150:
Palladium and nickel act as primary bleaching agents for gold; zinc acts as a secondary bleaching agent to attenuate the color of copper. As a result, white gold alloys can be used for many different purposes. Nickel alloys are hard and strong, and therefore good for rings and pins. Gold-palladium alloys are soft, pliable, and good for white-gold gemstone settings. The strength of gold-nickel-copper alloys is caused by formation of two phases: a gold-rich Au-Cu, and a nickel-rich Ni-Cu, and the resulting hardening of the material.
206:
445:
112:
20:
277:
1201:
428:) crystal structure, and, therefore, are brittle. Deviation from the stoichiometry results in loss of color. Slightly nonstoichiometric compositions are used, however, to achieve a fine-grained two- or three-phase microstructure with reduced brittleness. Another way of reducing brittleness is to add a small amount of palladium, copper, or silver.
620:
Cobalt-containing alloys, e.g. 75% gold with 25% cobalt, form a black oxide layer with heat treatment at 700–950 °C. Copper, iron and titanium can be also used for such effect. Gold-cobalt-chromium alloy (75% gold, 15% cobalt, 10% chromium) yields a surface oxide that is olive-tinted because of
220:
Although the names are often used interchangeably, the difference between red, rose, and pink gold is the copper content: the higher the copper content, the stronger the red coloration. Pink gold uses the least copper, followed by rose gold, with red gold having the highest copper content. Examples
149:
White gold's properties vary depending on the metals used and their proportions. A common white gold formulation consists of 90% wt. gold and 10% wt. nickel. Copper can be added to increase malleability. The alloys used in the jewelry industry are gold-palladium-silver and gold-nickel-copper-zinc.
472:
compound instead of a malleable alloy, and a sharp blow may cause it to shatter. It is therefore usually machined and faceted to be used as a "gem" in conventional jewelry rather than by itself. At a lower content of gold, the material is composed of the intermetallic and an aluminium-rich solid
544:
A surface plating of blue gold on karat gold or sterling silver can be achieved by a gold plating of the surface, followed by indium plating, with layer thickness matching the 1:2 atomic ratio. A heat treatment then causes interdiffusion of the metals and formation of the required intermetallic
637:
pulse deforms the surface of the metal, creating an immensely increased surface area which absorbs virtually all the light that falls on it, thus rendering it deep black, but this method is used in high technology applications rather than for appearance in jewelry. The blackness is due to the
1001:
217:. Rose gold, also known as pink gold and red gold, was popular in Russia at the beginning of the 19th century, and was also known as Russian gold. Rose gold jewelry is becoming more popular in the 21st century, and is commonly used for wedding rings, bracelets, and other jewelry.
625:
content, is about five times thinner than Au-Co and has significantly better wear resistance. The gold-cobalt alloy consists of gold-rich (about 94% Au) and cobalt-rich (about 90% Co) phases; the cobalt-rich phase grains are capable of oxide-layer formation on their surface.
341:
from body-centered cubic to body-centered tetragonal phase; the transformation does not depend on the cooling rate. A polished object is heated in hot oil to 150–200 °C for 10 minutes then cooled below 20 °C, forming a surface covered in facets.
473:
solution phase. At a higher content of gold, the gold-richer intermetallic AuAl forms; the purple color is preserved to about 15% of aluminium. At 88% of gold the material is composed of AuAl and changes color. The actual composition of AuAl
435:
are leached to the environment, and a gold-rich surface layer is formed. Direct contact of blue and purple gold elements with skin should be avoided as exposure to sweat may result in metal leaching and discoloration of the metal surface.
253:, is 22 karat. Amongst the alloys made of gold, silver, and copper, the hardest is the 18.1 K pink gold (75.7% gold and 24.3% copper). An alloy with only gold and silver is the hardest at 15.5 K (64.5% gold and 35.5% silver).
467:
is around 79% and can therefore be referred to as 18 karat gold. Purple gold is more brittle than other gold alloys (called the "purple plague" when it forms and causes serious faults in electronics), as it is an
256:
During ancient times, due to impurities in the smelting process, gold frequently turned a reddish color. This is why many Greek and Roman texts, and some texts from the Middle Ages, describe gold as "red".
642:
which creates strong absorption in a broad range in plasmon resonance. The broadness of the plasmon resonance, and absorption wavelength range, depends on the interaction between different gold
1057:
654:
Oxide layers can also be used to obtain blue gold from an alloy of 75% gold, 24.4% iron, and 0.6% nickel; the layer forms on heat treatment in air between 450 and 600 °C.
