kidneys, but colistin is eliminated by non-renal mechanism(s) that are as of yet not characterised.
1020:
Colistin sulfate and colistimethate sodium may both be given intravenously, but the dosing is complicated. The different labeling of the parenteral products of colistin methanesulfonate in different parts of the world was noted by Li et al. Colistimethate sodium manufactured by
1473:, and 2,4-diaminobutryic acid. The linear form of colistin is synthesized before cyclization. Non-ribosomal peptide biosynthesis begins with a loading module and then the addition of each subsequent amino acid. The subsequent amino acids are added with the help of an
1121:
A recent review from 2016 to 2021 fount that E. coli is the dominant species harbouring mcr genes. Plasmid - mediated colistin resistance is also conferred upon other species that carry different genes resistant to antibiotics. The emergence of the
4212:
954:. Colistin sulfate is stable, whereas colistimethate sodium is readily hydrolysed to a variety of methanesulfonated derivatives. Colistin sulfate and colistimethate sodium are eliminated from the body by different routes. With respect to
2825:
Liu YY, Wang Y, Walsh TR, Yi LX, Zhang R, Spencer J, et al. (February 2016). "Emergence of plasmid-mediated colistin resistance mechanism MCR-1 in animals and human beings in China: a microbiological and molecular biological study".
371:-(4-amino-1-(1-(4-amino-1-oxo-1-(3,12,23-tris(2-aminoethyl)- 20-(1-hydroxyethyl)-6,9-diisobutyl-2,5,8,11,14,19,22-heptaoxo- 1,4,7,10,13,18-hexaazacyclotricosan-15-ylamino)butan-2-ylamino)- 3-hydroxybutan-2-ylamino)-1-oxobutan-2-yl)-
1114:
hospitals. Although resistance to polymyxins is generally less than 10%, it is more frequent in the
Mediterranean and South-East Asia (Korea and Singapore), where colistin resistance rates are increasing. Colistin-resistant
4205:
1456:
Colistin has also been used in agriculture, particularly in China from the 1980s onwards. Chinese production for agriculture exceeded 2700 tons in 2015. China banned colistin use for livestock growth promotion in 2016.
920:
infection in lungs of patients with cystic fibrosis. Biofilms have a low-oxygen environment below the surface where bacteria are metabolically inactive, and colistin is highly effective in this environment. However,
2414:
Motaouakkil S, Charra B, Hachimi A, Nejmi H, Benslama A, Elmdaghri N, et al. (October 2006). "Colistin and rifampicin in the treatment of nosocomial infections from multiresistant
Acinetobacter baumannii".
4198:
3596:
Conway SP, Etherington C, Munday J, Goldman MH, Strong JJ, Wootton M (November 2000). "Safety and tolerability of bolus intravenous colistin in acute respiratory exacerbations in adults with cystic fibrosis".
2975:
1077:
1367:
that subsequently replaced it, and it has been used for extended periods up to six months with no ill effects. Colistin-induced nephrotoxicity is particularly likely in patients with hypoalbuminemia.
3442:
Koch-Weser J, Sidel VW, Federman EB, Kanarek P, Finer DC, Eaton AE (June 1970). "Adverse effects of sodium colistimethate. Manifestations and specific reaction rates during 317 courses of therapy".
2450:
Karakitsos D, Paramythiotou E, Samonis G, Karabinis A (November 2006). "Is intraventricular colistin an effective and safe treatment for post-surgical ventriculitis in the intensive care unit?".
3888:
Li J, Nation RL, Turnidge JD, Milne RW, Coulthard K, Rayner CR, Paterson DL (September 2006). "Colistin: the re-emerging antibiotic for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections".
2493:
Li J, Nation RL, Turnidge JD, Milne RW, Coulthard K, Rayner CR, Paterson DL (September 2006). "Colistin: the re-emerging antibiotic for multidrug-resistant Gram-negative bacterial infections".
3229:
265:
946:
Two forms of colistin are available commercially: colistin sulfate and colistimethate sodium (colistin methanesulfonate sodium, colistin sulfomethate sodium). Colistin sulfate is
3861:
Domínguez-Ortega J, Manteiga E, Abad-Schilling C, Juretzcke MA, Sánchez-Rubio J, Kindelan C (2007). "Induced tolerance to nebulized colistin after severe reaction to the drug".
1091:
sets a MIC cutoff of 4 mg/L or less as sensitive, and 8 mg/L or more as resistant. No standards for describing colistin sensitivity are given in the United States.
1229:
2133:"Tolerance to the antimicrobial peptide colistin in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms is linked to metabolically active cells, and depends on the pmr and mexAB-oprM genes"
1026:
1879:"Detection of mcr-1 encoding plasmid-mediated colistin-resistant Escherichia coli isolates from human bloodstream infection and imported chicken meat, Denmark 2015"
2870:
2965:
925:
reside in the top layers of the biofilm, where they remain metabolically active. This is because surviving tolerant cells migrate to the top of the biofilm via
5178:
1235:
1011:
Colistin A (polymyxin E1) and colistin B (polymyxin E2) can be purified individually to research and study their effects and potencies as separate compounds.
160:
1363:
At a dose of 160 mg colistimethate IV every eight hours, very little nephrotoxicity is seen. Indeed, colistin appears to have less toxicity than the
3518:
Li J, Nation RL, Milne RW, Turnidge JD, Coulthard K (January 2005). "Evaluation of colistin as an agent against multi-resistant Gram-negative bacteria".
1175:, the phenomenon wherein apparently genetically identical microbes exhibit a range of resistance to an antibiotic, has been observed in some species of
2586:
Ahmed N, Wahlgren NG (2003). "Effects of blood pressure lowering in the acute phase of total anterior circulation infarcts and other stroke subtypes".
728:
1255:
1568:"Colomycin 1 million International Units (IU) Powder for solution for injection, infusion or inhalation – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"
1755:
Falagas ME, Grammatikos AP, Michalopoulos A (October 2008). "Potential of old-generation antibiotics to address current need for new antibiotics".
4154:
4813:
1088:
3966:"Use of high-performance liquid chromatography to study the pharmacokinetics of colistin sulfate in rats following intravenous administration"
2892:
1496:
The loading domain 6-methylheptanoic acid is shown in salmon; yellow is 2,4-diaminobutryic acid; light blue is threonine; magenta is leucine.
71:
3221:
2930:
1082:
2672:"Combined colistin and rifampicin therapy for carbapenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii infections: clinical outcome and adverse events"
2066:
684:
1417:
just like a detergent, solubilizing the membrane in an aqueous environment. This effect is bactericidal even in an isosmolar environment.
976:
infection, although resistant forms have been reported. Colistimethate sodium has also been given intrathecally and intraventricularly in
2037:
1133:
infections has led to the development of resistant bacterial strains. They have also developed resistance to the antimicrobial compounds
1076:
Resistance to colistin is rare, but has been described. As of 2017, no agreement exists about how to define colistin resistance. The
3046:
822:
692:
O=C(N(C(=O)N(C(=O)N(C(=O)N1C(=O)N(C(=O)N(C(=O)N(C(=O)N(C(=O)N(C(=O)N(C(=O)NCC1)(O)C)CCN)CCN)CC(C)C)CC(C)C)CCN)CCN)(O)C)CCN)CCCC(C)CC
4041:
2561:
851:
Colistin was discovered in 1947 and colistimethate sodium was approved for medical use in the United States in 1970. It is on the
3925:"Pharmacokinetics of colistin methanesulphonate and colistin in rats following an intravenous dose of colistin methanesulphonate"
2290:
1146:
2631:"In-vitro activity of the combination of colistin and rifampicin against multidrug-resistant strains of Acinetobacter baumannii"
1619:
4190:
4757:
2760:
2302:
1061:
852:
4013:
Koyama Y, Kurosasa A, Tsuchiya A, Takakuta K (1950). "A new antibiotic 'colistin' produced by spore-forming soil bacteria".
2531:
122:
3822:"Inhalation solutions: which one are allowed to be mixed? Physico-chemical compatibility of drug solutions in nebulizers"
2862:
4806:
2092:"Colistin-tobramycin combinations are superior to monotherapy concerning the killing of biofilm Pseudomonas aeruginosa"
1594:"Promixin 1 million International Units (IU) Powder for Nebuliser Solution – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"
3358:"Intravenous colistin in the treatment of sepsis from multiresistant Gram-negative bacilli in critically ill patients"
3068:
Chatzidimitriou M, Kavvada A, Kavvadas D, Kyriazidi MA, Meletis G, Chatzopoulou F, Chatzidimitriou D (December 2021).
2365:"Intrathecal colistin for treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa ventriculitis: report of a case with successful outcome"
3309:
Exhibiting
Clinically Undetected Colistin Heteroresistance Leads to Treatment Failure in a Murine Model of Infection"
2182:"Selective labelling and eradication of antibiotic-tolerant bacterial populations in Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilms"
2017:
1993:
1812:
855:. The World Health Organization classifies colistin as critically important for human medicine. It is available as a
761:
704:
3407:
Wolinsky E, Hines JD (April 1962). "Neurotoxic and nephrotoxic effects of colistin in patients with renal disease".
