267:
who recognized an autosomal dominant transmission pattern with those affected having relatively early onset of cancer (mean age 44 years), greater occurrence of proximal lesions, mostly mucinous or poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, greater number of synchronous and metachronous cancer cells, and good outcome after surgical intervention. The
Amsterdam Criteria were initially used to define Lynch syndrome before the underlying genetic mechanism had been worked out. The Criteria required that the patient has three family members all first-degree relatives with colorectal cancer that involves at least two generations with at least one affected person being younger than 50 years of age when the diagnosis was made. The Amsterdam Criteria is too restrictive and was later expanded to include cancers of endometrial, ovarian, gastric, pancreatic, small intestinal, ureteral, and renal pelvic origin. The increased risk of cancer seen in patients with by the syndrome is associated with dysfunction of DNA repair mechanism. Molecular biologists have linked the syndrome to specific genes such as hMSH2, hMSH1, hMSH6, and hPMS2.
574:. They can be either benign growths or malignant growths. The malignant growths can either have primary or secondary causes. Adenomatous polyps are considered precursors to cancer and cancer becomes invasive once malignant cells cross the muscularis mucosa and invade the cells below. Any cellular changes seen above the lamina propria are considered non-invasive and are labeled atypia or dysplasia. Any invasive carcinoma that has penetrated the muscularis mocos has the potential for lymph node metastasis and local recurrence which will require more aggressive and extensive resection. The Haggitt's criteria is used for classification of polyps containing cancer and is based on the depth of penetration. The Haggitt's criteria has level 0 through level 4, with all invasive carcinoma of sessile polyp variant by definition being classified as level 4.
498:
528:
465:
980:
387:
831:
930:
287:
Peutz, and then again in 1940 by
Jeghers. The syndrome is associated with malfunction of serine-threonine kinase 11 or STK 11 gene, and has a 2–10% increase in risk of developing cancer of the intestinal tract. The syndrome also causes increased risk of extraintestinal cancer such as that involving breast, ovary, cervix, fallopian tubes, thyroid, lung, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, and testicles. The polyps often bleeds and may cause obstruction that would require surgery. Any polyps larger than 1.5 cm needs removal and patients should be monitored closely and screen every two years for malignancy.
907:
865:
316:
957:
71:
884:
843:
242:(FAP) is a form of hereditary cancer syndrome involving the APC gene located on chromosome q521. The syndrome was first described in 1863 by Virchow on a 15-year-old boy with multiple polyps in his colon. The syndrome involves development of multiple polyps at an early age and those left untreated will all eventually develop cancer. The gene is expressed 100% in those with the mutation and it is autosomal dominant. 10–20% of patients have negative family history and acquire the syndrome from spontaneous
819:
803:
413:
439:
1122:(EMR), which involves injection of fluid underneath the lesion to lift it and thus facilitate endoscopic resection. Saline water may be used to generate lift, though some injectable solutions such as SIC 8000 may be more effective. Minimally invasive surgery is indicated for polyps that are too large or in unfavorable locations, such as the appendix, that cannot be removed endoscopically. These techniques may be employed as an alternative to the more invasive
307:
malfunction of SMAD4 a tumor suppression gene that is seen in 50% of cases. Individuals with multiple juvenile polyps have at least 10% chance of developing malignancy and should undergo abdominal colectomy with ileorectal anastomosis, and close monitoring via endoscopy of rectum. For individuals with few juvenile polyps, patients should undergo endoscopic polypectomy.
43:
639:
The villous subdivision is associated with the highest malignant potential because they generally have the largest surface area. (This is because the villi are projections into the lumen and hence have a bigger surface area.) However, villous adenomas are no more likely than tubular or tubulovillous
286:
is an autosomal dominant syndrome that presents with hamartomatous polyps, which are disorganized growth of tissues of the intestinal tract, and hyperpigmentation of the interlining of the mouth, lips and fingers. The syndrome was first noted in 1896 by
Hutchinson, and later separately described by
266:
is a hereditary colorectal cancer syndrome. It is the most common hereditary form of colorectal cancer in the United States and accounts for about 3% of all cases of cancer. It was first recognized by Alder S. Warthin in 1885 at the
University of Michigan. It was later further studied by Henry Lynch
661:
is associated with polyps of the GI tract and also increased pigmentation around the lips, genitalia, buccal mucosa feet and hands. People are often diagnosed with Peutz–Jegher after presenting at around the age of nine with an intussusception. The polyps themselves carry little malignant potential
648:
Hamartomatous polyps are tumours, like growths found in organs as a result of faulty development. They are normally made up of a mixture of tissues. They contain mucus-filled glands, with retention cysts, abundant connective tissue, and chronic cellular infiltration of eosinophils. They grow at the
635:
As is evident from their name, sessile serrated and traditional serrated adenomas (TSAs) have a serrated appearance and can be difficult to distinguish microscopically from hyperplastic polyps. Making this distinction is important, however, since SSAs and TSAs have the potential to become cancers,
164:
Polyps are either pedunculated (attached to the intestinal wall by a stalk) or sessile (grow directly from the wall). In addition to the gross appearance categorization, they are further divided by their histologic appearance as tubular adenoma which are tubular glands, villous adenoma which are
143:
can also present due to chronic blood loss, even in the absence of bloody stools. Another symptom may be an increased mucus production especially those involving villous adenomas. Copious production of mucus causes loss of potassium that can occasionally result in symptomatic hypokalemia.
306:
is an autosomal dominant syndrome characterized by increased risk of cancer of intestinal tract and extraintestinal cancer. It often presents with bleeding and obstruction of the intestinal tract along with low serum albumin due to protein loss in the intestine. The syndrome is linked to
246:. The average age of newly diagnosed patient is 29 and the average age of newly discovered colorectal cancer is 39. It is recommended that those affected undergo colorectal cancer screening at younger age with treatment and prevention are surgical with removal of affected tissues.