1162:
ElKabbash, Mohamed; et al. (2017). "Tunable Black Gold: Controlling the Near-Field
Coupling of Immobilized Au Nanoparticles Embedded in Mesoporous Silica Capsules".
999:, Ribault, Laurent & LeMarchand, Annie, "For manufacturing jewels by the disposable wax casting technique; does not cause allergies", issued 2003
126:
covers a broad range of colors that borders or overlaps pale yellow, tinted brown, and even very pale rose. White gold is an alloy of gold and at least one
379:). Even the tops of some Egyptian pyramids were known to be capped in thin layers of electrum. It actually appears as greenish-yellow rather than green.
1054:
873:
1095:
401:
Gray gold alloys are usually made from gold and palladium. A cheaper alternative which does not use palladium is made by adding silver,
345:
The alloy of 76% gold, 19% copper, and 5% aluminium yields a yellow color; the alloy of 76% gold, 18% copper, and 6% aluminium is pink.
49:
is slightly reddish yellow in color, but colored gold can come in a variety of different colors by alloying it with different elements.
77:
compounds, producing blue and purple golds, as well as other colors. These are typically brittle, but can be used as gems and inlays.
1205:
287:
169:, occurs in about one out of eight people; because of this, many countries do not use nickel in their white gold formulations.
367:, a naturally occurring alloy of silver and gold. However, electrum was used even thousands of years before that, by both the
1126:
665:, and three other elements and heat-treating at 1800 °C, to form the 3–6 micrometers thick colored surface oxide layer.
242:
can be added to copper-rich alloys to change their color to reddish yellow or dark yellow. 14K red gold, often found in the
1479:
91:
by definition, so all colored golds are less pure than this, commonly 18K (75%), 14K (58.5%), 10K (41.6%), or 9K (37.5%).
1233:
906:
320:
456:
509:. While several sources remark this intermetallic to have "a clear blue color", in fact the effect is slight: AuIn
2229:
838:
389:
can also be added to gold alloys to create a green color, but there are health concerns regarding its use, as
338:
749:
Encyclopædia of
Chemistry, theoretical, Practical, and Analytical: As Applied to the Arts and Manufactures
517:
of 79, −3.7, −4.2 which appears roughly as a grayish color. With gallium, gold forms an intermetallic AuGa
105:
1024:"Metallurgy and processing of coloured gold intermetallics — Part I: Properties and surface processing"
505:. Gold-indium contains 46% gold (about 11 karat) and 54% indium, forming an intermetallic compound AuIn
45:
is the name given to any gold that has been treated using techniques to change its natural color. Pure
1690:
639:
588:
569:
Black gold is a type of gold used in jewelry. Black-colored gold can be produced by various methods:
178:
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Purple gold (also called amethyst gold and violet gold) is an alloy of gold and aluminium rich in
2157:
1250:
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881:
1531:
1103:
898:
Handcrafting Chain and Bead
Jewelry: Techniques for Creating Dimensional Necklaces and Bracelets
830:
221:
of the common alloys for 18K rose gold, 18K red gold, 18K pink gold, and 12K red gold include:
613:
A range of colors from brown to black can be achieved on copper-rich alloys by treatment with
2057:
896:
747:
1894:
1551:
376:
393:. The alloy of 75% gold, 15% silver, 6% copper, and 4% cadmium yields a dark-green alloy.
67:
in various proportions, producing white, yellow, green and red golds. These are typically
8:
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A rich sapphire blue colored gold of 20–23K can also be obtained by alloying with
1750:
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alloys form a fine surface texture at heat treatment. At cooling, they undergo a
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The intermetallic compounds tend to have poor corrosion resistance. The less
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521:(58.5% Au, 14ct) which has slighter bluish hue. The melting point of AuIn
243:
127:
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143:
68:
16:
Various colors of gold obtained by alloying gold with other elements
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1288:
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684:
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418:
364:
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266:
139:
88:
294:
146:). Like yellow gold, the purity of white gold is given in karats.