735:
5173:
4774:
887:
4064:"Colistin: the revival of polymyxins for the management of multidrug-resistant gram-negative bacterial infections"
3168:"The evolution of colistin resistance increases bacterial resistance to host antimicrobial peptides and virulence"
360:
250:
103:
5163:
1222:
4799:
3356:
Markou N, Apostolakos H, Koumoudiou C, Athanasiou M, Koutsoukou A, Alamanos I, Gregorakos L (October 2003).
1141:, produced by the human immune system. This cross-resistance is caused by gain-of-function mutations to the
1514:
1297:
1208:
592:
477:
1056:
evidence of synergy for colistimethate sodium used in combination with other antipseudomonal antibiotics.
1025:(Colomycin injection) is prescribed in international units, whereas colistimethate sodium manufactured by
553:
542:
5133:
4622:
1543:"Colobreathe 1,662,500 IU inhalation powder, Hard Capsules – Summary of Product Characteristics (SmPC)"
1171:
Not all resistance to colistin and some other antibiotics is due to the presence of resistance genes.
3119:"Clinical use of colistin induces cross-resistance to host antimicrobials in Acinetobacter baumannii"
2713:"In vitro assessment of colistin's antipseudomonal antimicrobial interactions with other antibiotics"
1971:
1943:
1650:
17:
5168:
4251:
2952:"Emergence of Pan drug resistance amongst gram negative bacteria! The First case series from India"
2900:
2670:
Petrosillo N, Chinello P, Proietti MF, Cecchini L, Masala M, Franchi C, et al. (August 2005).
1406:
1215:
569:
1675:"Clinical considerations for optimal use of the polymyxins: A focus on agent selection and dosing"
4839:
4762:
4696:
4533:
2922:
1282:
997:
133:
61:
4220:
3722:
Giacobbe DR, di Masi A, Leboffe L, Del Bono V, Rossi M, Cappiello D, et al. (August 2018).
2059:
1645:
5095:
4567:
4542:
4339:
1268:
1106:
770:
1877:
Hasman H, Hammerum AM, Hansen F, Hendriksen RS, Olesen B, Agersø Y, et al. (2015-12-10).
1802:
5183:
4718:
4454:
4350:
4345:
3553:
Beringer P (November 2001). "The clinical use of colistin in patients with cystic fibrosis".
1830:"Colistin methanesulfonate is an inactive prodrug of colistin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa"
1727:
1262:
1248:
1162:
958:, colistimethate is the inactive prodrug of colistin. The two drugs are not interchangeable.
814:
791:
776:
466:
81:
4470:
3735:
3640:
Littlewood JM, Koch C, Lambert PA, Høiby N, Elborn JS, Conway SP, et al. (July 2000).
3166:
Jangir PK, Ogunlana L, Szili P, Czikkely M, Shaw LP, Stevens EJ, et al. (April 2023).
3038:
2193:
1414:
1201:
841:
494:
486:
339:
2774:
Bruguera-Avila N, Marin A, Garcia-Olive I, Radua J, Prat C, Gil M, Ruiz-Manzano J (2017).
1895:
1878:
1052:
synergy exists, and the combination has been used successfully in patients. There is also
991:
Some studies have indicated that colistin may be useful for treating infections caused by
401:
393:
233:
223:
213:
203:
193:
8:
4309:
2033:
1482:
1375:
1275:
1241:
829:
757:
384:
144:
4033:
3739:
3194:
3167:
2197:
1036:
Coly-mycin M 150 mg colistin base is 360 mg colistimethate or 4,500,000 units.
596:
573:
4791:
4418:
4093:
3756:
3723:
3622:
3578:
3333:
3304:
3277:
3252:
3143:
3118:
3099:
3020:
2970:
2802:
2775:
2729:
2712:
2611:
2568:
2475:
2391:
2364:
2263:
2238:
2214:
2181:
2162:
1854:
1829:
1780:
1410:
856:
140:
3990:
3965:
3901:
3531:
3384:
3357:
2923:"First discovery in United States of colistin resistance in a human E. coli infection"
2839:
2506:
2308:
2060:"Colistin sulfate, USP Susceptibility and Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) Data"
1918:
1438:
Colistin was first isolated in Japan in 1949 by Y. Koyama, from a flask of fermenting
48:
4228:
4183:
4112:
4085:
3995:
3946:
3905:
3870:
3843:
3802:
3797:
3780:
3761:
3704:
3663:
3614:
3570:
3566:
3535:
3500:
3459:
3424:
3389:
3338:
3282:
3199:
3148:
3103:
3091:
3039:"Discovery of first mcr-1 gene in E. coli bacteria found in a human in United States"
3012:
2843:
2807:
2734:
2693:
2688:
2671:
2652:
2603:
2510:
2467:
2463:
2432:
2396:
2345:
2298:
2268:
2219:
2154:
2149:
2132:
2113:
2013:
1989:
1900:
1859:
1808:
1804:
Mandell, Douglas, and
Bennett's Principles and Practice of Infectious Diseases E-Book
1772:
1696:
1567:
1542:
1008:
flora. Colistin sulfate is also used in topical creams, powders, and otic solutions.
302:
289:
277:
95:
4097:
3981:
3626:
3582:
3070:"mcr Genes Conferring Colistin Resistance in Enterobacterales; a Five Year Overview"
3024:
2615:
2479:
2166:
1784:
426:
4843:
4689:
4639:
4162:
4075:
3985:
3977:
3936:
3897:
3833:
3792:
3751:
3743:
3694:
3653:
3606:
3562:
3527:
3490:
3477:
Ledson MJ, Gallagher MJ, Cowperthwaite C, Convery RP, Walshaw MJ (September 1998).
3451:
3416:
3379:
3369:
3328:
3320:
3272:
3264:
3189:
3179:
3138:
3130:
3117:
Napier BA, Burd EM, Satola SW, Cagle SM, Ray SM, McGann P, et al. (May 2013).
3081:
3002:
2835:
2797:
2787:
2724:
2683:
2642:
2595:
2502:
2459:
2424:
2386:
2376:
2335:
2258:
2250:
2209:
2201:
2144:
2103:
1979:
1951:
1890:
1849:
1841:
1764:
1686:
1402:
1340:
1183:
in 2017–2018. In some cases this phenomenon has significant clinical consequences.
1172:
609:
321:
183:
173:
3479:"Four years' experience of intravenous colomycin in an adult cystic fibrosis unit"
3007:
2990:
1593:
5147:
4830:
4713:
4649:
3724:"Hypoalbuminemia as a predictor of acute kidney injury during colistin treatment"
3495:
3478:
2752:
1005:
967:
810:
329:
4826:
4155:"Spread of antibiotic-resistance gene does not spell bacterial apocalypse — yet"
3420:
2539:
2180:
Chua SL, Yam JK, Hao P, Adav SS, Salido MM, Liu Y, et al. (February 2016).
2090:
Herrmann G, Yang L, Wu H, Song Z, Wang H, Høiby N, et al. (November 2010).
5034:
4768:
4585:
4490:
4424:
4355:
4274:
4232:
4221:
3860:
3747:
3455:
2951:
2428:
2324:"Successful treatment of Acinetobacter meningitis with intrathecal polymyxin E"
1364:
1353:
1153:) located on the bacterial chromosome. Similar results have been obtained with
930:
4167:
3838:
3821:
1691:
1674:
5157:
5110:
5090:
5039:
4967:
4947:
4655:
4607:
4538:
4268:
1768:
1519:
1492:
1478:
1357:
1333:
988:
972:
861:
802:
is mainly applied to the skin or taken by mouth. Colistimethate sodium is a
795:
782:
585:
152:
3964:
Li J, Milne RW, Nation RL, Turnidge JD, Smeaton TC, Coulthard K (May 2003).
3923:
Li J, Milne RW, Nation RL, Turnidge JD, Smeaton TC, Coulthard K (May 2004).
3086:
3069:
1004:
Colistin sulfate may be used to treat intestinal infections, or to suppress
5019:
5014:
4928:
4738:
4632:
4592:
4475:
4371:
4324:
4236:
4089:
3999:
3950:
3909:
3874:
3847:
3765:
3708:
3667:
3658:
3641:
3618:
3574:
3539:
3428:
3393:
3342:
3286:
3203:
3152:
3095:
3016:
2847:
2811:
2753:"Promixin 1 million International Units (IU) Powder for Nebuliser Solution"
2738:
2697:
2647:
2630:
2607:
2562:"COMMITTEE FOR VETERINARY MEDICINAL PRODUCTS: COLISTIN: SUMMARY REPORT (2)"
2514:
2471:
2436:
2400:
2349:
2272:
2254:
2223:
2158:
2117:
1948:
World Health
Organization model list of essential medicines: 21st list 2019
1904:
1863:
1776:
1700:
1486:
1371:
228:
218:
208:
198:
188:
178:
168:
3806:
3781:"Nebulized colistin causes chest tightness in adults with cystic fibrosis"
3504:
3463:
3324:
3134:
2776:"Effectiveness of treatment with nebulized colistin in patients with COPD"
2656:
890:(MIC) susceptibility data for a few medically significant microorganisms:
5100:
5075:
5024:
4985:
4909:
4876:
4866:
4861:
4822:
4670:
4558:
4480:
4314:
4284:
3941:
3924:
3303:
Band VI, Satola SW, Burd EM, Farley MM, Jacob JT, Weiss DS (March 2018).