706:
Diet and lifestyle are believed to play a large role in whether colorectal polyps form. Studies show there to be a protective link between consumption of cooked green vegetables, brown rice, legumes, and dried fruit and decreased incidence of colorectal polyps.
517:
In carcinoma in situ (Tis): cancer cells invading into the lamina propria, and may involve but not penetrate the muscularis mucosae. Can be classified as "high-grade dysplasia", because prognosis and management are essentially the
2089:
Luis
Bujanda Fernández de Piérola, Joaquin Cubiella Fernández, Fernando Múgica Aguinaga, Lander Hijona Muruamendiaraz and Carol Julyssa Cobián Malaver (2013). "Malignant Colorectal Polyps: Diagnosis, Treatment and Prognosis".
929:
1881:
2369:
376:
Mucin-rich type: Serrated ("saw tooth") appearance, containing glands with star-shaped lumina. Crypts that are elongated but straight, narrow and hyperchromatic at the base. All crypts reach to the muscularis
956:
2258:
2282:
Gupta, Samir; Lieberman, David; Anderson, Joseph C.; Burke, Carol A.; Dominitz, Jason A.; Kaltenbach, Tonya; Robertson, Douglas J.; Shaukat, Aasma; Syngal, Sapna; Rex, Douglas K. (2020).
842:
2088:
906:
864:
1656:
682:, or any number of juvenile polyps in any person with a family history of juvenile polyposis. People with juvenile polyposis have an increased risk of colon cancer.
380:
Goblet cell-rich type: Elongated, fat crypts and little to no serration. Filled with goblet cells, extending to surface, which commonly has a tufted appearance.
670:
are hamartomatous polyps that often become evident before twenty years of age, but can also be seen in adults. They are usually solitary polyps found in the
2459:
1625:
1445:
Valle L, de Voer RM, Goldberg Y, Sjursen W, Försti A, Ruiz-Ponte C, Caldés T, Garré P, Olsen MF, Nordling M, Castellvi-Bel S, Hemminmki K (October 2019).
2265:
979:
2123:
830:
1676:
2284:"Recommendations for Follow-Up After Colonoscopy and Polypectomy: A Consensus Update by the US Multi-Society Task Force on Colorectal Cancer"
883:
2690:
632:(SSA). A large majority (65–80%) are of the benign tubular type with 10–25% being tubulovillous, and villous being the most rare at 5–10%.
2566:
653:. Hamartomatous polyps are often found by chance; occurring in syndromes such as Peutz–Jegher syndrome or Juvenile polyposis syndrome.
609:
are often benign hence called adenomas. An adenoma is a tumor of glandular tissue, that has not (yet) gained the properties of cancer.
2715:
261:
255:
183:
2452:
2940:
581:
Level 1: Cancer penetrates through the muscularis mucosa and invades the submucosa below but is limited to the head of the polyp.
818:
802:
2800:
558:. They have no malignant potential, which means that they are no more likely than normal tissue to eventually become a cancer.
548:
649:
normal rate of the host tissue and rarely cause problems such as compression. A common example of a hamartomatous lesion is a
590:
Level 4: Cancer invades through the submucosa below the stalk of the polyp but above the muscularis propria of the bowel wall.
1921:
1893:
1716:
1404:
678:
is characterised by the presence of more than five polyps in the colon or rectum, or numerous juvenile polyps throughout the
2485:
3010:
2989:
2945:
2445:
2140:"Narrow-band imaging observation of colorectal lesions using NICE classification to avoid discarding significant lesions"
1569:
Mahmoud, Najjia N.; Bleier, Joshua I.S.; Aarons, Cary B.; Paulson, E. Carter; Shanmugan, Skandan; Fry, Robert D. (2017).
103:
Colorectal polyps are often classified by their behaviour (i.e. benign vs. malignant) or cause (e.g. as a consequence of
2552:
2107:
1578:
1374:
1339:
2848:
1822:"Serrated polyps of the large intestine: Current understanding of diagnosis, pathogenesis, and clinical management"
497:
50:
Polyp of sigmoid colon as revealed by colonoscopy. Approximately 1 cm in diameter. The polyp was removed by
527:
2950:
2753:
2710:
2681:
1633:
238:
232:
177:
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17:
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2653:
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1119:
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675:
302:
296:
193:
1600:
2935:
2676:
2657:
2530:
916:
732:
657:
282:
276:
188:
104:
1988:"Foods and Food Groups Associated with the Incidence of Colorectal Polyps: The Adventist Health Study"
464:
2843:
2772:
2468:
505:
1680:
1420:
70:
3025:
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3015:
2795:
2649:
2385:
1986:
Tantamango, Yessenia M; Knutsen, Synnove F; Beeson, W Lawrence; Fraser, Gary; Sabate, Joan (2011).
1299:
893:
629:
571:
472:
165:
long finger like projections on the surface, and tubulovillous adenoma which has features of both.
2984:
2733:
2502:
386:
521:
Invasive adenocarcinoma: Extending through the muscularis mucosae into the submucosa and beyond.
2825:
2613:
2575:
1912:
Stoler, Mark A.; Mills, Stacey E.; Carter, Darryl; Joel K. Greenson; Reuter, Victor E. (2009).
679:
2414:
1364:
1261:
119:
Colorectal polyps are not usually associated with symptoms. When they occur, symptoms include
2685:
1911:
1110:
it to prevent bleeding. Many "defiant" polyps—large, flat, and otherwise laterally spreading
621:
420:
1801:
2830:
315:
662:
but because of potential coexisting adenomas there is a 15% chance of colonic malignancy.
8:
2342:
2231:
2042:"Polyp Size Measurement at CT Colonography: What Do We Know and What Do We Need to Know?"