2183:
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2005:
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191:"Rosegold" redirects here. For the album by Ashley Monroe, see
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2020:
2010:
1969:
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Rose gold is a gold-copper alloy widely used for specialized
56:
1211:
184:"Rose Gold" redirects here. For the album by Shekhinah, see
1934:
1909:
1904:
1854:
1616:
239:
162:
157:
reaction when worn over long periods (also notably on some
46:
31:
153:
The nickel used in some white gold alloys can cause an
1143:"Ultra-Intense Laser Blast Creates True 'Black Metal'"
1078:"Gold In Purple Color, Blue Color And Even Black Gold"
831:
Nature's building blocks: an A–Z guide to the elements
249:
The highest karat version of rose gold, also known as
752:. J. B. Lippincott & Company. 1880. pp. 70–.
1064:. International Electrotechnical Commission Glossary
629:
More recently, black gold can be formed by creating
228:
18K rose gold: 75% gold, 22.25% copper, 2.75% silver
87:
Pure 100% (in practice, 99.9% or better) gold is 24
785:
949:"Cadmium confusion: Do consumers need protection?"
995:
383:adhere better to these alloys than to pure gold.
104:"White gold" redirects here. For other uses, see
52:Colored golds can be classified in three groups:
2216:
161:casings). This reaction, typically a minor skin
924:"Why Rose Gold's Romantic Glow Is Here to Stay"
198:"Rose gold" redirects here. For the color, see
177:"Red gold" redirects here. For other uses, see
1072:
1070:
231:18K pink gold: 75% gold, 20% copper, 5% silver
1227:
1116:
405:, and copper to the gold in specific ratios.
1067:
989:
713:, alloys used for making Hindu temple icons
172:
1234:
1220:
844:
825:
823:
821:
819:
817:
815:
1161:
1039:
972:
876:. Jewellery technology. Colours of gold.
803:
497:Blue gold is an alloy of gold and either
321:Learn how and when to remove this message
1017:
1015:
1013:
1011:
781:
779:
537:, which itself is less brittle than AuAl
443:
293:Relevant discussion may be found on the
204:
110:
18:
894:
812:
777:
775:
773:
771:
769:
767:
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761:
759:
2217:
786:Cretu, C.; Van Der Lingen, E. (1999).
305:to additional sources at this section.
1215:
1021:
1008:
921:
548:
363:as long ago as 860 BC under the name
234:12K red gold: 50% gold and 50% copper
946:
756:
270:
740:
13:
719:, often referred to as Fool's Gold
286:relies largely or entirely upon a
225:18K red gold: 75% gold, 25% copper
14:
2241:
1193:
953:Environmental Health Perspectives
209:Rose gold diamond engagement ring
1199:
408:
339:quasi-martensitic transformation
275:
1155:
1135:
1110:
1088:
1048:
922:Paris, Calin Van (2016-11-09).
200:Shades of rose § Rose gold
118:-plated white gold wedding ring
940:
915:
888:
866:
854:. Birmingham, UK: Assay Office
649:
439:
1:
1241:
895:Plumlee, Scott David (2014).
734:
553:
348:
99:
609:(e.g. 75% gold, 25% cobalt).
492:
457:gold–aluminium intermetallic
396:
359:Green gold was known to the
7:
901:. Potter/TenSpeed/Harmony.
833:. Oxford University Press.
668:
260:
106:White Gold (disambiguation)
10:
2246:
1164:Advanced Optical Materials
640:localized surface plasmons
557:
489:is incompletely occupied.
352:
264:
246:, contains 41.67% copper.
197:
190:
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103:
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1998:
1769:
1706:
1645:
1607:
1600:
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1462:
1416:
1409:
1249:
589:chemical vapor deposition
533:is less brittle than AuGa
515:CIE LAB color coordinates
179:Red gold (disambiguation)
94:
725:, copper with 4–10% gold
702:, a mixed-metal laminate
558:For the colloquial term
525:is 541 °C, for AuGa
417:intermetallics have the
173:Rose, red, and pink gold
1736:Nickel silver (alpacca)
529:it is 492 °C. AuIn
463:). Gold content in AuAl
391:cadmium is highly toxic
83:, such as oxide layers.
26:of different colors of
1206:gold-containing alloys
1176:10.1002/adom.201700617
1117:Rapson, W. S. (1978).
1096:"Jewellery Technology"
788:"Coloured gold alloys"
584:-containing compounds.
452:
210:
119:
39:
2230:Precious metal alloys
2077:Other natural objects
1022:Klotz, U. E. (2010).
447:
375:(as evidenced by the
353:Further information:
208:
114:
22:
1552:Wire wrapped jewelry
1532:Repoussé and chasing
1208:at Wikimedia Commons
965:10.1289/ehp.118-a528
947:Mead, M. N. (2010).