3268:
2792:
2340:
2323:
2034:"Polymyxin E (Colistin) – The Antimicrobial Index Knowledgebase – TOKU-E"
1845:
1474:
1395:
845:
818:
148:
89:
31:
3184:
2205:
1984:
1956:
1029:(Coly-Mycin M Parenteral) is prescribed in milligrams of colistin base:
913:
For example, colistin in combination with other drugs is used to attack
446:
5105:
5070:
5065:
5055:
5005:
4995:
4957:
4952:
4886:
4881:
4871:
4856:
4743:
4733:
4728:
4665:
4660:
4617:
4612:
4602:
4563:
4392:
4365:
4329:
4225:
3067:
2449:
1399:
1379:
1326:
1045:
992:
984:
753:
642:
457:
3610:
3253:"Antimicrobial heteroresistance: an emerging field in need of clarity"
2599:
5115:
5085:
5080:
5060:
5029:
4980:
4938:
4896:
4851:
4548:
4523:
4465:
4437:
4408:
4402:
4386:
4376:
4319:
4294:
4289:
4032:
MacLaren G, Spelman D (22 November 2022). Hopper DC, Hall KK (eds.).
3355:
3222:"Common 'Superbug' Found to Disguise Resistance to Potent Antibiotic"
2711:
Rynn C, Wootton M, Bowker KE, Alan Holt H, Reeves DS (January 1999).
1466:
1312:
837:
833:
765:
412:
75:
2773:
2538:. electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC). 18 May 2016. Archived from
2130:
1465:
The biosynthesis of colistin requires the use of three amino acids:
5120:
4990:
4975:
4597:
4518:
4507:
4503:
4445:
4304:
4299:
4080:
4063:
3699:
3682:
3476:
3374:
2863:"Resistance to the Antibiotic of Last Resort Is Silently Spreading"
2381:
2131:
Pamp SJ, Gjermansen M, Johansen HK, Tolker-Nielsen T (April 2008).
2108:
2091:
1507:
1391:
1289:
1194:
1138:
970:, and it has come into recent use for treating multidrug-resistant
947:
522:
514:
437:
117:
4113:"How China is getting its farmers to kick their antibiotics habit"
2669:
1409:
by displacing magnesium and calcium bacterial counter ions in the
669:
4919:
4513:
4450:
1470:
1095:
951:
917:
803:
3863:
2291:"Molecular Basis of Antibiotic Resistance in Acinetobacter spp."
2239:"Polymyxin-resistant Acinetobacter spp. isolates: what is next?"
4494:
4460:
1754:
1319:
1022:
533:
4012:
3721:
3595:
3441:
2966:"New worry: Resistance to 'last antibiotic' surfaces in India"
2780:
International
Journal of Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease
2237:
Reis AO, Luz DA, Tognim MC, Sader HS, Gales AC (August 2003).
1876:
4723:
3045:. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. 31 May 2016.
2413:
1352:
The main toxicities described with intravenous treatment are
1134:
1100:
926:
878:
Colistin has been effective in treating infections caused by
660:
1978:(6th revision ed.). Geneva: World Health Organization.
1413:. The hydrophobic and hydrophilic regions interact with the
558:
3165:
505:
39:
3639:
2759:. electronic Medicines Compendium (eMC). 12 January 2016.
2710:
1370:
The main toxicity described with aerosolised treatment is
2576:
NB. Colistin base has an assigned potency of 30 000 IU/mg
2567:. European Medicines Agency. January 2002. Archived from
1970:
1942:
1800:
4821:
2893:"Apocalypse Pig Redux: Last-Resort Resistance in Europe"
2012:(76 ed.). Pharmaceutical Press. 2018. p. 547.
1960:. WHO/MVP/EMP/IAU/2019.06. License: CC BY-NC-SA 3.0 IGO.
1477:
domain (A), a peptidyl carrier protein domain (PCP), an
1179:
since at least 2016 and was observed in some strains of
2321:
1161:, which became better at surviving a mixture of animal
1033:
Colomycin 1,000,000 units is 80 mg colistimethate;
853:
3215:
3213:
1976:
Critically important antimicrobials for human medicine
1098:
which can be transferred between bacterial strains is
5131:
3963:
3922:
3887:
3517:
3116:
2492:
1374:, which can be treated or prevented with the use of
1168:
and more effective at killing infected caterpillars.
3302:
3061:
2988:
1919:"Colistimethate (Coly Mycin M) Use During Pregnancy"
1827:
840:
class of medications. It works by breaking down the
3210:
2991:"Colistin, mechanisms and prevalence of resistance"
2322:Benifla M, Zucker G, Cohen A, Alkan M (July 2004).
1828:Bergen PJ, Li J, Rayner CR, Nation RL (June 2006).
1801:Bennett JE, Dolin R, Blaser MJ, Mandell GL (2009).
1728:"Colistimethate Sodium Monograph for Professionals"
809:Common side effects of the injectable form include
3819:
3683:"Colistin: an antimicrobial for the 21st century?"
2236:
2089:
3250:
1449:, and became available for clinical use in 1959.
1118:was identified in the United States in May 2016.
5155:
3778:
1672:
425:
4061:
4031:
3298:
3296:
1638:
1087:uses a MIC cut-off of 2 mg/L, whereas the
400:
392:
3820:Kamin W, Schwabe A, Krämer I (December 2006).
2824:
2179:
1094:The first known colistin-resistance gene in a
1089:British Society for Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
5179:World Health Organization essential medicines
4807:
4206:
3779:Maddison J, Dodd M, Webb AK (February 1994).
3520:International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents
3406:
2585:
4110:
3854:
3349:
3293:
2628:
1673:Pogue JM, Ortwine JK, Kaye KS (April 2017).
936:
121:
4104:
3680:
1405:. These cationic regions interact with the
1044:Colistin has been used in combination with
962:Colistimethate sodium may be used to treat
859:. It is derived from bacteria of the genus
232:
222:
212:
202:
192:
66:Xylistin, Coly-Mycin M, Colobreathe, others
4814:
4800:
4213:
4199:
3251:El-Halfawy OM, Valvano MA (January 2015).
2989:Bialvaei AZ, Samadi Kafil H (April 2015).
2526:
2524:
2362:
1796:
1794:
1722:
1720:
1718:
1716:
1714:
1712:
1710:
836:is safe for the fetus. Colistin is in the
595:
572:
465:
4166:
4079:
3989:
3940:
3929:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
3837:
3796:
3755:
3698:
3657:
3494:
3383:
3373:
3332:
3276:
3193:
3183:
3142:
3085:
3006:
2801:
2791:
2728:
2687:
2646:
2635:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
2390:
2380:
2339:
2328:The Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy
2284:
2282:
2262:
2213:
2148:
2107:
1983:
1955:
1894:
1853:
1807:. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 469.
1750:
1748:
1690:
1382:or following a desensitisation protocol.
873:
817:. Other serious side effects may include
493:
485:
4138:(Third ed.). John Wiley & Sons.
3552:
2629:Hogg GM, Barr JG, Webb CH (April 1998).
2010:British national formulary : BNF 76
1911:
1620:"Coly-Mycin M- colistimethate injection"
1491:
1147:lipid A phosphoethanolamine transferases
4152:
2890:
2521:
1936:
1791:
1757:Expert Review of Anti-Infective Therapy
1707:
1186:
1145:gene, which controls the expression of
568:
445:
94:
14:
5156:
4133:
2978:from the original on 31 December 2014.
2288:
2279:
1745:
1666:
1485:(C). Cyclization is accomplished by a
1385:
1305:
1060:severe exacerbations in patients with
586:
308:
283:
4795:
4194:
4184:"Colistin topics page (bibliography)"
3970:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
3555:Current Opinion in Pulmonary Medicine
3219:
2818:
2002:
1950:. Geneva: World Health Organization.
1896:10.2807/1560-7917.ES.2015.20.49.30085
1834:Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy
1062:chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
768:. These may involve bacteria such as
541:
296:
112:
80:
4062:Falagas ME, Kasiakou SK (May 2005).
2995:Current Medical Research and Opinion
1347:
182:
172:
4578:Intestinal anti-inflammatory agents
3409:The New England Journal of Medicine
2717:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
2676:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
2452:Acta Anaesthesiologica Scandinavica
1679:Clinical Microbiology and Infection
1424:
521:
513:
416:
24:
4146:
4111:Schoenmakers K (21 October 2020).
3681:Stein A, Raoult D (October 2002).
2915:
2763:from the original on 16 July 2017.
2730:10.1111/j.1469-0691.1999.tb00095.x
2536:Summary of Product Characteristics
2096:The Journal of Infectious Diseases
1078:Société Française de Microbiologie
886:species. The following represents
760:treatment for multidrug-resistant
25:
5195:
4635:agents, excluding corticosteroids
4176:
3532:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2004.10.001
2860:
828:. The inhaled form may result in
259:
5141:
3642:"A ten year review of colomycin"
3567:10.1097/00063198-200111000-00013
3483:The European Respiratory Journal
2689:10.1111/j.1469-0691.2005.01198.x
2464:10.1111/j.1399-6576.2006.01126.x
2150:10.1111/j.1365-2958.2008.06152.x
2040:from the original on 28 May 2016
1453:solution, in spite of toxicity.