1000:
728:
716:
2890:
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2012:
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365:
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2017:
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856:
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650:
243:
145:
97:
59:
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2547:
2535:
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2239:
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2151:
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2007:
1999:
1958:
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85:
64:
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2003:
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551:
446:
394:
140:
108:
89:
1820:
Rosty, C; Hewett, D. G.; Brown, I. S.; Leggett, B. A.; Whitehall, V. L. (2013).
2914:
2877:
2807:
2705:
2645:
2588:
2517:
2507:
969:. These polyps are considered to have a high risk of malignant transformation.
412:
120:
2378:
2299:
1954:
1837:
1463:
1446:
946:
epithelium (dark purple) on left of image; normal epithelium (blue) on right.
3004:
2858:
2540:
2437:
2307:
1768:
1726:
1349:
1135:
1103:
720:
249:
51:
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1972:
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1482:
970:
947:
920:
897:
809:
736:
587:
Level 3: Cancer invades through with involvement of any parts of the stalk.
173:
Hereditary syndromes causing increased colorectal polyp formation include:
124:
123:; changes in frequency or consistency of stools (such as a week or more of
2207:
2190:
1760:
1260:
Phillips, Michael M.; Zieve, David; Conaway, Brenda (September 25, 2019).
690:
These are polyps that are associated with inflammatory conditions such as
2885:
2838:
2781:
2725:
2409:
1269:
1099:
1031:
Browner or darkly browner than background, sometimes patchy whiter areas
996:
740:
724:
2361:
2243:
1230:"Colon Polyps: Symptoms, Causes, Cancer Risk, Treatment, and Prevention"
2971:
1473:
962:
935:
912:
889:
870:
488:
Crypts that run horizontal to the basement membrane (horizontal crypts)
1056:
Oval, tubular or branched white structures surrounded by brown vessels
584:
Level 2: Cancer invades through with involvement of the neck of polyp.
107:). They may be benign (e.g. hyperplastic polyp), pre-malignant (e.g.
2867:
2790:
2608:
2420:
1447:"Update on genetic predisposition to colorectal cancer and polyposis"
1123:
1115:
1107:
943:
852:
751:
319:
Incidences and malignancy risks of various types of colorectal polyps
1745:"Colorectal Cancer: Epidemiology, Risk Factors, and Health Services"
2930:
2346:
1111:
567:
153:
128:
2099:
1363:
Classen, Meinhard; Tytgat, G.N.J.; Lightdale, Charles J. (2002).
789:
Normally an adenoma that is greater than 0.5 cm is treated.
578:
Level 0: Cancer does not penetrate through the muscularis mucosa.
132:
1399:(19th ed.). Philadelphia, Pennsylvania: Elsevier Saunders.
2373:
1330:
Quick CR, Reed JB, Harper SJ, Saeb-Parsy K, Burkitt HG (2014).
671:
555:
149:
136:
93:
2092:
Colonoscopy and
Colorectal Cancer Screening: Future Directions
640:
adenomas to become cancerous if their sizes are all the same.
1985:
1393:
Townsend CM, Beauchamp RD, Evers BM, Mattox KL, eds. (2015).
606:
220:
216:
212:
200:
1392:
2927:
2281:
1444:
855:
specimen containing two colorectal polyps and one invasive
208:
204:
199:
Several genes have been associated with polyposis, such as
42:
1568:
250:
Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer (Lynch
Syndrome)
1743:
Amersi, Farin; Agustin, Michelle; Ko, Clifford Y (2005).
1329:
1039:
None, or isolated lacy vessels coursing across the lesion
2256:
323:
Colorectal polyps can broadly be classified as follows:
2259:"How I do it: Removing large or sessile colonic polyps"
1819:
1106:
using a wire loop that cuts the stalk of the polyp and
877:, the most common type of dysplastic polyp in the colon
1362:
1184:
Adenoma with tubulovillous or villous histology and/or
1916:. Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
1888:(8th ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Saunders/Elsevier.
1711:. Lyon: International Agency for Research on Cancer.
1709:
WHO classification of tumours of the digestive system
1332:
Essential
Surgery: Problems, Diagnosis and Management
2351:
1738:
1736:
1692:
Original posting/last update : 1/31/10, 1/19/14
1306:. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research
1259:
1138:
guidelines, the following follow-up is recommended:
2195:
The
Journal of the American Osteopathic Association
2275:
1053:Homogenous, or dark or white spots of uniform size
674:which most commonly present with rectal bleeding.
144:Occasionally, if a polyp is big enough to cause a
2232:"Laparoscopic Cecal Wedge Resection Appendectomy"
1875:
1873:
1871:
1869:
1867:
1865:
1733:
1668:
824:Microvesicular hyperplastic polyp. H&E stain.
226:
111:) or malignant (e.g. colorectal adenocarcinoma).
3002:
2035:
2033:
2031:
1742:
999:, colorectal polyps can be classified by NICE (
96:. Untreated colorectal polyps can develop into
88:(fleshy growth) occurring on the lining of the
2467:
1886:Robbins and Cotran pathologic basis of disease
1862:
1623:
290:
2453:
2257:Saunders B, Ginsberg GG, Bjorkman DJ (2008).
2122:: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (
2028:
1979:
1930:
1907:
1905:
1799:
1654:
1626:"Hyperplastic Polyp of the Colon and Rectum"
985:Paris classification of colorectal neoplasms
836:Traditional serrated adenoma. H&E stain.
2144:World Journal of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
2131:
1619:
1617:
1615:
1598:
1594:
1592:
1590:
408:Over 75% of volume has tubular appearance.