829:Emsley, John (2003)
377:Royal Cemetery at Ur
299:improve this article
2094:Ebonite (vulcanite)
623:chromium(III) oxide
601:of gold containing
1439:Jewellery designer
1121:. Academic Press.
1100:World Gold Council
1060:2014-05-04 at the
1041:10.1007/BF03214961
878:World Gold Council
805:10.1007/BF03214796
633:on the surface. A
591:process involving
549:Surface treatments
453:
211:
120:
81:Surface treatments
40:
2212:
2211:
2129:
2128:
1999:Organic gemstones
1596:
1595:
1204:Media related to
1128:978-0-12-581250-4
1106:on March 3, 2006.
675:Corinthian bronze
635:femtosecond laser
615:potassium sulfide
373:Ancient Egyptians
333:Some gold-copper-
331:
330:
323:
186:Rose Gold (album)
167:nickel dermatitis
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1656:Britannia silver
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1102:. Archived from
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880:. Archived from
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827:
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593:amorphous carbon
587:Plasma-assisted
361:ancient Persians
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1994:
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1702:
1686:Sterling silver
1646:Precious metal
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1609:Precious metals
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1170:(21): 1700617.
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433:noble elements
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297:. Please help
283:
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265:Main article:
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2179:Body piercing
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2068:Tortoiseshell
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1424:Bench jeweler
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1082:kaijewels.com
1079:
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1028:Gold Bulletin
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908:9780770434694
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792:Gold Bulletin
789:
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712:
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644:nanoparticles
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500:
490:
488:
471:
470:intermetallic
458:
451:
450:phase diagram
446:
437:
434:
429:
427:
420:
409:Intermetallic
406:
404:
394:
392:
388:
384:
382:
381:Fired enamels
378:
374:
370:
366:
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356:
346:
343:
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288:single source
284:This section
282:
273:
272:
268:
258:
254:
252:
247:
245:
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233:
230:
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133:
129:
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117:
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107:
92:
90:
82:
79:
76:
75:Intermetallic
73:
70:
66:
62:
58:
55:
54:
53:
50:
48:
44:
37:
33:
29:
25:
21:
2204:Wearable art
2199:Phaleristics
2194:Metalworking
2099:Gutta-percha
1875:Lapis lazuli
1661:Colored gold
1660:
1542:Stonesetting
1167:
1163:
1157:
1146:. Retrieved
1137:
1118:
1112:
1104:the original
1099:
1090:
1081:
1050:
1031:
1027:
991:
956:
952:
942:
931:. Retrieved
927:
917:
897:
890:
882:the original
874:"White gold"
868:
856:. Retrieved
852:"White gold"
846:
795:
791:
748:
742:
656:
653:
628:
619:
612:
576:by applying
568:
559:
543:
496:
454:
430:
412:
400:
385:
358:
344:
332:
317:
308:
285:
255:
248:
237:
219:
212:
152:
148:
123:
121:
86:
51:
43:Colored gold
42:
41:
24:Ternary plot
2141:Art jewelry
1965:Tiger's eye
1870:Labradorite
1820:Chrysocolla
1815:Chrysoberyl
1731:Mokume-gane
1708:Base metals
1480:centrifugal
1449:Silversmith
1324:Ferronnière
1274:Belt buckle
1269:Belly chain
700:Mokume-gane
597:Controlled
440:Purple gold
413:All the AuX
244:Middle East
128:white metal
2219:Categories
1975:Tourmaline
1920:Prasiolite
1795:Aventurine
1666:Crown gold
1568:Draw plate
1517:Metal clay
1454:Watchmaker
1444:Lapidarist
1429:Clockmaker
1304:Collar pin
1299:Chatelaine
1148:2007-11-21
1119:Gold Usage
997:US 6576187
933:2024-07-09
839:0198503407
798:(4): 115.
735:References
711:Panchaloha
706:Orichalcum
680:Crown gold
574:Patination
560:black gold
554:Black gold
545:compound.