888:minimum inhibitory concentration
626:
620:
47:
38:
4127:
4055:
4044:from the original on 2016-05-31
4025:
4006:
3982:10.1128/AAC.47.5.1766-1770.2003
3957:
3916:
3890:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
3881:
3813:
3772:
3715:
3674:
3633:
3589:
3546:
3511:
3470:
3435:
3400:
3244:
3232:from the original on 2018-04-03
3159:
3110:
3049:from the original on 2016-07-11
3031:
2982:
2958:
2944:
2933:from the original on 2016-05-27
2884:
2873:from the original on 2017-01-13
2854:
2828:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
2767:
2745:
2704:
2663:
2622:
2579:
2554:
2495:The Lancet. Infectious Diseases
2486:
2443:
2407:
2356:
2315:
2295:Acinetobacter Molecular Biology
2230:
2173:
2124:
2083:
2072:from the original on 2016-03-04
2052:
2026:
1964:
1870:
1821:
1460:
868:
830:constriction of the bronchioles
717:Key:YKQOSKADJPQZHB-QNPLFGSASA-N
1612:
1586:
1560:
1535:
1223:Elizabethkingia meningoseptica
832:. It is unclear if use during
632:
614:
272:
13:
1:
4682:Antidiarrheal micro-organisms
3902:10.1016/S1473-3099(06)70580-1
3599:The Annals of Pharmacotherapy
3257:Clinical Microbiology Reviews
3008:10.1185/03007995.2015.1018989
2840:10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00424-7
2507:10.1016/s1473-3099(06)70580-1
1500:
1071:
844:, which generally results in
4068:Clinical Infectious Diseases
3798:10.1016/0954-6111(94)90028-0
3687:Clinical Infectious Diseases
3496:10.1183/09031936.98.12030592
2243:Emerging Infectious Diseases
1356:(damage to the kidneys) and
1298:Stenotrophomonas maltophilia
1209:Chryseobacterium indologenes
966:infections in patients with
929:and form new aggregates via
7:
4153:Reardon S (December 2015).
3444:Annals of Internal Medicine
3421:10.1056/NEJM196204122661505
1230:Francisella tularensis spp.
950:; colistimethate sodium is
10:
5200:
4524:Camphorated opium tincture
4261:Intestinal anti-infectives
4136:Medicinal Natural Products
3826:Journal of Cystic Fibrosis
3748:10.1038/s41598-018-30361-5
3456:10.7326/0003-4819-72-6-857
2757:Patient Information Leafle
2429:10.1016/j.jinf.2005.11.019
2297:. Caister Academic Press.
1433:
1126:gene is quite remarkable.
604:Chemical and physical data
5048:
5004:
4966:
4937:
4918:
4895:
4838:
4752:
4706:
4681:
4577:
4489:
4435:
4260:
4244:
4168:10.1038/nature.2015.19037
3839:10.1016/j.jcf.2006.03.007
2363:Yagmur R, Esen F (2006).
1972:World Health Organization
1944:World Health Organization
1692:10.1016/j.cmi.2017.02.023
1651:European Medicines Agency
1129:Use of colistin to treat
1015:
937:Administration and dosage
786:. It comes in two forms:
725:
700:
680:
658:
641:
608:
603:
584:
552:
532:
504:
476:
456:
436:
411:
383:
356:
351:
338:
328:
320:
249:
244:
159:
132:
102:
88:
70:
60:
55:
46:
37:
4457:, known as Pepto-Bismol)
4252:Oral rehydration therapy
3220:McKay B (6 March 2018).
2891:McKenna M (2015-12-03).
2588:Cerebrovascular Diseases
2417:The Journal of Infection
1769:10.1586/14787210.6.5.593
1407:bacterial outer membrane
1027:Parkdale Pharmaceuticals
941:
880:Pseudomonas, Escherichia
762:Gram-negative infections
5174:Polypeptide antibiotics
4697:Saccharomyces boulardii
4034:"Colistin: An overview"
3228:. Wall Street Journal.
3087:10.5644/ama2006-124.355
1515:"Drug Product Database"
1131:Acinetobacter baumannii
998:Acinetobacter baumannii
995:-resistant isolates of
978:Acinetobacter baumannii
821:, muscle weakness, and
3659:10.1053/rmed.2000.0834
3305:"Carbapenem-Resistant
2255:10.3201/eid0908.030052
2137:Molecular Microbiology
1497:
1376:β2-adrenergic receptor
1269:Neisseria meningitidis
1163:antimicrobial peptides
1107:Paenibacillus polymyxa
1066:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
982:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
964:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
956:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
907:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
874:Antibacterial spectrum
796:injected into a muscle
771:Pseudomonas aeruginosa
375:,5-dimethylheptanamide
5164:Polymyxin antibiotics
4719:Bismuth subsalicylate
4455:bismuth subsalicylate
4351:Succinylsulfathiazole
4346:Phthalylsulfathiazole
3325:10.1128/mBio.02448-17
3307:Klebsiella pneumoniae
3135:10.1128/mBio.00021-13
3074:Acta Medica Academica
2532:"Colomycin Injection"
2186:Nature Communications
1495:
1421:and bacterial death.
1394:peptide and has both
1263:Neisseria gonorrhoeae
1249:Moraxella catarrhalis
1181:Klebsiella pneumoniae
909:: ≤0.06–16 μg/mL
903:: 0.25–128 μg/mL
901:Klebsiella pneumoniae
897:: 0.12–128 μg/mL
824:Clostridium difficile
815:neurological problems
788:colistimethate sodium
777:Klebsiella pneumoniae
756:medication used as a
5049:Other antibacterials
4707:Other antidiarrheals
3785:Respiratory Medicine
3646:Respiratory Medicine
3269:10.1128/CMR.00058-14
3129:(3): e00021–e00013.
2974:. 28 December 2014.
2927:www.sciencedaily.com
2793:10.2147/COPD.S138428
2648:10.1093/jac/41.4.494
1846:10.1128/AAC.00035-06
1415:cytoplasmic membrane
1202:Burkholderia cepacia
1187:Inherently resistant
846:bacterial cell death
842:cytoplasmic membrane
826:-associated diarrhea
792:injected into a vein
4556:does not cross BBB:
3740:2018NatSR...811968G
3185:10.7554/eLife.84395
2206:10.1038/ncomms10750
2198:2016NatCo...710750C
1654:. 17 September 2018
1600:. 23 September 2020
1483:condensation domain
1386:Mechanism of action
1306:Variable resistance
1242:Helicobacter pylori
1236:Gram-negative cocci
1064:and infection with
292:(Prescription only)
268:(Prescription only)
34:
4779:Never to phase III
4134:Dewick PM (2009).
4040:. Wolters Kluwer.
4015:J Antibiot (Tokyo)
3942:10.1093/jac/dkh167
3728:Scientific Reports
2971:The Times of India
2341:10.1093/jac/dkh289
2289:Towner KJ (2008).
1646:"Colobreathe EPAR"
1498:
1481:domain (E), and a
1411:lipopolysaccharide
857:generic medication
798:, or inhaled, and
30:
5129:
5128:
4844:Lipoglycopeptides
4789:
4788:
4229:anti-inflammatory
3611:10.1345/aph.19370
3605:(11): 1238–1242.
2600:10.1159/000069498
2458:(10): 1309–1310.
2304:978-0-306-43902-5
2102:(10): 1585–1592.
1883:Euro Surveillance
1626:. 3 December 2018
1378:agonists such as
1348:Adverse reactions
743:
742:
671:Interactive image
554:CompTox Dashboard
312:
300:
287:
275:
263:
115:
16:(Redirected from
5191:
5146:
5145:
5144:
5137:
4816:
4809:
4802:
4793:
4792:
4690:Escherichia coli
4650:Aminosalicylates
4640:Cromoglicic acid
4215:
4208:
4201:
4192:
4191:
4187:
4172:
4170:
4140:
4139:
4131:
4125:
4124:
4122:
4120:
4108:
4102:
4101:
4083:
4074:(9): 1333–1341.
4059:
4053:
4052:
4050:
4049:
4029:
4023:
4022:
4010:
4004:
4003:
3993:
3976:(5): 1766–1770.
3961:
3955:
3954:
3944:
3920:
3914:
3913:
3885:
3879:
3878:
3858:
3852:
3851:
3841:
3817:
3811:
3810:
3800:
3776:
3770:
3769:
3759:
3719:
3713:
3712:
3702:
3678:
3672:
3671:
3661:
3637:
3631:
3630:
3593:
3587:
3586:
3550:
3544:
3543:
3515:
3509:
3508:
3498:
3474:
3468:
3467:
3439:
3433:
3432:
3404:
3398:
3397:
3387:
3377:
3353:
3347:
3346:
3336:
3319:(2): e02448–17.