2460:
2446:
2229:
1674:
1042:Brown vessels surrounding white structures
715:Colorectal polyps can be detected using a
547:Most hyperplastic polyps are found in the
69:
41:
2716:Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
2315:
2206:
2188:
2165:
2155:
2065:
2011:
1962:
1936:
1914:Sternberg's Diagnostic Surgical Pathology
1902:
1845:
1793:
1776:
1472:
1462:
1255:
1253:
1251:
766:Tubulovillous adenoma: 20% risk of cancer
570:is a tissue whose cells have lost normal
270:
262:Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
256:Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
184:Hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer
2128:Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 License
1612:
1587:
1438:
1147:Recommended time until next colonoscopy
314:
2941:Intraductal papillary mucinous neoplasm
2137:
2039:
746:Malignant potential is associated with
330:neoplastic (adenomatous and malignant),
14:
3003:
2189:Hoff, RT; Lakha, A (1 February 2020).
1706:
1702:
1700:
1698:
1630:Stanford University School of Medicine
1609:This topic last updated: Dec 10, 2018.
1294:
1292:
1290:
1288:
1286:
1248:
1227:
1178:5–10 tubular adenomas <10 mm and/or
1003:International Colorectal Endoscopic):
990:
643:
2441:
1937:Calva, Daniel; Howe, James R (2008).
1879:
1564:
1562:
1560:
1558:
1556:
1554:
1552:
1550:
1548:
1546:
1544:
1542:
1540:
1538:
1536:
1534:
1532:
1530:
1528:
1526:
1524:
1522:
1520:
1518:
1516:
1514:
1512:
1221:
1197:>10 adenomas on single examination
1045:Area of disrupted or missing vessels
685:
536:
264:(HNPCC, also known as Lynch syndrome)
114:
1510:
1508:
1506:
1504:
1502:
1500:
1498:
1496:
1494:
1492:
1425:The Lecturio Medical Concept Library
1388:
1386:
1325:
1323:
1321:
1205:Piecemeal resection of adenoma 20 mm
1059:Amorphous or absent surface pattern
777:<1 cm =<1% risk of cancer
2990:Desmoplastic small round cell tumor
1939:"Hamartomatous Polyposis Syndromes"
1749:Clinics in Colon and Rectal Surgery
1695:
1665:Last full review/revision June 2019
1409:– via Google Books (Preview).
1396:Sabiston Textbook of Surgery E-Book
1283:
808:Microvesicular hyperplastic polyp.
769:Villous adenoma: 40% risk of cancer
561:
340:
24:
2691:Polymerase proofreading-associated
763:Tubular adenoma: 5% risk of cancer
636:while hyperplastic polyps do not.
612:The common adenomas of the colon (
354:Risk of containing malignant cells
25:
3037:
2553:Hereditary diffuse gastric cancer
2336:
1943:Surgical Clinics of North America
1800:Alnoor Ramji (22 December 2022).
1677:"Adenoma of the Colon and Rectum"
1489:
1383:
1356:
1318:
1228:Marks, Jay W.; Anand, Bhupinder.
1187:Adenoma with high-grade dysplasia
1084:Mucosal or submucosal polypectomy
919:– a type of hamartomatous polyp.
2849:Nodular regenerative hyperplasia
1657:"Polyps of the Colon and Rectum"
1421:"Familial Adenomatous Polyposis"
1073:Deep submucosal invasive cancer
978:
955:
928:
905:
882:
863:
841:
829:
817:
801:
783:>2 cm=50% risk of cancer
526:
496:
463:
437:
411:
385:
2250:
2223:
2182:
2082:
1813:
1648:
1098:Polyps can be removed during a
1025:Same or lighter than background
1005:
2951:Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm
2754:Gastrointestinal stromal tumor
2711:Familial adenomatous polyposis
2264:. Munich: OMED. Archived from
2191:"Rectal Tubulovillous Adenoma"
1413:
1168:3–4 tubular adenomas <10 mm
1160:1–2 tubular adenomas <10 mm
780:1–2 cm=10% risk of cancer
239:Familial adenomatous polyposis
233:Familial adenomatous polyposis
227:Familial adenomatous polyposis
178:Familial adenomatous polyposis
13:
1:
2759:Krukenberg tumor (metastatic)
1624:Robert V Rouse (2010-01-31).
1451:Molecular Aspects of Medicine
1366:Gastroenterological Endoscopy
1214:
701:
2980:Primary peritoneal carcinoma
2654:traditional serrated adenoma
2004:10.1080/01635581.2011.551988
1571:Sabiston Textbook of Surgery
1144:Baseline colonoscopy finding
1129:
1120:endoscopic mucosal resection
1093:
710:
482:Basal dilation of the crypts
405:Low to high grade dysplasia
159:
7:
2920:Pancreatic ductal carcinoma
1826:Journal of Gastroenterology
1802:"Villous Adenoma Follow-up"
1573:(20th ed.). Elsevier.
917:Peutz–Jeghers colonic polyp
676:Juvenile polyposis syndrome
594:
303:Juvenile polyposis syndrome
297:Juvenile polyposis syndrome
291:Juvenile polyposis syndrome
194:Juvenile polyposis syndrome
168:
10:
3042:
3011:Digestive system neoplasia
2936:Serous microcystic adenoma
2531:Signet ring cell carcinoma
2469:Digestive system neoplasia
2288:Gastrointestinal Endoscopy
2040:Summers, Ronald M (2010).
1601:"Overview of colon polyps"
792:
733:digital rectal examination
598:
540:
294:
274:
253:
230:
135:arising from blood loss.
105:inflammatory bowel disease
27:Growth found in bowel wall
2970:
2899:
2857:
2844:Focal nodular hyperplasia
2780:
2771:
2746:
2724:
2622:
2599:
2574:
2565:
2516:
2493:
2484:
2475:
2400:
2355:
2300:10.1016/j.gie.2020.01.014
1955:10.1016/j.suc.2008.05.002
1838:10.1007/s00535-012-0720-y
1464:10.1016/j.mam.2019.03.001
605:Neoplastic polyps of the
514:
506:Colorectal adenocarcinoma
479:
404:
372:
356:
156:and severe constipation.