487:sublattice
349:Green gold
251:crown gold
238:Up to 15%
159:wristwatch
100:White gold
2121:Toadstone
2058:Operculum
1985:Variscite
1980:Turquoise
1960:Tanzanite
1895:Moonstone
1890:Marcasite
1885:Malachite
1810:Carnelian
1785:Amazonite
1772:gemstones
1746:Pinchbeck
1691:Argentium
1681:Shibuichi
1622:Palladium
1601:Materials
1537:Soldering
1527:Polishing
1502:Engraving
1497:Enameling
1463:Processes
1434:Goldsmith
1369:Tie chain
1344:Neck ring
1334:Lapel pin
1243:Jewellery
1184:103781835
858:7 January
690:Hepatizon
659:ruthenium
650:Blue gold
599:oxidation
564:crude oil
493:Blue gold
403:manganese
397:Gray gold
369:Akkadians
335:aluminium
311:July 2024
303:citations
295:talk page
144:palladium
130:(usually
122:The word
69:malleable
2189:Gemology
2163:Fineness
2154:(purity)
2089:Bog-wood
2036:Precious
2016:Ammolite
1955:Sunstone
1945:Sodalite
1940:Sapphire
1900:Obsidian
1840:Fluorite
1830:Diopside
1790:Amethyst
1770:Mineral
1761:Tungsten
1756:Titanium
1671:Electrum
1627:Platinum
1512:Kazaziye
1507:Filigree
1485:lost-wax
1384:Toe ring
1374:Tie clip
1349:Pectoral
1339:Necklace
1314:Cufflink
1289:Bracelet
1284:Bolo tie
1264:Barrette
1058:Archived
1034:: 4–10.
983:21123140
841:. p. 168
685:Electrum
669:See also
603:chromium
419:fluorite
365:electrum
355:Electrum
267:Spangold
261:Spangold
155:allergic
140:platinum
2184:Fashion
2158:Finding
2006:Abalone
1915:Peridot
1880:Larimar
1865:Kyanite
1850:Howlite
1835:Emerald
1825:Diamond
1698:Tumbaga
1676:Shakudō
1632:Rhodium
1583:Mandrel
1522:Plating
1475:Casting
1470:Carving
1379:Tie pin
1354:Pendant
1329:Genital
1319:Earring
974:3002210
729:Tumbaga
723:Shakudō
663:rhodium
499:gallium
485:as the
387:Cadmium
215:jewelry
116:Rhodium
71:alloys.
2148:(mass)
2084:Bezoar
1990:Zircon
1950:Spinel
1925:Quartz
1860:Jasper
1845:Garnet
1741:Pewter
1726:Copper
1721:Bronze
1648:alloys
1637:Silver
1588:Pliers
1578:Hammer
1490:vacuum
1417:People
1410:Making
1394:pocket
1294:Brooch
1259:Anklet
1182:
1125:
1003:
981:
971:
928:Allure
905:
837:
717:Pyrite
607:cobalt
582:oxygen
580:- and
578:sulfur
562:, see
503:indium
136:silver
132:nickel
95:Alloys
65:copper
61:silver
57:Alloys
38:alloys
2152:Carat
2146:Carat
2134:Terms
2109:Shell
2063:Pearl
2053:Nacre
2043:Ivory
2031:Black
2026:Coral
2021:Copal
2011:Amber
1970:Topaz
1929:smoky
1800:Beryl
1780:Agate
1716:Brass
1561:Tools
1399:strap
1389:Watch
1364:Tiara
1309:Crown
1279:Bindi
1251:Forms
1180:S2CID
459:(AuAl
165:from
124:white
89:karat
59:with
2225:Gold
2104:Hair
1935:Ruby
1910:Opal
1905:Onyx
1855:Jade
1617:Gold
1573:File
1359:Ring
1123:ISBN
979:PMID
903:ISBN
860:2019
835:ISBN
621:the
513:has
371:and
240:zinc
163:rash
63:and
47:gold
2048:Jet
1804:red
1172:doi
1036:doi
969:PMC
961:doi
957:118
800:doi
605:or
501:or
423:CaF
142:or
2221::
1178:.
1166:.
1098:.
1080:.
1069:^
1032:43
1030:.
1026:.
1010:^
977:.
967:.
955:.
951:.
926:.
814:^
796:32
794:.
790:.
758:^
661:,
646:.
617:.
541:.
483:11
481:Al
138:,
134:,
36:Cu
32:Au
28:Ag
1931:)
1927:(
1806:)
1802:(
1235:e
1228:t
1221:v
1186:.
1174::
1168:5
1151:.
1131:.
1084:.
1044:.
1038::
985:.
963::
936:.
911:.
862:.
808:.
802::
566:.
539:2
535:2
531:2
527:2
523:2
519:2
511:2
507:2
479:6
475:2
465:2
461:2
425:2
421:(
415:2
324:)
318:(
313:)
309:(
291:.
202:.
195:.
188:.
181:.
108:.
34:–
30:–
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