3300:
3291:
3290:
3280:
3248:
3242:
3241:
3239:
3237:
3217:
3208:
3207:
3197:
3187:
3163:
3157:
3156:
3146:
3114:
3108:
3107:
3089:
3065:
3059:
3058:
3056:
3054:
3035:
3029:
3028:
3010:
2986:
2980:
2979:
2962:
2956:
2955:
2954:. December 2014.
2948:
2942:
2941:
2939:
2938:
2919:
2913:
2912:
2910:
2908:
2899:. Archived from
2888:
2882:
2881:
2879:
2878:
2858:
2852:
2851:
2822:
2816:
2815:
2805:
2795:
2771:
2765:
2764:
2749:
2743:
2742:
2732:
2708:
2702:
2701:
2691:
2667:
2661:
2660:
2650:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2583:
2577:
2575:
2574:on 18 July 2006.
2573:
2566:
2558:
2552:
2551:
2549:
2547:
2528:
2519:
2518:
2490:
2484:
2483:
2447:
2441:
2440:
2411:
2405:
2404:
2394:
2384:
2360:
2354:
2353:
2343:
2319:
2313:
2312:
2307:. Archived from
2286:
2277:
2276:
2266:
2249:(8): 1025–1027.
2234:
2228:
2227:
2217:
2177:
2171:
2170:
2152:
2128:
2122:
2121:
2111:
2087:
2081:
2080:
2078:
2077:
2071:
2065:. 3 March 2016.
2064:
2056:
2050:
2049:
2047:
2045:
2030:
2024:
2023:
2006:
2000:
1999:
1987:
1968:
1962:
1961:
1959:
1940:
1934:
1933:
1931:
1929:
1915:
1909:
1908:
1898:
1874:
1868:
1867:
1857:
1840:(6): 1953–1958.
1825:
1819:
1818:
1798:
1789:
1788:
1752:
1743:
1742:
1740:
1738:
1724:
1705:
1704:
1694:
1670:
1664:
1663:
1661:
1659:
1642:
1636:
1635:
1633:
1631:
1616:
1610:
1609:
1607:
1605:
1590:
1584:
1583:
1581:
1579:
1564:
1558:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1539:
1533:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1511:
1425:Pharmacokinetics
1341:Escherichia coli
1295:Some strains of
1173:Heteroresistance
1086:
895:Escherichia coli
800:colistin sulfate
748:, also known as
739:
738:
731:
673:
653:
651:
634:
628:
622:
616:
599:
588:
577:
576:
562:
560:
545:
525:
517:
497:
489:
469:
449:
429:
419:
418:
404:
396:
343:
310:
307:
298:
295:
285:
282:
274:
271:
261:
258:
236:
226:
216:
206:
196:
186:
176:
125:
114:
111:
98:
84:
51:
42:
35:
33:
29:
21:
5199:
5198:
5194:
5193:
5192:
5190:
5189:
5188:
5169:Cyclic peptides
5154:
5153:
5152:
5142:
5140:
5132:
5130:
5125:
5044:
5000:
4962:
4933:
4914:
4891:
4842:
4834:
4820:
4790:
4785:
4784:
4769:Clinical trials
4748:
4714:Albumin tannate
4702:
4677:
4586:corticosteroids
4573:
4491:Antipropulsives
4485:
4431:
4256:
4240:
4219:
4182:
4179:
4149:
4147:Further reading
4144:
4143:
4132:
4128:
4118:
4116:
4109:
4105:
4060:
4056:
4047:
4045:
4030:
4026:
4011:
4007:
3962:
3958:
3921:
3917:
3886:
3882:
3859:
3855:
3818:
3814:
3777:
3773:
3720:
3716:
3679:
3675:
3638:
3634:
3594:
3590:
3551:
3547:
3516:
3512:
3475:
3471:
3440:
3436:
3415:(15): 759–762.
3405:
3401:
3354:
3350:
3301:
3294:
3249:
3245:
3235:
3233:
3218:
3211:
3164:
3160:
3115:
3111:
3066:
3062:
3052:
3050:
3037:
3036:
3032:
2987:
2983:
2964:
2963:
2959:
2950:
2949:
2945:
2936:
2934:
2921:
2920:
2916:
2906:
2904:
2889:
2885:
2876:
2874:
2859:
2855:
2823:
2819:
2772:
2768:
2751:
2750:
2746:
2709:
2705:
2668:
2664:
2627:
2623:
2584:
2580:
2571:
2564:
2560:
2559:
2555:
2545:
2543:
2542:on 16 July 2017
2530:
2529:
2522:
2491:
2487:
2448:
2444:
2412:
2408:
2361:
2357:
2320:
2316:
2305:
2287:
2280:
2235:
2231:
2178:
2174:
2129:
2125:
2088:
2084:
2075:
2073:
2069:
2062:
2058:
2057:
2053:
2043:
2041:
2032:
2031:
2027:
2020:
2008:
2007:
2003:
1996:
1969:
1965:
1941:
1937:
1927:
1925:
1917:
1916:
1912:
1875:
1871:
1826:
1822:
1815:
1799:
1792:
1753:
1746:
1736:
1734:
1726:
1725:
1708:
1671:
1667:
1657:
1655:
1644:
1643:
1639:
1629:
1627:
1618:
1617:
1613:
1603:
1601:
1592:
1591:
1587:
1577:
1575:
1566:
1565:
1561:
1551:
1549:
1541:
1540:
1536:
1526:
1524:
1523:. 25 April 2012
1513:
1512:
1508:
1503:
1463:
1436:
1427:
1388:
1365:aminoglycosides
1350:
1308:
1303:
1256:Morganella spp.
1189:
1080:
1074:
1018:
968:cystic fibrosis
944:
939:
876:
871:
811:kidney problems
734:
732:
729:(what is this?)
726:
721:
718:
713:
708:
707:
696:
693:
688:
687:
676:
649:
647:
637:
631:
625:
619:
580:
556:
548:
528:
500:
472:
452:
432:
415:
407:
379:
376:
364:
363:
341:
330:Bioavailability
322:Pharmacokinetic
316:
240:
135:
128:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
5197:
5187:
5186:
5181:
5176:
5171:
5166:
5151:
5150:
5127:
5126:
5124:
5123:
5118:
5113:
5108:
5103:
5098:
5093:
5088:
5083:
5078:
5073:
5068:
5063:
5058:
5052:
5050:
5046:
5045:
5043:
5042:
5037:
5035:Nitrofurantoin
5032:
5027:
5022:
5017:
5011:
5009:
5002:
5001:
4999:
4998:
4993:
4988:
4983:
4978:
4972:
4970:
4968:Pleuromutilins
4964:
4963:
4961:
4960:
4955:
4950:
4944:
4942:
4935:
4934:
4932:
4931:
4925:
4923:
4922:antibacterials
4916:
4915:
4913:
4912:
4907:
4901:
4899:
4893:
4892:
4890:
4889:
4884:
4879:
4874:
4869:
4864:
4859:
4854:
4848:
4846:
4836:
4835:
4823:Antibacterials
4819:
4818:
4811:
4804:
4796:
4787:
4786:
4783:
4782:
4781:
4780:
4777:
4766:
4760:
4754:
4753:
4750:
4749:
4747:
4746:
4741:
4736:
4731:
4726:
4721:
4716:
4710:
4708:
4704:
4703:
4701:
4700:
4693:
4685:
4683:
4679:
4678:
4676:
4675:
4674:
4673:
4668:
4663:
4658:
4645:
4644:
4643:
4642:
4628:
4627:
4626:
4625:
4620:
4615:
4610:
4605:
4600:
4598:Hydrocortisone
4595:
4588:acting locally
4581:
4579:
4575:
4574:
4572:
4571:
4561:
4552:
4551:
4546:
4528:
4527:
4521:
4516:
4511:
4504:Opium tincture
4500:
4498:
4487:
4486:
4484:
4483:
4478:
4473:
4468:
4463:
4458:
4448:
4442:
4440:
4433:
4432:
4430:
4429:
4428:
4427:
4425:Broxyquinoline
4414:
4413:
4412:
4411:
4398:
4397:
4396:
4395:
4382:
4381:
4380:
4379:
4374:
4361:
4360:
4359:
4358:
4356:Sulfaguanidine
4353:
4348:
4335:
4334:
4333:
4332:
4327:
4322:
4317:
4312:
4307:
4302:
4297:
4292:
4287:
4282:
4277:
4275:Amphotericin B
4264:
4262:
4258:
4257:
4255:
4254:
4248:
4246:
4242:
4241:
4233:anti-infective
4222:Antidiarrheals
4218:
4217:
4210:
4203:
4195:
4189:
4188:
4186:. Science.gov.
4178:
4177:External links
4175:
4174:
4173:
4148:
4145:
4142:
4141:
4126:
4103:
4081:10.1086/429323
4054:
4024:
4005:
3956:
3935:(5): 837–840.
3915:
3896:(9): 589–601.
3880:
3853:
3832:(4): 205–213.
3812:
3791:(2): 145–147.
3771:
3714:
3700:10.1086/342570
3693:(7): 901–902.
3673:
3652:(7): 632–640.
3632:
3588:
3561:(6): 434–440.
3545:
3510:
3489:(3): 592–594.
3469:
3450:(6): 857–868.
3434:
3399:
3375:10.1186/cc2358
3368:(5): R78–R83.
3348:
3292:
3263:(1): 191–207.