58:
49:
40:
35:
2946:Mucinous cystic neoplasm
2796:Hepatocellular carcinoma
2650:sessile serrated adenoma
894:sessile serrated adenoma
473:Sessile serrated adenoma
310:
2985:Peritoneal mesothelioma
2734:Squamous cell carcinoma
2503:Squamous cell carcinoma
2230:Fisichella, M. (2016).
2157:10.4253/wjge.v6.i12.600
2138:Hattori, Santa (2014).
2058:10.1148/radiol.10090877
1369:. Thieme. p. 303.
1334:. Edinburgh: Elsevier.
1028:Browner than background
2826:Hepatocellular adenoma
2614:Pseudomyxoma peritonei
1707:Bosman, F. T. (2010).
1118:by a technique called
1064:Most likely pathology
680:gastrointestinal tract
658:Peutz–Jeghers syndrome
320:
283:Peutz–Jeghers syndrome
277:Peutz–Jeghers syndrome
271:Peutz–Jeghers syndrome
189:Peutz–Jeghers syndrome
2208:10.7556/jaoa.2020.024
1880:Kumar, Vinay (2010).
1810:Updated: Oct 24, 2016
1761:10.1055/s-2005-916274
1645:Last updated 6/2/2015
485:Basal crypt serration
421:Tubulovillous adenoma
318:
2831:Cavernous hemangioma
2682:Familial adenomatous
2669:Polyposis syndromes:
1992:Nutrition and Cancer
1266:Medical Encyclopedia
1181:Adenoma 10 mm and/or
857:colorectal carcinoma
756:Type of polyp (e.g.
1949:(4): 779–817, vii.
1457:. Elsevier: 10–26.
1262:"Colorectal polyps"
1234:Colon polyps center
1087:Surgical operation
1001:Narrow-band imaging
991:NICE classification
729:virtual colonoscopy
717:faecal occult blood
644:Hamartomatous polyp
347:
2891:Gallbladder cancer
2873:Cholangiocarcinoma
2813:Liver angiosarcoma
2747:Upper and/or lower
2696:Serrated polyposis
2401:External resources
1655:Minhhuyen Nguyen.
692:ulcerative colitis
686:Inflammatory polyp
614:colorectal adenoma
601:Colorectal adenoma
543:Hyperplastic polyp
537:Hyperplastic polyp
366:Hyperplastic polyp
346:Colorectal polyps
345:
333:hamartomatous and,
321:
115:Signs and symptoms
2998:
2997:
2966:
2965:
2958:Pancreatoblastoma
2910:exocrine pancreas
2767:
2766:
2742:
2741:
2561:
2560:
2526:Gastric carcinoma
2435:
2434:
2294:(3): 463–485.e5.
2244:10.24296/jomi/207
1923:978-0-7817-7942-5
1895:978-1-4160-3121-5
1718:978-92-832-2432-7
1599:Finlay A Macrae.
1406:978-1-4377-1560-6
1212:
1211:
1091:
1090:
651:strawberry naevus
534:
533:
460:Over 75% villous
244:germline mutation
146:bowel obstruction
98:colorectal cancer
78:
77:
30:Medical condition
16:(Redirected from
3033:
2778:
2777:
2677:MUTYH-associated
2662:Cronkhite–Canada
2633:Colorectal polyp
2572:
2571:
2548:Linitis plastica
2536:Gastric lymphoma
2491:
2490:
2482:
2481:
2462:
2455:
2448:
2439:
2438:
2353:
2352:
2330:
2329:
2319:
2279:
2273:
2272:
2270:
2263:
2254:
2248:
2247:
2227:
2221:
2220:
2210:
2186:
2180:
2179:
2169:
2159:
2135:
2129:
2127:
2121:
2113:
2086:
2080:
2079:
2069:
2037:
2026:
2025:
2015:
1983:
1977:
1976:
1966:
1934:
1928:
1927:
1909:
1900:
1899:
1877:
1860:
1859:
1849:
1817:
1811:
1809:
1797:
1791:
1790:
1780:
1740:
1731:
1730:
1704:
1693:
1691:
1689:
1688:
1679:. Archived from
1675:Robert V Rouse.
1672:
1666:
1664:
1652:
1646:
1644:
1642:
1641:
1632:. Archived from
1621:
1610:
1608:
1596:
1585:
1584:
1566:
1487:
1486:
1476:
1466:
1442:
1436:
1435:
1433:
1431:
1417:
1411:
1410:
1390:
1381:
1380:
1360:
1354:
1353:
1327:
1316:
1315:
1313:
1311:
1296:
1281:
1280:
1278:
1276:
1257:
1246:
1245:
1243:
1241:
1225:
1141:
1140:
1114:—may be removed
1050:Surface Pattern
1006:
982:
959:
932:
909:
886:
867:
851:appearance of a
845:
833:
821:
805:
630:sessile serrated
562:Neoplastic polyp
530:
500:
491:Crypt branching.
467:
441:
415:
389:
348:
344:
341:Comparison table
82:colorectal polyp
74:
73:
65:Gastroenterology
45:
33:
32:
21:
3041:
3040:
3036:
3035:
3034:
3032:
3031:
3030:
3026:Rectal diseases
3021:Large intestine
3016:Gross pathology
3001:
3000:
2999:
2994:
2962:
2895:
2853:
2763:
2738:
2720:
2618:
2595:
2584:Duodenal cancer
2576:Small intestine
2557:
2512:
2471:
2466:
2436:
2431:
2430:
2396:
2395:
2364:
2343:Villous Adenoma
2339:
2334:
2333:
2280:
2276:
2268:
2261:
2255:
2251:
2228:
2224:
2187:
2183:
2150:(12): 600–605.
2136:
2132:
2115:
2114:
2110:
2087:
2083:
2038:
2029:
1984:
1980:
1935:
1931:
1924:
1910:
1903:
1896:
1878:
1863:
1818:
1814:
1798:
1794:
1741:
1734:
1719:
1705:
1696:
1686:
1684:
1673:
1669:
1653:
1649:
1639:
1637:
1622:
1613:
1597:
1588:
1581:
1567:
1490:
1443:
1439:
1429:
1427:
1419:
1418:
1414:
1407:
1391:
1384:
1377:
1361:
1357:
1342:
1328:
1319:
1309:
1307:
1298:
1297:
1284:
1274:
1272:
1258:
1249:
1239:
1237:
1226:
1222:
1217:
1132:
1096:
993:
986:
983:
974:
967:villous adenoma
960:
951:
940:tubular adenoma
933:
924:
910:
901:
887:
878:
875:tubular adenoma
868:
859:
846:
837:
834:
825:
822:
813:
806:
795:
774:Size of polyp:
758:villous adenoma
719:test, flexible
713:
704:
696:Crohn's disease
688:
667:Juvenile polyps
646:
603:
597:
572:differentiation
564:
545:
539:
447:Villous adenoma
434:25–75% villous
402:at 1.5 cm
395:Tubular adenoma
343:
313:
299:
293:
279:
273:
258:
252:
235:
229:
171:
162:
148:, there may be
141:iron deficiency
117:
109:tubular adenoma
68:
31:
28:
23:
22:
15:
12:
11:
5:
3039:
3029:
3028:
3023:
3018:
3013:
2996:
2995:
2993:
2992:
2987:
2982:
2976:
2974:
2968:
2967:
2964:
2963:
2961:
2960:
2954:
2953:
2948:
2943:
2938:
2923:
2922:
2917:
2915:Adenocarcinoma
2905:
2903:
2897:
2896:
2894:
2893:
2881:
2880:
2878:Klatskin tumor
2875:
2863:
2861:
2855:
2854:
2852:
2851:
2846:
2834:
2833:
2828:
2816:
2815:
2810:
2808:Hepatoblastoma
2805:
2804:
2803:
2786:
2784:
2775:
2769:
2768:
2765:
2764:
2762:
2761:
2756:
2750:
2748:
2744:
2743:
2740:
2739:
2737:
2736:
2730:
2728:
2722:
2721:
2719:
2718:
2713:
2708:
2706:Adenocarcinoma
2699:
2698:
2693:
2688:
2679:
2674:
2665:
2664:
2628:
2626:
2620:
2619:
2617:
2616:
2611:
2605:
2603:
2597:
2596:
2594:
2593:
2592:
2591:
2589:Adenocarcinoma
2580:
2578:
2569:
2563:
2562:
2559:
2558:
2556:
2555:
2550:
2545:
2544:
2543:
2533:
2528:
2522:
2520:
2514:
2513:
2511:
2510:
2508:Adenocarcinoma
2505:
2499:
2497:
2488:
2479:
2473:
2472:
2465:
2464:
2457:
2450:
2442:
2433:
2432:
2429:
2428:
2417:
2405:
2404:
2402:
2398:
2397:
2394:
2393:
2382:
2365:
2360:
2359:
2357:
2356:Classification
2350:
2349:
2338:
2337:External links
2335:
2332:
2331:
2274:
2271:on 2008-04-11.
2249:
2222:
2181:
2130:
2108:
2081:
2027:
1978:
1929:
1922:
1901:
1894:
1861:
1832:(3): 287–302.
1812:
1792:
1755:(3): 133–140.
1732:
1717:
1694:
1667:
1647:
1611:
1586:
1579:
1488:
1437:
1412:
1405:
1382:
1375:
1355:
1340:
1317:
1300:"Colon polyps"
1282:
1247:
1219:
1218:
1216:
1213:
1210:
1209:
1206:
1202:
1201:
1198:
1194:
1193:
1190:
1189:
1188:
1185:
1182:
1179:
1173:
1172:
1169:
1165:
1164:
1161:
1157:
1156:
1153:
1149:
1148:
1145:
1131:
1128:
1116:endoscopically
1095:
1092:
1089:
1088:
1085:
1082:
1079:
1075:
1074:
1071:
1068:
1065:
1061:
1060:
1057:
1054:
1051:
1047:
1046:
1043:
1040:
1037:
1033:
1032:
1029:
1026:
1023:
1019:
1018:
1015:
1012:
1009:
992:
989:
988:
987:
984:
977:
975:
961:
954:
952:
934:
927:
925:
911:
904:
902:
888:
881:
879:
869:
862:
860:
847:
840:
838:
835:
828:
826:
823:
816:
814:
807:
800:
794:
791:
787:
786:
785:
784:
781:
778:
772:
771:
770:
767:
764:
754:
712:
709:
703:
700:
687:
684:
645:
642:
599:Main article:
596:
593:
592:
591:
588:
585:
582:
579:
563:
560:
541:Main article:
538:
535:
532:
531:
524:
523:
522:
519:
513:
508:
502:
501:
494:
493:
492:
489:
486:
483:
478:
476:
469:
468:
461:
458:
449:
443:
442:
435:
432:
423:
417:
416:
409:
406:
403:
397:
391:
390:
383:
382:
381:
378:
373:No dysplasia.