3243:
3209:
3158:
3109:
3080:(3): 365–371.
3060:
3030:
3001:(4): 707–721.
2981:
2957:
2943:
2914:
2903:on 28 May 2016
2883:
2853:
2834:(2): 161–168.
2817:
2766:
2744:
2703:
2682:(8): 682–683.
2662:
2641:(4): 494–495.
2621:
2594:(4): 235–243.
2578:
2553:
2520:
2501:(9): 589–601.
2485:
2442:
2423:(4): 274–278.
2406:
2382:10.1186/cc5088
2355:
2334:(1): 290–292.
2314:
2311:on 2012-02-07.
2303:
2278:
2229:
2172:
2143:(1): 223–240.
2123:
2109:10.1086/656788
2082:
2051:
2025:
2018:
2001:
1994:
1963:
1935:
1910:
1869:
1820:
1813:
1790:
1763:(5): 593–600.
1744:
1706:
1685:(4): 229–233.
1665:
1637:
1611:
1585:
1559:
1534:
1505:
1504:
1502:
1499:
1462:
1459:
1435:
1432:
1426:
1423:
1390:Colistin is a
1387:
1384:
1354:nephrotoxicity
1349:
1346:
1345:
1344:
1337:
1330:
1323:
1316:
1307:
1304:
1302:
1301:
1293:
1286:
1279:
1272:
1259:
1252:
1245:
1238:
1233:
1226:
1219:
1212:
1205:
1198:
1190:
1188:
1185:
1073:
1070:
1048:; evidence of
1038:
1037:
1034:
1017:
1014:
1013:
1012:
1009:
1002:
943:
940:
938:
935:
931:quorum sensing
911:
910:
904:
898:
875:
872:
870:
867:
741:
740:
723:
722:
720:
719:
716:
714:
711:
703:
702:
701:
698:
697:
695:
694:
691:
683:
682:
681:
678:
677:
675:
674:
666:
664:
656:
655:
645:
639:
638:
635:
629:
623:
617:
612:
606:
605:
601:
600:
590:
582:
581:
579:
578:
565:
563:
550:
549:
547:
546:
538:
536:
530:
529:
527:
526:
520:as salt:
518:
510:
508:
502:
501:
499:
498:
492:as salt:
490:
482:
480:
474:
473:
471:
470:
462:
460:
454:
453:
451:
450:
442:
440:
434:
433:
431:
430:
422:
420:
409:
408:
406:
405:
399:as salt:
397:
389:
387:
381:
380:
378:
377:
367:
359:
358:
357:
354:
353:
349:
348:
345:
336:
335:
332:
326:
325:
318:
317:
315:
314:
305:
293:
280:
269:
255:
253:
247:
246:
242:
241:
239:
238:
165:
163:
157:
156:
138:
136:administration
130:
129:
127:
126:
123:Colistimethate
108:
106:
100:
99:
92:
86:
85:
78:
68:
67:
64:
58:
57:
53:
52:
44:
43:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
5196:
5185:
5182:
5180:
5177:
5175:
5172:
5170:
5167:
5165:
5162:
5161:
5159:
5149:
5139:
5138:
5135:
5122:
5119:
5117:
5114:
5112:
5111:Spectinomycin
5109:
5107:
5104:
5102:
5099:
5097:
5094:
5092:
5091:Mandelic acid
5089:
5087:
5084:
5082:
5079:
5077:
5074:
5072:
5069:
5067:
5064:
5062:
5059:
5057:
5054:
5053:
5051:
5047:
5041:
5040:Nitrofurazone
5038:
5036:
5033:
5031:
5028:
5026:
5023:
5021:
5018:
5016:
5013:
5012:
5010:
5007:
5003:
4997:
4994:
4992:
4989:
4987:
4984:
4982:
4979:
4977:
4974:
4973:
4971:
4969:
4965:
4959:
4956:
4954:
4951:
4949:
4948:Metronidazole
4946:
4945:
4943:
4940:
4936:
4930:
4927:
4926:
4924:
4921:
4917:
4911:
4908:
4906:
4903:
4902:
4900:
4898:
4894:
4888:
4885:
4883:
4880:
4878:
4875:
4873:
4870:
4868:
4865:
4863:
4860:
4858:
4855:
4853:
4850:
4849:
4847:
4845:
4841:
4840:Glycopeptides
4837:
4832:
4828:
4824:
4817:
4812:
4810:
4805:
4803:
4798:
4797:
4794:
4778:
4776:
4773:
4772:
4770:
4767:
4764:
4761:
4759:
4756:
4755:
4751:
4745:
4742:
4740:
4737:
4735:
4732:
4730:
4727:
4725:
4722:
4720:
4717:
4715:
4712:
4711:
4709:
4705:
4699:
4698:
4694:
4692:
4691:
4687:
4686:
4684:
4680:
4672:
4669:
4667:
4664:
4662:
4659:
4657:
4656:Sulfasalazine
4654:
4653:
4652:
4651:
4647:
4646:
4641:
4638:
4637:
4636:
4634:
4630:
4629:
4624:
4623:Beclometasone
4621:
4619:
4616:
4614:
4611:
4609:
4608:Betamethasone
4606:
4604:
4601:
4599:
4596:
4594:
4591:
4590:
4589:
4587:
4583:
4582:
4580:
4576:
4569:
4565:
4562:
4560:
4557:
4554:
4553:
4550:
4547:
4544:
4540:
4539:Diphenoxylate
4537:
4535:
4530:
4529:
4525:
4522:
4520:
4517:
4515:
4512:
4509:
4505:
4502:
4501:
4499:
4496:
4492:
4488:
4482:
4479:
4477:
4474:
4472:
4469:
4467:
4464:
4462:
4459:
4456:
4452:
4449:
4447:
4444:
4443:
4441:
4439:
4434:
4426:
4423:
4422:
4421:
4420:
4416:
4415:
4410:
4407:
4406:
4405:
4404:
4400:
4399:
4394:
4391:
4390:
4389:
4388:
4384:
4383:
4378:
4375:
4373:
4370:
4369:
4368:
4367:
4363:
4362:
4357:
4354:
4352:
4349:
4347:
4344:
4343:
4342:
4341:
4337:
4336:
4331:
4328:
4326:
4323:
4321:
4318:
4316:
4313:
4311:
4308:
4306:
4303:
4301:
4298:
4296:
4293:
4291:
4288:
4286:
4283:
4281:
4278:
4276:
4273:
4272:
4271:
4270:
4266:
4265:
4263:
4259:
4253:
4250:
4249:
4247:
4243:
4238:
4234:
4230:
4227:
4223:
4216:
4211:
4209:
4204:
4202:
4197:
4196:
4193:
4185:
4181:
4180:
4169:
4164:
4160:
4156:
4151:
4150:
4137:
4130:
4114:
4107:
4099:
4095:
4091:
4087:
4082:
4077:
4073:
4069:
4065:
4058:
4043:
4039:
4035:
4028:
4020:
4016:
4009:
4001:
3997:
3992:
3987:
3983:
3979:
3975:
3971:
3967:
3960:
3952:
3948:
3943:
3938:
3934:
3930:
3926:
3919:
3911:
3907:
3903:
3899:
3895:
3891:
3884:
3876:
3872:
3868:
3864:
3857:
3849:
3845:
3840:
3835:
3831:
3827:
3823:
3816:
3808:
3804:
3799:
3794:
3790:
3786:
3782:
3775:
3767:
3763:
3758:
3753:
3749:
3745:
3741:
3737:
3733:
3729:
3725:
3718:
3710:
3706:
3701:
3696:
3692:
3688:
3684:
3677:
3669:
3665:
3660:
3655:
3651:
3647:
3643:
3636:
3628:
3624:
3620:
3616:
3612:
3608:
3604:
3600:
3592:
3584:
3580:
3576:
3572:
3568:
3564:
3560:
3556:
3549:
3541:
3537:
3533:
3529:
3525:
3521:
3514:
3506:
3502:
3497:
3492:
3488:
3484:
3480:
3473:
3465:
3461:
3457:
3453:
3449:
3445:
3438:
3430:
3426:
3422:
3418:
3414:
3410:
3403:
3395:
3391:
3386:
3381:
3376:
3371:
3367:
3363:
3362:Critical Care
3359:
3352:
3344:
3340:
3335:
3330:
3326:
3322:
3318:
3314:
3310:
3308:
3299:
3297:
3288:
3284:
3279:
3274:
3270:
3266:
3262:
3258:
3254:
3247:
3231:
3227:
3223:
3216:
3214:
3205:
3201:
3196:
3191:
3186:
3181:
3177:
3173:
3169:
3162:
3154:
3150:
3145:
3140:
3136:
3132:
3128:
3124:
3120:
3113:
3105:
3101:
3097:
3093:
3088:
3083:
3079:
3075:
3071:
3064:
3048:
3044:
3040:
3034:
3026:
3022:
3018:
3014:
3009:
3004:
3000:
2996:
2992:
2985:
2977:
2973:
2972:
2967:
2961:
2953:
2947:
2932:
2928:
2924:
2918:
2902:
2898:
2894:
2887:
2872:
2868:
2864:
2857:
2849:
2845:
2841:
2837:
2833:
2829:
2821:
2813:
2809:
2804:
2799:
2794:
2789:
2786:: 2909–2915.