371:
368:
362:
361:
358:
357:Histopathology
355:
352:
342:
339:
338:
337:
334:
331:
328:
312:
309:
295:Main article:
292:
289:
275:Main article:
272:
269:
254:Main article:
251:
248:
231:Main article:
228:
225:
197:
196:
191:
186:
181:
170:
167:
161:
158:
116:
113:
76:
75:
62:
56:
55:
47:
46:
38:
37:
29:
26:
9:
6:
4:
3:
2:
3038:
3027:
3024:
3022:
3019:
3017:
3014:
3012:
3009:
3008:
3006:
2991:
2988:
2986:
2983:
2981:
2978:
2977:
2975:
2973:
2969:
2959:
2956:
2955:
2952:
2949:
2947:
2944:
2942:
2939:
2937:
2933:
2932:
2929:
2925:
2924:
2921:
2918:
2916:
2913:
2911:
2907:
2906:
2904:
2902:
2898:
2892:
2889:
2887:
2883:
2882:
2879:
2876:
2874:
2871:
2869:
2865:
2864:
2862:
2860:
2859:Biliary tract
2856:
2850:
2847:
2845:
2842:
2840:
2836:
2835:
2832:
2829:
2827:
2824:
2822:
2818:
2817:
2814:
2811:
2809:
2806:
2802:
2801:Fibrolamellar
2799:
2798:
2797:
2794:
2792:
2788:
2787:
2785:
2783:
2779:
2776:
2774:
2770:
2760:
2757:
2755:
2752:
2751:
2749:
2745:
2735:
2732:
2731:
2729:
2727:
2723:
2717:
2714:
2712:
2709:
2707:
2704:
2701:
2700:
2697:
2694:
2692:
2689:
2687:
2683:
2680:
2678:
2675:
2673:
2670:
2667:
2666:
2663:
2659:
2658:Peutz–Jeghers
2655:
2651:
2647:
2643:
2639:
2636:
2634:
2630:
2629:
2627:
2625:
2621:
2615:
2612:
2610:
2607:
2606:
2604:
2602:
2598:
2590:
2587:
2586:
2585:
2582:
2581:
2579:
2577:
2573:
2570:
2568:
2564:
2554:
2551:
2549:
2546:
2542:
2541:MALT lymphoma
2539:
2538:
2537:
2534:
2532:
2529:
2527:
2524:
2523:
2521:
2519:
2515:
2509:
2506:
2504:
2501:
2500:
2498:
2496:
2492:
2489:
2487:
2483:
2480:
2478:
2474:
2470:
2463:
2458:
2456:
2451:
2449:
2444:
2443:
2440:
2427:
2423:
2422:
2418:
2416:
2412:
2411:
2407:
2406:
2403:
2399:
2392:
2388:
2387:
2383:
2381:& various
2380:
2376:
2375:
2371:
2367:
2366:
2363:
2358:
2354:
2348:
2344:
2341:
2340:
2327:
2323:
2318:
2313:
2309:
2305:
2301:
2297:
2293:
2289:
2285:
2278:
2267:
2260:
2253:
2245:
2241:
2237:
2233:
2226:
2218:
2214:
2209:
2204:
2200:
2196:
2192:
2185:
2177:
2173:
2168:
2163:
2158:
2153:
2149:
2145:
2141:
2134:
2125:
2119:
2111:
2109:9789535109495
2105:
2101:
2100:10.5772/52697
2097:
2093:
2085:
2077:
2073:
2068:
2063:
2059:
2055:
2052:(3): 707–20.
2051:
2047:
2043:
2036:
2034:
2032:
2023:
2019:
2014:
2009:
2005:
2001:
1998:(4): 565–72.
1997:
1993:
1989:
1982:
1974:
1970:
1965:
1960:
1956:
1952:
1948:
1944:
1940:
1933:
1925:
1919:
1915:
1908:
1906:
1897:
1891:
1887:
1883:
1876:
1874:
1872:
1870:
1868:
1866:
1857:
1853:
1848:
1843:
1839:
1835:
1831:
1827:
1823:
1816:
1807:
1803:
1796:
1788:
1784:
1779:
1774:
1770:
1766:
1762:
1758:
1754:
1750:
1746:
1739:
1737:
1728:
1724:
1720:
1714:
1710:
1703:
1701:
1699:
1683:on 2019-09-11
1682:
1678:
1671:
1662:
1658:
1651:
1636:on 2019-12-11
1635:
1631:
1627:
1620:
1618:
1616:
1606:
1602:
1595:
1593:
1591:
1582:
1580:9780323401630
1576:
1572:
1565:
1563:
1561:
1559:
1557:
1555:
1553:
1551:
1549:
1547:
1545:
1543:
1541:
1539:
1537:
1535:
1533:
1531:
1529:
1527:
1525:
1523:
1521:
1519:
1517:
1515:
1513:
1511:
1509:
1507:
1505:
1503:
1501:
1499:
1497:
1495:
1493:
1484:
1480:
1475:
1470:
1465:
1460:
1456:
1452:
1448:
1441:
1426:
1422:
1416:
1408:
1402:
1398:
1397:
1389:
1387:
1378:
1376:1-58890-013-4
1372:
1368:
1367:
1359:
1351:
1347:
1343:
1341:9780702054839
1337:
1333:
1326:
1324:
1322:
1305:
1301:
1295:
1293:
1291:
1289:
1287:
1271:
1267:
1263:
1256:
1254:
1252:
1236:. MedicineNet
1235:
1231:
1224:
1220:
1207:
1204:
1203:
1199:
1196:
1195:
1191:
1186:
1183:
1180:
1177:
1176:
1175:
1174:
1170:
1167:
1166:
1162:
1159:
1158:
1154:
1151:
1150:
1146:
1143:
1142:
1139:
1137:
1136:United States
1127:
1125:
1121:
1117:
1113:
1109:
1105:
1104:sigmoidoscopy
1101:
1086:
1083:
1080:
1077:
1076:
1072:
1069:
1066:
1063:
1062:
1058:
1055:
1052:
1049:
1048:
1044:
1041:
1038:
1035:
1034:
1030:
1027:
1024:
1021:
1020:
1016:
1013:
1010:
1008:
1007:
1004:
1002:
998:
981:
976:
972:
971:H&E stain
968:
964:
958:
953:
949:
948:H&E stain
945:
941:
937:
931:
926:
922:
921:H&E stain
918:
914:
908:
903:
899:
898:H&E stain
895:
891:
885:
880:
876:
872:
866:
861:
858:
854:
850:
844:
839:
832:
827:
820:
815:
811:
810:H&E stain
804:
799:
798:
797:
790:
782:
779:
776:
775:
773:
768:
765:
762:
761:
759:
755:
753:
749:
748:
747:
744:
742:
738:
734:
730:
726:
722:
721:sigmoidoscopy
718:
708:
699:
697:
693:
683:
681:
677:
673:
669:
668:
663:
660:
659:
654:
652:
641:
637:
633:
631:
627:
623:
622:tubulovillous
619:
615:
610:
608:
602:
589:
586:
583:
580:
577:
576:
575:
573:
569:
559:
557:
553:
550:
544:
529:
525:
520:
516:
515:
512:
509:
507:
504:
503:
499:
495:
490:
487:
484:
481:
480:
477:
474:
471:
470:
466:
462:
459:
457:
453:
450:
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336:inflammatory.
335:
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329:
327:hyperplastic,
326:
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139:arising from
138:
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121:bloody stools
112:
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52:snare cautery
48:
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18:Colonic polyp
2926:
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2884:
2866:
2837:
2819:
2789:
2702:
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2642:hyperplastic
2632:
2631:
2624:Colon/rectum
2419:
2408:
2384:
2368:
2291:
2287:
2277:
2266:the original
2252:
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2198:
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1681:the original
1670:
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1638:. Retrieved
1634:the original
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1440:
1428:. Retrieved
1424:
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1358:
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1308:. Retrieved
1303:
1273:. Retrieved
1265:
1238:. Retrieved
1233:
1223:
1133:
1097:
994:
939:
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745:
737:barium enema
714:
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689:
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172:
163:
125:constipation
118:
102:
81:
79:
36:Colon polyps
2886:gallbladder
2839:hyperplasia
2410:MedlinePlus
1882:"17—Polyps"
1474:2445/171217
1304:Mayo Clinic
1270:MedlinePlus
1163:7–10 years
1100:colonoscopy
1067:Hyperplasia
997:colonoscopy
741:pill camera
725:colonoscopy
3005:Categories
2972:Peritoneum
2201:(2): 121.
1687:2019-10-31
1661:MSD Manual
1640:2019-10-31
1215:References
1171:3–5 years
1108:cauterises
1078:Treatment
963:Micrograph
944:dysplastic
936:Micrograph
913:Micrograph
890:Micrograph
871:Micrograph
750:degree of
702:Prevention
616:) are the
2931:neoplasms
2868:bile duct
2791:malignant
2773:Accessory
2703:Neoplasm:
2686:Gardner's
2609:Carcinoid
2495:Esophagus
2421:eMedicine
2308:0016-5107
2236:J Med Ins
2118:cite book
2046:Radiology
1769:1531-0043
1727:688585784
1350:842350865
1208:6 months
1155:10 years
1130:Follow-up
1124:colectomy
1094:Treatment
1081:Follow up
853:colectomy
752:dysplasia
711:Diagnosis
160:Structure
129:diarrhoea
60:Specialty
2901:Pancreas
2672:Juvenile
2646:juvenile
2601:Appendix
2477:GI tract
2347:Medscape
2326:32044106
2217:31985762
2176:25512769
2076:20501711
2022:21547850
1973:18672141
1856:23208018
1806:Medscape
1787:20011296
1605:UpToDate
1483:30862463
1200:1 years
1192:3 years
1112:adenomas
1036:Vessels
942: –
595:Adenomas
568:neoplasm
377:mucosae.
169:Genetics
154:vomiting
2638:adenoma
2518:Stomach
2426:med/414
2391:D003111
2317:7389642
2238:: 207.
2167:4265957
2067:2875919
2013:3427008
1964:2659506
1847:3698429
1778:2780097
1430:22 July
1070:Adenoma
1017:Type 3
793:Gallery
626:villous
618:tubular
133:fatigue
131:); and
2928:cystic
2821:benign
2415:000266
2324:
2314:
2306:
2215:
2174:
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2064:
2020:
2010:
1971:
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1373:
1348:
1338:
1310:18 Jan
1275:18 Jan
1240:18 Jan
1152:Normal
1022:Color
1014:Type 2
1011:Type 1
672:rectum
628:, and
556:rectum
549:distal
475:(SSA)
360:Image
150:nausea
137:Anemia
94:rectum
67:
2782:Liver
2567:Lower
2486:Upper
2379:K63.5
2269:(PDF)
2262:(PDF)
965:of a
938:of a
915:of a
892:of a
873:of a
849:Gross
739:or a
607:bowel
552:colon
518:same.
311:Types
221:RPS20
217:RNF43
213:NTHL1
201:GREM1
180:(FAP)
90:colon
86:polyp
84:is a
2726:Anus
2386:MeSH
2322:PMID
2304:ISSN
2213:PMID
2172:PMID
2124:link
2104:ISBN
2072:PMID
2018:PMID
1969:PMID
1918:ISBN
1890:ISBN
1852:PMID
1783:PMID
1765:ISSN
1723:OCLC
1713:ISBN
1575:ISBN
1479:PMID
1432:2021
1401:ISBN
1371:ISBN
1346:OCLC
1336:ISBN
1312:2020
1277:2020
1242:2020
694:and
554:and
511:100%
351:Type
219:and
209:MLH3
205:MSH3
2370:ICD
2312:PMC
2296:doi
2240:doi
2203:doi
2199:120
2162:PMC
2152:doi
2096:doi
2062:PMC
2054:doi
2050:255
2008:PMC
2000:doi
1959:PMC
1951:doi
1842:PMC
1834:doi
1773:PMC
1757:doi
1469:hdl
1459:doi
1134:By
1102:or
995:In
760:):
456:40%
454:to
452:15%
430:25%
428:to
426:20%
370:0%
127:or
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