2785:
2781:
2777:
2770:
2762:
2758:
2754:
2748:
2740:
2736:
2731:
2726:
2722:
2718:
2714:
2707:
2699:
2695:
2690:
2685:
2681:
2677:
2673:
2666:
2658:
2654:
2649:
2644:
2640:
2636:
2632:
2625:
2617:
2613:
2609:
2605:
2601:
2597:
2593:
2589:
2582:
2570:
2563:
2557:
2541:
2537:
2533:
2527:
2525:
2516:
2512:
2508:
2504:
2500:
2496:
2489:
2481:
2477:
2473:
2469:
2465:
2461:
2457:
2453:
2446:
2438:
2434:
2430:
2426:
2422:
2418:
2410:
2402:
2398:
2393:
2388:
2383:
2378:
2374:
2370:
2369:Critical Care
2366:
2359:
2351:
2347:
2342:
2337:
2333:
2329:
2325:
2318:
2310:
2306:
2300:
2296:
2292:
2285:
2283:
2274:
2270:
2265:
2260:
2256:
2252:
2248:
2244:
2240:
2233:
2225:
2221:
2216:
2211:
2207:
2203:
2199:
2195:
2191:
2187:
2183:
2176:
2168:
2164:
2160:
2156:
2151:
2146:
2142:
2138:
2134:
2127:
2119:
2115:
2110:
2105:
2101:
2097:
2093:
2086:
2068:
2061:
2055:
2039:
2035:
2029:
2021:
2019:9780857113382
2015:
2011:
2005:
1997:
1995:9789241515528
1991:
1986:
1981:
1977:
1973:
1967:
1958:
1953:
1949:
1945:
1939:
1924:
1920:
1914:
1906:
1902:
1897:
1892:
1889:(49): 30085.
1888:
1884:
1880:
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1847:
1843:
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1824:
1816:
1814:9781437720600
1810:
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1599:
1595:
1589:
1574:. 27 May 2020
1573:
1569:
1563:
1548:
1544:
1538:
1522:
1521:
1520:Health Canada
1516:
1510:
1506:
1494:
1490:
1488:
1484:
1480:
1479:epimerization
1476:
1472:
1468:
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1401:
1397:
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1368:
1366:
1361:
1359:
1358:neurotoxicity
1355:
1343:
1342:
1338:
1336:
1335:
1334:Fusobacterium
1331:
1329:
1328:
1324:
1322:
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1199:
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1057:
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1047:
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1035:
1032:
1031:
1030:
1028:
1024:
1010:
1007:
1003:
1000:
999:
994:
990:
989:ventriculitis
986:
983:
979:
975:
974:
973:Acinetobacter
969:
965:
961:
960:
959:
957:
953:
949:
934:
932:
928:
924:
923:P. aeruginosa
919:
916:
915:P. aeruginosa
908:
905:
902:
899:
896:
893:
892:
891:
889:
885:
881:
866:
864:
863:
862:Paenibacillus
858:
854:
849:
847:
843:
839:
835:
831:
827:
825:
820:
816:
812:
807:
805:
801:
797:
793:
789:
785:
784:
783:Acinetobacter
779:
778:
773:
772:
767:
763:
759:
755:
751:
747:
737:
730:
724:
715:
710:
709:
706:
699:
690:
689:
686:
679:
672:
668:
667:
665:
662:
657:
646:
644:
640:
613:
611:
607:
602:
598:
594:
591:
589:
587:ECHA InfoCard
583:
575:
571:
570:DTXSID1040663
567:
566:
564:
555:
551:
544:
540:
539:
537:
535:
531:
524:
519:
516:
512:
511:
509:
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488:
484:
483:
481:
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448:
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428:
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398:
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382:
374:
370:
366:
365:
362:
355:
350:
346:
344:
337:
333:
331:
327:
323:
319:
313: Rx-only
306:
304:
294:
291:
281:
279:
270:
267:
257:
256:
254:
252:
248:
243:
235:
230:
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205:
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195:
190:
185:
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175:
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167:
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164:
162:
158:
154:
153:intramuscular
150:
146:
142:
139:
137:
131:
124:
119:
110:
109:
107:
105:
101:
97:
93:
91:
87:
83:
79:
77:
73:
69:
65:
63:
59:
56:Clinical data
54:
50:
45:
41:
36:
19:
5184:Decapeptides
5020:Nifuroxazide
5015:Furazolidone
4929:Fusidic acid
4904:
4739:Racecadotril
4695:
4688:
4648:
4633:antiallergic
4631:
4593:Prednisolone
4584:
4568:+simethicone
4555:
4531:
4471:Crospovidone
4419:Oxyquinoline
4417:
4401:
4385:
4372:Nifuroxazide
4364:
4340:Sulfonamides
4338:
4325:Streptomycin
4279:
4267:
4158:
4135:
4129:
4117:. Retrieved
4106:
4071:
4067:
4057:
4046:. Retrieved
4037:
4027:
4018:
4014:
4008:
3973:
3969:
3959:
3932:
3928:
3918:
3893:
3889:
3883:
3869:(1): 59–61.
3866:
3862:
3856:
3829:
3825:
3815:
3788:
3784:
3774:
3734:(1): 11968.
3731:
3727:
3717:
3690:
3686:
3676:
3649:
3645:
3635:
3602:
3598:
3591:
3558:
3554:
3548:
3526:(1): 11–25.
3523:
3519:
3513:
3486:
3482:
3472:
3447:
3443:
3437:
3412:
3408:
3402:
3365:
3361:
3351:
3316:
3312:
3306:
3260:
3256:
3246:
3234:. Retrieved
3225:
3175:
3171:
3161:
3126:
3122:
3112:
3077:
3073:
3063:
3051:. Retrieved
3042:
3033:
2998:
2994:
2984:
2969:
2960:
2946:
2935:. Retrieved
2926:
2917:
2905:. Retrieved
2901:the original
2896:
2886:
2875:. Retrieved
2867:The Atlantic
2866:
2856:
2831:
2827:
2820:
2783:
2779:
2769:
2756:
2747:
2723:(1): 32–36.
2720:
2716:
2706:
2679:
2675:
2665:
2638:
2634:
2624:
2591:
2587:
2581:
2569:the original
2556:
2544:. Retrieved
2540:the original
2535:
2498:
2494:
2488:
2455:
2451:
2445:
2420:
2416:
2409:
2372:
2368:
2358:
2331:
2327:
2317:
2309:the original
2294:
2246:
2242:
2232:
2189:
2185:
2175:
2140:
2136:
2126:
2099:
2095:
2085:
2074:. Retrieved
2054:
2042:. Retrieved
2028:
2009:
2004:
1985:10665/312266
1975:
1966:
1957:10665/325771
1947:
1938:
1926:. Retrieved
1922:
1913:
1886:
1882:
1872:
1837:
1833:
1823:
1803:
1760:
1756:
1735:. Retrieved
1731:
1682:
1678:
1668:
1656:. Retrieved
1649:
1640:
1628:. Retrieved
1623:
1614:
1602:. Retrieved
1597:
1588:
1576:. Retrieved
1571:
1562:
1550:. Retrieved
1546:
1537:
1525:. Retrieved
1518:
1509:
1487:thioesterase
1464:
1461:Biosynthesis
1455:
1451:
1446:
1442:
1439:
1437:
1428:
1419:
1392:polycationic
1389:
1372:bronchospasm
1369:
1362:
1351:
1339:
1332:
1325:
1318:
1311:
1296:
1288:
1281:
1274:
1267:
1261:
1254:
1247:
1240:
1228:
1221:
1216:Edwardsiella
1214:
1207:
1200:
1193:
1180:
1177:Enterobacter
1176:
1170:
1165:
1158:
1154:
1150:
1149:(similar to
1142:
1130:
1128:
1123:
1120:
1115:
1112:
1105:
1099:
1093:
1075:
1065:
1058:
1053:
1049:
1043:
1039:
1019:
996:
981:
977:
971:
963:
955:
945:
922:
914:
912:
906:
900:
894:
883:
879:
877:
869:Medical uses
860:
850:
823:
808:
799:
787:
781:
775:
769:
749:
745:
744:
733:
727:
543:ChEMBL501505
372:
368:
340:Elimination
251:Legal status
245:Legal status
155:, inhalation
104:License data
5101:Nitroxoline
5096:Methenamine
5076:Furaltadone
5025:Nifurtoinol
5008:derivatives
4986:Retapamulin
4941:derivatives
4910:Polymyxin B
4877:Teicoplanin
4867:Oritavancin
4862:Dalbavancin
4765:from market
4671:Balsalazide
4559:Eluxadoline
4526:(paregoric)
4481:Diosmectite
4476:Attapulgite
4453:(including
4436:Intestinal
4315:Polymyxin B
4310:Paromomycin
4285:Fidaxomicin
4269:Antibiotics
4245:Rehydration
1928:11 November
1658:16 November
1630:16 November
1604:16 November
1578:16 November
1552:16 November
1475:adenylation
1396:hydrophilic
1283:Providencia
1081: [
819:anaphylaxis
758:last-resort
750:polymyxin E
654: g·mol
593:100.012.644
352:Identifiers
149:intravenous
90:MedlinePlus
62:Trade names
5158:Categories
5106:Novobiocin
5071:Fosfomycin
5066:Daptomycin
5056:Bacitracin
5006:Nitrofuran
4996:Valnemulin
4958:Tinidazole
4953:Ornidazole
4897:Polymyxins
4887:Vancomycin
4882:Telavancin
4872:Ristocetin
4857:Corbomycin
4825:: others (
4744:Kaopectate
4734:Octreotide
4729:Crofelemer
4666:Olsalazine
4661:Mesalazine
4618:Budesonide
4613:Tixocortol
4603:Prednisone
4564:Loperamide
4438:adsorbents
4393:Miconazole
4366:Nitrofuran
4330:Vancomycin
4226:intestinal
4048:2016-06-06
3178:: e84395.
2937:2016-05-27
2877:2017-01-12
2375:(6): 428.
2076:2014-02-10
1737:6 November
1527:13 January
1501:References
1447:colistinus
1400:lipophilic
1380:salbutamol
1327:Prevotella
1072:Resistance
1046:rifampicin
993:carbapenem
985:meningitis
884:Klebsiella
764:including
754:antibiotic
659:3D model (
643:Molar mass
495:XW0E5YS77G
487:Z67X93HJG1
458:ChemSpider
385:CAS Number
361:IUPAC name
27:Antibiotic
5116:Tedizolid
5086:Linezolid
5081:Lefamulin
5061:Clofoctol
5030:Nifurzide
4981:Lefamulin
4939:Imidazole
4852:Avoparcin
4775:Phase III
4763:Withdrawn
4724:Ceratonia
4549:Difenoxin
4543:+atropine
4409:Acetarsol
4403:Arsenical
4387:Imidazole
4377:Nifurzide
4320:Rifaximin
4295:Natamycin
4290:Kanamycin
3104:246826086
2897:Phenomena
2861:Zhang S.
2192:: 10750.
1923:Drugs.com
1732:Drugs.com
1467:threonine
1313:Aeromonas
1157:positive
838:polymyxin
834:pregnancy
766:pneumonia
402:8068-28-8
394:1066-17-7
342:half-life
134:Routes of
82:Monograph
76:Drugs.com
18:Colomycin
5148:Medicine
5121:Xibornol
4991:Tiamulin
4976:Azamulin
4905:Colistin
4532:crosses
4519:Morphine
4508:laudanum
4446:Charcoal
4305:Nystatin
4300:Neomycin
4280:Colistin
4235:agents (
4119:2 August
4115:. Nature
4098:21679015
4090:15825037
4042:Archived
4038:UpToDate
4000:12709357
3951:15044428
3910:16931410
3875:17323867
3848:16678502
3766:30097635
3709:12228836
3668:10926333
3627:42625124
3619:11098334
3583:38084953
3575:11706322
3540:15620821
3429:14008070
3394:12974973
3343:29511071
3287:25567227
3230:Archived
3204:37094804
3195:10129329
3153:23695834
3096:35164512
3047:Archived
3025:33476061
3017:25697677
2976:Archived
2931:Archived
2871:Archived
2848:26603172
2812:29042767
2761:Archived
2739:11856210
2698:16008625
2616:12205902
2608:12686786
2515:16931410
2480:25679033
2472:17067336
2437:16442632
2401:17214907
2350:15190037
2273:12971377
2224:26892159
2167:44556845
2159:18312276
2118:20942647
2067:Archived
2038:Archived
1974:(2019).
1946:(2019).
1905:26676364
1864:16723551
1785:13158593
1777:18847400
1701:28238870
1624:DailyMed
1443:polymyxa
1440:Bacillus
1403:moieties
1290:Serratia
1195:Brucella
1166:in vitro
1139:lysozyme
1054:in vitro
1050:in vitro
948:cationic
752:, is an
746:Colistin
736:(verify)
438:DrugBank
229:QJ51XB01
219:QJ01XB01
209:QG51AG07
199:QA07AA98
189:QA07AA10
161:ATC code
145:by mouth
118:DailyMed
32:Colistin
4920:Steroid
4514:Codeine
4495:opioids
4451:Bismuth
3807:8146414
3757:6086859
3736:Bibcode
3505:9762785
3464:5448745
3334:5844991
3278:4284305
3226:wsj.com
3144:3663567
3043:cdc.gov
2803:5634377
2657:9598783
2392:1794456
2264:3020604
2215:4762895
2194:Bibcode
1855:1479097
1471:leucine
1434:History
1276:Proteus
1159:E. coli
1116:E. coli
1096:plasmid
1006:colonic
952:anionic
918:biofilm
804:prodrug
790:can be
610:Formula
467:4470591
447:DB00803
427:5311054
413:PubChem
347:5 hours
276::
231: (
221: (
211: (
201: (
191: (
181: (
179:J01XB01
177:)
171: (
169:A07AA10
141:Topical
120::
96:a682860
5134:Portal
4758:WHO-EM
4466:Kaolin
4461:Pectin
4159:Nature
4096:
4088:
3998:
3991:153303
3988:
3949:
3908:
3873:
3846:
3805:
3764:
3754:
3707:
3666:
3625:
3617:
3581:
3573:
3538:
3503:
3462:
3427:
3392:
3385:270720
3382:
3341:
3331:
3285:
3275:
3202:
3192:
3151:
3141:
3102:
3094:
3053:6 July
3023:
3015:
2907:28 May
2846:
2810:
2800:
2737:
2696:
2655:
2614:
2606:
2546:3 June
2513:
2478:
2470:
2435:
2399:
2389:
2348:
2301:
2271:
2261:
2222:
2212:
2165:
2157:
2116:
2044:28 May
2016:
1992:
1903:
1862:
1852:
1811:
1783:
1775:
1699:
1320:Vibrio
1023:Xellia
1016:Dosage
882:, and
685:SMILES
534:ChEMBL
523:D02049
515:D02138
303:℞-only
301:
288:
278:℞-only
264:
116:
4831:D06AX
4094:S2CID
3623:S2CID
3579:S2CID
3236:1 Nov
3172:eLife
3100:S2CID
3021:S2CID
2612:S2CID
2572:(PDF)
2565:(PDF)
2476:S2CID
2163:S2CID
2070:(PDF)
2063:(PDF)
1781:S2CID
1598:(emc)
1572:(emc)
1547:(emc)
1445:var.
1155:mcr-1
1151:mcr-1
1135:LL-37
1124:mcr-9
1101:mcr-1
1085:]
942:Forms
780:, or
705:InChI
661:JSmol
4827:J01X
4231:and
4121:2021
4086:PMID
3996:PMID
3947:PMID
3906:PMID
3871:PMID
3844:PMID
3803:PMID
3762:PMID
3705:PMID
3664:PMID
3615:PMID
3571:PMID
3536:PMID
3501:PMID
3460:PMID
3425:PMID
3390:PMID
3339:PMID
3313:mBio
3283:PMID
3238:2018
3200:PMID
3149:PMID
3123:mBio
3092:PMID
3055:2016
3013:PMID
2909:2016
2844:PMID
2808:PMID
2735:PMID
2694:PMID
2653:PMID
2604:PMID
2548:2017
2511:PMID
2468:PMID
2433:PMID
2397:PMID
2346:PMID
2299:ISBN
2269:PMID
2220:PMID
2155:PMID
2114:PMID
2046:2016
2014:ISBN
1990:ISBN
1930:2019
1901:PMID
1860:PMID
1809:ISBN
1773:PMID
1739:2019
1697:PMID
1660:2020
1632:2020
1606:2020
1580:2020
1554:2020
1529:2022
1398:and
1266:and
1143:pmrB
1137:and
987:and
980:and
927:pili
813:and
652:.455
506:KEGG
478:UNII
324:data
72:AHFS
4534:BBB
4237:A07
4163:doi
4076:doi
3986:PMC
3978:doi
3937:doi
3898:doi
3834:doi
3793:doi
3752:PMC
3744:doi
3695:doi
3654:doi
3607:doi
3563:doi
3528:doi
3491:doi
3452:doi
3417:doi
3413:266
3380:PMC
3370:doi
3329:PMC
3321:doi
3273:PMC
3265:doi
3190:PMC
3180:doi
3139:PMC
3131:doi
3082:doi
3003:doi
2836:doi
2798:PMC
2788:doi
2725:doi
2684:doi
2643:doi
2596:doi
2503:doi
2460:doi
2425:doi
2387:PMC
2377:doi
2336:doi
2259:PMC
2251:doi
2210:PMC
2202:doi
2145:doi
2104:doi
2100:202
1980:hdl
1952:hdl
1891:doi
1850:PMC
1842:doi
1765:doi
1687:doi
650:155
559:EPA
417:CID
290:POM
234:WHO
227:),
224:WHO
217:),
214:WHO
207:),
204:WHO
197:),
194:WHO
187:),
184:WHO
174:WHO
5160::
4829:,
4771::
4224:,
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4092:.
4084:.
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4070:.
4066:.
4036:.
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3994:.
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3972:.
3968:.
3945:.
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3927:.
3904:.
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3842:.
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